The document describes a project submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The project is about developing a system for automatic switchover of an E1 link to a standby link in the event of a failure of the primary E1 link. This is to ensure uninterrupted mobile service by keeping the base transceiver station radiating even if the main E1 link fails. The system will switch to the backup E1 link without the need for an on-site engineer, preventing service disruptions especially at odd hours.
This document provides an overview of broadband and wireless communication technologies. It begins with definitions of broadband and a brief history of the development of the Internet. It then discusses GSM technology including its definition, history, and architecture. It also covers antenna types including omni-directional and directional antennas. The document aims to introduce concepts related to broadband networks and wireless communications.
The document is a summer training report submitted by Aman Singh to the Department of Electrical Engineering at Rajkiya Engineering College in Bijnor, India. It provides an overview of Aman's 28 day training at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), a state-run telecom company in India. The report acknowledges those who supported his training and provides a preface on the importance of practical exposure and vocational training. It then outlines the table of contents and includes sections on the components that make up telecom infrastructure and power supply systems, such as SMPS power plants, batteries, inverters, air conditioning and fire safety systems. Diagrams and explanations of major subsystems like float rect
This document provides an overview of telecommunication networks and technologies. It begins with an acknowledgement and certificate, then introduces concepts like leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, and wireless technologies. Leased lines provide dedicated bandwidth between two points and are important for businesses. Managed leased line networks allow for centralized monitoring and control. Intranets allow internal sharing of information over a local area network. Corporate networks connect dispersed local networks and enable secure communication and resource sharing. Wireless technologies discussed include WiFi, WiMAX and GSM for mobile communication.
In B.S.N.L., training is given to Engineering Aspirants to secure future in the dynamic
world of telecommunications. Today telecommunication industry is one of the very
fastest growing industries in the world.
In this order I have taken 60 days BSNL training. In my report I try to introduce
Telephone exchange and its switching system, MDF and Leased line concepts,
Multiplexing and PCM principles, optical fiber communication principles, GSM network
architecture, Broadband and Wi-Fi principles.
This document summarizes the telecommunication services provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) in India. It discusses how BSNL is the fourth largest telecom company in Asia and seventh largest in the world, with over 3 lakh employees. It then describes the basic components and functions of a telecommunication system, including transmitters, transmission mediums, and receivers. Finally, it outlines the different stages of wireless connection, from telephone to base station to telephone exchange.
The document summarizes the key infrastructure and services provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's largest public sector telecommunication company. BSNL owns India's largest optical fiber cable network and digital microwave network. It provides various telecom services including fixed line, broadband, mobile, internet across India. The core infrastructure includes optical fiber cables, digital wavelength division multiplexing network, switching modules, communication modules, administrative modules, batteries, UPS systems, diesel generators, and main distribution frames. BSNL's telecom services portfolio covers voice, mobile, broadband, internet, IPTV, FTTH, 3G and emerging technologies.
BSNL Internship presentation for Electrical and ElectronicsGhufran Ahmed
Inplant Internship or Training in BSNL basically for Electrical and Electronics branch. It includes four major parts. Media Room, Power Plant, Telephone Exchange and Broad Band.
This document provides an overview of broadband and wireless communication technologies. It begins with definitions of broadband and a brief history of the development of the Internet. It then discusses GSM technology including its definition, history, and architecture. It also covers antenna types including omni-directional and directional antennas. The document aims to introduce concepts related to broadband networks and wireless communications.
The document is a summer training report submitted by Aman Singh to the Department of Electrical Engineering at Rajkiya Engineering College in Bijnor, India. It provides an overview of Aman's 28 day training at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), a state-run telecom company in India. The report acknowledges those who supported his training and provides a preface on the importance of practical exposure and vocational training. It then outlines the table of contents and includes sections on the components that make up telecom infrastructure and power supply systems, such as SMPS power plants, batteries, inverters, air conditioning and fire safety systems. Diagrams and explanations of major subsystems like float rect
This document provides an overview of telecommunication networks and technologies. It begins with an acknowledgement and certificate, then introduces concepts like leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, and wireless technologies. Leased lines provide dedicated bandwidth between two points and are important for businesses. Managed leased line networks allow for centralized monitoring and control. Intranets allow internal sharing of information over a local area network. Corporate networks connect dispersed local networks and enable secure communication and resource sharing. Wireless technologies discussed include WiFi, WiMAX and GSM for mobile communication.
In B.S.N.L., training is given to Engineering Aspirants to secure future in the dynamic
world of telecommunications. Today telecommunication industry is one of the very
fastest growing industries in the world.
In this order I have taken 60 days BSNL training. In my report I try to introduce
Telephone exchange and its switching system, MDF and Leased line concepts,
Multiplexing and PCM principles, optical fiber communication principles, GSM network
architecture, Broadband and Wi-Fi principles.
This document summarizes the telecommunication services provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) in India. It discusses how BSNL is the fourth largest telecom company in Asia and seventh largest in the world, with over 3 lakh employees. It then describes the basic components and functions of a telecommunication system, including transmitters, transmission mediums, and receivers. Finally, it outlines the different stages of wireless connection, from telephone to base station to telephone exchange.
The document summarizes the key infrastructure and services provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's largest public sector telecommunication company. BSNL owns India's largest optical fiber cable network and digital microwave network. It provides various telecom services including fixed line, broadband, mobile, internet across India. The core infrastructure includes optical fiber cables, digital wavelength division multiplexing network, switching modules, communication modules, administrative modules, batteries, UPS systems, diesel generators, and main distribution frames. BSNL's telecom services portfolio covers voice, mobile, broadband, internet, IPTV, FTTH, 3G and emerging technologies.
BSNL Internship presentation for Electrical and ElectronicsGhufran Ahmed
Inplant Internship or Training in BSNL basically for Electrical and Electronics branch. It includes four major parts. Media Room, Power Plant, Telephone Exchange and Broad Band.
The document provides an overview of training on basics of telecom provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). It details the various services offered by BSNL including landline, broadband, lease lines, and mobile networks. Statistics on telephone subscribers in 2016 show urban areas had the majority of wireless users while rural areas had more wireline connections. The document also describes BSNL's infrastructure including digital connectivity, signaling systems, handling of long distance calls, billing, power supply, and its transition to next generation networks.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the largest telecom service provider in India. BSNL has a large fixed line and wireless network serving over 7,300 cities and towns and 5.5 lakh villages. It maintains a transmission network of over 19,100 km of optical fiber cables and microwave systems. BSNL provides interconnection facilities for other telecom operators to its national long distance and international long distance networks. The long distance network is divided into four maintenance regions covering different parts of the country.
The document provides an overview of BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited), the largest telecommunications company in India. It discusses the structure of telephone exchanges, including main components like the MDF (Main Distribution Frame) and switching room. It also covers different types of faults, protective devices, digital switching systems like OCB, and mobile technologies like GSM. Procedures for handling subscriber complaints are outlined.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information about the document:
The document discusses Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It covers the basic workings of a telecommunications network, components of BSNL exchanges like the main distribution frame, and mobile communication technologies used by BSNL like GSM, GPRS, CDMA. The document also discusses internet services provided by BSNL including broadband, WiMAX, FTTH and provides an overview of optical fiber transmission systems.
This document summarizes information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the seventh largest telecommunications company in the world. It provides an overview of BSNL's services and sections within telephone exchanges, including the main distribution frame room, power room, PCM room, switch room, optical fiber cable section, broadband section, and mobile section. It also describes technologies used like DWDM, signaling, PDH and SDH multiplexing hierarchies, and defines key terms like STM.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is India's largest telecommunications company that provides various telecom services across India. It operates through telephone exchanges that house switching equipment to facilitate call connections. The exchanges have different components like the main distribution frame for fault removal, power plants for electricity supply, and switch rooms containing cabinets for routing calls. BSNL also offers broadband internet through technologies like ADSL that provide high-speed connectivity to customers via the existing telephone network infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of BSNL's summer training program. It discusses the company profile, telephone exchanges, main distribution frames, types of faults and protective devices. It also describes the OCB digital switching system, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network architecture, different types of media used, and the procedure for handling subscriber complaints. The key components of a telephone exchange discussed are the switch room, operations room, input/output processor room, power plant room, and battery room.
The document summarizes an industrial visit to BSNL in Shillong. It provides details about the various sections visited including the power plant room, battery room, IP TAX room, networking room, OCB TAX room, and main distribution frame room. It describes the key components and functions of each section. The document concludes that the visit provided valuable practical exposure to the students about the working of a telephone exchange and various BSNL technologies like GSM, GPRS, WiMAX, and optical fiber transmission. It helped enhance the students' understanding beyond classroom teaching. Recommendations provided focus on improving telecom connectivity and services in India's North Eastern Region.
This document summarizes Muzammil Khan's summer training report at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) submitted for his Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses his acknowledgments, an introduction to BSNL including its role in Indian telecommunications, and an overview of the basic functioning of telecom networks including call setup, electronic exchanges, carrier rooms, main distribution frames, and power plants. The report also provides brief introductions to topics like leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and GSM that Muzammil learned about during his training at BSNL.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network generations from 1G to 4G and their key components. It focuses on describing the radio access network (RAN) components of 2G GSM and 3G UMTS networks. The RAN connects mobile devices to the core network and includes base stations, base station controllers, radio network controllers and interfaces between them. It also discusses frequency allocations for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 networks in Sri Lanka.
This document provides a summary of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It discusses that BSNL is the world's seventh largest telecom company and its responsibilities include improving existing telecom services, expanding rural services, and building customer confidence. It offers various telecom services across India such as wireless, mobile, internet, broadband, and voice over IP. The document also provides an overview of BSNL's telecommunication network including telephone exchanges, main distribution frames, and switch rooms.
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
This document provides a table of contents for chapters in a book or document on telecommunications networks. It includes chapters on BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited), basic telecom networks, leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, GSM, and optical fiber transmission. The table of contents lists topics like call setup, electronic exchanges, carrier rooms, main distribution frames, power plants, managed leased line networks, intranet applications, and features of corporate networks. It also includes figures and tables related to the topics.
This document summarizes Sharanjit Kaur's industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and provides an overview of topics covered during training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It then describes projects undertaken and steps to improve quality of service in 3G networks, including checking equipment, monitoring KPIs, increasing bandwidth, and performing drive tests using the TEMS Investigation tool.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 3G. It provides an overview of 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks including GSM and CDMA, and the transition technologies 2.5G and 2.75G. It then focuses on defining 3G as the next generation mobile standard providing multimedia services and broadband data speeds.
The document provides an overview of training received at BSNL in Muzaffarpur, India. It discusses BSNL's services including basic telephony using exchanges, distribution frames, and lines. It also covers mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA as well as internet and broadband. The training covered company profiles, exchanges, trunk lines, PCM technology, and developments in the Indian telecommunications sector and policies.
The document provides information on the history and technology of BSNL, the Indian state-run telecommunications company. It was formed in 1985 when the Department of Post and Telegraph was separated into the Department of Post and Department of Telegraph. The document then describes how a telephone subscriber is connected to an exchange, going through the handset, rosette, window, distribution point, and main distribution frame. It also provides brief summaries of WiMAX technology and applications, broadband policy and subscribers in India, and optical fiber and GSM network architecture.
This document provides an internship report from Siddhant Bajpai at Bharti Airtel Ltd. covering topics related to mobile communication technologies including optical fiber communication, cellular generations from 1G to 4G, the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network architecture, and components like the base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visiting location register. The report also includes a chapter on the OSI model and SS7 layers, and examines the call flow process in GSM networks.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems and technologies used in India. It discusses the introduction of electronic switching devices and the evolution to digital switching. It describes the key components of a telecom exchange including the main distribution frame, power section, PCM room, and switch room. It also provides explanations of broadband services, GPRS architecture, optical fiber, and GSM network architecture.
O documento resume as posses das novas diretorias de várias instituições espíritas da região de Santa Maria-RS, como a FERGS, o Lar de Joaquina, o Abrigo Espírita Oscar Pithan, a Sociedade Espírita Menna Barreto e a Luz e Caridade. Além disso, apresenta a programação de atividades da UME SM para 2016 e o calendário de exposições doutrinárias de algumas casas espíritas.
The document provides an overview of training on basics of telecom provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). It details the various services offered by BSNL including landline, broadband, lease lines, and mobile networks. Statistics on telephone subscribers in 2016 show urban areas had the majority of wireless users while rural areas had more wireline connections. The document also describes BSNL's infrastructure including digital connectivity, signaling systems, handling of long distance calls, billing, power supply, and its transition to next generation networks.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the largest telecom service provider in India. BSNL has a large fixed line and wireless network serving over 7,300 cities and towns and 5.5 lakh villages. It maintains a transmission network of over 19,100 km of optical fiber cables and microwave systems. BSNL provides interconnection facilities for other telecom operators to its national long distance and international long distance networks. The long distance network is divided into four maintenance regions covering different parts of the country.
The document provides an overview of BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited), the largest telecommunications company in India. It discusses the structure of telephone exchanges, including main components like the MDF (Main Distribution Frame) and switching room. It also covers different types of faults, protective devices, digital switching systems like OCB, and mobile technologies like GSM. Procedures for handling subscriber complaints are outlined.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information about the document:
The document discusses Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It covers the basic workings of a telecommunications network, components of BSNL exchanges like the main distribution frame, and mobile communication technologies used by BSNL like GSM, GPRS, CDMA. The document also discusses internet services provided by BSNL including broadband, WiMAX, FTTH and provides an overview of optical fiber transmission systems.
This document summarizes information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the seventh largest telecommunications company in the world. It provides an overview of BSNL's services and sections within telephone exchanges, including the main distribution frame room, power room, PCM room, switch room, optical fiber cable section, broadband section, and mobile section. It also describes technologies used like DWDM, signaling, PDH and SDH multiplexing hierarchies, and defines key terms like STM.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is India's largest telecommunications company that provides various telecom services across India. It operates through telephone exchanges that house switching equipment to facilitate call connections. The exchanges have different components like the main distribution frame for fault removal, power plants for electricity supply, and switch rooms containing cabinets for routing calls. BSNL also offers broadband internet through technologies like ADSL that provide high-speed connectivity to customers via the existing telephone network infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of BSNL's summer training program. It discusses the company profile, telephone exchanges, main distribution frames, types of faults and protective devices. It also describes the OCB digital switching system, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network architecture, different types of media used, and the procedure for handling subscriber complaints. The key components of a telephone exchange discussed are the switch room, operations room, input/output processor room, power plant room, and battery room.
The document summarizes an industrial visit to BSNL in Shillong. It provides details about the various sections visited including the power plant room, battery room, IP TAX room, networking room, OCB TAX room, and main distribution frame room. It describes the key components and functions of each section. The document concludes that the visit provided valuable practical exposure to the students about the working of a telephone exchange and various BSNL technologies like GSM, GPRS, WiMAX, and optical fiber transmission. It helped enhance the students' understanding beyond classroom teaching. Recommendations provided focus on improving telecom connectivity and services in India's North Eastern Region.
This document summarizes Muzammil Khan's summer training report at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) submitted for his Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses his acknowledgments, an introduction to BSNL including its role in Indian telecommunications, and an overview of the basic functioning of telecom networks including call setup, electronic exchanges, carrier rooms, main distribution frames, and power plants. The report also provides brief introductions to topics like leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and GSM that Muzammil learned about during his training at BSNL.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network generations from 1G to 4G and their key components. It focuses on describing the radio access network (RAN) components of 2G GSM and 3G UMTS networks. The RAN connects mobile devices to the core network and includes base stations, base station controllers, radio network controllers and interfaces between them. It also discusses frequency allocations for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 networks in Sri Lanka.
This document provides a summary of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It discusses that BSNL is the world's seventh largest telecom company and its responsibilities include improving existing telecom services, expanding rural services, and building customer confidence. It offers various telecom services across India such as wireless, mobile, internet, broadband, and voice over IP. The document also provides an overview of BSNL's telecommunication network including telephone exchanges, main distribution frames, and switch rooms.
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
This document provides a table of contents for chapters in a book or document on telecommunications networks. It includes chapters on BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited), basic telecom networks, leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, GSM, and optical fiber transmission. The table of contents lists topics like call setup, electronic exchanges, carrier rooms, main distribution frames, power plants, managed leased line networks, intranet applications, and features of corporate networks. It also includes figures and tables related to the topics.
This document summarizes Sharanjit Kaur's industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and provides an overview of topics covered during training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It then describes projects undertaken and steps to improve quality of service in 3G networks, including checking equipment, monitoring KPIs, increasing bandwidth, and performing drive tests using the TEMS Investigation tool.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 3G. It provides an overview of 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks including GSM and CDMA, and the transition technologies 2.5G and 2.75G. It then focuses on defining 3G as the next generation mobile standard providing multimedia services and broadband data speeds.
The document provides an overview of training received at BSNL in Muzaffarpur, India. It discusses BSNL's services including basic telephony using exchanges, distribution frames, and lines. It also covers mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA as well as internet and broadband. The training covered company profiles, exchanges, trunk lines, PCM technology, and developments in the Indian telecommunications sector and policies.
The document provides information on the history and technology of BSNL, the Indian state-run telecommunications company. It was formed in 1985 when the Department of Post and Telegraph was separated into the Department of Post and Department of Telegraph. The document then describes how a telephone subscriber is connected to an exchange, going through the handset, rosette, window, distribution point, and main distribution frame. It also provides brief summaries of WiMAX technology and applications, broadband policy and subscribers in India, and optical fiber and GSM network architecture.
This document provides an internship report from Siddhant Bajpai at Bharti Airtel Ltd. covering topics related to mobile communication technologies including optical fiber communication, cellular generations from 1G to 4G, the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network architecture, and components like the base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visiting location register. The report also includes a chapter on the OSI model and SS7 layers, and examines the call flow process in GSM networks.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems and technologies used in India. It discusses the introduction of electronic switching devices and the evolution to digital switching. It describes the key components of a telecom exchange including the main distribution frame, power section, PCM room, and switch room. It also provides explanations of broadband services, GPRS architecture, optical fiber, and GSM network architecture.
O documento resume as posses das novas diretorias de várias instituições espíritas da região de Santa Maria-RS, como a FERGS, o Lar de Joaquina, o Abrigo Espírita Oscar Pithan, a Sociedade Espírita Menna Barreto e a Luz e Caridade. Além disso, apresenta a programação de atividades da UME SM para 2016 e o calendário de exposições doutrinárias de algumas casas espíritas.
GRID Signage: Future of Digitlal Signage
Convert any of your display into digital signage with android devices including android Mini PC, smarthphone, and tablet with easy to use cloud platfrom for Create-Deploy-Manage right in one spot
Gedung I TK Al-Amin beroperasi sejak 16 Juni 2009. Jumlah murid meningkat sehingga warung nasi diubah menjadi Gedung II TK Al-Amin untuk menampung peningkatan jumlah siswa.
Kanchi Periva Forum Newsletter - Volume 5kanchiperiva
This newsletter provides updates from the Kanchi Periva Forum community. It shares divine experiences
with Sri Maha Periva submitted by devotees, along with articles on Hindu philosophy and teachings from
Periva. It encourages new members to participate actively and thanks contributors for their service. The
newsletter aims to spread the message and teachings of Periva.
Metodologias para el aprendizaje de la historia iMarian Jiménez
Este documento propone metodologías para que los estudiantes aprovechen los medios de comunicación y tecnologías de la información para el aprendizaje de asignaturas como la historia y formación cívica. Sugiere actividades como analizar fuentes de información confiables en Internet, revisar buscadores populares, y evaluar las ventajas y desventajas de contar con múltiples fuentes al hacer tareas escolares. El objetivo es que los estudiantes usen de manera efectiva los recursos disponibles para mejorar su aprendizaje de
The document outlines 20 signs that are predicted to occur during the last days according to biblical scripture. These signs include the Holy Spirit being poured out on all people, a rise in apostasy marked by issues like cloning and homosexuality, morality being reversed with good called evil and vice versa, a watering down of the true gospel message, an increase in false prophets and deception, growing worldly knowledge, failure to believe signs of the times, and increasing Christian persecution. Nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction are also listed, with examples given of countries that possess them. Images shown include Dubai towers speculated to be a new "Tower of Babel", the European Union compared to the Tower of Babel, and a prediction of
This document is a catalog for protection relays and controls produced by Littelfuse. It provides an overview of their product lines for ground fault protection, motor and pump protection, feeder protection, arc flash protection, and single function protection devices. The catalog includes brief descriptions of the features and applications of their product lines and directs readers to the appropriate pages for more detailed information. It also includes contact information for Littelfuse locations worldwide.
HBV Awareness Survey in Asias Communities 2012_May30Willie Kwong
The survey found that awareness of hepatitis B (HBV) varied among different ethnic groups in Vancouver, with Chinese and Filipino populations reporting the highest awareness at 88% while awareness was lowest among South Asians at 40%. Overall, 49% of respondents reported being tested for HBV, though testing rates differed across ethnicities. The majority of respondents were not currently receiving treatment for HBV despite being diagnosed. Most felt that HBV education should be provided in ethnic languages and that current community education levels about HBV are inadequate. [END SUMMARY]
The document is a script that follows three friends, Brent, Zach, and Neal, at a college bookstore. Brent tries unsuccessfully to sell back his textbooks, angering him. Zach believes he sees a vampire in the store and obsessively follows her. Neal gains popularity by lecturing students in the fantasy section. Brent then harasses other students trying to sell his books directly, getting him and Zach banned from the store. Neal is forced to escort them out while still attracting admiration from others in the store.
These Bible passages advise believers to watch, pray, and wait for Jesus' return so that they may be counted worthy to escape future trials and tribulations. They will be saved and kept from God's wrath through Jesus, who delivers his followers from coming judgment and protects those who persevere in following his commands from testing that will affect the whole world.
This document provides information about the city of Segovia, Spain. It discusses Segovia's history as a city dating back to Roman times that was later abandoned during the Muslim invasion. It also mentions important monuments like the gothic cathedral from the 16th century, the well-preserved Roman aqueduct, and the Alcazar castle built in 1122. Typical foods of the region are described as roasted pork, eggnog, stew, and wine. Finally, it lists two important sports clubs of Segovia, a gymnastics club founded in 1928 and a futsal club founded in 1979.
The document discusses common tropes and techniques used in horror films. It notes that horror films often begin with characters going about a normal day that is disrupted by some evil force causing trouble. It also mentions the use of isolated settings like abandoned buildings that help create tension. Specific techniques discussed include using startling musical stings to emphasize scary moments and employing point-of-view camera shots to make the audience feel like they are experiencing the horror directly. The document also examines visual symbols and the distinction between good and evil elements as important aspects of horror film iconography.
From simple curiosity to "less bad" research in social scienceSijun Kim
I present the slides about what research is like, how it is
conducted, and how to conduct it. I hope these slides would be helpful to those who want to know what research really is and to read a guideline on writing a paper.
Notice: This is not a primary but secondary product, as I am dependent on the other people's works such as editorials, articles, and webpages.
The document describes an automatic system to switch an E1 link from a failed working link to a standby link in order to maintain mobile network coverage. The system monitors E1 links connecting BTS sites to the core network. If a failure is detected, the system automatically switches to the backup E1 link to keep the BTS radiating without disrupting user connectivity or causing inconvenience. This provides a faster response than manual switching and improves the customer experience during network issues.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information about the document:
The document is an industrial training seminar report submitted to G.L.A. University about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) that details the basic components and functioning of a telecommunication network including exchanges, fiber optics transmission, mobile communication technologies like GSM, GPRS and CDMA, and the various internet and broadband services provided by BSNL. It covers topics ranging from basic call setup and switching to newer technologies like WiMAX, FTTH, and an overview of the OSI networking model and standards.
This document provides information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the largest telecommunication company in India. It discusses BSNL's history, services offered, revenues, and recent agreements. It also describes the basic workings of a telecommunication network, including call setup between landlines and mobiles. Key components of the network like telephone exchanges, transmission systems, and technologies like GSM, CDMA, and optical fibers are explained at a high level.
BSNL SUMMER TRAINING REPORT BY KANAV MANSOTRAKanav Mansotra
This document provides a 3 paragraph summary of a 4 page industrial training report submitted by Kanav Mansotra at the BSNL Exchange in Kathua on basic telecom technologies from 2012-2016. The report discusses the company profile of BSNL and provides an introduction to telecom networks, switching technologies, mobile communication, and transmission. It acknowledges those who assisted with the report and thanks the department of BSNL for guidance and support in completing the project.
The document discusses the implementation and maintenance of a BSS (Base Station Subsystem) system for GSM, CDMA, and 3G networks. It provides information on Tata Docomo as a telecom service provider in India and the products and services it offers. The objective of the project is to implement BSS sites and maintain them using a Network Management Center and Operation and Maintenance Center. It then covers basic BSS concepts, the concept of maintenance, a process flow diagram for project rollout, an example of link budget calculations, common maintenance issues and how to address them, limitations, findings, and recommendations.
This document provides a summary of key components and technologies used in BSNL's telecommunications network. It discusses the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and how it uses circuit switching to establish dedicated connections for calls. It describes the role of telephone exchanges in connecting subscribers and their basic functions. It also outlines other important parts of an exchange like the Main Distribution Frame (MDF), power plant, and leased lines. Additional technologies covered include broadband, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), and their components like the base station controller and home location register.
This internship report summarizes work on the "Telenor Myanmar" project, which aimed to provide network optimization services. Key activities included analyzing network performance metrics for 2G and 3G sites, preparing acceptance reports for site clusters, and performing cluster optimization. Additional work involved analyzing failure reports for value-added services, introducing transport layer concepts, and evaluating physical link aggregation using modeling tools. The internship provided valuable insights into telecommunications network architecture and industry practices.
This document provides a summary of an industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and describes key topics covered during the training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It discusses these topics in detail and provides examples of projects undertaken and steps that can be taken to improve quality of service in 3G networks. The document concludes with a summary of field training experiences at different MTNL locations.
This document summarizes the telecommunication network of MTNL (Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited), India's state-owned telecom service provider in Mumbai and Delhi. It discusses the key components of MTNL's network including telephone exchanges, main distribution frames, switching systems, and various exchanges used. It also provides an overview of MTNL's broadband services, describing the requirements for broadband connections such as ADSL modems, and the network model for ADSL. The document contains diagrams illustrating the main parts of the telecommunication network and the network model for ADSL.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It discusses BSNL's services, the basic workings of a telecommunications network including call setup and network components. It also summarizes key networking concepts like CDMA, GSM, fiber optics, IP addressing, and the OSI model. The document is intended as an industrial training seminar on BSNL submitted by a student.
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1. “AUTOMATIC SWITCHOVER OF E1 LINK
IN CASE OF FAILURE”
Bachelor of Engineering
( Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering )
Submitted by: -
Ms.Shreya Chakrabarti
Ms.Snehal Karpe
Ms.Anubha Bhimsaria
Ms.Dipali Kare
Under the guidance of:-
Prof. Mrs Geeta Devurkar
Mr.D.B Drode
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Dr. D. Y. Patil Group’s
Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
2. Nerul, Navi Mumbai – 400706
OCT– 2009 to MAY-2010
“AUTOMATIC SWITCHOVER OF E1 LINK
IN CASE OF FAILURE”
Bachelor of Engineering
( Electronics & Tele-Communication Engineering )
Submitted by
Ms.Shreya Chakrabarti
Ms. Snehal Karpe
Ms. Anubha Bhimsaria
Ms. Dipali Kare
Under the guidance of
Prof. Geeta Devurkar
Department of Electronics & Tele-Communication Engineering
Dr. D. Y. Patil Group’s
Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
Nerul, Navi Mumbai – 400706
3. (University of Mumbai)
OCT– 2009
RAMRAO ADIK INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
NERUL, NAVI MUMBAI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Ms.Shreya Chakrabarti
Ms.Snehal Karpe
Ms.Anubha Bhimsaria
Ms.Dipali Kare
has satisfactorily completed the requirements of the PROJECT ‘A’
entitled
“Automatic switchover of E1 link in case of failure”
as prescribed by the University of Mumbai Under the guidance of
Prof.Geeta Devurkar
Project Guide
Prof.Geeta Devurkar Prof.R.H.Khade Dr. S. R. Devane
Project-coordinator H.O.D Principal
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude which was given to us to
Successfully complete our project in Department of Research And
Development, MTNL,Navi Mumbai. It will always remain an enriching
experience which we will always cherish.
Firstly, we would like to thank our guide Mr.D.B. Drode the person
without whom this project would never have materialized. We are really
indebted him for providing us direction and support and sparing his
precious time for our project.
Our special thanks to Prof .Mrs.Geeta Deverkar our college internal guide
And project coordinator,Head of Department Mr.R.H Khade, Department of
Electronics And Telecommunications at RAIT ,Nerul for their valuable
guidance and regular assessment of the progress made by us in our project.
6
7. ABSTRACT
Our Project is basically automatic switch over of E1 link to the standby link, in
the case of failure of working E1 link so as to keep the BTS radiating and provide
mobile coverage. The name of the project itself indicates the process of
automation. The Project is implemented in MTNL Mumbai’s Dolphin GSM
network.
E1 is the link which connects the BTS to BSC .In order to keep the BTS
radiating so as to provide Mobile network, the E1 link has to be maintained
regularly. In the case of any failure of E1 link the BTS will fail thereby affecting
the mobile network in the area.
This will not only deprive the people in that area from the usage of their mobiles
but will affect the mobile service provider in the form of revenue loss.
In order to overcome the issues faced above, we have developed our project so
as to switchover the working E1 link to standby E1 link in the case of any failure
automatically.
Our project will not only provide solution to the mobile operators, but will also
provide uninterrupted mobile services to the mobile customers in the case of any
failures.
Introduction
7
8. PROBLEM DEFINITION
In order to keep the BTS radiating so as to provide Mobile network, the E1 link
has to be maintained regularly. In the case of any failure of E1 link the BTS will
fail thereby affecting the mobile network in the area.
It would be quite unfortunate if any fault occurs in this E1 link after office hours,
then the site engineer will have to rush to the site so as to restore the fault in the
E1 link, but if the fault in the E1 link occurs at odd hours may be at midnight,
then it would not be possible for an engineer to reach the site at that hour which
will in turn affect the mobile network
in the area. The fault in that particular area will be restored only after 8 to 10
hours. This will not only deprive the people in that area from the usage of their
mobiles but will affect the mobile service provider in the form of revenue loss.
In order to overcome the issues faced above, we have developed our project so as
to switchover the working E1 link to standby E1 link in the case of any failure
automatically.
Our project will not only provide solution to the mobile operators, but will also
provide uninterrupted mobile services to the mobile customers in the case of any
failures.
Literature survey:
8
9. Automatic switchover of E1 link in the case of
failure.
We are going to implement our project in the MTNL Mumbai’s Dolphin GS M
network. The name of the project itself indicates the process of automation. It is
basically automatic switch over of E1 link to the standby link, in the case of
failure of working E1 link so as to keep the BTS radiating and provide mobile
coverage.
E1 LINK:
E1 link is the 2Mbps PCM link.
Structure of E1 link:
0 1 2 3 4 1
6
3
1
E1 link consists of 32 Time slots/Channels this ranges from TS0 to TS31.
TS0 is exclusively used for synchronisation and is known as FAS (Frame
alignment synchronisation).
TS16 is exclusively used for signaling.
The remaining 30 time slots/ Channels are used for carrying traffic i.e. speech.
The bit rate of each time slot/Channels is 64 Kbps.
The total rate of an E1 link is therefore 64 * 32 = 2048 Kbps i.e. 2 Mbps.
Thus the E1 link is also known as 2Mb link.
By taking in to consideration the above information we will develop a circuitry so
as to manage the automatic switchover of the 2Mb E1 links in the case of failure.
9
10. STUDY AND ANALYSIS
GSM is Global systems for Mobile communication. It operates in bands 900 &
1800.
Frequencies in 900 bands:
890 MHz – 915 MHz --------- Uplink frequencies.
935 MHz – 960 MHz --------- Downlink frequencies.
Frequencies in 1800 band:
1710MHz – 1785 MHz --------- Uplink frequencies.
1805MHz – 1880 MHz --------- Downlink frequencies.
10
11. GSM Architecture
MS-Mobile System MSC - Mobile switching centre
BTS- Base Transceiver station VLR – Visitor location register
BSC-Base Station controller HLR – Home location register
EIR- Equipment Identity registers AUC – Authentication centre
HLR
AUC
EIR
VLR
TRX
OTHER
MSC
OTHER
MSC
VLR
UmUm
A bisA bis AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
HH
GG
MS (User)
MSC
BTS
BASE STATION SUB-
SYSTEM (BSS) SWITCHING SUB-SYSTEM
(NSS)
OMC /
NMC
BSC
O & M SUB-SYSTEM
(OSS)
11
12. GSM system consists of three major interconnected sub
systems
1. Base station Subsystem
• Mobile station (MS)
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• Base Station Controllers (BSC)
2. Network Switching Subsystem
• Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Authentication centre (AU)
3. Operation & Maintenance Support Subsystem
• Operation Maintenance Centres (OMC)
12
13. Base station subsystem
The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular
telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between
a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries out
transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones,
paging, quality management of transmission and reception over the air interface
and many other tasks related to the radio network.
The base transceiver station, or BTS, contains the equipment for transmitting and
receiving radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and
decrypting communications with the base station controller (BSC). Typically a
BTS for anything other than a Pico cell will have several transceivers (TRXs)
which allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the
cell (in the case of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC
via the base station control function (BCF).The BCF is implemented as a
discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF
provides an operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to the network
management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well
as software handling and alarm collection.
The functions of a BTS vary depending on the cellular technology used and the
cellular telephone provider. There are vendors in which the BTS is a plain
transceiver which receives information from the MS (mobile station) through the
Um (air interface) and then converts it to a TDM ("PCM") based interface, the
Abis interface, and sends it towards the BSC. There are vendors which build their
BTSs so the information is preprocessed, target cell lists are generated and even
intracell handover (HO) can be fully handled. The advantage in this case is fewer
loads on the expensive Abis interface.
The BTSs are equipped with radios that are able to modulate layer 1 of interface
Um; for GSM 2G+ the modulation type is GMSK, while for EDGE-enabled
networks it is GMSK and 8-PSK.
Antenna combiners are implemented to use the same antenna for several TRXs
(carriers); the more TRXs are combined the greater the combiner loss will be. Up
to 8:1 combiners are found in micro and pico cells only.
Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS performance; this
involves the rapid switching of voice traffic between TRXs in a sector. A hopping
sequence is followed by the TRXs and handsets using the sector. Several hopping
13
14. sequences are available, and the sequence in use for a particular cell is continually
broadcast by that cell so that it is known to the handsets.
A TRX transmits and receives according to the GSM standards, which specify
eight TDMA timeslots per radio frequency. A TRX may lose some of this
capacity as some information is required to be broadcast to handsets in the area
that the BTS serves. This information allows the handsets to identify the network
and gain access to it. This signaling makes use of a channel known as the
broadcast control channel (BCCH).
The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the
BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The
BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile
phones, controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC
handover in which case control is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC). A
key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low
capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilisation) become reduced to
a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC)
(with a high level of utilization). Overall, this means that networks are often
structured to have many BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are
then connected to large centralized MSC sites.
The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not only a
BTS controller but, for some vendors, a full switching center, as well as an SS7
node with connections to the MSC and serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
(when using GPRS). It also provides all the required data to the operation support
subsystem (OSS) as well as to the performance measuring centers.
A BSC is often based on a distributed computing architecture, with redundancy
applied to critical functional units to ensure availability in the event of fault
conditions. Redundancy often extends beyond the BSC equipment itself and is
commonly used in the power supplies and in the transmission equipment
providing the A-ter interface to PCU.
The databases for all the sites, including information such as carrier frequencies,
frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels, receiving levels for cell border
calculation, are stored in the BSC. This data is obtained directly from radio
planning engineering which involves modeling of the signal propagation as well
as traffic projections.
Base transceiver station
14
15. A base transceiver station or cell site (BTS) is a piece of equipment that
facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network.
UEs are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with
wireless internet connectivity, WiFi and WiMAX gadgets etc. The network can be
that of any of the wireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, WLL,
WAN, WiFi, WiMAX etc. BTS is also referred to as the radio base station
(RBS), node B (in 3G Networks) or, simply, the base station (BS). For discussion
of the LTE standard the abbreviation eNB for enhanced node B is widely used.
A GSM BTS network is made up of three subsystems: • The Mobile Station
(MS) • The Base Station subsystem (BSS) – comprising a BSC and several BTSs
• The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) – comprising an MSC and
associated registers.
Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communication
standards, it is generally and commonly associated with mobile communication
technologies like GSM and CDMA. In this regard, a BTS forms part of the base
station subsystem (BSS) developments for system management. It may also have
equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications, spectrum filtering
tools (band pass filters) etc. antennas may also be considered as components of
BTS in general sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS
will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different
frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base
stations). A BTS is controlled by a parent base station controller via the base
station control function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even
incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF provides an operations
and maintenance (O&M) connection to the network management system (NMS),
and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software handling and
alarm collection. The basic structure and functions of the BTS remains the same
regardless of the wireless technologies.
In GSM architecture BTS is the one which provides coverage to the
area in which it is located. BTS is BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION. BTS is
connected to MSC via BSC through 2Mbps E1 link. This E1 interface which
connects the BTS to BSC is termed as Abis link. All the necessary interfaces are
shown in the figure above.
15
16. E1 Link.
An E1 link operates over two separate sets of wires, usually twisted pair cable. A
nominal 3 Volt peak signal is encoded with pulses using a method that avoids
long periods without polarity changes. The line data rate is 2.048 Mbit/s (full
duplex, i.e. 2.048 Mbit/s downstream and 2.048 Mbit/s upstream) which is split
into 32 timeslots, each being allocated 8 bits in turn. Thus each timeslot sends and
receives an 8-bit sample 8000 times per second (8 x 8000 x 32 = 2,048,000). This
is ideal for voice telephone calls where the voice is sampled into an 8 bit number
at that data rate and reconstructed at the other end. The timeslots are numbered
from 0 to 31.
One timeslot (TS0) is reserved for framing purposes, and alternately transmits a
fixed pattern. This allows the receiver to lock onto the start of each frame and
match up each channel in turn. The standards allow for a full Cyclic Redundancy
Check to be performed across all bits transmitted in each frame, to detect if the
circuit is losing bits (information), but this is not always used.
One timeslot (TS16) is often reserved for signalling purposes, to control call setup
and teardown according to one of several standard telecommunications protocols.
This includes Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) where a set of bits is used to
replicate opening and closing the circuit (as if picking up the telephone receiver
and pulsing digits on a rotary phone), or using tone signalling which is passed
through on the voice circuits themselves. More recent systems used Common
Channel Signaling (CCS) such as ISDN or Signalling System 7 (SS7) which send
short encoded messages with more information about the call including caller ID,
type of transmission required etc. ISDN is often used between the local telephone
exchange and business premises, whilst SS7 is almost exclusively used between
exchanges and operators. SS7 can handle up to 4096 circuits per signalling
channel[citation needed]
, thus allowing slightly more efficient use of the overall
transmission bandwidth (for example: uses 31 voice channels on an E1).
Unlike the earlier T-carrier systems developed in North America, all 8 bits of each
sample are available for each call. This allows the E1 systems to be used equally
well for circuit switch data calls, without risking the loss of any information.
While the original CEPT standard G.703 specifies several options for the physical
transmission, almost exclusively HDB3 format is used.
16
17. Hierarchy levels
The PDH based on the E0 signal rate is designed so that each higher level can
multiplex a set of lower level signals. Framed E1 is designed to carry 30 E0 data
channels + 1 signalling channel, all other levels are designed to carry 4 signals
from the level below. Because of the necessity for overhead bits, and justification
bits to account for rate differences between sections of the network, each
subsequent level has a capacity greater than would be expected from simply
multiplying the lower level signal rate (so for example E2 is 8.448 Mbit/s and not
8.192 Mbit/s as one might expect when multiplying the E1 rate by 4).
Note, because bit interleaving is used, it is very difficult to demultiplex low level
tributaries directly, requiring equipment to individually demultiplex every single
level down to the one that is required.
Signal Rate
E0 64 kbit/s
E1 2.048 Mbit/s
E2 8.448 Mbit/s
E3 34.368 Mbit/s
E4 139.264 Mbit/s
17
18. Mobile switching center (MSC)
Description
The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service delivery node for
GSM, responsible for handling voice calls and SMS as well as other services
(such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data). The MSC sets up and
releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over requirements
during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account
monitoring.
In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax
and data information is sent directly digitally encoded to the MSC. Only at the
MSC is this re-coded into an "analogue" signal (although actually this will almost
certainly mean sound encoded digitally as PCM signal in a 64-kbit/s timeslot,
known as a DS0 in America).
There are various different names for MSCs in different contexts which reflects
their complex role in the network, all of these terms though could refer to the
same MSC, but doing different things at different times.
The gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the
subscriber who is being called is currently located. It also interfaces with the
PSTN. All mobile to mobile calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a
G-MSC. The term is only valid in the context of one call since any MSC may
provide both the gateway function and the Visited MSC function, however, some
manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs which do not have any BSSs
connected to them. These MSCs will then be the Gateway MSC for many of the
calls they handle.
The visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is currently located.
The VLR associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's data in it.
18
20. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
• The system uses microcontroller to handle the above system.
• Microcontroller 89C51 which is a 16 bit processor is used to handle the
above specified MTNL’S control room which controls and supervises the
various incoming lines.
• In case of failure in the discussed system the microcontroller automatically
switches to the alternate.
• The automatic switching system uses ADC to detect the status of the links.
• The output of the ADC is given to the peripheral port interface(PPI) for
interfacing purpose.
• The oscillator IC 555 is used to provide clock to ADC.
• The power supply and voltage regulator are used to provide a stable and
suitable voltage level to the various blocks of the system.
• The amplifier blocks are used to amplify the levels obtained from the link
status blocks and thus provide the suitable level to the ADC for the proper
status detection of the link blocks.
• Serial interface is provided to the status Indicator via the RS232 which
increases the interfacing capability the status indicator used here displays
the status of the links i.e. operational or failed conditions of the links to the
processor.
• The various External Memories such as RAM ,ROM, EPROM are used
depending upon their accessing speeds and storage limits by the
Microcontroller for storage of numerous data during Switching operation.
• The relay networks carry out the entire mechanism of switchover in case
of failure of the links.
• Thus the automatic switching is successfully carried out.
20
21. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
ADC0808/ADC0809
8-Bit μP Compatible A/D Converters with 8-Channel
Multiplexer
General Description
The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS
device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and
microprocessor compatible control logic. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive
approximation as the conversion technique. The converter features a high
impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a 256R voltage divider with analog
switch tree and a successive approximation register. The 8-channel multiplexer
can directly access any of 8-single-ended analog signals. The device eliminates
the need for external zero and full-scale adjustments. Easy interfacing to
microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexer address
inputs and latched TTL TRI-STATE® outputs.
The design of the ADC0808, ADC0809 has been optimized by incorporating the
most desirable aspects of several A/D conversion techniques. The ADC0808,
ADC0809 offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence,
excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power.
These features make this device ideally suited to applications from process and
machine control to
Consumer and automotive applications. For 16-channel multiplexer with common
output (sample/hold port) see ADC0816 data sheet.
21
22. Features
• Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC or analog span
Adjusted voltage reference
• No zero or full-scale adjust required
• 8-channel multiplexer with address logic
• 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply
• Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications
• Standard hermetic or molded 28-pin DIP package
• 28-pin molded chip carrier package
• ADC0808 equivalent to MM74C949
• ADC0809 equivalent to MM74C949-1
Key Specifications
• Resolution 8 Bits
• Total Unadjusted Error ±1⁄2 LSB and ±1 LSB
• Single Supply 5 VDC
• Low Power 15 mW
• Conversion Time 100 μs
22
25. 8-Bit Microcontroller with 4K Bytes Flash
AT89C51
Features
• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products
• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
• Three-Level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial Channel
• Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 4K
Bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The
Device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory
technology
and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and
pinout. The
On-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional
Nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer
which
Provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications.
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic
For operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power
saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
25
26. Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all
other chip functions until the next hardware reset
26
29. REGULATOR IC 7805
The linear regulator is the basic building block of nearly every power supply used
in
Electronics. The IC linear regulator is so easy to use that it is virtually foolproof,
and
So inexpensive that it is usually one of the cheapest components in an electronic
Assembly.
Linear Voltage Regulator Operation
Introduction
Every electronic circuit is designed to operate off of some supply voltage, which
is
Usually assumed to be constant. A voltage regulator provides this constant DC
Output voltage and contains circuitry that continuously holds the output voltage at
the
Design value regardless of changes in load current or input voltage (this assumes
That the load current and input voltage is within the specified operating range for
The part).
The Basic Linear Regulator
A linear regulator operates by using a voltage-controlled current source to force a
Fixed voltage to appear at the regulator output terminal.
The control circuitry must monitor (sense) the output voltage, and adjust
the current
source (as required by the load) to hold the output voltage at the desired
value. The
29
30. design limit of the current source defines the maximum load current the
regulator
can source and still maintain regulation.
The output voltage is controlled using a feedback loop, which requires
some type of
compensation to assure loop stability. Most linear regulators have built-in
compensation, and are completely stable without external components.
Some
regulators (like Low-Dropout types), do require some external capacitance
connected from the output lead to ground to assure regulator stability.
Another characteristic of any linear regulator is that it requires a finite
amount of time
to "correct" the output voltage after a change in load current demand.
This "time lag"
defines the characteristic called transient response, which is a measure
of how fast
the regulator returns to steady-state conditions after a load change.
Selecting the Best Regulator For Your Application
The best choice for a specific application can be determined by evaluating the
Requirements such as:
• Maximum Load Current
• Type of Input Voltage Source (Battery or AC)
• Output Voltage Precision (Tolerance)
• Quiescent (Idling) Current
• Special Features (Shutdown Pin, Error Flag, etc.)
30
31. RS-232 INTERFACE
A standard serial interfacing for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic
'1' is -3V to -12V and logic '0' is +3V to +12V. To convert a TTL logic, say, TxD
and RxD pins of the uC chips, thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has
long been using in many uC boards. It provides 2-channel RS232C port and
requires external 10uF capacitors. Carefully check the polarity of capacitor when
soldering the board. A DS275, however, no need external capacitor and smaller.
Either circuit can be used without any problems.
The RS-232 interface with presupposes a common ground between the DTE and
DCE. This is a reasonable assumption when a short cable connects the DTE to the
DCE, but longer lines and connections between devices that may be on different
electrical busses with different grounds, this may not be true.
RS232 data is bi-polar.... +3 TO +12 volts indicates an "ON or 0-state (SPACE)
condition" while A -3 to -12 volts indicates an "OFF" 1-state (MARK)
condition.... Modern computer equipment ignores the negative level and accepts a
zero voltage level as the "OFF" state. In fact, the "ON" state may be achieved
with lesser positive potential. This means circuits powered by 5 VDC are capable
of driving RS232 circuits directly, however, the overall range
The output signal level usually swings between +12V and -12V. The "dead area"
between +3v and -3v is designed to absorb line noise. In the various RS-232-like
definitions this dead area may vary. For instance, the definition for V.10 has a
dead area from +0.3v to -0.3v. Many receivers designed for RS-232 are sensitive
to differentials of 1v or less.
This can cause problems when using pin powered widgets - line drivers,
converters, modems etc. These type of units need enough voltage & current to
power them self's up. Typical URART (the RS-232 I/O chip) allows up to 50ma
per output pin - so if the device needs 70ma to run we would need to use at least 2
pins for power. Some devices are very efficient and only require one pin (some
times the Transmit or DTR pin) to be high - in the "SPACE" state while idle.
An RS-232 port can supply only limited power to another device. The number of
output lines, the type of interface driver IC, and the state of the output lines are
important considerations.
The types of driver ICs used in serial ports can be divided into three general
categories:
31
32. • Drivers which require plus (+) and minus (-) voltage power supplies such
as the 1488 series of interface integrated circuits. (Most desktop and tower
PCs use this type of driver.)
• Low power drivers which require one +5 volt power supply. This type of
driver has an internal charge pump for voltage conversion. (Many
industrial microprocessor controls use this type of driver.)
• Low voltage (3.3 v) and low power drivers which meet the EIA-562
Standard. (Used on notebooks and laptops.)
Data is transmitted and received on pins 2 and 3 respectively. Data Set Ready
(DSR) is an indication from the Data Set (i.e., the modem or DSU/CSU) that it is
on. Similarly, DTR indicates to the Data Set that the DTE is on. Data Carrier
Detect (DCD) indicates that a good carrier is being received from the remote
modem.
Pins 4 RTS (Request To Send - from the transmitting computer) and 5 CTS (Clear
To Send - from the Data set) are used to control. In most Asynchronous situations,
RTS and CTS are constantly on throughout the communication session. However
where the DTE is connected to a multipoint line, RTS is used to turn carrier on
the modem on and off. On a multipoint line, it's imperative that only one station is
transmitting at a time (because they share the return phone pair). When a station
wants to transmit, it raises RTS. The modem turns on carrier, typically waits a
few milliseconds for carrier to stabilize, and then raises CTS. The DTE transmits
when it sees CTS up. When the station has finished its transmission, it drops RTS
and the modem drops CTS and carrier together.
Clock signals (pins 15, 17, & 24) are only used for synchronous communications.
The modem or DSU extracts the clock from the data stream and provides a steady
clock signal to the DTE. Note that the transmit and receive clock signals do not
have to be the same, or even at the same baud rate. that the RS232 signal may be
transmitted/received may be dramatically reduced. RS-232 is simple,
universal, well understood and supported but it has some serious
shortcomings as a data interface. The standards to 256kbps or less and line
lengths of 15M (50 ft) or less but today we see high speed ports on our home
PC running very high speeds and with high quality cable maxim distance has
increased greatly. The rule of thumb for the length a data cable depends on
speed of the data, quality of the cable.
32
34. PROGRAMMING LOGIC:
C PROGRAM:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <bios.h>
#define COM1 0
#define COM_INIT 0
#define COM_SEND 1
#define COM_RECEIVE 2
#define COM_STATUS 3
static unsigned int data[]={18,81,34,102,23,56,78,24,0xff};
//array for set value
static unsigned int data21[]={0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0};
// o/p from embedded
int i;
short int data1;
34
35. unsigned char z,c;
void main()
{
int graphdriver = DETECT;
int graphmode=1 ;
initgraph (&graphdriver,&graphmode,"e:TCBGI");
clearviewport();
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,5);
setcolor(12);
outtextxy(45,90," AUTOMATIC SWITCH OVER ");
outtextxy(70,210," OF LINK ");
getch();
clearviewport();
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,3);
setcolor(13);
outtextxy(100,70,"P R O J E C T ");
outtextxy(100,100," BY ");
outtextxy(100,130,"Miss ANUBHA BHIMSARIA ");
outtextxy(100,160,"Miss SNEHAL KARPE");
outtextxy(100,190,"Miss SHREYA CHAKRABARTI");
35
44. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:
• “intigraph”:
It is placed under the library GRAPHICS.h. It is used to initialize the
graphics system by loading the graphics driver from the disk(or validating
the registerd driver), thus putting the system into graphics mode.It also
resets all graphics settings.
• “closegraph”:
It shuts down the graphics mode and restore the screen in to the mode it
was before “intigraph”.The “closegraph” deallocates all the memory
allocated by the graph system.
• “setviewport”:
It sets the current viewport of the graphics output.The viewport corners all
absolute screen co-ordinates by(left,top) and (right,bottom).In addition to
a clip parameter is provided to determine whether the drawings are clipped
at the current viewpoint boundries.If clip is non-zero, all drawings will be
clipped to the current viewport.
• “clearviewport”:
It clears the current viewport.It erases the viewport and moves the current
position(CP) to home(0,0) relative to the viewport.
• “setcolor” & “getcolor”:
“setcolor” sets the current drawing color while “getcolor” returns the
current drawing color.By selecting a drawing color one can pass either the
color number or the eqvivalent color name.
44
45. • “gotoxy”:
“gotoxy” moves the cursor o the given position in the current text
window.If the co-ordinates are invalid the call to the gotoxy is ignored.
• “inport” “inportb”, “outport”, “outportb”:
“inport” reads a word from a hardware port.
“inportb” reads a byte from a hardware port.
“outport” outputs a word to hardware port.
“outportb” outputs a byte to hardware port.
• “outtext”, “outtextxy”:
“outtext” displays a string in the viewport(graphics mode).
“outtextxy” displays a string at the specific location(graphics mode).
• getch”, “getche”:
“getch” gets a character from console but does not echo to the screen.
“getche”gets a character from console and echoes to the screen.
45
46. MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAM:
_x0 bit p1.4
_x1 bit p1.5
_x2 bit p1.6
_x3 bit p1.7
_a bit p1.0
_b bit p1.1
_c bit p1.2
_stc bit p1.3
; PCON = 0x0 ;
mov PCON,#0;
; SCON = 0x50 ;
mov SCON,#50H;
; TMOD = 0x20 ;
mov TMOD,#20H
; TCON = 0x40 ;
mov TCON,#40H
; TH1 = 0xfd ;
46
57. djnz r1,backk1
ljmp back
delay_ms:mov r3,a
bq3: mov r4,#2
bq2: mov r7,#ffh
bq1: djnz r7,bq1
djnz r4,bq2
djnz r3,bq3
ret
getchar:
jnb ri,getchar
mov a,sbuf
clr ri
ret
trans:
mov sbuf ,a
back: jnb ti,back
clr ti
ret
57
58. FLOWCHART/ALGORITHM:
(PC)
START
INITIATE SERIAL COMMUNICATION
COMPORT AT 9600 BAUD RATE.
ENABLE TX/RX
SET VALUES OF NETWORK SWITCH
STATUS
TRANSMIT USING COMPORT ALL THE
VALUES OF SET NETWORK PARAMETER
READ STATUS OF THE SWITCH USING
RS232 STANDARD PROTOCOL
DISPLAY THE STATUS OF THE SWITCH.
STOP
58
59. FLOWCHART/ALGORITHM:
(MICROCONTROLLER)
START
INITIATE TIMER1
INITIATE SERIAL COMMUNICATION AT 9600 BAUD
RATE, 1 STOP, 1 START, 8 BIT DATA FORMAT.
READ DATA FROM THE PC H/W i.e SET VALUES
READ PARAMETERS VALUE DFROM THE NETWORK
COMPARE WITH THE SET VALUES
ACTIVATE STANDBY NETWORK IN CASE OF A
FAILURE.
REPEAT FOR ALL NETWORK LINKS
STOP
59
60. PROJECT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
• It is very useful in real-time applications such as ATM services and in
share trading where a delay of even few seconds can cause huge revenue
losses.
• It can be used by service engineers for maintenance purposes.
• It allows a fast switchover than manual.
• Since the process is very fast customers are not left in inconvenience for a
long time.
• Customer inconvenience is avoided and they get better service.
DISADVANTAGES:
• The device requires DC power supply so in case of failure of the DC
power supply the system will fail, even when there is no failure of the
links.
• Automatic switchover will not take place in case there is a failure at the
main base stations they will need manual attention.
• It does not give us the exact location where the failure has occurred the
faults can be detected only through the OMC.
60
61. CONCLUSION:-
• Thus it is concluded that the present MTNL system used for switching
can be improved by using the AUTOMATIC SWITCHOVER OF E1
LINK system.
• It can also be concluded that it is comparatively a low cost project as
compared to its huge advantages and the very low amount of
inconvenience it will cause to the service engineers as well as the
customers.
61
62. FUTURE SCOPE:-
• Although this is an external portable device, it can be built in the RF
tester unit.
• This increases the flexibility and efficiency of the system as the inbuilt
RF tester unit does not need to be connected externally, as well our
device requires very less space in the system.
62
63. BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
• Wireless communication-By Theodore S.Rappaport
• Data Communication and Networking-By Frouzan
• Google and Yahoo search engines
• MTNL research papers
• ATMEL and other datasheets for the IC information.
63