In today’s scenario threat of enemies and terrorist attack is increasing. Therefore consideration of blast load in analysis and design is essential. A bomb explosion within or nearby outside the building can cause catastrophic failure of building. Blast loads have, in the recent past, become important service loads for certain categories of structure. An important task in blast resistance design is to make a realistic prediction of blast pressure. The distance of explosion from the structure is an important datum, governing the magnitude and duration of blast loads. In the present study, the RCC frame was analyzed by using conventional code for gravity loads using moment resisting frame. The blast load was calculated using UFC-340-02 (2008) or IS 4991-1968 for 500 kg and 100 Kg TNT at standoff distance of 10m and 30m from face of column at first floor level. The triangular impulse was applied as nodal time history at all front face joints. The analysis was performed using Computer aided software. The response of structure of will be evaluated under various blast scenarios. The response will be checked for safety of the structure on many parameters like displacement, acceleration and velocity.
Buckling Analysis and Stability of Compressed Low-Carbon Steel Rods in the El...► Victor Yepes
This paper presents new approaches for solving a problem of the stability of compressed rods in the elastoplastic working region of materials. It is known that the columns of buildings, supports of engineering devices, drill rods of oil, and gas extraction industry may be subjected to significant risk of stability loss. Nowadays, there are design methods based on test results defining the relations (e.g., critical stresses-slenderness) to avoid this risk due to stability loss, but the precision and limits of definition are not always known. The main objectives of the study were to develop new approaches that would allow specifying the values of critical stresses of compressed elements beyond the proportional limit. The problem of stability of the compressed elements in the elastoplastic region was studied according to the stability theory. The authors suggested an original approach to the issue; in particular, the determination of values of the critical stresses and the finding of the points of the bifurcation were carried out by the tangent established by experimental results and by the approximation of the so-called double modulus. Comparative analysis showed the advantage of the proposed approach, particularly that the new critical curves were located below the curves of Engesser-Karman and Shanley and above the critical curves established by building codes. A new approach for the determination of critical stresses in the elastoplastic region was developed through which the structural reliability and economic efficiency was increased by almost 12% compared to the existing approaches.
A performance-based Analysis is aimed at controlling the structural damage based on precise estimations of proper response parameters. Performance-based seismic design explicitly evaluates how a building is likely to perform; given the potential hazard it is likely to experience, considering uncertainties inherent in the quantification of potential hazard and uncertainties in assessment of the actual building response. It is an iterative process that begins with the selection of performance objectives, followed by the development of a preliminary design, an assessment as to whether or not the design meets the performance objectives, and finally redesign and reassessment, if required, until the desired performance level is achieved. In this present study three new R.C.C buildings unsymmetrical in plan (L-shape) (designed according to IS 456:2000) is taken for analysis: 4, 8 and 20 storey to cover the broader spectrum of low rise, medium rise & high rise building construction. Different modelling issues were incorporated through six model for each building were; bare frame (without infill), having infill as membrane, replacing infill as an equivalent strut in previous model. The pushover analysis has been carried out using ETABS, a product of Computers and Structures International. Buildings located in Zone-III have been analyzed Comparative study made for bare frame (without infill), having infill as membrane, replacing infill as an equivalent strut. The results of analysis are compared in terms of Base Shear, Storey Displacement and Drift Ratio.
Buckling Analysis and Stability of Compressed Low-Carbon Steel Rods in the El...► Victor Yepes
This paper presents new approaches for solving a problem of the stability of compressed rods in the elastoplastic working region of materials. It is known that the columns of buildings, supports of engineering devices, drill rods of oil, and gas extraction industry may be subjected to significant risk of stability loss. Nowadays, there are design methods based on test results defining the relations (e.g., critical stresses-slenderness) to avoid this risk due to stability loss, but the precision and limits of definition are not always known. The main objectives of the study were to develop new approaches that would allow specifying the values of critical stresses of compressed elements beyond the proportional limit. The problem of stability of the compressed elements in the elastoplastic region was studied according to the stability theory. The authors suggested an original approach to the issue; in particular, the determination of values of the critical stresses and the finding of the points of the bifurcation were carried out by the tangent established by experimental results and by the approximation of the so-called double modulus. Comparative analysis showed the advantage of the proposed approach, particularly that the new critical curves were located below the curves of Engesser-Karman and Shanley and above the critical curves established by building codes. A new approach for the determination of critical stresses in the elastoplastic region was developed through which the structural reliability and economic efficiency was increased by almost 12% compared to the existing approaches.
A performance-based Analysis is aimed at controlling the structural damage based on precise estimations of proper response parameters. Performance-based seismic design explicitly evaluates how a building is likely to perform; given the potential hazard it is likely to experience, considering uncertainties inherent in the quantification of potential hazard and uncertainties in assessment of the actual building response. It is an iterative process that begins with the selection of performance objectives, followed by the development of a preliminary design, an assessment as to whether or not the design meets the performance objectives, and finally redesign and reassessment, if required, until the desired performance level is achieved. In this present study three new R.C.C buildings unsymmetrical in plan (L-shape) (designed according to IS 456:2000) is taken for analysis: 4, 8 and 20 storey to cover the broader spectrum of low rise, medium rise & high rise building construction. Different modelling issues were incorporated through six model for each building were; bare frame (without infill), having infill as membrane, replacing infill as an equivalent strut in previous model. The pushover analysis has been carried out using ETABS, a product of Computers and Structures International. Buildings located in Zone-III have been analyzed Comparative study made for bare frame (without infill), having infill as membrane, replacing infill as an equivalent strut. The results of analysis are compared in terms of Base Shear, Storey Displacement and Drift Ratio.
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
Analysis Of RC Structures Subject To Vibration By Using AnsysIJERA Editor
Recent historic events have shown that buildings that are designed in compliance with conventional building codes are not necessarily able to resist blast effects. It was observed in the past events that progressive or disproportionate collapse generally occurred due to deficient blast performance of the structure, albeit in compliance with conventional design codes. In the past, safety of structures against blast effects was ensured, to a limited extent, through perimeter control; which minimizes damage by preventing the direct impact of the blast effects on the building. With the emergence of blast resistant structural design, methodologies to inhibit progressive collapse through the structural components performance can be developed, although there are no available adequate tools to simulate or predict progressive collapse behavior of concrete buildings with acceptable precision and reliability. This paper presents part of an effort to find an affordable solution to the problem. State of the art review of the blast analysis and progressive collapse analysis procedures will be presented. Preliminary analysis has been carried out to establish the vulnerability of a typical multistory reinforced concrete framed building in Riyadh when subjected to accidental or terrorist attack blast scenarios. In addition, the results of the blast vulnerability assessment will be used to develop mitigation approach to control or prevent progressive collapse of the building. For protective structures, reinforced concrete is commonly used. Concrete structures subjected to explosive loading in a combination of blast and fragments will have very different response than statically loaded structure. During the blast and the fragment impacts the structure will shake and vibrate, severe crushing of concrete occurs and a crater forms (spalling) in the front of the concrete; for large penetration, scabbing may occur at the backside of the wall, or even perforation, with a risk of injury for people inside the structure. This thesis is intended to increase the knowledge of reinforced concrete structures subjected to explosive loading, i.e. effects of blast and fragmentation. A further aim is to describe and use the non-linear finite element (FE) method for concrete penetration analyses. Particular attention is given to dynamic loading, where the concrete behavior differs compared to static loading. The compressive and tensile strengths increase due to the strain rate effects. Initial stiffness increases, and moreover the concrete strain capacity is increased in dynamic loading. Traditionally, for prediction of the depth of penetration and crater formation from fragments and projectiles, empirical relationships are used, which are discussed here together with the effects of the blast wave that is caused by the explosion. To learn more about the structural behavior of concrete subjected to severe loading, a powerful tool is to combine advanced non-linear FE analyses and exper
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
Effect of Friction Dampers on RC Structures Subjected to Earthquakeijtsrd
Among all the natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, drought, hurricanes the least understood and the most destructive one is earthquake. Since, they cause many of injuries and economical losses leaving behind a series of signs of panic. Necessity to implement seismic codes in building design. For this a better method of analysis such as static analysis, dynamic analysis and time history analysis has to be adopted for performing the structures seismic risk assessment. This dissertation work is concerned with the "Studies on Effect of Friction Dampers on the Seismic Performance of RC G 15 Storey Buildings" According to IS 1893 part 1 2002 codal provisions the structures are analyzed by Equivalent Static method and Time History method. The modeling and analysis is done with ETAB SOFTWARE and the results obtained are seismic parameters such as Time period, Base shear, Lateral displacement and Inter storey drift, storey stiffness, storey accelaration are tabulated and then comparative study of structures with and without Friction dampers has been done. Akshay R | B. S. Suresh Chandra "Effect of Friction Dampers on RC Structures Subjected to Earthquake" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28017.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/28017/effect-of-friction-dampers-on-rc-structures-subjected-to-earthquake/akshay-r
“ Study of Sesmic Analysis of Masonry Wall Structure”IJERA Editor
Earthquakes are natural trouble under which disasters are mainly caused by damage or collapse of the structure and other man-made structures. When an earthquake occurs natural period of vibration is more on heavy loaded building and less in light loaded building. If the building is light weighted, i.e. steel is less then economy of structure is also achieved. Hence it is necessary to find out natural/fundamental time period when mass changes with different type of brick masonry and concrete masonry.This is necessary because IS 1893:2002 does not incorporate the effect of mass in a formula which they have mentioned for brick masonary structure. Thedesign will also analyze with ETAB software.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
SEISMIC PROTECTION OF RC FRAMES USING FRICTION DAMPERSIAEME Publication
The increasing infrastructural growth incurs large investments and large section of society
being served by them, it is necessary to make them safer against earthquakes and let people
feel confident in their structures. The need for structural response control has gained pace in
application around the globe. This paper discusses the use and effectiveness of one such
device, friction dampers, for response control of structures. In this paper a non-linear time
history analysis has been carried out on a 3D model of a 12 story RCC MRF building using 3-
directional synthetic accelerogram. Two different cases of building models with and without
friction dampers have been analyzed using ETABS. The response of the structure to seismic
excitation in terms of absolute maximum displacement and story drift has been compared.
Time history response plots have also been compared for various responses viz. roof
displacement and acceleration, base shear and story shear forces, along with the various
energy components and damping behavior. The results of the time history analysis are in close
conformation with previous investigations and represent the effectiveness of dampers in
improving the structural response as well as damping demand on structural systems.
The cutting-edge applications that the engineers are bringing with using finite element procedure for the human civilization and the emergence of new techniques in solving real-life scenarios in finite element procedures.
Design and Simulation of Low Noise Amplifiers at 180nm and 90nm TechnologiesIJERA Editor
With continued process scaling, CMOS has become a viable technology for the design of high-performance low noise amplifiers (LNAs) in the radio frequency (RF) regime. This thesis presents design and simulation of LNA at 180nm and 90nm technology. The LNA function is used to amplify signals without adding noise. The work is done on Cadence Virtuoso platform and the performance parameters like transient response and Noise figure are simulated and plotted. A supply voltage of just 5mV is used here. The noise figure at 180nm is found to be 259.722mdB at 1.04502GHz and The noise figure at 90nm is found to be 183.21mdB at 1.157GHz. 1.04502GHz and 1.157GHz are the peak frequency obtained from the frequency response of the Low noise amplifier. It is observed that the noise figure varies in each technology.
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
Analysis Of RC Structures Subject To Vibration By Using AnsysIJERA Editor
Recent historic events have shown that buildings that are designed in compliance with conventional building codes are not necessarily able to resist blast effects. It was observed in the past events that progressive or disproportionate collapse generally occurred due to deficient blast performance of the structure, albeit in compliance with conventional design codes. In the past, safety of structures against blast effects was ensured, to a limited extent, through perimeter control; which minimizes damage by preventing the direct impact of the blast effects on the building. With the emergence of blast resistant structural design, methodologies to inhibit progressive collapse through the structural components performance can be developed, although there are no available adequate tools to simulate or predict progressive collapse behavior of concrete buildings with acceptable precision and reliability. This paper presents part of an effort to find an affordable solution to the problem. State of the art review of the blast analysis and progressive collapse analysis procedures will be presented. Preliminary analysis has been carried out to establish the vulnerability of a typical multistory reinforced concrete framed building in Riyadh when subjected to accidental or terrorist attack blast scenarios. In addition, the results of the blast vulnerability assessment will be used to develop mitigation approach to control or prevent progressive collapse of the building. For protective structures, reinforced concrete is commonly used. Concrete structures subjected to explosive loading in a combination of blast and fragments will have very different response than statically loaded structure. During the blast and the fragment impacts the structure will shake and vibrate, severe crushing of concrete occurs and a crater forms (spalling) in the front of the concrete; for large penetration, scabbing may occur at the backside of the wall, or even perforation, with a risk of injury for people inside the structure. This thesis is intended to increase the knowledge of reinforced concrete structures subjected to explosive loading, i.e. effects of blast and fragmentation. A further aim is to describe and use the non-linear finite element (FE) method for concrete penetration analyses. Particular attention is given to dynamic loading, where the concrete behavior differs compared to static loading. The compressive and tensile strengths increase due to the strain rate effects. Initial stiffness increases, and moreover the concrete strain capacity is increased in dynamic loading. Traditionally, for prediction of the depth of penetration and crater formation from fragments and projectiles, empirical relationships are used, which are discussed here together with the effects of the blast wave that is caused by the explosion. To learn more about the structural behavior of concrete subjected to severe loading, a powerful tool is to combine advanced non-linear FE analyses and exper
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
Effect of Friction Dampers on RC Structures Subjected to Earthquakeijtsrd
Among all the natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, drought, hurricanes the least understood and the most destructive one is earthquake. Since, they cause many of injuries and economical losses leaving behind a series of signs of panic. Necessity to implement seismic codes in building design. For this a better method of analysis such as static analysis, dynamic analysis and time history analysis has to be adopted for performing the structures seismic risk assessment. This dissertation work is concerned with the "Studies on Effect of Friction Dampers on the Seismic Performance of RC G 15 Storey Buildings" According to IS 1893 part 1 2002 codal provisions the structures are analyzed by Equivalent Static method and Time History method. The modeling and analysis is done with ETAB SOFTWARE and the results obtained are seismic parameters such as Time period, Base shear, Lateral displacement and Inter storey drift, storey stiffness, storey accelaration are tabulated and then comparative study of structures with and without Friction dampers has been done. Akshay R | B. S. Suresh Chandra "Effect of Friction Dampers on RC Structures Subjected to Earthquake" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28017.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/28017/effect-of-friction-dampers-on-rc-structures-subjected-to-earthquake/akshay-r
“ Study of Sesmic Analysis of Masonry Wall Structure”IJERA Editor
Earthquakes are natural trouble under which disasters are mainly caused by damage or collapse of the structure and other man-made structures. When an earthquake occurs natural period of vibration is more on heavy loaded building and less in light loaded building. If the building is light weighted, i.e. steel is less then economy of structure is also achieved. Hence it is necessary to find out natural/fundamental time period when mass changes with different type of brick masonry and concrete masonry.This is necessary because IS 1893:2002 does not incorporate the effect of mass in a formula which they have mentioned for brick masonary structure. Thedesign will also analyze with ETAB software.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
SEISMIC PROTECTION OF RC FRAMES USING FRICTION DAMPERSIAEME Publication
The increasing infrastructural growth incurs large investments and large section of society
being served by them, it is necessary to make them safer against earthquakes and let people
feel confident in their structures. The need for structural response control has gained pace in
application around the globe. This paper discusses the use and effectiveness of one such
device, friction dampers, for response control of structures. In this paper a non-linear time
history analysis has been carried out on a 3D model of a 12 story RCC MRF building using 3-
directional synthetic accelerogram. Two different cases of building models with and without
friction dampers have been analyzed using ETABS. The response of the structure to seismic
excitation in terms of absolute maximum displacement and story drift has been compared.
Time history response plots have also been compared for various responses viz. roof
displacement and acceleration, base shear and story shear forces, along with the various
energy components and damping behavior. The results of the time history analysis are in close
conformation with previous investigations and represent the effectiveness of dampers in
improving the structural response as well as damping demand on structural systems.
The cutting-edge applications that the engineers are bringing with using finite element procedure for the human civilization and the emergence of new techniques in solving real-life scenarios in finite element procedures.
Design and Simulation of Low Noise Amplifiers at 180nm and 90nm TechnologiesIJERA Editor
With continued process scaling, CMOS has become a viable technology for the design of high-performance low noise amplifiers (LNAs) in the radio frequency (RF) regime. This thesis presents design and simulation of LNA at 180nm and 90nm technology. The LNA function is used to amplify signals without adding noise. The work is done on Cadence Virtuoso platform and the performance parameters like transient response and Noise figure are simulated and plotted. A supply voltage of just 5mV is used here. The noise figure at 180nm is found to be 259.722mdB at 1.04502GHz and The noise figure at 90nm is found to be 183.21mdB at 1.157GHz. 1.04502GHz and 1.157GHz are the peak frequency obtained from the frequency response of the Low noise amplifier. It is observed that the noise figure varies in each technology.
Implementation of Engraved Micro-Strip Antenna IJERA Editor
This paper asserts the study of a square shaped micro-strip patch antenna with Ultra-wideband characteristics. The antenna is composed of micro-strip line fed tosquare patch and lopsided shaped substrate. Various dielectric substrates are examined for the better performance and eventually used FR4-lossy as a substrate. Gain parameter, far-field radiation patterns and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio values are calculated and graphically represented at frequencies 3 GHz and 10 GHz respectively. It is shown that proposed antenna with escalated dimensions and copper as dielectric substrate has very low Return losses and high gain parameter for a Impedance bandwidth of 3 to 10 GHz at VSWR=1 in CST Microwave studio 2014
Extract Business Process Performance using Data MiningIJERA Editor
This paper aimed to analyze the performance of the business process using process mining. The performance is very important especially in large systems .the process of repairing devices was used as case study and the Fuzzy Miner Algorithm used to analyze the process model performance
Seismic Behavior of Multi-Storey Building With Soft Storey Considering Differ...IJERA Editor
Now a day’s in RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) structure as an open first storey is generally provided for social and functional need in multistory building. They are used for parking, communicaton halls, intercourse hall or any other purposes. In RCC framed multistory building the walls are not considered as a part of structures, but from recent studies it shows that partition wall by using different infill materials helps to improve the strength of building against lateral load. An infill material provides stiffness to the RCC framed structures. Soft storey at different levels of multistory building is constructed. Investigations of past and recent earthquake damage have illustrated that the building structures are severe damage or collapse during moderate to strong ground motion. In this paper reviews various research works carried out by several researchers on seismic behavior of multi-storied buildings provided with different infill materials with soft storey
A Study of Reduction in the Vibrations of Steering Wheel of Agricultural TractorIJERA Editor
Steering wheel vibration is one of the major factor in determining the operator’s comfort in an agricultural tractor. Over the past 20 years automobile quality and consumer perceptions and demands have been an increasing part of the vehicle engineering process. This project deals with study of vibration related issues in steering wheel of tractor. The design and analysis of steering system plays a major role for determining the root cause for the problem. Main sources of steering wheel vibration are found to be engine imbalance, resonance of steering system, lesser damping, road / field induced vibration. Steering vibration study was conducted on various tractor models and one tractor was identified for improvement. Upon detailed analysis on that particular tractor, it was found that the resonance of steering system with engine excitation is the root cause for excessive vibration. Various methods such as shifting the natural frequency away from the second order engine frequency and increasing damping coefficient to reduce the vibration amplitude at resonance are considered to reduce vibrations due to resonance. Axial damper concept is used for vibration reduction. Analysis is done in Matlab Simulink with two degree of freedom model with base excitation.
Top RF Connector, Adapter and Cable Assembly Manufacturer in China. Contact Renhotec to get a free quote and sample for evaluate. View more at www.renhotecrf.com
Role of PMC in Construction of Collector Well Project, a Case StudyIJERA Editor
The rapid expansion and intricacy in the construction industry cause difficulties in maintaining performance, time, and quality services of a construction project, which leads to the failure to meet the scope and objective of a project. In addition, improper planning, widespread dependence, and low availability of materials increase the cost of the construction project. To manage such issues, Project Management Consultancy is one of the management solutions that have been widely used. Project Management Consultancy plays a multifaceted role in providing services from the beginning of construction to its completion. Project Management Consultancy makes sure whether we are moving in the right pathway according to the planned schedule. Use of Project Management Consultancy offers constructive management solution for the proper execution of work, improved performance, quality, and outcome of the project. The objective of this paper is to study the role and responsibilities of Project Management Consultancy while executing a project and the risks associated with it. This research is carried out via a case study of the construction of an industrial project governed by a Project Management Consultancy from preconstruction phase to completion.
Clustering Based Approximation in Facial Image RetrievalIJERA Editor
The web search tool returns a great many pictures positioned by the essential words separated from the encompassing content. Existing article acknowledgment systems to prepare characterization models from human-named preparing pictures or endeavor to deduce the connection/probabilities in the middle of pictures and commented magic words. Albeit proficient in supporting in mining comparatively looking facial picture results utilizing feebly named ones, the learning phase of above bunch based close estimations is shortened with idleness elements for ongoing usage which is fundamentally highlighted in our showings. So we propose to utilize shading based division driven auto face location methodology combined with an adjusted Clustering Based Approximation (CBA) plan to decrease the dormancy but then holding same proficiency amid questioning. The specialized phases of our proposed drew closer is highlighted in the accompanying stream diagram. Every phase of the above specialized procedure guarantees the question results at tremendously lessened handling time in this way making our method much achievable for ongoing usage.
Design and Development of Real Time Mission Software for wire guided underwat...IJERA Editor
This paper describes design and development of Real Time Mission Software (RTMS) for wire guided underwater vehicle. RTMS is ARM controller based real time embedded system. The main role of RTMS is to acquire sensors data, control and guide the vehicle as per the mission requirements. It performs Pitch control, Roll Control, Yaw Control and depth control operations as part of vehicle stabilization and it executes both active guidance and passive guidance algorithms to track the vehicle towards the target. In addition to that it will also distribute the power to subsystems, perform launch sequence and operate recovery operations. RTMS software receives the commands from submarine through fiber optic cable. RTMS operates either in fiber optic cable mode or autonomous mode based on user requirement.
Esta ruta biosintética parte de dos unidades de acetil coenzima A (Ac-CoA), en donde se condensan por medio de una reacción tipo Claisen para dar acetoacetil-CoA (AcAcCoA). Esta molécula se vuelve a condensar con una tercera unidad de AcCoA para dar como producto 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-CoA (HMG-CoA) como intermediario. El tioéster de la coenzima A se reduce para formar el aldehído correspondiente, el mevaldehído (MVA), el cual se reduce a ácido mevalónico (MEV). Por acción de dos moléculas de adenosin trifosfato (ATP) el mevalonato se fosforila (MEV-P y MEV-PP) y descarboxila para dar como productos los precursores de los terpenos, el pirofosfato de isopentenilo (IPP) y su isómero, el pirofosfato de dimetilalilo (DMAPP). La ruta del mevalonato es prácticamente universal y se lleva a cabo en el citosol. Por esta ruta se sintetizan principalmente sesquiterpenos, triterpenos y politerpenos.
Improved Dead Reckoning Algorithm for Obstacle Avoidance and Automated CleaningIJERA Editor
This research presents a detailed account of map generating, comprehensive coverage, path plotting and scheming, as well as control mechanism for a mobile automation robot comprising of the automated ground cleaning of average to small indoor areas as an application objective. The algorithms put forward are centered upon supervised 2D map of the surrounding which is generated during the training phase and have the capacity to deal successfully with unforeseen obstacles which were not determined on the 2D map. The map is generated using dead reckoning algorithm and then an approach relying on templates is used for controlling execution of the path plan. The capability of the robot to deal with generation of the map, detecting unforeseen obstructions inside the work space and localizing itself in the map is the suggested approach’s originality. If unmapped obstructions continually block the planned path, the trajectory tracing control inserts these obstacles in the 2D map
Influence of Glazed Façades on Energy Consumption for Air Conditioning of Off...IJERA Editor
The energy performance of buildings is defined by their electrical systems and thermal exchanges through the envelope, mainly by glazing systems. This study evaluates, through computer simulation, the influence of glazing façades in the energy consumption of the air conditioning system of an office building in five Brazilian cities with different climate conditions. A computer model was developed to analyze the influence of windowto-wall ratio, type of glass and façade configuration in the energy need for air conditioning. The results show that the energy performance of the building is highly influenced by the configurations of the façade, mainly by glazed elements. In cold climates, high thermal transmittance of the envelope helps the dissipation of internal heat gains, reducing energy consumption for air conditioning. In this case, the use of insulated glass unit can be unhelpful. Furthermore, the opening area causes energy consumption variation up to 27.5% depending on climate and type of glass. But the use of a high selective glazing system can decrease the energy need for cooling when the window area is increased.
Frequency Analysis across the Drowning Prevention of Water Sportsindangerousw...IJERA Editor
Located in a subtropical region and surrounded by seas, distributed with rivers and streams in its inland, Taiwan is an ideal island for people to engage in water recreation activities.Thus, seaside and mountain streams in Taiwan have become inexpensive leisure destinations which are often crowed with people each season.However, such beautiful attractions also hide a lurking crisis, especially forpeople who tend to ignore their own safety. This study was to explore how the Fire Department can effectively reduce drowning accidents and the number of people drowning. This research firstly conducted expert interviews and open questionnaires in order to understand expertscomments on the practices New Taipei City Fire Department adopted in the prevention and relief of drowning in dangerous water areas.Next, this study exercised the Delphi method to extract and construct the level facets of drowning prevention and relief work performance of New Taipei City’s Fire Department in dangerous waters, then constructed key factor levels of dangerous water drowning prevention and relief work performance through the Analytic Hierarchy Process to analyze and evaluate the relative importance ofeach guideline,Finally, this study found out the implementation priority of key projects on drowning prevention and relief work in order to identify the key causes affecting the performance of prevention and relief tasks ofdrowning in dangerouswaters
Strengthening of R.C Framed Structure Using Energy Dissipating Devicespaperpublications3
Abstract: The Dampers which is added to the building scheme without any interruption to the present constituent of the building. In past days retrofitting structures are use full in the construction field however a good understanding of restraints involvement to increase the structure capacities and decreasing the seismic demand in specifically to the design process. In this work consider the energy dissipating devices for seismic strengthening of 5 stories concrete structure in this study involves viscous damping devices of V Type and Inverted V Type dampers with different effective stiffness, to prevent building damage or collapse in major earthquake.
Effect of Impulsive Loads on G+3 RCC BuildingIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The study of response of structures subjected to impulse loads is of utmost importance in civil engineering. These are the forces with large magnitude that act for relatively very short interval of time. These forces are dynamic in nature that may impart out of plane deformations to the building and hence the stability of the building may be under scrutiny. Bomb blast is the best example for impulsive load. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine the response of a G+3 RCC building modeled in STAAD Pro subjected to triangular, rectangular and sinusoidal impulsive force for 0.5 seconds with maximum magnitude of 100kN. The effect of such loads on front, roof and side surface of the building was studied. It was observed that the critical deformations were obtained on the front and roof surface of the building. The variation of deformation along the height of the building were parabolic in nature with maximum deformations at the top surface of the building. It was also concluded that sufficient reinforcement should be provided in beam, columns and slabs to impart ductility to the building against impulse loads..
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Seismic Joint in the Performance of Multi-Storeyed L-Shaped BuildingIOSR Journals
The choices of building shapes and structural systems have significant effect on their seismic performance. While symmetrical buildings result in a fairly uniform distribution of seismic forces throughout its components. Unsymmetrical buildings result in highly indeterminate distribution of forces making the analysis and prediction more complicated. L-shaped buildings are among those unsymmetrical structures which are most commonly found in practice in the form of school, office, commercial buildings. In this work three dimensional models of L-shaped buildings are investigated for their seismic performance, varying bay length and storey height. These models were analysed for three conditions viz with gap, with seismic joint and with neither of these. The modeling of structures analysis is carried out using STAAD Pro V8i, also the performance is analysed providing brick infill and compared with, without infill condition. Performances is measured in terms of displacements, axial forces, bending moments, shear forces and compared for those conditions mentioned in the identified column viz., corner, intermediate and interior
Study on Effect of Wind Load and Earthquake Load on Multi-storey RC Framed Bu...IJSRD
Now a day the increase in the construction of tall buildings, residential and commercial sector, and the new trend are towards taller and slender structures. Though the effect of wind and earthquake, forces becoming important for every structural designer to know. Every engineer is facing with the problem of providing stability, strength for loads like lateral loads. That’s the reason wind as well as earthquake loading have become the influential factors in tall buildings. Loads that are lateral loads play important role for drift. The drift must be taken into consideration for tall structure. The above mentioned are some of the key issues which affect the behavior of structure and economy of the building. This thesis focuses the effects of lateral loads on medium and tall buildings the storey forces, displacements, storey shear, story drift every part of are analyzed on every level of height on the building, Indian codal provision gives us the basic wind speed at 10m height for some important cities/towns. However it does not provide for all the cities in India. In the following work attempt is made to find the effect of lateral loads i.e. wind load and earth quake loads for various models having shear walls and without shear wall. For the study a symmetrical building plan is used with 16 storeys and 31 storeys are analyzed and designed by using structure analysis software tool ETABS-2013. The study also includes the determination of base shear, displacement, storey drift, storey forces and the results are compared with them. These parameters have also considers the effect of shear wall. In order to design a structure to resist wind and earthquake loads, the forces on the structure must be specified.
Comparative Study of Response of Structures Subjected To Blast and Earthquake...IJERA Editor
The increase in the number of terrorist attacks especially in the last few years has shown that the effect of blast
load on building is a serious challenge that should be taken in to consideration for designing of structures. This
type of loading damages the structures, externally as well as internally. Hence the blast load should be
considered with same importance as earthquake load. The present study includes the comparative performance
of G+3 storey building subjected to blast and earthquake loading using ETABS. For four storey building using
different input parameters like charge explosive, stand-off distance and layout of building the blast pressure are
conducted and linear time history analysis is carried out. Comparative study for blast and earthquake loading is
carried out for different parameters like maximum storey displacement, storey drift and quantity of materials.
Safe charge explosive and safe stand-off distance are obtained for the RCC structure with the sections of
structural elements same as per the requirement for earthquake resistance. Displacement is higher for the blast
loading as compared to earthquake loading and very high for the storey at which blast load is applied. Quantity
of concrete is 40 percentages higher for blast resistant building than the earthquake resistant building.
Seismic Performance of RC Frame Building with Different Position of Shear Wallijtsrd
An earthquake force is a very strange force and behaves quite differently than Gravity and Wind loads, striking the weakest spot in the whole three dimensional structure. It’s not earthquake that kills, in fact ignorance in design and poor quality construction results in many weaknesses in the structure that cause serious damage to life and property. Masonry Infill are frequently used to fill the gap between the vertical and horizontal resisting elements of the building frames with the assumption that these in fills will not take part in resisting any kind of load either axial or lateral. Hence, its significance in the analysis is generally neglected by the designer. In fact, infill wall and shear wall considerably enhance the rigidity and strength of the frame structure. Various researches suggest that the bare frame has comparatively lesser stiffness and strength than the infill frame and frame with shear wall, therefore their ignorance cause failure of many multistorey buildings when subjected to seismic loads. In the present study, the finite element analysis of RC frame models viz. a bare frame a frame with shear wall considering infill a bare frame with shear wall has been carried out and the number of storeys vary as G 3, G 5, G 7 and G 9. Linear analysis of all RC frame structures has been performed as per IS 1893 Part 1 2002 and IS 456 2000. In this study only in plane stiffness of masonry wall has been considered and infill panels modelled as equivalent diagonal strut elements. The behaviour of buildings subjected to Gravity and Seismic loads with the help of Response Spectrum Analysis using FEM based software and the effect on Time Period, Mass Participation factor, and Storey Drift has been observed. Strength and Rigidity of RC bare frame structures is found increasing after the inclusion of infill panels and shear wall. Bharath V B | Kuldeep Singh Solanki | Aashutosh Raj Yadav "Seismic Performance of RC Frame Building with Different Position of Shear Wall" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31728.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31728/seismic-performance-of-rc-frame-building-with-different-position-of-shear-wall/bharath-v-b
Static Analysis of G+2 Institutional Building in BhopalIJERA Editor
A Seismic design is aimed at controlling the structural damage based on precise estimations of proper response
parameters. Seismic design explicitly evaluates how a building is likely to perform; given the potential hazard it
is likely to experience, considering uncertainties inherent in the quantification of potential hazard and
uncertainties in assessment of the actual building response. It is an interactive process that begins with the
selection of performance objectives, followed by the development of a preliminary design, an assessment as to
whether or not the design meets the performance objectives, and finally redesign and reassessment, if required,
until the desired performance level is achieved.
In this present study one R.C. buildings, of G + 2 storey institutional building (designed according to IS
456:2000) are analysed. Analysis and redesigning by changing the main reinforcement of various frame
elements and again analyzing. The structural analysis has been carried out using STAAD.Pro V8i, a product of
Structural Analysis and Design Program. A total of 1 cases for a particular G + 2 storey institutional building
located in Zone-II have been analyzed. The results of analysis are compared in terms of reinforcement in the
column and beam. The best possible combination of reinforcement that is economical, effective and whose
damage is limited to Grade 2 (slight structural damage, moderate non structural damage) in order to enable
Immediate Occupancy is determined and is termed as Seismic Design.
Similar to Behavior of RCC Structural Members for Blast Analysis: A Review (20)
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Behavior of RCC Structural Members for Blast Analysis: A Review
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172
Behavior of RCC Structural Members for Blast Analysis: A
Review
Prof. C. M. Deshmukh2
, Dr. C. P. Pise3
, Digvijay Gajendra Phule1
, Prof. S.S.
Kadam2
, Prof. Y. P. Pawar2
, Prof. D. D. Mohite2
.
P.G. Student, Department Of Civil Engineering, SKNSCOE, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India1
Assistant Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, SKNSCOE, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India
2
Associate Professor and HOD, Department Of Civil Engineering, SKNSCOE, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India3
ABSTRACT
In today’s scenario threat of enemies and terrorist attack is increasing. Therefore consideration of blast load in
analysis and design is essential. A bomb explosion within or nearby outside the building can cause catastrophic
failure of building. Blast loads have, in the recent past, become important service loads for certain categories of
structure. An important task in blast resistance design is to make a realistic prediction of blast pressure. The
distance of explosion from the structure is an important datum, governing the magnitude and duration of blast
loads. In the present study, the RCC frame was analyzed by using conventional code for gravity loads using
moment resisting frame. The blast load was calculated using UFC-340-02 (2008) or IS 4991-1968 for 500 kg
and 100 Kg TNT at standoff distance of 10m and 30m from face of column at first floor level. The triangular
impulse was applied as nodal time history at all front face joints. The analysis was performed using Computer
aided software. The response of structure of will be evaluated under various blast scenarios. The response will be
checked for safety of the structure on many parameters like displacement, acceleration and velocity.
Keywords: Blast Load on Structure, Blast Phenomena, Blast Pressure, Structural Performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
Blast is a pressure disturbance caused by
the sudden release of energy. People often think of
blasts in terms of explosions such as the detonation
of an explosive charge. However, there are many
other blast sources that have the potential to cause
damage. Blasts are not always caused by
combustion; they can also result from any rapid
release of energy that creates a blast wave, such as a
bursting pressure vessel from which compressed air
expands, or a rapid phase transition of a liquid to a
gas. As the shock or pressure wave strikes a wall or
other object, a reflection occurs, increasing the
applied pressure on the surface. This reflected
pressure is considerably higher than the incident or
free-field pressure wave. As the stand-off distance
increases, the duration of the positive-phase blast
wave increases resulting in a lower-amplitude.
Charges situated extremely close to a targeted
structure impose a highly impulsive, high intensity
pressure load over a localized region of the structure.
Fig.1 Surface Burst Blast Waves.
II. PRESENT STUDIES
Following are researchers, who have
worked on Blast analysis by using Computer aided
software.
Due to the threat from such extreme loading
conditions, efforts have been made during the past
three decades to develop methods of structural
analysis and design to resist blast loads. The analysis
and design of structures subjected to blast loads
require a detailed understanding of blast phenomena
and the dynamic response of various structural
elements. A comprehensive overview of the effects
of explosion on structures. An explanation of the
nature of explosions and the mechanism of blast
waves in free air is given. This paper also introduces
different methods to estimate blast loads and
structural response [1]. The analysis of the structural
failure of building caused by a blast load. All the
process from the detonation of the explosive charge
to the complete demolition, including the
propagation of the blast wave and its interaction with
the structure is reproduced. The problem analyzed
corresponds to an actual building that has suffered a
terrorist attack. The paper includes comparisons with
photographs of the real damage produced by the
explosive charge that validates all the simulation
procedure. The collapse was due to a gravitational
REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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mechanism originated by the destruction of the
lower columns [2].
Analyze the real behavior of steel structure
which subjected to blast loads with different charge
weights at the same building situation. The blast
load was determined as a pressure-time history. the
industrial structure analyzed subjected blast load the
structure is steel structure having Bomb explosion at
standoff distance 4.5 m for charge of 10 kg , 50 kg
and 100 kg charge [3].
The nonlinear analysis of a structural steel frame
subjected to blast loads. The analysis involves the
use of a beam and hinge model similar to what can
be used for a nonlinear seismic design. For simple
steel frames in typical petrochemical plant
applications, the use of a nonlinear hinge model
provides a reasonable level of accuracy [4].
Blast resistance design of Commercial
buildings. For many urban settings the proximity to
unregulated traffic brings the terrorist threat to or
within the perimeter of building. For these structures
blast protection has the more modest goal of
containing damage in the immediate vicinity of the
explosion and the prevention of progressive
collapse. This paper considers the design features of
a typical 8 story office. Conclusions are made after
analyzing after structural features of the building and
recommendations is given for each structural
member such as beam, column, and slab [5].
This paper has shown Blast loading on
structures. The paper describes the process of
determining the blast load on structures and provides
a numerical example of a fictive structure exposed to
this load. The blast load was analytically determined
as a pressure-time history and numerical model of
the structure was created in SAP2000. The results
confirm the initial assumption that it is possible with
conventional software to simulate an explosion
effects and give a preliminary assessment of the
structure. And conclusion is made the explosion in
or near the structure can cause catastrophic damage
to the structure, formation of fragments, and
destruction of life - support systems [6].
Finite element package Staadpro is used to
perform the analysis In order to validate the use
Staadpro for blast analysis following experiment is
performed. a study of distant blast on the structure is
made to find the variation of forces in foundation
like axial force, shear force and bending moment by
varying amount of explosive and also by varying the
distance of explosion from the building. Buildings of
various heights are analyzed so that effect of height
to resist blast is also studied. Load is applied in the
form of time history loading. And conclusion is
made building having more than 6 floors there is less
probability of overturning and crushing failure,
however great care need to be taken to resist shear
force and bending moment [7].
In design procedures, both types of collapse
should be taken into consideration. In order to face
such a complex problem, it is essential to determine
the key parameters in blast load response. For this
reason, a sensitivity analysis was developed.
Numerical simulations by means of the previous
SDOF model have been developed, considering
different load scenarios and beam geometrical and
strength characteristics. In this way, it is possible to
search for any correlations between the response of
the SDOF in terms of the different parameters
defining the dynamic problem: peak load, span
length, etc. [8].
Low - energy pyrotechnic explosive
loading on brick masonry structures and the
influence of various structural members in resisting
the collapse. Different openings and incorporation of
lintel and plinth beam are dealt in this study. The
static response of brick masonry in the event of
accidental explosion is analyzed using the model
proposed by ANSYS software. Analytical studies
were conducted using ANSYS to study the
deflection behavior of structure. It was observed
that, by providing additional structural elements, the
resistance of brick masonry against accidental
overloading can be improved considerably so that
progressive collapse of the entire structure can be
avoided. This paper concludes that an alternate
construction material is to be considered for the
construction of fireworks and match works industrial
buildings, which can perform satisfactorily than
conventional brick masonry [9].
Blast response mitigation strategies become
either difficult or impossible later on. Blast response
mitigation strategies can be incorporated in the
structural design at concept stage, leading to a well-
designed and -constructed structure that can exhibit
improved blast resistance and at the same time
maintain its architecturally appealing appearance.
Apart from describing functioning of the commonly
adopted measures, emphasis has been laid on the
mechanics of the sacrificial blast wall and design
using various materials used for its construction
[10].
Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Reinforced Concrete
(SIFCON), a type of FRC with high fiber content as
an alternative material to Reinforced Cement
Concrete (RCC). SIFCON has high energy
absorption capacity, higher strength and it is highly
ductile. Space framed models are developed and
time history analysis is carried out for blast load
using the software .The properties of SIFCON
and RCC are derived from the experiments. The
dynamic characteristics such as fundamental
frequency, mode shapes are evaluated. The
displacement time history response of frames
with SIFCON and RCC due to blast load is
compared. The results showed that the reduction
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in the displacement of about 25-30 % is
Achieved using SIFCON [11].
Investigate some of the special aspects of the
response of steel structures to blast loading.
Composite and light steel constructions are
investigated and simplified examples. The needs for
special design and construction considerations, as
well as additional research studies are concluded
[12].
Carried out the effects of blast loads on
multistory steel buildings. The results obtained are
targeted towards improving the design of buildings
such as hospitals and defense offices which must
maintain some level of serviceable operations in the
event of an explosive attack. A dynamic load model
for blast effects is developed and used to assess the
performance of several multistory steel buildings
designed for current code prescribed seismic loads,
using parametric dynamic analysis [13].
Local failure of a primary structural
component induced by direct air-blast loading may
be itself a critical damage and lead to the partial or
full collapse of the building. As an extensive
research to mitigate blast-induced hazards in steel
frame structure, a state-of-art analytical approach or
high fidelity computational nonlinear continuum
modeling using computational fluid dynamics was
described in this paper [14].
H-shaped steel frame column under a blast loading
with different conditions was numerically
developed, using finite element method (FEM) The
two ends of the column were fixed and applied with
a vertical load to simulate the responses of a bottom
column of a steel frame structure under a blast
loading by changing stand-off and the weight of the
explosive, and the height of the column [15].
In progressive collapse capacity of steel
moment frames using alternate load path method.
Nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed for
progressive collapse assessment. Linear dynamic
analysis method was used for comparison. Then, a
nonlinear dynamic analysis was carried out to
examine the response of the frames in external blast
and sudden column loss scenario [16].
Numerical analysis of an industrial
structure, subjected to blast load. The results are
compared for severity, and the remedial measures
shall be discussed. By adopting the remedial
measures, the analysis shall be performed again and
the effects will be compared with the earlier results
of a normal structure [17].
Blast loads are applied on the structure in
the form of time history loading. Finite element
package Staadpro is used to perform the analysis in
this work. In order to validate the use staadpro for
blast analysis following experiment is performed. In
present work a study of distant blast on the structure
is made to find the variation of forces in foundation
like axial force, shear force and bending moment by
varying amount of explosive and also by varying the
distance of explosion from the building. Buildings of
various heights are analyzed so that effect of height
to resist blast is also studied. Load is applied in the
form of time history loading [18]. Methods for
assessing the effect of explosive action on buildings
and sensitivity analysis was developed in design
procedures, both types of collapse should be taken
into consideration. In this work, the Authors
investigate the resistance of flexural elements under
blast load, focusing only on local failure in bridge
structure [19]. The response of steel frame building
subjected to blast loading was examined by
calculating blast load manually using a procedure
and applying on joints. Response of steel column
subjected to amount of pressure exerted by different
charge weights and at different standoff distance and
progressive energy collapse of steel column is
examined using Ansys Explicit dynamic and Ansys
Autodyn [20].
Investigation of behavior of various bridge
components during blast loads through a high
fidelity finite element model of a typical highway
bridge Computer programs, such as LS-DYNA offer
detonation simulation capabilities to propagate blast
loads through air medium. However, blast pressures
generated by such programs are significantly
different than those by ConWep, a computer
program based on semi-empirical equations [21].
Bridges in America are of special
importance. The analysis of these bridges should be
carried out for different loading conditions. Bridges
are normally designed for dead load, live load and
other occasional loads. American Association of
State Highways and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) have specified for the ship impact,
seismic vulnerability and also against vehicular
collisions. But there are no definite structural design
criteria for the bridges under typical blast loadings.
The “progressive collapse” approach of the bridge
was also carried out to know the exact behavior with
the formation of the plastic hinges under the impact
of blast loadings [22].
The application of blast loads on bridge
components has been presented. This approach can
apply realistic loads and can simulate both reflection
and diffraction of blast loads. Using this approach,
verification of simulation of blast loads in LS-
DYNA has been carried out by using available blast
tests on two types of beams. A high fidelity model of
a typical three-span highway bridge has been
developed for investigation of blast load effects on a
three-span reinforced concrete bridge. It is observed
that the range of demands imposed on bridge
components during blast loads may be significantly
higher than those during other extreme hazards [23].
Analysis of highway bridges under blast loads
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requires accurate generation and application of blast
loads and good understanding of the behavior of
components of bridge. The purpose of this paper is
to introduce some ideas about blast load generation
method like pressure wave method, detonation
simulation method, hybrid blast load method and
multi-Euler domain method. Also verification of
blast load results using hybrid blast load method and
multi-Euler domain method included in this paper
[24].
Analytically investigate the blast-response
and behavior of multihazard-resistant bridge piers
having circular- shaped, concrete-filled steel tube
(CFST) columns. Fiber-based dynamic analyses
showed that high-frequency modes of vibration have
some influence on the structural response when
subjected to blast loading. This study shows that
different values of the shape factors, β (which
reduces blast pressures when applied to a circular
column), must be used with different analytical
methods, along with assumptions and conditions
behind these different analytical methods [25].
Effects of blast loads on bridge substructures are
presented, and structural design and retrofit solutions
to counter these effects are discussed. Case studies
demonstrate the use of simple models to analyze
concrete piers. The modeling concept, determination
of peak overpressures, and inherent assumptions are
described, and empirical deformation-based damage
criteria that are used to estimate the level of damage
are presented [26]. Nonlinear dynamic numerical
modeling and analysis of concrete panels subjected
to blast loads is presented. Reinforced concrete
panels of dimension 1.0 1.0 m and different
thicknesses and supported on four sides are
subjected to blast loads produced by the detonation
of high explosive charges. The modeling and
analysis was conducted using ANSYS AUTODYN
solver. The accuracy of the model is verified against
experimental results of blast load tests on reinforced
concrete horizontal slabs subjected to the detonation
of high explosive charges above them. The model
was capable of simulating the observed damage and
displacement with reasonable accuracy. The
performance was evaluated in terms of maximum
displacement, extent of damage and energy absorbed
[27].
The numerical simulation of the structural
damage of a steel truss bridge subjected to blast
loading with the aid of a hydro code is presented. A
three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of
an actual bridge has been developed based on the
drawing design of the Minpu II Bridge in Shanghai.
The effects of mesh size on pressure distribution
produced by explosions are also studied. Through
the comparison between the calculation results and
the experimental values, the reliability of the
calculation is validated. All the process from the
detonation of the explosive charge to deck crack,
including the propagation of the blast wave and its
interaction with the structure is reproduced. The
numerical results show the damage of bridge parts
and provide a global understanding of bridge under
blast loads [28]. The dynamic response of vertical
wall structures under blast loading. Blast loading is
simulated by the form of dynamic excitation in time
based on some assumptions to assure physical nature
of dynamic problems. The vertical wall structure is
modeled by plates restrained in an edge and fixed in
four edges is surveyed both linear and nonlinear
response under explosion. The nonlinear dynamic
analysis is considered with cracked behavior of the
plate. The governing equation of motion of the
structure is established by Finite Element Method
with quadrilateral 4 nodes elements and integrated
by constant acceleration method of Newmark’s
family. BLAST SHELL program which analyzed the
behavior of shell under blast loading is built on
MATLAB software [29].
The main advantage of performance based
design is the predictable seismic performance with
uniform risk. The reliability of this approach may
ultimately depends on the development of explicit
and quantifiable performance criteria that can be
related to the calculated response parameters such as
stress, strain, displacement, acceleration [30].
Performance of a building with soft story at different
level along with at GL using nonlinear static
pushover analysis. From analysis they found that
plastic hinges are developed in columns of ground
level soft story which is not acceptable criteria for
safe design. They suggested retrofitting with shear
wall for safe performance of building. They also
found that after retrofitting the base shear carrying
capacity is increased by 19.22 % to 34.64% [31].
In flat slab building slab is directly
supported on column without provision of beam.
Because of absence of beam lateral stiffness of
building get reduced. For better performance of flat
slab building against lateral loading elements like
shear wall can be constructed [32].
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the studies so far carried out by several
researchers following conclusions can be drawn.
1) Blast load varies with time and distance. The
behavior of structure greatly depends on charge of
explosive and its standoff distance.
2) Due to sudden released explosive energy causes
failure of structure such as collapse the structure,
damage of structural elements and crack formation
in structure.
3) Blast analysis needs to carry out by keeping in