This document discusses how to recognize signs of illness in animals and provides tips for effective record keeping. It outlines common signs of illness animals may exhibit, such as changes in eating, drinking, behavior, vital signs, coat appearance, and waste elimination. Keeping accurate electronic records of individual animals is important for husbandry, veterinary care, and legal purposes. Online databases can provide species-specific information to support animal care.
History taking
In veterinary medicine, history taking is most important from a clinical point of view because animals are unable to describe their pain and problems (symptoms).
History taking
In veterinary medicine, history taking is most important from a clinical point of view because animals are unable to describe their pain and problems (symptoms).
ANIMAL WELFARE
Animal welfare means how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives.
An animal is in a satisfactory state of wellbeing when it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express its innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear and distress.(OIE)
The welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment.An animal in good state of welfare is: -
healthy, well nourished
Comfortable, safe
Not suffering from unpleasant state such as pain, fear, and distress
Able to express natural behavior
Good AW requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter and killing.
Critical care and management in wild species is a potential and fast growing discipline in wildlife medicine posing a challenge despite advancement in wildlife, zoo, and exotic animal medicine in recent years.
This is due to availability of limited information on physiological aspect of the majority of wild species that may be presented for examination and treatment.
Wild animals may be presented in a variety of situations that require emergent interventions. These situations may arise during animal capture, accidents or severe injuries, disease outbreak or natural disaster
Food hygiene is more than cleanliness ......
Protecting food from risk of contamination, including harmful bacteria, poison and other foreign bodies.
Preventing any bacteria present multiplying to an extent which would result in the illness of consumers or the early spoilage of the food.
Destroying any harmful bacteria in the food by thorough cooking
or processing.
Discarding unfit or contaminated food.
ANIMAL WELFARE
Animal welfare means how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives.
An animal is in a satisfactory state of wellbeing when it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express its innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear and distress.(OIE)
The welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment.An animal in good state of welfare is: -
healthy, well nourished
Comfortable, safe
Not suffering from unpleasant state such as pain, fear, and distress
Able to express natural behavior
Good AW requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter and killing.
Critical care and management in wild species is a potential and fast growing discipline in wildlife medicine posing a challenge despite advancement in wildlife, zoo, and exotic animal medicine in recent years.
This is due to availability of limited information on physiological aspect of the majority of wild species that may be presented for examination and treatment.
Wild animals may be presented in a variety of situations that require emergent interventions. These situations may arise during animal capture, accidents or severe injuries, disease outbreak or natural disaster
Food hygiene is more than cleanliness ......
Protecting food from risk of contamination, including harmful bacteria, poison and other foreign bodies.
Preventing any bacteria present multiplying to an extent which would result in the illness of consumers or the early spoilage of the food.
Destroying any harmful bacteria in the food by thorough cooking
or processing.
Discarding unfit or contaminated food.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual. Natural Causes of Extinction.
Difference between In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation
Conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources helps protect, maintain and recover endangered animal and plant species. There are mainly two strategies for the conservation of wildlife: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation. Although, both the strategies aim to maintain and recover endangered species, they are different from each other. Let us see how they differ from each other!
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Subtle differences in one person’s genes can cause them to respond differently to the same environmental exposure as another person. As a result, some people may develop a disease after being exposed to something in the environment while others may not.
As scientists learn more about the connection between genes and the environment, they pursue new approaches for preventing and treating disease that consider individual genetic codes.
How to store food in hot
The Good News
To maximize benefit of preservation, keep your food as fresh as possible for as long as possible. You can do this, even in the heat, by creating a “cooler” made from two basic terra cotta pots, one larger than the other. Put the smaller pot in the larger one, fill the gap with sand, and saturate the sand with water. Then cover it with a cloth. To add additional insulation from the heat, bury the pot up to its rim. The evaporation of moisture from the wet sand will cool the air around the food and help keep it fresh.
What is IUPAC naming?
In order to give compounds a name, certain rules must be followed. When naming organic compounds, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature (naming scheme) is used. This is to give consistency to the names. It also enables every compound to have a unique name, which is not possible with the common names used (for example in industry). We will first look at some of the steps that need to be followed when naming a compound, and then try to apply these rules to some specific examples.
IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC nomenclature uses the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the basic root name of the compound. The root name is then modified due to the presence of different functional groups which replace hydrogen or carbon atoms in the parent structure.
Hybridization describes the bonding atoms from an atom's point of view. For a tetrahedral coordinated carbon (e.g. methane CH4), the carbon should have 4 orbitals with the correct symmetry to bond to the 4 hydrogen atoms.
INTRODUCTION:
Hybrid Orbitals
Developed by Linus Pauling, the concept of hybrid orbitals was a theory created to explain the structures of molecules in space. The theory consists of combining atomic orbitals (ex: s,p,d,f) into new hybrid orbitals (ex: sp, sp2, sp3).
1. Why Firefly give light during night?
2. Why atomic mass and Atomic numbers are given to elements ?
3. Why elements have been characterized and classified into different groups?
4. What is the transition of elements and what they play their role in elements stability?
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Become more aware of illness in animals.
Develop a foundation for further learning about animal health
Understand how far you can legally go with examining animals for health issues, and at
what point you need to call in a veterinary professional.
Study this course and better understand how veterinary professionals systematically
investigate and determine health issues in animals.
Routine disease investigations are based on clinical, pathological and epidemiological evidence.
If there is a need for conclusive identification of a disease or condition, an accurate laboratory
diagnosis should be obtained. It is particularly important, especially in the case of infectious
diseases that the final diagnosis rests on adequate aetiological evidence. In most cases disease
investigations are carried out by qualified government stock inspectors and/or veterinarians. It
helps for animal owners to understand and be able to recognise diseases conditions that may
affect their animals, so that timely intervention can occur.
(Note: The professionals involved and regulations governing their scope of operation can vary
from one country to another)
Course Structure
This course has nine lessons:
1. How Animal Diseases are Diagnosed - Conducting clinical examinations, gross and clinical
pathology, information to collect and how to collect it (live animal and necropsy samples),
specialist support services to assist in diagnosis (i.e. types of laboratories, specialist vets etc)
2. Diagnostic Testing - Pathways followed to detect and diagnose different types of diseases,
information to be supplied with samples for diagnostic testing, and diagnostic techniques
3. Viral Diseases - Characteristics of viruses and the significance of a range of viral diseases
that affect animals. You will study viral taxonomy, types and structure of viruses, virus
replication cycle, transmission, and some common viral conditions.
4. Bacteria and Fungal Diseases - This lesson looks at the characteristics of bacterial and fungal
organisms. Topics include: laboratory identification, controlling infections, specimen collection,
and important disease conditions.
5. Parasitological Conditions - Discuss and differentiate a range of conditions that are caused
by parasites. Topics include: Terminology and classification, life cycles, protozoa, helminths,
and arthropods.
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6. Metabolic and Nutritional Conditions - Lesson covers a range of common metabolic
conditions affecting cattle, horses, pigs, sheep/goats, cats and dogs
7. Poisoning - Discuss and differentiate some common disorders that result from poisoning or
toxins. These include: Cardio-respiratory, Central Nervous System (CNS), dermatological,
gastrointestinal, hepatological, and haematological disorders.
8. Inherited Conditions (Genetic Disorders) - Discuss types of genetic inheritance, and give
examples of genetic diseases affecting horses, dogs, and cats.
9. Other Conditions and Disorders - Identify and discuss miscellaneous conditions such as
allergies, dehydration, and age related conditions.
10. Research Project -In this project you will evaluate symptoms of ill-health or disease
displayed by a set of animals, and go through the process of identifying the problem and
deciding on a course of treatment.
Common signs of an ill or injured animal
It is impossible for even the best educated animal health expert to monitor every aspect of an
animal's health all the time. On a farm, the farmer can have hundreds of animals to deal with; and
in a zoo, the zoo keeper may be dealing with even more. Routine and regular blood tests and
medical scans are expensive , invasive, and can be distressing to the animals.
There are however, simple indicators of ill health, which a well trained animal expert should be
able to detect with little more than a glance at the animal. Learning to manage animal health
involves learning to notice things such as the following; knowing what these indicators mean,
and knowing how to respond to them.
The animal not eating as much as usual – this is usually the first sign you will notice
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It may also drink more or less water than normal, depending on the illness.
An animal standing by itself away from the herd
Animal limping or dragging a leg
Discharge from eyes, nose, or vaginal area
There may be abnormal lumps
The eyes may be dull and the mucous membranes may have changed colour. Deep red
membranes indicate fever; pale membranes show anaemia; yellow membranes indicate a
liver disorder, while blue-red membranes show heart and circulatory problems, or
pneumonia.
Animal making unusual noise (bellowing, grunting)
Animal acting uncomfortable, getting up and down
The animal might be sweating. A cold sweat indicates pain while a hot sweat indicates
fever.
If the animal is in pain it will probably be restless (getting up and down and pacing
about), and it may even be groaning
Diarrhoea or straining to defecate
Animal not defecating or with very little stool
Animal urinating a lot, or not as much as usual
Marked weight loss or gain
The coat will look dull and dry, and the hairs may stand up.
There may the presence of open sores, dandruff, or the loss of hair or fur from the body
Behavioural signs - Recognise any significant differences in the behaviour of an animal
such as increases in viciousness, lethargy or any other abnormal signs such as excessive
head shaking, scratching, licking or biting of certain parts of the body
The vital signs of a sick animal will change. The temperature may go up or down. A rise
in temperature of one or two degrees usually indicates pain, while a rise of more usually
indicates infection.
The rate of respiration, and the way the animal breathes could also slow changes. With
pain or infection, breathing becomes more rapid. In a very sick animal, breathing can be
laboured and shallow.
A slightly increased pulse rate suggests pain, while a rapid pulse suggests fever. An
irregular pulse can indicate heart trouble. In a very sick animal, the pulse is weak and
feeble.
A sick animal may also possess foul breath or excessive tarter deposits on the teeth
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RecordKeeping is Important
It is important that anyone working with animals is capable of keeping accurate and
comprehensive records e.g. the condition of animal, the work or treatment carried out, any
additional needs of the animal or any incidents involving the animal. Historical information
about individual animals can form a basis for improving husbandry practices and veterinary
procedures.
Avoid the use of paper by keeping electronic records. Some information regarding taxation and
accounts must be retained for legal purposes. Other information about accidents or workplace
injuries should be kept on file for future reference. Organising records and information is part of
the professional groomer’s role.
Create a database or spreadsheet from the beginning of business operations to help you keep
accurate records of the animals and clients you work with.
Accessing the right information online
Information can also be provided easily for various species online. There a number of databases
which keep accurate and transparent records for all kinds of animals being looked after by
organisations such as wildlife parks and zoos.
The usual kinds of information found online about species cared for in parks, zoos etc. include:
Sex – male/female/unknown
Species – scientific name
Individual identification numbers
Enclosure – original enclosure (if animal is being transferred)
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Population information – life history (e.g. births, deaths, transfers, parents of individual
and any other relevant population information)
Husbandry Information – enrichment used, changes in diet (if required), training and
conditioning used, changes in social-structure, levels of interaction with humans and
types of interactions
Medical Information – treatment received, physical condition, any previous injuries,
faecal samples and veterinary check information
Animal Information – notes on behaviour, reproductive behaviour and social interactions.
Other relevant information – additional information about original enclosure, local
climate and the location of the animal in the zoo.
To access the data held on records, generally you will need to be eligible to register as an
employee of the park/zoo/organisation. If you are employed by an organisation and you work
closely with animals, you will be expected to keep these records up to date by adding your own
data via the parks own record keeping system.
If you do not need this level of information, you will always find a range of relevant information
relating the species of animals you work on using credible online resources.