This document summarizes a report that models a transition to a nearly 100% renewable electricity grid in Europe by 2050. Some key findings:
- It is technically and economically feasible to integrate large amounts of renewable electricity into the European grid, reaching 68% by 2030 and nearly 100% by 2050.
- By 2030, gas plants will provide most non-renewable electricity and back up variable wind and solar, but will be phased out by 2050 for dispatchable renewables like hydro, geothermal, concentrated solar and biomass.
- 90% of existing coal and nuclear plants must be phased out by 2030 due to their inflexibility. By 2050 they will
Storing energy allows grids to balance the supply and demand. Energy storage systems in commercial use today can be broadly categorized as mechanical, electrical, chemical, biological and thermal.
The document discusses renewable energy and energy storage. It notes that without energy storage, electricity from renewable sources like solar and wind must be used immediately when produced rather than being stored for later use. Various types of energy storage technologies are described, including mechanical, electrical, chemical, biological and thermal. The need for energy storage is explained by the variable nature of renewable energy sources and the need to balance supply and demand on the electric grid. Global growth in renewable energy capacity and investment is also summarized.
Scott Sklar presented at the GWU Solar Conference on April 26, 2011. The Stella Group works with clean distributed energy technologies like solar PV, wind, fuel cells, and more. It aggregates financing to standardize distributed energy systems. Sklar also serves on the boards of renewable energy organizations and teaches sustainable energy courses. He discussed how investments in renewable energy increased dramatically from 2001 to 2009 and the potential to scale solar through 2025.
Study about Germany’s efforts to implement the energy transition is summarized in the book “Energy Transition in Nutshell: 8 Q & A on the German Energy Transition and Its Relevance for Indonesia”
Alternative Energy Counselors Presentationsonmilan
The document discusses alternative energy sources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, and geothermal power as well as alternative fuels. It describes different scales of alternative energy projects from large-scale wind farms and hydroelectric dams to small-scale residential solar panels and wind turbines. The document also briefly discusses career opportunities in alternative energy fields and rotating students through different alternative energy programs at the Kent Career Tech Center.
A Distinctive Analysis between Distributed and Centralized Power Generationpaperpublications3
Abstract: The role of Distributed Generation (DG) is ever increasingly being recognized as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional Centralized Generation (CG). Besides, there is also a debate regarding the genuine prospects of DG; always prevailed between industry stakeholders and other interest groups. Within the scope of this review, a comparative study of CG and DG has been presented. In this report, a broad spectrum of issues is being considered to depict the paradigm, drives, shortcomings and future challenges for CG and DG.
1. Energy development in Indonesia is characterized by high reliance on fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas that account for over 90% of the country's energy supply. 2. There is a strong link between energy development and air pollution in Indonesia. The burning of fossil fuels is a major contributor to air pollutants like PM10 and PM2.5, resulting in over 45,000 premature deaths annually from diseases associated with air pollution. 3. The best energy scenario to reduce air pollution impact is one with higher renewable energy sources accounting for 23% of the energy mix by 2025, compared to the current 8%, along with reductions in coal and oil usage.
Wind Energy Systems in the Urban LandscapeCarlos Ortiz
The document discusses the potential for small wind turbines in urban environments, noting that while technical challenges exist, none are insurmountable with proper design and risk management. It explores early examples of small wind turbines installed in cities and argues that reducing costs and widespread installations could provide real energy benefits, especially when combined with energy management strategies. Overall, the document presents small wind as a viable distributed renewable energy option for urban areas.
Storing energy allows grids to balance the supply and demand. Energy storage systems in commercial use today can be broadly categorized as mechanical, electrical, chemical, biological and thermal.
The document discusses renewable energy and energy storage. It notes that without energy storage, electricity from renewable sources like solar and wind must be used immediately when produced rather than being stored for later use. Various types of energy storage technologies are described, including mechanical, electrical, chemical, biological and thermal. The need for energy storage is explained by the variable nature of renewable energy sources and the need to balance supply and demand on the electric grid. Global growth in renewable energy capacity and investment is also summarized.
Scott Sklar presented at the GWU Solar Conference on April 26, 2011. The Stella Group works with clean distributed energy technologies like solar PV, wind, fuel cells, and more. It aggregates financing to standardize distributed energy systems. Sklar also serves on the boards of renewable energy organizations and teaches sustainable energy courses. He discussed how investments in renewable energy increased dramatically from 2001 to 2009 and the potential to scale solar through 2025.
Study about Germany’s efforts to implement the energy transition is summarized in the book “Energy Transition in Nutshell: 8 Q & A on the German Energy Transition and Its Relevance for Indonesia”
Alternative Energy Counselors Presentationsonmilan
The document discusses alternative energy sources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, and geothermal power as well as alternative fuels. It describes different scales of alternative energy projects from large-scale wind farms and hydroelectric dams to small-scale residential solar panels and wind turbines. The document also briefly discusses career opportunities in alternative energy fields and rotating students through different alternative energy programs at the Kent Career Tech Center.
A Distinctive Analysis between Distributed and Centralized Power Generationpaperpublications3
Abstract: The role of Distributed Generation (DG) is ever increasingly being recognized as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional Centralized Generation (CG). Besides, there is also a debate regarding the genuine prospects of DG; always prevailed between industry stakeholders and other interest groups. Within the scope of this review, a comparative study of CG and DG has been presented. In this report, a broad spectrum of issues is being considered to depict the paradigm, drives, shortcomings and future challenges for CG and DG.
1. Energy development in Indonesia is characterized by high reliance on fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas that account for over 90% of the country's energy supply. 2. There is a strong link between energy development and air pollution in Indonesia. The burning of fossil fuels is a major contributor to air pollutants like PM10 and PM2.5, resulting in over 45,000 premature deaths annually from diseases associated with air pollution. 3. The best energy scenario to reduce air pollution impact is one with higher renewable energy sources accounting for 23% of the energy mix by 2025, compared to the current 8%, along with reductions in coal and oil usage.
Wind Energy Systems in the Urban LandscapeCarlos Ortiz
The document discusses the potential for small wind turbines in urban environments, noting that while technical challenges exist, none are insurmountable with proper design and risk management. It explores early examples of small wind turbines installed in cities and argues that reducing costs and widespread installations could provide real energy benefits, especially when combined with energy management strategies. Overall, the document presents small wind as a viable distributed renewable energy option for urban areas.
Why the UK nuclear renaissance plan is doomed, in 30 pictures and chartsJeremy Leggett
The UK government's nuclear power programme will come off the rails because nuclear energy has become uneconomic, the builder of the crucial first reactor faces existential safety and financial threats, ...and other reasons.
This document outlines a presentation about accelerating the development of renewable energy irrigation systems in Nigeria. It discusses Nigeria's potential for solar and wind energy given the climate. A hybrid solar-wind power technology is proposed for powering irrigation pumps on farms. The current state of renewable energy and irrigation projects in Nigeria is described, along with constraints and proposed strategies to increase renewable energy development. The impacts would include increased income, quality of life, and job efficiency for farmers. The conclusion is that Nigeria has good solar and wind resources that could be leveraged to power irrigation and support agriculture, which is currently highly dependent on rainfall.
The document summarizes the construction of the Knabs Ridge wind farm near Harrogate, North Yorkshire. It discusses the local council initially vetoing the plan for eight 300ft turbines due to environmental concerns, but a government inquiry overruled this decision and approved construction. The airport and local council remained opposed, concerned it could interfere with radar and be an eyesore, while supporters argue it is needed to tackle climate change and create jobs through renewable energy.
Limiting Global Climatic Disruption by Revolutionary Change in the Global EnergyLarry Smarr
10.06.08
Keynote Opening Talk
Xconomy Forum: The Rise of Smart Energy
Title: Limiting Global Climatic Disruption by Revolutionary Change in the Global Energy System
La Jolla, CA
1) The document discusses how bitcoin mining could help accelerate the global transition to renewable energy sources by serving as a flexible load that complements renewable energy production and storage.
2) It presents a model from ARK Invest showing how integrating bitcoin mining into solar energy systems with battery storage could allow renewables to provide a higher percentage of grid power, potentially up to 99%, while maintaining the same electricity costs.
3) Next steps discussed include the potential emergence of energy management software and marketplaces to better coordinate renewable energy production with bitcoin mining and storage, as well as expanded manufacturing of application-specific integrated circuits optimized for interruptible power usage in mining.
Over the past 15 years, Australia’s renewable energy market has continued to attract massive interest from
Developers, Contractors, manufacturers, governments and local and international investors. This reflects global
energy trends driven by factors such as a push for diversification of energy sources and asset classes,
government incentives for clean energy technology developments and, importantly, the decreasing cost of
electricity from renewable energy sources.
The renewable energy industry in Australia is well-established and mature for some technologies (eg wind,
rooftop solar PV), developing in others (eg utility scale solar PV, solar thermal/CSP and hybrid solar) and at
commercialisation stage in others (eg geothermal, wave).
At this time of increasing market interest and development, it is relevant to consider key issues and market
trends in the construction, operation and regulatory aspects of projects, and critical bankability considerations
relating to each of these issues. While this paper focuses on issues that are of most interest to project Sponsors
and Lenders, many of these considerations are equally relevant to Contractors. This paper considers these
issues in the context of utility scale solar and wind projects in Australia.
The document summarizes the Wave Dragon project, which aims to deploy the world's largest wave energy converter off the coast of Wales in 2007. The 7MW Wave Dragon device will be tested for 3-5 years to gain operational experience. It is planned to eventually expand the project into an 77MW wave farm. The Wave Dragon uses two large reflectors to focus waves onto a ramp, where water is stored in a reservoir above sea level before being discharged through hydro turbines to generate electricity. The Welsh government is providing £5 million in funding to support the demonstration project.
The document discusses the challenges of energy dependence and climate change, and the potential for renewable energy technologies like solar PV, CSP, wind, and geothermal to address these issues at a large scale. It outlines the status and improvement potential of various renewable technologies, as well as the policy, economic, infrastructure, and workforce developments needed to enable a renewable energy future. Barriers and opportunities related to grid integration, materials supply, capital investment, and human resources are also examined.
Superconducting computers promise faster speeds and lower energy usage than semiconductor technologies. While the cryogenic cooling needed for superconductors was once a barrier, it has now been solved with technologies like MRI machines. Superconducting computers use Josephson junctions rather than transistors. Their energy efficiency advantage may allow them to dominate large-scale computing as energy usage becomes a higher priority for supercomputers and massive data centers, which currently consume as much electricity as entire countries.
NNFCC market review bioenergy issue seven october 2012NNFCC
Welcome to the October issue of our bioenergy market review. This month has seen heightened scrutiny of energy bills, in the wake of rising bills and the forthcoming launch of the UK Governments Energy Bill.
Community Microgrids: Savings and resilience for local governments (1/25/18)Clean Coalition
Community microgrids can provide cleaner, more reliable and affordable energy while improving resilience. They distribute clean local energy sources like solar across an entire substation area serving thousands of customers. This reduces costs, increases clean energy use, and ensures critical services receive power during disasters. Local governments can explore microgrids for facilities like hospitals, schools and emergency shelters to gain economic, environmental and security benefits for their communities.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Fuel Cells are becoming the preferred alternate energy but unless the constraints are understood and dealt with it will not be adopted at the rate it should
This document lists selected publications by Peter Børre Eriksen from January 2019 to October 2009. It includes journal articles, conference papers and presentations on topics related to wind power integration, power system operation with high shares of renewable energy, offshore wind power systems, and transmission planning considering variable energy sources. One of the publications is co-authored by Peter Børre Eriksen and summarizes the Danish power system transition to 40% wind power penetration.
Sandra Wu,Wen-Hsiu is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Green Infrastructure Kokusai Kogyo Group. Japan imports around 18% of its energy needs but aims to increase domestic energy self-sufficiency and use of renewable energy such as solar and wind to around 50-70% by 2030 due to geographic constraints and limitations. Green Infrastructure Kokusai Kogyo Group aims to create sustainability through an integrated business model of developing, investing in, and maintaining renewable energy and using energy solutions to create environmentally friendly regional communities and social infrastructure.
Factors influencing the demand on Renewable Energy with a focus on Solar Ther...Sekem Energy
The document discusses factors influencing demand for renewable energy in Egypt, with a focus on solar thermal energy. It presents current and projected future energy usage and generation in Egypt. The document proposes schemes for increasing electricity from private renewable sources, outlining potential penetration rates of 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% and the corresponding impacts on annual energy usage and power generation. Hybridization of existing fossil fuel power plants with solar fields is also discussed as a way to generate electricity from renewable sources while reducing fossil fuel usage.
This document discusses Germany's energy transition, known as the Energiewende. It began in the 1980s with a goal of phasing out nuclear power and increasing renewable energy. Key events included introducing a feed-in tariff system for renewables in 1991, and legislation in 2000-2002 establishing a nuclear phase-out plan. However, after the 2010 Fukushima disaster, Germany accelerated its nuclear phase-out plan to complete it by 2022. The Energiewende also aims to increase renewable energy to 60% of total energy and 80% of electricity by 2050, and implement other ambitious targets for emissions reductions and energy efficiency. It represents a major transformation of Germany's energy system that requires collective effort across all sectors
Green Energy Opportunities in Cyprus,
by Dr. Venizelos Efthymiou, Chairman of FOSS centre for renewable energy at UCY.
Renewable energy poses some unique challenges and opportunities in Cyprus.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of photovoltaics. It discusses key milestones such as the first solar cell created in 1883 using selenium and gold contacts. The modern era began in 1954 with the discovery that silicon pn junction diodes generated voltage when exposed to light. Research in subsequent decades improved efficiency and developed new materials like gallium arsenide and thin film technologies. Government support in the 1970s following the oil crisis helped spur further development and commercialization of photovoltaic technologies.
The document summarizes the work of three organizations that support the Tibetan people - the American Himalayan Foundation, The Tibet Fund, and the International Campaign for Tibet. The American Himalayan Foundation focuses on humanitarian projects in remote Himalayan communities, restoring cultural sites and providing infrastructure like bridges and clinics. The Tibet Fund supports healthcare, education, and scholarships for Tibetan refugees. The International Campaign for Tibet advocates for Tibet and works to share information about the situation inside Tibet.
Tigers are endangered with only approximately 3,200 remaining worldwide. They face threats of poaching for traditional medicine trade, habitat loss, and loss of prey. There are 6 subspecies of tigers: Amur, Bengal, Indochinese, Malayan, South China (believed extinct), and Sumatran. WWF works to protect tigers and their habitat through anti-poaching efforts, stopping illegal trade, creating protected areas, and improving conditions for people living near tigers to reduce human-wildlife conflict.
Why the UK nuclear renaissance plan is doomed, in 30 pictures and chartsJeremy Leggett
The UK government's nuclear power programme will come off the rails because nuclear energy has become uneconomic, the builder of the crucial first reactor faces existential safety and financial threats, ...and other reasons.
This document outlines a presentation about accelerating the development of renewable energy irrigation systems in Nigeria. It discusses Nigeria's potential for solar and wind energy given the climate. A hybrid solar-wind power technology is proposed for powering irrigation pumps on farms. The current state of renewable energy and irrigation projects in Nigeria is described, along with constraints and proposed strategies to increase renewable energy development. The impacts would include increased income, quality of life, and job efficiency for farmers. The conclusion is that Nigeria has good solar and wind resources that could be leveraged to power irrigation and support agriculture, which is currently highly dependent on rainfall.
The document summarizes the construction of the Knabs Ridge wind farm near Harrogate, North Yorkshire. It discusses the local council initially vetoing the plan for eight 300ft turbines due to environmental concerns, but a government inquiry overruled this decision and approved construction. The airport and local council remained opposed, concerned it could interfere with radar and be an eyesore, while supporters argue it is needed to tackle climate change and create jobs through renewable energy.
Limiting Global Climatic Disruption by Revolutionary Change in the Global EnergyLarry Smarr
10.06.08
Keynote Opening Talk
Xconomy Forum: The Rise of Smart Energy
Title: Limiting Global Climatic Disruption by Revolutionary Change in the Global Energy System
La Jolla, CA
1) The document discusses how bitcoin mining could help accelerate the global transition to renewable energy sources by serving as a flexible load that complements renewable energy production and storage.
2) It presents a model from ARK Invest showing how integrating bitcoin mining into solar energy systems with battery storage could allow renewables to provide a higher percentage of grid power, potentially up to 99%, while maintaining the same electricity costs.
3) Next steps discussed include the potential emergence of energy management software and marketplaces to better coordinate renewable energy production with bitcoin mining and storage, as well as expanded manufacturing of application-specific integrated circuits optimized for interruptible power usage in mining.
Over the past 15 years, Australia’s renewable energy market has continued to attract massive interest from
Developers, Contractors, manufacturers, governments and local and international investors. This reflects global
energy trends driven by factors such as a push for diversification of energy sources and asset classes,
government incentives for clean energy technology developments and, importantly, the decreasing cost of
electricity from renewable energy sources.
The renewable energy industry in Australia is well-established and mature for some technologies (eg wind,
rooftop solar PV), developing in others (eg utility scale solar PV, solar thermal/CSP and hybrid solar) and at
commercialisation stage in others (eg geothermal, wave).
At this time of increasing market interest and development, it is relevant to consider key issues and market
trends in the construction, operation and regulatory aspects of projects, and critical bankability considerations
relating to each of these issues. While this paper focuses on issues that are of most interest to project Sponsors
and Lenders, many of these considerations are equally relevant to Contractors. This paper considers these
issues in the context of utility scale solar and wind projects in Australia.
The document summarizes the Wave Dragon project, which aims to deploy the world's largest wave energy converter off the coast of Wales in 2007. The 7MW Wave Dragon device will be tested for 3-5 years to gain operational experience. It is planned to eventually expand the project into an 77MW wave farm. The Wave Dragon uses two large reflectors to focus waves onto a ramp, where water is stored in a reservoir above sea level before being discharged through hydro turbines to generate electricity. The Welsh government is providing £5 million in funding to support the demonstration project.
The document discusses the challenges of energy dependence and climate change, and the potential for renewable energy technologies like solar PV, CSP, wind, and geothermal to address these issues at a large scale. It outlines the status and improvement potential of various renewable technologies, as well as the policy, economic, infrastructure, and workforce developments needed to enable a renewable energy future. Barriers and opportunities related to grid integration, materials supply, capital investment, and human resources are also examined.
Superconducting computers promise faster speeds and lower energy usage than semiconductor technologies. While the cryogenic cooling needed for superconductors was once a barrier, it has now been solved with technologies like MRI machines. Superconducting computers use Josephson junctions rather than transistors. Their energy efficiency advantage may allow them to dominate large-scale computing as energy usage becomes a higher priority for supercomputers and massive data centers, which currently consume as much electricity as entire countries.
NNFCC market review bioenergy issue seven october 2012NNFCC
Welcome to the October issue of our bioenergy market review. This month has seen heightened scrutiny of energy bills, in the wake of rising bills and the forthcoming launch of the UK Governments Energy Bill.
Community Microgrids: Savings and resilience for local governments (1/25/18)Clean Coalition
Community microgrids can provide cleaner, more reliable and affordable energy while improving resilience. They distribute clean local energy sources like solar across an entire substation area serving thousands of customers. This reduces costs, increases clean energy use, and ensures critical services receive power during disasters. Local governments can explore microgrids for facilities like hospitals, schools and emergency shelters to gain economic, environmental and security benefits for their communities.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Fuel Cells are becoming the preferred alternate energy but unless the constraints are understood and dealt with it will not be adopted at the rate it should
This document lists selected publications by Peter Børre Eriksen from January 2019 to October 2009. It includes journal articles, conference papers and presentations on topics related to wind power integration, power system operation with high shares of renewable energy, offshore wind power systems, and transmission planning considering variable energy sources. One of the publications is co-authored by Peter Børre Eriksen and summarizes the Danish power system transition to 40% wind power penetration.
Sandra Wu,Wen-Hsiu is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Green Infrastructure Kokusai Kogyo Group. Japan imports around 18% of its energy needs but aims to increase domestic energy self-sufficiency and use of renewable energy such as solar and wind to around 50-70% by 2030 due to geographic constraints and limitations. Green Infrastructure Kokusai Kogyo Group aims to create sustainability through an integrated business model of developing, investing in, and maintaining renewable energy and using energy solutions to create environmentally friendly regional communities and social infrastructure.
Factors influencing the demand on Renewable Energy with a focus on Solar Ther...Sekem Energy
The document discusses factors influencing demand for renewable energy in Egypt, with a focus on solar thermal energy. It presents current and projected future energy usage and generation in Egypt. The document proposes schemes for increasing electricity from private renewable sources, outlining potential penetration rates of 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% and the corresponding impacts on annual energy usage and power generation. Hybridization of existing fossil fuel power plants with solar fields is also discussed as a way to generate electricity from renewable sources while reducing fossil fuel usage.
This document discusses Germany's energy transition, known as the Energiewende. It began in the 1980s with a goal of phasing out nuclear power and increasing renewable energy. Key events included introducing a feed-in tariff system for renewables in 1991, and legislation in 2000-2002 establishing a nuclear phase-out plan. However, after the 2010 Fukushima disaster, Germany accelerated its nuclear phase-out plan to complete it by 2022. The Energiewende also aims to increase renewable energy to 60% of total energy and 80% of electricity by 2050, and implement other ambitious targets for emissions reductions and energy efficiency. It represents a major transformation of Germany's energy system that requires collective effort across all sectors
Green Energy Opportunities in Cyprus,
by Dr. Venizelos Efthymiou, Chairman of FOSS centre for renewable energy at UCY.
Renewable energy poses some unique challenges and opportunities in Cyprus.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of photovoltaics. It discusses key milestones such as the first solar cell created in 1883 using selenium and gold contacts. The modern era began in 1954 with the discovery that silicon pn junction diodes generated voltage when exposed to light. Research in subsequent decades improved efficiency and developed new materials like gallium arsenide and thin film technologies. Government support in the 1970s following the oil crisis helped spur further development and commercialization of photovoltaic technologies.
The document summarizes the work of three organizations that support the Tibetan people - the American Himalayan Foundation, The Tibet Fund, and the International Campaign for Tibet. The American Himalayan Foundation focuses on humanitarian projects in remote Himalayan communities, restoring cultural sites and providing infrastructure like bridges and clinics. The Tibet Fund supports healthcare, education, and scholarships for Tibetan refugees. The International Campaign for Tibet advocates for Tibet and works to share information about the situation inside Tibet.
Tigers are endangered with only approximately 3,200 remaining worldwide. They face threats of poaching for traditional medicine trade, habitat loss, and loss of prey. There are 6 subspecies of tigers: Amur, Bengal, Indochinese, Malayan, South China (believed extinct), and Sumatran. WWF works to protect tigers and their habitat through anti-poaching efforts, stopping illegal trade, creating protected areas, and improving conditions for people living near tigers to reduce human-wildlife conflict.
Programa de nutrición (proyecto de ley)Jaume Satorra
This document is a bill to reauthorize child nutrition programs and improve child nutrition. It aims to reduce childhood hunger and obesity through several programs and reforms. Key provisions include improving direct certification of eligible children for free school meals, expanding summer food programs, strengthening nutrition standards, and promoting integrity within child nutrition programs.
The document discusses the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) which was decommissioned in 2005. It provides details on the satellite's design and orbital history. It also discusses the predicted reentry process, including tracking predictions from the Joint Space Operations Center. NASA conducted risk assessments in 2002 predicting around 26 potentially hazardous objects could survive reentry with a total mass of 532kg and a risk of around 1 in 3200 of human casualty. Both NASA and international agencies will monitor the reentry of UARS carefully.
Acuerdo lucha de falsificación de comercio p2 p (acta)Jaume Satorra
This document provides an April 2010 draft of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). It includes initial provisions, definitions, and chapters on legal frameworks for intellectual property enforcement. The draft text is still being negotiated between participants and contains bracketed options throughout. Key aspects covered include general obligations of parties, availability of civil and criminal procedures and remedies, provisional measures, special requirements related to border measures, criminal offenses, and international cooperation.
The document reviews the welfare implications of modern whaling activities. It finds that current killing methods are not adequately adapted for the species being killed and often result in prolonged times to death and suffering. It also examines the stress effects of pursuit on whales and how weather, sea conditions, and ship motion impact the accuracy and effectiveness of killing methods. The potential welfare issues associated with struck and lost whales are also discussed.
The document analyzes the potential for renewable energy sources to meet electricity and total energy demand in peninsular Spain by 2050. It finds that renewable sources could generate over 56 times the required electricity and over 10 times the total energy demand, with solar and wind providing most of the potential. A 100% renewable mix is technically feasible with widespread distribution of resources. While challenging, transitioning to renewables could solve climate change by substituting them for fossil fuels.
Un funcionario en funciones llamado mariano rajoy beyJaume Satorra
Este documento describe la conmemoración del político español Manuel Azaña en Montauban, Francia, donde murió en el exilio. Resalta el trabajo de los exiliados españoles y franceses para preservar la memoria de Azaña y la Segunda República, en contraste con la falta de reconocimiento en España. También critica que el partido más votado en España sea el Partido Popular, heredero de los que derrocaron a la República, y sugiere que si la gente conociera más a figuras como Azaña no apoyar
This document discusses international trends and scenarios for future energy systems. It notes that long-term energy forecasts often prove inaccurate due to changing conditions. Energy systems are closely tied to global economic cycles, which typically follow short 5-10 year cycles and longer 50-60 year cycles. Over the past centuries, primary energy sources have tracked these economic cycles, transitioning from wood pre-Industrial Revolution to coal and oil in later cycles. The chapter examines expectations for energy demand, sources, technologies, and overall energy systems in the coming decades.
Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power systemijtsrd
Uneconomical extension of the grid has led to generation of electric power at the end user facility and has been proved to be cost effective and to an extent efficient. With augmented significance on eco-friendly technologies the use of renewable energy sources such as micro-hydro, wind, solar, biomass and biogas is being explored. This paper presents an addresses the potential impacts of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems on electrical networks. The paper starts by emphasizing the increased importance of generating electricity from PV arrays. The growth in PV installed capacity worldwide is elaborated; futuristic expansion plans for several countries as well as existing PV projects worldwide are highlighted. The paper continues by evaluating the most important impacts of PV electricity on electrical networks. Finally, the authors summarize the literatures findings regarding the maximum allowable PV penetration that can be safely integrated into existing networks. Javeed Ahmad Khan"Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power system" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11646.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11646/grid-connected-pv-systems-and-their-growth-in-power-system/javeed-ahmad-khan
The document discusses the growing size and scale of photovoltaic power plants. Large-scale PV plants are now reaching dimensions similar to conventional power plants, with some solar parks exceeding 100 MW in capacity. The world's largest solar power plant under construction in 2015 will have a 579 MW capacity. PV outputs are achieving scales equal to coal power stations, and some propose PV plants exceeding 1 GW in Asia. Large-scale PV plants are becoming an important long-term investment with relatively low risk due to stable electricity generation costs and revenue from government incentives.
The document discusses the potential for renewable energy sources in the UK, including offshore wind, tidal, wave and solar power. It notes that the UK has excellent renewable energy resources and could potentially meet 53-67% of its electricity needs from renewables by 2050. Large-scale renewable projects being explored include tidal barrages and tidal lagoons. Investing in renewable technology and improving energy efficiency could create many new green jobs in the UK.
This document summarizes the future prospects for solar power in the United Kingdom across three markets: large-scale solar farms, commercial rooftop solar, and residential rooftop solar. It finds that all three solar markets could be economic without government support within the next decade as solar costs continue to fall rapidly. Residential solar with battery storage may achieve payback periods of less than 10 years by 2025, driving widespread adoption. However, integrating high levels of variable solar power will involve some grid costs such as more flexible power scheduling and storage options that need to be weighed against environmental and energy security benefits.
H2 & Emerging Technologies for sustainable energy - 20 mai 2020Cluster TWEED
Webinaire, organisé le 20 mai 2020, lié aux nouvelles technologies émergentes du secteur énergétique, dont l'hydrogène.
Programme et orateurs :
- Emerging technologies for sustainable energy - Engie Research, Jan Mertens (MSc, PhD), Chief Science Officer (En)
- Hydrogène, le chaînon manquant - HydrogenAdvisors, Raphaël Schoentgen, ancien President de Hydrogen Europe et du FCHJU (Fr)
La vidéo de cet événement est également disponible sur la chaîne Youtube du cluster TWEED.
Emerging Trends #5 | Cleantech, climate tech : to the rescue ?Leonard
Alors que l’urgence climatique et écologique s’impose comme l'un des thèmes structurants de la décennie à venir, les technologies peuvent-elles apporter leur lot de réponses ? Soutenues par les attentes de la société civile, des acteurs publics et des investisseurs, ainsi qu’une nouvelle vague d’entrepreneurs, les cleantech et autres climate tech semblent connaître un retour en grâce. Sans tomber dans le solutionnisme technologique, ces innovations pourraient être décisives pour relever le défi de la décarbonation et de la préservation des ressources.
Energiewendepresentation 150128054024-conversion-gate01 oz mark editsMark Francis
1) This analysis examines German solar, wind, and demand data from 2012-2013 to model increasing renewable energy production and storage needs for a future grid.
2) Even with large increases in renewable production, energy storage will still be needed to fill gaps when renewables cannot meet demand. Pumped hydroelectric storage and power-to-gas are discussed as potential solutions but both have efficiency and practical limitations.
3) Key questions are raised about the feasibility and costs of upgrading infrastructure, maintaining an expanded system, developing sufficient storage capacity, and improving the efficiency and capacity of power-to-gas technology to support large increases in renewable energy on the scale proposed.
Manufacturing photovoltaic (PV) modules in Europe has several advantages:
- It secures energy independence from imports by covering Europe's domestic energy market with European products.
- It addresses a huge PV market in Europe that will grow substantially beyond tens of gigawatts per year.
- It creates and secures thousands of high-tech manufacturing jobs in Europe.
- It allows for more sustainable PV production by reducing transport emissions and implementing strict environmental controls.
- It provides European leadership in sustainable high-tech PV products for both European and global markets.
Wind Europe - EcoEnergyBook is a professional tool for the Renewable Energy Industry. The tool provides industry insight, company profiles, contact information, media companies, events, resources and more.
This document discusses the urgency of addressing climate change through reducing carbon emissions from information and communication technologies (ICT). It notes that ICT carbon emissions are growing rapidly and will represent a large portion of global electricity use by 2030 unless action is taken. The document advocates building ICT infrastructure that can operate solely using renewable energy sources, such as optimizing network topology based on renewable energy availability and building data centers powered by renewable energy. Through these strategies, ICT can help achieve necessary reductions in carbon emissions while continuing to enable important services.
This document summarizes several emerging energy technologies that could help reduce carbon emissions, including wireless power transmission using Tesla's designs, gyroscopic propulsion for satellites, piezoelectric road generators, long-life betavoltaic batteries, laser-driven transmutation of nuclear waste, atmospheric electrostatic motors, biomass gasification, and electron charge clustering. It discusses the promising aspects of these technologies but notes that the U.S. Department of Energy has been slow to support development of future energy options.
Wallonia Meets Energy Campus Nürnberg | LLN - 09 décembre 2019Cluster TWEED
Présentations effectuées lors d'un événement de rencontre 'Wallonia Meets Energy Campus Nürnberg', le 9 décembre 2019.
L'Energy Campus de Nuremberg constitute un centre de R&I actif au niveau des technologies de l'ensemble du système énergétique, et est connecté au secteur industriel de Nuremberg/Bavière.
Entelios AG - Demand Response for Germany and EuropeAQAL Group
Entelios AG is Germany’s Demand Response Aggregator. We introduce proven and powerful cleantech technology to the European smart grid markets. Entelios is applying a leapfrog strategy, providing the next evolutionary step called Demand Response 2.0, doing our part in enabling renewable energy and reducing the need for more fossil fuel power plants.
The global financial crisis has significantly impacted the global economy and energy markets in the short term. However, long term energy challenges related to energy security, sustainability, and alleviating energy poverty remain top priorities. Climate change impacts are also occurring faster than predicted due to continued growth in greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. Achieving long term climate change and energy security goals will require transitioning to more sustainable energy systems through international cooperation and flexible, intelligent infrastructure.
100 Renewable Electricity A Roadmap To 2050 For Europe And North AfricaJasmine Dixon
This document summarizes a report about achieving 100% renewable electricity in Europe and North Africa by 2050. It acknowledges contributions from various organizations that helped develop the report. The report examines the current electricity situation and challenges facing the region, and presents a roadmap to transition to an integrated power market with 100% renewable electricity generation by 2050. Key components of the vision include a "SuperSmart Grid", rapid scaling up of all forms of renewable power, and large-scale imports of renewable power from North Africa to Europe.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both solar energy and nuclear energy as power sources. Solar energy is a renewable resource that does not produce pollution but has variability issues and high upfront costs. Nuclear energy produces no greenhouse gases but has challenges with waste disposal and potential safety issues from plant failures. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key factors to consider when determining whether solar power or nuclear power is a better option.
The document discusses the concept of a Global Grid that would span the planet and connect major power plants worldwide using long HVDC transmission lines. Key points discussed include:
- HVDC lines would facilitate connecting non-synchronous power systems and renewable energy sources in remote locations.
- Technological feasibility has been proven through existing undersea cables over 580km long and cables installed to depths of 1500m. However, challenges remain with depths over 1500m and DC circuit breakers.
- Remote renewable sources, especially wind and solar in locations like Greenland, could cost-competitively supply energy to markets in Europe and North America. However, costs remain borderline competitive compared to some onshore wind farms.
Turkey - the powerhouse bridging east and west
Situated on the brink of Europe and the edge of Asia, Turkey has taken advantage of its strategic position while managing to avoid both the slump to its west and the strife to its east.
But its booming economy has led to an electricity demand that is growing at a rate second only to China's, and the country is currently importing 75% of its energy at a cost of € 60 billion per year.
Turkey is looking to wind energy to cut its import dependence, create employment and help its economy to keep expanding.
Interviews:
Jukka-Pekka Mäkinen, CEO, The Switch
Jürgen Zeschky, CEO, Nordex
Special features:
2030: why is it so important?
Deep waters: the latest on floating offshore technology
Same grids, more power? New project results
Getting community support: exploring the issues
Regular articles:
Brussels Briefing for the latest EU news
Wind News for an industry update
Country Focus for a national picture
...and many more.
The red curve shows Arctic temperatures in 2016, which were much higher than the 1958-2002 average shown in green. The document discusses several climate tipping points like shrinking sea ice and methane bubbles that could further accelerate warming. It also provides cost comparisons of nuclear, wind, and solar energy and evaluates options to generate 600 TWh/year for Belgium, including the land area and price tags for PV panels, wind turbines, and battery storage. While fossil fuels remain relatively cheap, renewable energy is becoming more affordable and boosts local economies rather than supporting conflict. A global grid could help tap rich sources of renewable energy worldwide.
El documento es una carta del Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya a la vicepresidenta del Gobierno de España expresando su malestar por las declaraciones del general de brigada Pedro Garrido, jefe de la Guardia Civil en Cataluña, en las que puso en duda la actuación de los Mossos d'Esquadra. El Govern exige el cese inmediato de Garrido y acciones del Gobierno español ante la ofensa causada, ya que sus palabras socavan la relación de colaboración entre ambos cuerpos y no corresponde a un mando policial hacer declar
informe de la Federació internacional pels drets humans denuncia ‘serioses ir...Jaume Satorra
La Federació Internacional de Drets Humans (FIDH) i la Xarxa Euromediterrània de Drets Humans (EuroMed Rights) han publicat des de París i Brussel·les el seu informe sobre el judici contra el procés Tribunal Suprem espanyol
El Ministerio de Defensa adjudica un contrato de 9.5 millones de euros a la compañía MBDA España SLU para realizar un estudio de viabilidad y reducción de riesgos en el sistema de misiles Sea Ceptor en futuras fragatas, así como para proporcionar un paquete tecnológico de misiles modulares anti-aéreos. El documento también compromete el gasto de la adjudicación y establece el proceso de recurso contra la resolución.
El documento es el manifiesto del general Primo de Rivera anunciando el golpe de Estado en España en 1923. En su manifiesto, Primo de Rivera critica la inestabilidad política, la corrupción y la inmoralidad del sistema político anterior. Anuncia la formación de un directorio militar provisional para mantener el orden público y encontrar hombres honorables para formar un nuevo gobierno con el apoyo del ejército. Promete poner fin a la inseguridad y restaurar la moralidad y la disciplina en España.
En los últimos 32 años (1985-2017), 95,750 hectáreas han sido deforestadas por la minería aurífera en el sureste del Amazonia peruana — un área más grande que la cuidad de Lima. La mayoría de esta deforestación (el 67.5% o 64,586 ha) ocurrió en los últimos 8 años (2009-2017), un área equivalente a 90,456 campos de fútbol. La minería de tecnología artesanal es responsable del 63% de la deforestación, mientras que la minería de maquinaria pesada es respons
Carolina c.punset diputada en el parlamento europeoJaume Satorra
La diputada anuncia que dejará el partido Ciudadanos debido a que ha abandonado sus valores iniciales de defender a la ciudadanía y ha adoptado posiciones más bien de derechas. Señala varios giros ideológicos del partido como apoyar el impuesto al sol contrario a su promesa o no apoyar el cierre de la central nuclear de Cofrentes. También critica su postura sobre la prostitución, los vientres de alquiler y Cataluña. Finalmente, decide dejar el partido al ver que se ha convertido en un
La sentencia desestima el recurso de la empresa municipal de vivienda contra la liquidación del impuesto sobre actos jurídicos documentados por una escritura de préstamo hipotecario. En cuanto a la exención pretendida para viviendas de protección oficial, la sentencia señala que no procede para viviendas con más de 90 metros cuadrados. Respecto al sujeto pasivo, la sentencia confirma que es el prestatario y no el acreedor hipotecario, siguiendo la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo.
Este documento propone un acuerdo presupuestario para 2019 con el objetivo de revertir los recortes de los últimos años y fortalecer el estado de bienestar en España. Plantea medidas en 14 áreas clave como pensiones, sanidad, educación, empleo, ciencia e innovación, entre otras. El objetivo general es mejorar los servicios públicos, proteger a los grupos vulnerables y promover la igualdad, tras años de políticas de austeridad que aumentaron la desigualdad y la pobreza.
El documento describe el Programa Antártico Argentino y su Plan Anual Antártico 2017-2018. El Plan incluye proyectos científicos, actividades de gestión ambiental, apoyo logístico y servicios que la Argentina llevará a cabo en la Antártida entre noviembre de 2017 y octubre de 2018. El objetivo principal es fortalecer los derechos argentinos de soberanía en la región a través de la investigación científica y el cumplimiento del Tratado Antártico.
Ministerio de educacion cultura y deporteJaume Satorra
Una orden interna del departamento de Méndez de Vigo corrobora que se ignoró la reducción horaria de Religión aprobada en el 65% de los colegios de Andalucía. “ El Ministerio asignó más horas de las que aquí se consideraron necesarias. Desconozco por qué sigue haciéndolo”, dice la consejera Sonia Gaya.
Los provocadores bolcheviques de caritasJaume Satorra
El artículo critica al Ministro de Hacienda español, Cristóbal Montoro, por descalificar el informe anual de Cáritas que muestra el aumento de la pobreza y desigualdad en España. Montoro acusa el informe de ser propio de una economía comunista y llama "provocadores bolcheviques" a Cáritas. El artículo argumenta que los gobernantes españoles usan sistemáticamente la retórica anticomunista para desacreditar cualquier crítica y defienden el capitalismo por sobre los derechos humanos
La investigación de la operación Gürtel, una trama de corrupción vinculada al PP, ha costado el puesto a varios cargos políticos del partido. La cronología detalla las imputaciones, detenciones y dimisiones de cargos del PP a nivel nacional y autonómico en Comunidad de Madrid y Comunidad Valenciana entre 2009 y 2008, así como las decisiones de los tribunales de asumir partes de la investigación. Se considera al empresario Francisco Correa como líder de la trama y se le acusa junto a otros de del
Mas conversaciones historico politicas sobre catalunyaJaume Satorra
Este documento presenta una entrevista con Àngel Duarte Montserrat sobre el republicanismo. Duarte define el republicanismo como una cultura política y un movimiento social que ha existido en España en diferentes formas, desde uno patricio que buscaba la modernidad burguesa hasta uno plebeyo que luchaba por la emancipación de las clases populares. Actualmente, el republicanismo recupera el concepto de libertad como no dominación y defiende que sólo con autonomía económica puede haber participación política real. Para Duarte, el republicanismo que importa es
Los provocadores bolcheviques de caritasJaume Satorra
El documento critica al ministro de Hacienda español, Cristóbal Montoro, por descalificar el informe anual de Cáritas sobre pobreza en España. El informe muestra que España tiene altos niveles de desigualdad de ingresos y pobreza infantil. Montoro acusa el informe de promover ideas comunistas al sugerir que la pobreza podría reducirse con más gasto público. El documento argumenta que los gobernantes españoles usan frecuentemente la retórica anticomunista para descalificar cualquier crítica social
El documento resume el impacto de la crisis económica en el mercado laboral español, señalando que España ha experimentado el mayor aumento del desempleo entre las economías avanzadas. Esto se debe a que el modelo de crecimiento español dependía en exceso del sector de la construcción e inmobiliario, lo que ha agotado. El documento concluye que España necesita centrarse en crear empleo a través de inversiones productivas, políticas salariales efectivas y una transformación estructural para reducir el descontento social.
El documento discute cómo la desaceleración económica podría provocar una recaída del empleo y empeorar las desigualdades y el descontento social, retrasando aún más la recuperación económica. Señala que es necesario cambiar el enfoque para poner los mercados al servicio del empleo en lugar de relegar el empleo como un tema secundario, y propone reforzar el vínculo entre salarios y productividad empezando por países con superávit para estimular la demanda mundial.
Pegaso era un caballo alado blanco nacido de la sangre de Medusa decapitada por Perseo. Belerofonte logró domar a Pegaso con una brida de oro y lo usó para realizar hazañas heroicas, pero cuando quiso usarlo para llegar al Monte Olimpo, Zeus lo castigó. Más tarde, Pegaso fue convertido en una constelación por Zeus.
La Antártida es el continente más frío y ventoso de la Tierra. Hace millones de años estuvo unida a otros continentes como parte del supercontinente Gondwana, pero hace aproximadamente 60 millones de años los continentes se separaron y la Antártida llegó a su ubicación actual. El clima antártico es extremadamente frío debido a su ubicación y a que la mayor parte de la radiación solar es reflejada. Existen pocas especies nativas de plantas y animales, aunque millones de aves y mamíferos marinos visitan
4. Introduction
The energy and transport systems that power the industrialised world the costs of building and running what is increasingly becoming a
are fuelling dangerous climate change. Extreme weather, decline in dual system. This groundbreaking report demonstrates the problem
agricultural production and sea-level rise will be felt by everyone, rich on a European scale. It also proves that Europe is capable of moving
and poor. We can avert the worst impacts, but only if we rethink our smoothly to a system that delivers nearly 100 percent renewable
energy system. power around the clock.
Today, Europe’s electricity grid is characterised by big, polluting power Taken with Greenpeace’s 2010 Energy [R]evolution report, Battle of
stations pumping out constant energy, regardless of consumer need, the Grids builds on Greenpeace’s earlier Renewables 24/7 study. It is
along a wasteful, aging A/C (alternating current) network. The a ‘how to’ manual for the kind of system we need to deliver 68
patchwork of national grids stitched together over the years is an percent renewable energy by 2030 and nearly 100 percent by 2050.
uncomfortable, uneconomical fit.
Industry leader Energynautics was commissioned to carry out
Climate policy and consumer demand are hurtling us towards a extensive modelling and has delivered a working proposition for
smarter, more efficient Europe-wide grid that is already opening up Europe based on electricity consumption and production patterns for
vast new technological, business and consumer opportunities. Such every hour 365 days a year at 224 nodes of electricity
a grid could guarantee supply despite extreme weather conditions, interconnections across all 27 EU countries, plus Norway, Switzerland
delivering green energy around Europe via efficient, largely below and non-EU Balkan States.
ground DC (direct current) cables. However, the report’s title, Battle of
The main feature is the centre-spread map which shows precisely
the Grids, hints at the fact that we are at a political crossroads.
how much of each renewable power technology is feasible and how
Despite the remarkable growth in renewables, last year they much needs to be spent on infrastructure to deliver electricity to
generated more investment than any other sector, we are fast where it is needed across Europe. The map is the first of its kind -
reaching a showdown between green and dirty energy. Thousands of no other study has attempted to seriously chart a future European
wind turbines delivering near free energy were turned off in 2010 to grid of any kind.
allow polluting and heavily subsidised nuclear and coal plants to carry
To be able to realise this new approach to energy delivery requires a
on business as usual. It is estimated Spain had to ditch around
new way of approaching the problem and in effect a new vocabulary.
200GWh of energy last year. The buzz on the lips of industry
The box of key terms summarises the concepts dealt with in the
specialists, lobbyists and in boardrooms is about system clash and
Battle of the Grids.
Box 1
Baseload is the concept that there must be a minimum, uninterruptible supply of power to the grid at all times, traditionally provided by
coal or nuclear power. This report challenges that idea by showing how a variety of ‘flexible’ energy sources combined over a large area
can also keep the lights on by being sent to the areas of high demand. Currently, ‘baseload’ is part of the business model for nuclear and
coal power plants, where the operator can produce electricity around the clock whether or not it is actually needed.
Constrained power refers to when there is a local oversupply of free wind and solar power which has to be shut down, either because it
cannot be transferred to other locations (bottlenecks) or because it is competing with inflexible nuclear or coal power that has been given
priority access to the grid. Constrained power is also available for storage once the technology is available.
Variable power is electricity produced by wind or solar power depending on the weather. Some technologies can make variable power
dispatchable, eg by adding heat storage to concentrated solar power.
Dispatchable is a type of power that can be stored and ‘dispatched’ when needed to areas of high demand, e.g. gas-fired power plants
or power generated from biofuels.
Interconnector is a transmission line that connects different parts of the electricity grid.
Load curve is the typical pattern of electricity through the day, which has a predictable peak and trough that can be anticipated from
outside temperatures and historical data.
Node is a point of connection in the electricity grid between regions or countries, where there can be local supply feeding into the grid as well.
4 Greenpeace International Battle of the Grids
6. The Energy [R]evolution in Europe
We can shape the future • wind power is now the undisputed leading technology in Europe, with
gas in second position and solar PV in third – investment in new
The world knows that we are heading for severe, global climate
European wind farms in 2009 reached 13bn€ for 10,163 MW of wind
impacts because of over two centuries of industrial development
power capacity - 23 percent higher than the year before.
based on burning fossil fuels. We also know the solution: it is nothing
short of a revolution in how we provide and share energy. The Energy • wind turbines built in 2009 will produce as much electricity as 3 to 4
[R]evolution, now in its third edition, is created by Greenpeace large nuclear or coal power plants running at baseload every year3.
together with the Institute of Technical Thermodynamics at the
• meanwhile, both nuclear and coal are declining; more plants were
German Aerospace Centre (DlR) and more than 30 scientists and
closed than new ones added to the mix over the last decade.
engineers from universities, institutes and the renewable energy
industry around the world. It is a blueprint to provide clean and
equitable power that meets the targets for greenhouse gas emissions A long way to grow
set by science, rather than politics.
We can use current trends in the electricity market to make reliable
The situation in Europe today is: projections on what the energy mix could be with the right support
and policies. Greenpeace has published future market scenarios for a
• renewable energy is booming. Over the last decade, more than half
decade, based on detailed studies of industry capability. In this time,
of all new installed capacity was renewable power, not fossil fuel-
the real growth of wind energy and solar PV has consistently
based generation.
surpassed our own projections.
• renewable energy continued to grow through 2009 despite the
The reports provide a detailed scenario for Europe that is
economic crisis.
conservatively based only on proven and existing technologies.
Figure 2 Installed and decommissioned production capacity
Figure 1 Net installed production capacity 2000-2009 in EU 27 in 2009 in EU-27
10,163
100,000 12,000 NEW CAPACITy
81,067
DECOMISSIONED CAPACITy
10,000
65,102
80,000
6,630
8,000
60,000
4,200
6,000
2,406
MW
MW
40,000 4,000
1,540
13,027
-3,200
-1,393
-12,920
2,000
8,894
-12,010
573
439
-115
-404
-269
-472
-7,204
20,000
0
0
0
-2,000
-20,000 -4,000
Natural gas
Wind
PV
Other RES
Nuclear
Coal
Fuel oil
Wind
Natural gas
PV
Other RES
Fuel oil
Coal
Nuclear
Source: EWEA, Platts. Source: EWEA, Platts.
3 10,160MW of wind turbines at an average load factor of 0.29 will generate about
26TWh, comparable with 3.5 large thermal plants of 1000MW each running at a load
factor of 0.85.
6 Greenpeace International Polar oceansGrids and a planet at risk
Battle of the in peril
8. How the electricity system works
The ‘grid’ means all the wires, transformers and infrastructure that The challenge ahead is to integrate new decentralised and renewable
transport electricity from power plants to users. Currently we run on a power generation sources while phasing out most large-scale, outdated
model of centralised grid that was designed and planned up to 60 power plants. This will need a new power system architecture.
years ago. The systems supported massive industrialisation in cities
The overall concept balances fluctuations in energy demand and
and brought electricity to rural areas in most developed parts of the
supply to share out power effectively among users. New measures,
world. But now we have to re-think and re-work the grid to deliver a
such as managing the demand from big users or forecasting the
clean energy system. It is a change that will take us to the next stage of
weather and using energy storage to cover times with less wind or
society’s technological evolution.
sun, enable this. Advanced communication and control technologies
further help deliver electricity effectively,
The old way
The key elements of the new power system architecture are micro
All grids have been built with large power plants in the middle connected grids, smart grids and a number of interconnectors for an effective
by high voltage alternating current (AC) power lines. A smaller distribution super grid. The three types of systems support each other and
network carries power to final consumers. The system is very wasteful, interconnect with each other.
with much energy lost in transition.
Technological opportunities
The new way
By 2050, the power system needs to look a lot different to today’s.
The major difference in producing clean energy is that it requires lots This creates huge business opportunities for the information,
of smaller generators, some with variable amounts of power output. A communication and technology (ICT) sector to help redefine the
big advantage is that they can be located inside the grid, close to power network. Because a smart grid has power supplied from a
where power is used. Small generators include wind turbines, solar diverse range of sources and places, it relies on the gathering and
panels, micro turbines, fuel cells and co-generation (combined heat analysis of a lot of data. Smart grids require software, hardware and
and power). data networks capable of delivering data quickly, and of responding to
the information that they contain. Several important ICT players are
racing to smarten up energy grids across the globe and hundreds of
companies could be involved with smart grids.
Box 2 Definitions
Micro grids supply local power needs. The term refers to places where monitoring and control infrastructure are embedded inside
distribution networks and use local energy generation resources. They can supply islands, small rural towns or districts. An example would
be a combination of solar panels, micro turbines, fuel cells, energy efficiency and information/communication technology to manage loads
and make sure the lights stay on.
Smart grids balance demand out over a region. A ‘smart’ electricity grid connects decentralised renewable energy sources and co-
generation and distributes power highly efficiently. Smart grids are a way to get massive amounts of renewable energy with no greenhouse
emissions into the system, and to allow decommissioning of older, centralised power sources. Advanced types of control and management
technologies for the electricity grid can also make it run more efficiently overall. An example would be smart electricity meters that show
real-time use and costs, allowing big energy users to switch off or down on a signal from the grid operator, and avoid high power prices.
Super grids transport large energy loads between regions. This refers to a large interconnection - typically based on HVDC technology -
between countries or areas with large supply and large demand. An example would be the interconnection of all the large renewable based
power plants in the North Sea or a connection between Southern Europe and Africa where renewable energy could be exported to bigger
cities and towns, from places with large locally available resources.
8 Greenpeace International Battle of the Grids
10. Battle of the Grids: what’s the big barrier?
Power from some renewable plants, such as wind and solar, varies Baseload blocks progress
during the day and week. Some see this as an insurmountable
Generally, coal and nuclear plants run as so-called baseload, meaning
problem, because up until now we have relied on coal or nuclear to
they work most of the time at maximum capacity regardless of how
provide a fixed amount of power at all times. The title of this report
much electricity consumers need. When demand is low the power is
refers to the struggle to determine which type of infrastructure or
wasted. When demand is high additional gas is needed as a backup.
management we choose and which energy mix to favour as we move
Coal and nuclear cannot be turned down on windy days. Instead, wind
away from a polluting, carbon intensive energy system.
turbines will get switched off to prevent overloading the system.
Some important facts include:
The fall in electricity demand that accompanied the recent global
• electricity demand fluctuates in a predictable way. economic crisis revealed system conflict between inflexible baseload
power, especially nuclear, and variable renewable sources, especially
• smart management can work with big electricity users, so their
wind power, with wind operators told to shut off their generators. In
peak demand moves to a different part of the day, evening out the
Northern Spain and Germany, this uncomfortable mix is already
load on the overall system.
exposing the limits of the grid capacity. If Europe continues to support
• electricity from renewable sources can be stored and ‘dispatched’ nuclear and coal power alongside a growth in renewables, clashes will
to where it is needed in a number of ways, using advanced occur more and more, creating a bloated, inefficient grid.
grid technologies.
Despite the disadvantages stacked against renewables, they have begun to
Wind-rich countries in Europe are already experiencing conflict challenge the profitability of older plants. After construction costs, a wind
between renewable and conventional power. In Spain, where a lot of turbine is generating electricity almost for free and without burning any fuel.
wind and solar is now connected to the grid, gas power is stepping in Meanwhile, coal and nuclear plants use expensive and highly polluting fuels.
to bridge the gap between demand and supply. This is because gas
Even where nuclear plants are kept running and wind turbines are switched
plants can be switched off or run at reduced power, for example when
off, conventional energy providers are concerned. like any commodity,
there is low electricity demand or high wind production. As we move to
oversupply reduces price across the market. In energy markets, this affects
a mostly renewable electricity sector, gas plants will be needed as
nuclear and coal too. We can expect more intense conflicts over access to
backup for times of high demand and low renewable production.
the grids over the coming years. One example is the tension in Germany
Effectively, a kWh from a wind turbine effectively displaces a kWh from
over whether to extend the lifetime of nuclear reactors by 8-14 years. The
a gas plant, avoiding carbon dioxide emissions. Renewable electricity
German renewable energy federation (BEE) has warned its government
sources such as thermal solar plants (CSP), geothermal, hydro,
that this would seriously damage the further expansion of renewable
biomass and biogas can gradually phase out the need for natural gas.
energy. It predicts that renewable energy could provide half of Germany’s
(See Case Studies for more). The gas plants and pipelines would then
supply by 2020, but this would only make economic sense if half the
progressively be converted for transporting biogas.
nuclear and coal plants were phase-out by that date4.
This explains why conventional utilities are growing increasingly critical
of a continued and stable growth of renewables beyond 20205.
Figure 4 A typical load curve throughout Europe, shows
electricity use peaking and falling on a daily basis
DEMAND
Load (MW/GW)
4 Fraunhofer-IWES, Dynamische Simulation der Stromversorgung in Deutschland.
http://www.bee-ev.de/_downloads/publikationen/studien/2010/100119_BEE_IWES-
Simulation_Stromversorgung2020_Endbericht.pdf
5 Reference to Eurelectric’s energy scenario.
http://www2.eurelectric.org/DocShareNoFrame/Docs/1/PMFlMPlBJHEBKNOMIEDGEl Time (hours/days)
BEKHyDyC5K46SD6CFGI4OJ/Eurelectric/docs/DlS/Power_Choices_FINAlREPORTCO
RRECTIONS-2010-402-0001-01-E-2010-402-0001-01-E-2010-402-0001-01-E.pdf
10 Greenpeace International Battle of the Grids
14. New research: renewable Europe 24/7 - continued
A model for Europe’s energy future • times of oversupply, e.g. when wind turbines have to be switched
off because its electricity cannot be integrated in the grid due to
energynautics set out to model the fluctuations in energy produced
bottlenecks (limited capacity to transport the electricity to areas
from renewables in the electricity grid in 2030 and 2050. First, they
with a net demand).
constructed a model of supply, with the following inputs:
• the European grid consisting of 224 nodes in EU, Norway,
Optimisation
Switzerland and Balkan countries, represented by dots on the map
(centre spread). Greenpeace calls for a grid supporting around 68 percent renewable
electricity by 2030 and 100 percent by 2050.
• historical weather data at each of those nodes for solar radiation
and wind, for every hour over a period of 30 years. To do this, the researchers took an optimisation approach, which
compares the costs of new grid capacity with making the production
• the renewable and non-renewable capacities at each node, estimated
mix more flexible, improving the mix of renewable and using storage
for 2030 and 2050, based on the Energy [R]evolution scenario8.
and demand management. Optimisation means both securing energy
The model was used to calculate the renewable electricity production supply 24/7, even with a high penetration of variable sources and also
for each hour of the year at each node and to show dynamically the limiting curtailment. Curtailment is when local oversupply of free wind
electricity production in peaks and troughs over a whole year. and solar power has to be shut down because it cannot be
transferred to other locations.
Secondly, they constructed a model of demand, based on data from
grid operators9. The two models were combined to calculate: Optimising the system will require more grid capacity be added than
strictly needed to secure supply, in order to avoid curtailment of wind
• whether supply matches demand for each hour and for each node.
and solar electricity. In the simulations, extra electricity lines were
• when ‘dispatchable’ renewables such as biomass or hydro plants added step by step as long as the cost of new infrastructure is lower
should be started as backup. than the cost of curtailing electricity (see illustration). This will create a
robust electricity grid with higher security of supply.
Figure 9 Sample illustration of nodes and interconnectors in Northern Europe
At each ‘node’ renewable sources
are simulated based on historical
weather data. Generated power for At each node, storage, backup
each hour during a full year is power and demand management
calculated. through smart grids are optimised.
Long-distance lines with high
capacity level-out variations in
local wind or solar production.
Hydro power in Norway is used as
backup for other countries. In between the nodes, the required
capacity of the electricity lines is
calculated to integrate renewable
sources in the European grid and
secure the supply at other nodes.
Source: Energynautics, Greenpeace.
8 Greenpeace, EU-27 Energy [R]evolution. http://www.energyblueprint.info/1233.0.html
9 ENTSO-E statistics. https://www.entsoe.eu/index.php?id=67
14 Greenpeace International Battle of the Grids
16. 16
The new energy map for Europe
Figure 13 Overview of the future power system with 68% renewable electricity in 2030
1 GW Storage node
Wind offshore HVDC grid existing
Greenpeace International Battle of the Grids
Wind onshore HVAC grid existing
Solar HVDC grid new/upgrade
Hydro HVAC & HVDC grid new/upgrade
Biomass
Other RE
Gas
Nuclear & coal
17. This map represents a 68% renewable electricity system in 2030 as an intermediate step towards 100% renewable electricity in 2050
lOAD CURVE lOAD CURVE RE POWER IMPORTED
The solution WITH NO DSM WITH (OPTION 1 & 2) FROM OTHER REGIONS &
RE POWER FROM
STORAGE PlANTS
A fully optimised grid, where 100 percent renewables operate with
SOlAR
storage, transmission of electricity to other regions, demand
BIOENERGy, HyDRO &
management and curtailment only when required. Demand GEOTHERMAl
GW
management is a technique that effectively moves the highest peak WIND
and ‘flattens out’ the curve of electricity use over a day. SUPPly - WIND + SOlAR
0h 6h 12h 18h 24h
Time of day (hour)
Greenpeace International Battle of the Grids
Source: Greenpeace International.
17
18. New research: renewable Europe 24/7 - continued
It should be stressed that between these ‘low Grid’ and ‘High Grid’ might differ slightly and some of the grid investments planned in the
scenarios after 2030, there is a large area of feasibility to combine period 2010-30 might be delayed after 2030 in the low Grid
different levels of grid development and renewable capacities. Over scenario. In terms of investments in production capacity, the
the next decade, European policy needs to be better formulated to capacities planned by 2030 are required in both post-2030 scenarios.
provide a clearer vision for the energy mix after 2030 period. The low Grid scenario will require a continued strong growth of
renewables within Europe after 2030, while in the High Grid scenario,
Both 2050 scenarios confirm the single scenario for 2030. In either
growth after 2030 will slow down in Europe due to increasing imports
the low or High Grid scenarios for post-2030, the 100bn€ grid
of renewable electricity from North Africa.
investment before 2030 is required anyway, even though the timing
Figure 11 Pathways to 100 percent renewable electricity in 205010
2007 2020 2030 2050
16% ≃40% ≃70% ≃100%
production mix eu: production mix eu: production mix eu: production mix eu:
+ loGo’s / GW + loGo’s / GW + loGo’s / GW
• Wind: 667GW
• Wind: 57GW • Wind: 251GW • Wind: 376GW • Solar PV: 974GW
• Solar PV: 5GW • Solar PV: 144GW • Solar PV: 241GW • Solar CSP: 99GW
• Solar CSP: - • Solar CSP: 15GW • Solar CSP: 43GW production:
• Hydro: 163GW
• Hydro: 140GW • Hydro: 155GW • Hydro: 157GW • Increase RES close to • Biomass: 336GW
• Biomass: 10GW • Biomass: 13GW • Biomass: 77GW demand centres • Geothermal: 96GW
• Geothermal: 1GW • Geothermal: 5GW • Geothermal: 34GW • Optimise RES mix • Ocean: 66GW
• Ocean: - • Ocean:3GW • Ocean: 21GW • Transition from natural gas to biogas • Imported: 0GW
• Gas: 105GW • Gas: 122GW • Gas: 228GW Result:
• Coal: 148GW • Coal: 196GW • Coal: 17GW ‘low grid’ regional scenario 99.5%
• Nuclear: 132GW • Nuclear: 59GW • Nuclear: 17GW
renewable
Grids: Grid investments (2030-2050):
electricity
• Gas grid (biogas) to • AC: 10bn€
balance EUR regions • DC: 64bn€
production: • Minimise grid investments • Total: 74bn€
• 90% phase-out of baseload (nucl+coal)
• Massive uptake RES
• Increase flexible gas capacity Feasibility area
Growth res+phaseout Baseload production mix eu:
• Wind: 497GW
Grids: Grid investments (2030):
• Solar PV: 898GW
• European-wide priority RES • AC: 20bn€ production: • Solar CSP: 99GW
• ‘Missing links’ (HVAC) • DC offshore: 29bn€ • Hydro: 165GW
• Offshore wind grids: • DC onshore: 49bn€ • Minimise production costs • Biomass: 224GW
• First step of on shore super grid • Total: 98bn€ • More solar in South, more • Geothermal: 96GW
wind in windy regions • Ocean: 66GW
• lower overall production costs • Imported RES: 60GW
Result:
‘high grid’ north africa connection 98%
renewable
Grids: Grid investments (2030-2050):
electricity
• Super grid to balance EUR regions • AC: 39bn€
• ‘Medium’ interconnection with • DC: 542bn€
North Africa • Total: 581bn€
• Higher grid investments
Source: Energynautics, Greenpeace.
10 The generation capacities for Norway, Switzerland and the Balkan countries are
included in the model, but are omitted in this graph to make the data more comparable
with other studies. Grid investments are for Europe.
18 Greenpeace International Battle of the Grids