This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic characteristics, impact assessment, and policy analysis of belowground biodiversity (BGBD) conservation projects in Lampung Province, Indonesia. The study examined 160 farmers over two surveys in 2007 and 2009. It analyzed changes in farming practices, knowledge of BGBD conservation, and perceptions. Key findings include improvements in knowledge of BGBD benefits but minimal increases in household incomes. The conclusions call for more landscape-level land use practices and awareness raising to increase economic welfare while conserving soil biota and scaling up BGBD conservation efforts.

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Objectives of the Study
Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact • examine social-economic characteristics of farming practices,
Assessment and Policy Analysis of the leading to conservation and sustainable management of
belowground biodiversity (BGBD), in Sumberjaya watershed
BGBD Project in Indonesia of Lampung Province in Indonesia.
• analyze the directions of change in understanding and
y g g
Bustanul Arifin, Pitojo Budiono, Hanung Ismono, application CSM-BGBD and other conservation practices
Teguh Budi Rahardjo, and Yana Ekana among farmers living in and around the CSM-BGBD
experiments in the study sites.
• examine policy scenarios and recommendation for better
University of Lampung (UNILA), Indonesia adoption and adaptation of BGBD management in the
context of for scaling-out and scaling-up in the future.
Prepared for BGBD Closing Conference, May 17-21, 2010 in Nairobi, Kenya
Sumberjaya Benchmark, Lampung Methodology: Two Field Surveys
• Household surveys was conducted in 2007 and 2009, by
Forest interviewing very intensively about 160 farmers.
Altitude : 600 m – 1718 m • Collecting data on farming practices and other related
Shrubs knowledge and perception on CSM-BGBD.
Paddy/Horticulture Slope (16->45%) • Standard farm economic anal sis is employed to obtain
analysis emplo ed
more comparative results between the first survey (2007)
Coffee and the second survey (2009)
Rainfall 2500 mm/yr
• Comparative statistical analysis of paired T-test and
Temperature:22-24oC
Mann-Whitney U-test are conducted to observe the
changes in the study sites.
Other Crops
Study Sites: Lampung Province
Island of Sumatra, Indonesia
Bodong
Jaya
BGBD Experiments in Farmers’ Land
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Baseline: Demographic Characteristics Ethnicity and Reasons for Migration
Important Variables Bodong Simpang Tribudi All
Jaya Sari Syukur Villages Important Variables Bodong Simpang Tribudi All
1. Age (year) 45.70 40.36 46.67 45.46 Jaya Sari Syukur Villages
2. Education (year) 7.69 6.71 7.65 7.44 7. Ethnic group
3. Household size (number) 2.95 3.08 3.18 3.11 - Javanese (%) 65.8 37.1 11.5 35.6
4. Farming experience (y )
g p (year) 21.19 21.72 25.21 23.74 - Sundanese (%) 31.6 58.6 88.5 61.9
5. Organization experience (yr) 4.78 5.36 7.57 6.58 - Others (%) 2.6 4.3 0.0 2.5
6. Length of stay in village (yr) 39.87 39.03 29.45 36.35 9. Reason for migration
- Own initiatives (%) 29.0 34.3 7.7 24.4
- Follow parents (%) 52.6 20.0 5.8 23.1
- Government program (%) 2.6 1.4 7.7 3.8
- Born in the village (%) 15.8 44.3 18.8 48.8
Cropping Patterns: AGBD-BGBD Changes in the Household Economy
• No much difference between the household economy of farming practices
Crop Rotations Season 1 Season 2 in and land-use management in the study sites from 2007 to 2009.
(January - April 2008) (May – August, 2008)
• The difference in cost structure implies that farmers in Sumberjaya have
Legume – legume Green bean Mungbean tried to improve the land-use management to increase the crop production.
• One should not put too much expectation that improvement in land-use
Legume– non legume Green bean Cucumber p
practices or AGBD management could increase the social-welfare level of
g
Non-legume – non-legume Tomatoes Eggplant respondents in the study sites in a very short time.
Signif.
Variables Mean St Dev. t df (2-tailed)
Cost of fertilizer in 2007 and 2009 7.23813 E5 1.42279 E6 -4.10 64 0.000
Cost of pesticide in 2007 and 2009 3.47285 E5 3.76590 E5 -7.44 64 0.000
Cost of external labor in 2007 and 2009 2.02650 E6 5.44382 E6 -3.00 64 0.004
Farm income in 2007 and 2009 1.71695 E6 1.58484 E7 -0.87 64 0.386
Changes in Knowledge on BGBD Changes in Knowledge on BGBD Benefits
Bodong Jaya Simpang Sari Tribudi Syukur
Bodong Jaya Simpang Sari Tribudi Syukur
Important Variables 2007 2009 2007 2009 2007 2009
Important Variables 2007 2009 2007 2007 2007 2009
Knowledge on BGBD (%)
Initial BGBD information (%) 28.9 31.1 37.1 26.5 7.7 0.0
- Know well about BGBD (%) 47.4 29.5 62.9 50.0 11.5 20.0
Knowledge on Benefits of BGBD (%)
- Know some about BGBD (%) 21.1 68.8 11.4 50.0 30.8 66.7
- Improving soil fertility 73.7 77.1 73.2 91.2 31.4 55.6
Knowledge on importance of BGBD
- Compost formation 52.6 3.3 62.0 17.6 27.4 2.2
- Very important (%) 73.7
73 7 83.6
83 6 80.3
80 3 94.1
94 1 68.6
68 6 84.4
84 4
- Leaching the soils 52.6 0.0 60.6 0.0 29.5 0.0
- Somewhat important (%) 26.3 9.8 19.7 2.9 31.3 13.3
- Increasing soil porosity 55.3 24.6 59.1 14.7 27.4 4.4
Knowledge on the following BGBD
- Decomposing chemical 52.6 1.6 59.1 5.9 27.4 6.7
- Earthworm (%) 68.2 95.1 87.3 58.8 39.2 88.9
- Reducing fertilizer 50.0 3.3 57.8 2.9 27.4 0.0
- Termites (%) 23.7 6.6 18.3 26.5 17.6 2.2
- Maintaining water-holding 50.0 1.6 56.3 2.9 27.4 2.2
- Larva (ulat) (%) 10.5 60.7 18.3 55.9 11.8 53.3
- Keeping soil humidity 50.0 1.6 56.3 0.0 27.4 4.4
- Ants (%) 10.5 14.7 12.7 17.6 17.6 11.1
- Plant protection 63.1 8.20 63.3 0.0 33.3 6.7
- Microbe, such as Rhizobium (%) 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 1.4 17.8
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Changes in Perception to Conserve BGBD Extension and Stakeholders’ Empowerment
Bodong Jaya Simpang Sari Tribudi Syukur • The local knowledge on preserving the ecosystem among coffee-
based farmers and multi-strata coffee agroforestry in Sumberjaya
Important Variables 2007 2009 2007 2009 2007 2009
has been there for a while, particularly after the initiation of HKm
Perception to conserve BGBD (%) 100.0 83.6 98.6 94.1 100.0 88.9
Willingness to conserve BGBD (%) 94.7 93.4 95.8 97.1 100.0 91.1
policy to implement and manage the protection forest.
Conserving BGBD could 84.2 77.1 76.0 94.1 15.7 73.3
contribute to prosperity (%)
Have conserved BGBD (%) 36.8 65.6 47.9 88.2 13.7 57.8
Land-use management (%)
- Making sediment pit 0.0 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4
- Establishing terrace on land 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.9
- Applying litter and compost 36.8 65.6 43.7 76.5 17.6 48.9
- Applying mulch on the land 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 2.0 0.0
- Applying bio-fertilizer 0.0 6.6 0.0 8.8 0.0 8.9
- Growing Rhizobium crops 2.7 9.8 4.2 23.5 0.0 8.9
BGBD Stakeholders BGBD Scenarios: Some storylines
• Stakeholders of the CSM-BGBD consist of
farmers, farmers’ groups, policy makers in • In the future, level of understanding on
plantation services, forestry, local CSM-BGBD is improved, and spatial
government, NGOs. researchers, bankers, planning and forest rehabilitation is better
(and researchers). coordinated;
• Dissemination of CSM-BGBD other
appropriate technology-related to BGBD • Indigenous coffee farmers will not clear-
conservation is integrated with the existing out the cover crop, hence preveting top-
program of community-based forestry
community based soil mining. Monoculture crops are
management (CBFM or HKm) and principles reduced anf mixed agroforestry systems
of agroforestry systems. are fastly developed in the study sites,
• In the future, there are several local wisdom • Litter management in the study sites is
on maintaining soil health and biota
conservation that could contribute to the well-improved, farmers tend to comply,
welfare of local people and environmental and the habitat of microfauna (ants,
conservation at landscape level. This local termites, beetles etc) is well-conserved.
wisdom needs to be adopted properly and • Adoption of CSM-BGD is well-spread in
combined with advanced knowledge based
on scientific research and experiments. the study sites, although dissemination to
wider audience is a signigicant challenge.
Conclusion: Policy Implications Asante
• Improving land-use practices at the landscape level Terima Kasih
could increase farm income and at the same time Thank You
conserve soil biota, hence, the level of economic
welfare could increase significantly. Merci
• The substantial issues are not about the fact of growing
shade trees and timber trees, but more about people s
trees people’s Gracias
awareness, knowledge, perception and attitude of
conservation and sustainable management of BGBD.
• The potentials to improve farmers’ income and BGBD
conservation should be developed for scaling up and
scaling out at the province, the national and at the
global level.
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