Battery monitoring is used to supervise batteries without manual intervention and provides information about the battery's energy level. It is important for automotive batteries as they are rarely fully charged, have varying charge and discharge rates, and operate at different temperatures. Battery monitoring involves collecting and processing data from the battery to predict its performance and state of charge, which allows for effective energy management of vehicle systems. The goals of battery monitoring include ensuring power for critical systems, supporting electrical energy management, and informing maintenance needs.
Dave Marlow, Certified Biomedical Equipment Technician at the University of Michigan, presents Rechargeable Battery Management Guidelines for optimizing the life of NiMH, NiCD, Lithium Ion, and Lead Acid batteries for the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.
The presentation gives the brief introduction of battery management systems its functions like cell protection, SOC, SOH monitoring and its applications in various fields like Smart Batteries, Battery storage power stations and electric vehicles.
Cell imbalance can cause negative effects such as early stopping of the battery charging and discharging process which can reduce its capacity. In the previous active balancing research, the energy used for the balancing process was taken from the cell or battery pack, resulting in drop of electric vehicle driving range. In this paper, a cell charger based battery balancing system is proposed with a reduction in the number of switches. The use of a cell charger aims to increase the usable energy of the battery pack, since the energy used for the balancing process is taken directly from the grid. The use of fewer switches aims to reduce the cost and space used on the battery management system (BMS) hardware. The charger used for the balancing process has a maximum current of 3 A and a maximum voltage of 3.65 V while the number of switches used is n+5 for n batteries. A 15S1P 200 Ah LiFePO4 battery pack consists of 15 cells used for testing purpose. The test results show that the time needed to equalize the 15 cell battery voltage reaches 6 hours from the difference between the highest and lowest battery cell voltages of 145.1 mV to 15.1 mV.
DATA DRIVEN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESvivatechijri
Inevitably, there has been a concerted policy push at the national level to promote electric vehicles. In electric vehicles, the progress stands and falls with the performance of the battery. Lithium-ion batteries are considered in this research project, as they are the most crucial component in the electric vehicle power system and require accurate monitoring and control. Proper battery optimization in electric vehicles requires a meticulous energy management system. The energy management system is bound for estimating the battery state of charge, state of health, various distinct factors in the system, and subsystems in real-time. The state of charge estimation accounts for the prevention of over-charge and over-discharge of batteries and provides cell balancing. Traditional SOC estimation approaches, such as open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurement and current integration (coulomb counting), are relatively accurate in some cases. However, estimating the SOC for Li-ion chemistries requires a modified approach. This project presents the Kalman filtering algorithm for the state of charge estimation that provides precise results for a fair computational effort.
Dave Marlow, Certified Biomedical Equipment Technician at the University of Michigan, presents Rechargeable Battery Management Guidelines for optimizing the life of NiMH, NiCD, Lithium Ion, and Lead Acid batteries for the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.
The presentation gives the brief introduction of battery management systems its functions like cell protection, SOC, SOH monitoring and its applications in various fields like Smart Batteries, Battery storage power stations and electric vehicles.
Cell imbalance can cause negative effects such as early stopping of the battery charging and discharging process which can reduce its capacity. In the previous active balancing research, the energy used for the balancing process was taken from the cell or battery pack, resulting in drop of electric vehicle driving range. In this paper, a cell charger based battery balancing system is proposed with a reduction in the number of switches. The use of a cell charger aims to increase the usable energy of the battery pack, since the energy used for the balancing process is taken directly from the grid. The use of fewer switches aims to reduce the cost and space used on the battery management system (BMS) hardware. The charger used for the balancing process has a maximum current of 3 A and a maximum voltage of 3.65 V while the number of switches used is n+5 for n batteries. A 15S1P 200 Ah LiFePO4 battery pack consists of 15 cells used for testing purpose. The test results show that the time needed to equalize the 15 cell battery voltage reaches 6 hours from the difference between the highest and lowest battery cell voltages of 145.1 mV to 15.1 mV.
DATA DRIVEN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESvivatechijri
Inevitably, there has been a concerted policy push at the national level to promote electric vehicles. In electric vehicles, the progress stands and falls with the performance of the battery. Lithium-ion batteries are considered in this research project, as they are the most crucial component in the electric vehicle power system and require accurate monitoring and control. Proper battery optimization in electric vehicles requires a meticulous energy management system. The energy management system is bound for estimating the battery state of charge, state of health, various distinct factors in the system, and subsystems in real-time. The state of charge estimation accounts for the prevention of over-charge and over-discharge of batteries and provides cell balancing. Traditional SOC estimation approaches, such as open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurement and current integration (coulomb counting), are relatively accurate in some cases. However, estimating the SOC for Li-ion chemistries requires a modified approach. This project presents the Kalman filtering algorithm for the state of charge estimation that provides precise results for a fair computational effort.
Design and development of advanced microcontroller based solar battery charge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Introduction
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
BMS architecture
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Digitization of Battery management System and Charging by Solar PanelSHEIKHMASEMMANDAL
This is SAP sponsored Project. Here we have researched and analyzed
the battery charging and discharging pattern and optimized the BMS to display on Local Screen/Website for the parameters like temperature, battery charging rate and battery discharging rate etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of vehicle power supply systems using system simulationIsabelle Cantuel
How the Saber simulation environment helps develop increasingly demanding and complex vehicle power systems. A Volkswagen vehicle power net serves as an illustration.
Optimal Tuning of PI Controllers for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Win...IJERA Editor
This paper introduces modelling and simulation of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) of Wind Energy
Conversion System (WECS). Two Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters have been connected back to
back from the rotor terminals to the utility grid via a dc-link. Vector control system typically controlled by a set
of PI controllers, which have an important effect on the performance of system dynamics. This paper presents an
optimally tuned PI controllers design of a DFIG wind energy system connected to grid using Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). PSO and GWO used to optimize PI controller
parameters of both Grid side converter (GSC), and Rotor side converter (RSC) to improve the dynamic operation
of the DFIG wind energy system under a variable speed condition.
Intelligent Control of Wind/Photovoltaic Microgrid Information FusionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A full-function Micro-grid must have an advanced energy storage device. Intelligent control with
multi-information fusion was proposed either in energy storage or in grid connection control on this paper.
Control targets were acquired by mixed application of various strategies, including Micro-grid peak load
shifting be used to reduce State Utility Grid (SUG) supply pressure, SUG connection be controlled flexibly
to maintain Micro-grid load working reliably, Micro-grid power production and load supply demands of SUG
and Micro-grid be predicted to plan battery energy storage in advance, actual monitoring date be used to
control overcharge and over-discharge, State of Charge (SOC) be managed to realize battery efficient
storage and full life cycle as far as possible. All designs were integrated with forecasting and monitoring
data from different measuring points, such as Micro-grid supply side and demand side, the SOC of storage
system, the active and reactive power from SUG side, so as to control the battery charge and discharge
behavior and SUG connection operation dynamically. Micro-grid could not only operate stand-alone by
self-supply in most cases, in the case of power production surplus or equipment malfunction, the Microgrid
could also delivery energy to SUG or take power from the SUG flexibly. The scheme used fully of new
energy, could ensure region power supply reliably and be used widely in application
Vector White paper - Understanding the difference between energy and power b...Peter Tait
Energy storage technology is rapidly evolving with various chemistries, technologies and C ratings available, selecting the right battery for the correct application can be complicated.
There are many unique advantages and disadvantages when comparing energy storage technology and chemistry and considering the C rating for the specific application requires an understanding of the functional demands to be placed on the storage system.
This white paper is a guide and uses modular, fully integrated, AC-coupled industrial energy storage system technology as an example to provide a guide across various applications and will detail how C ratings can be applied.
Please contact us if you have any questions
Review of Improved Direct Torque Control Methodologies for Induction Motor Dr...AM Publications
ecoupled control of induction motor drives is possible using Direct Torque Control (DTC) method which
is very simple control strategy compared to field oriented control. In this method direct torque control is achieved by
selecting suitable inverter switching voltage vector from a lookup table. But drawback of this method is that it
produces toque ripples. Also the switching frequency of inverter switches is not constant. Many methods have been
proposed to address these issues of DTC. This paper reviews various methodologies which are suggested to improve
performance of basic DTC induction motor drive.
Development of DC voltage control from wind turbines using proportions and in...IJECEIAES
This research article presents the method to control the DC voltage of the boost converter by using a proportional-integral (PI) controller. With AC voltage from a wind turbine generator, converting to DC voltage level by rectifier, this DC voltage controlled by PI controller is to control boost converter that sends DC links to the inverter which converting alternating current voltage to direct current voltage through three-phase load and to the grid-connected system. For switching the IGBTs in the inverter, the PWM signal, on the hysteresis current control, is controlled by the signal from the detected reference voltage based on the grid-connected system and the voltage from a wind turbine generator. The tests made the comparison of results from the simulation with the MATLAB/Simulink program and result from the hardware on the prototype. The power quality results, such as harmonic, power factor, are in acceptable ranges.
Design and development of advanced microcontroller based solar battery charge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Introduction
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
BMS architecture
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Digitization of Battery management System and Charging by Solar PanelSHEIKHMASEMMANDAL
This is SAP sponsored Project. Here we have researched and analyzed
the battery charging and discharging pattern and optimized the BMS to display on Local Screen/Website for the parameters like temperature, battery charging rate and battery discharging rate etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of vehicle power supply systems using system simulationIsabelle Cantuel
How the Saber simulation environment helps develop increasingly demanding and complex vehicle power systems. A Volkswagen vehicle power net serves as an illustration.
Optimal Tuning of PI Controllers for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Win...IJERA Editor
This paper introduces modelling and simulation of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) of Wind Energy
Conversion System (WECS). Two Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters have been connected back to
back from the rotor terminals to the utility grid via a dc-link. Vector control system typically controlled by a set
of PI controllers, which have an important effect on the performance of system dynamics. This paper presents an
optimally tuned PI controllers design of a DFIG wind energy system connected to grid using Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). PSO and GWO used to optimize PI controller
parameters of both Grid side converter (GSC), and Rotor side converter (RSC) to improve the dynamic operation
of the DFIG wind energy system under a variable speed condition.
Intelligent Control of Wind/Photovoltaic Microgrid Information FusionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A full-function Micro-grid must have an advanced energy storage device. Intelligent control with
multi-information fusion was proposed either in energy storage or in grid connection control on this paper.
Control targets were acquired by mixed application of various strategies, including Micro-grid peak load
shifting be used to reduce State Utility Grid (SUG) supply pressure, SUG connection be controlled flexibly
to maintain Micro-grid load working reliably, Micro-grid power production and load supply demands of SUG
and Micro-grid be predicted to plan battery energy storage in advance, actual monitoring date be used to
control overcharge and over-discharge, State of Charge (SOC) be managed to realize battery efficient
storage and full life cycle as far as possible. All designs were integrated with forecasting and monitoring
data from different measuring points, such as Micro-grid supply side and demand side, the SOC of storage
system, the active and reactive power from SUG side, so as to control the battery charge and discharge
behavior and SUG connection operation dynamically. Micro-grid could not only operate stand-alone by
self-supply in most cases, in the case of power production surplus or equipment malfunction, the Microgrid
could also delivery energy to SUG or take power from the SUG flexibly. The scheme used fully of new
energy, could ensure region power supply reliably and be used widely in application
Vector White paper - Understanding the difference between energy and power b...Peter Tait
Energy storage technology is rapidly evolving with various chemistries, technologies and C ratings available, selecting the right battery for the correct application can be complicated.
There are many unique advantages and disadvantages when comparing energy storage technology and chemistry and considering the C rating for the specific application requires an understanding of the functional demands to be placed on the storage system.
This white paper is a guide and uses modular, fully integrated, AC-coupled industrial energy storage system technology as an example to provide a guide across various applications and will detail how C ratings can be applied.
Please contact us if you have any questions
Review of Improved Direct Torque Control Methodologies for Induction Motor Dr...AM Publications
ecoupled control of induction motor drives is possible using Direct Torque Control (DTC) method which
is very simple control strategy compared to field oriented control. In this method direct torque control is achieved by
selecting suitable inverter switching voltage vector from a lookup table. But drawback of this method is that it
produces toque ripples. Also the switching frequency of inverter switches is not constant. Many methods have been
proposed to address these issues of DTC. This paper reviews various methodologies which are suggested to improve
performance of basic DTC induction motor drive.
Development of DC voltage control from wind turbines using proportions and in...IJECEIAES
This research article presents the method to control the DC voltage of the boost converter by using a proportional-integral (PI) controller. With AC voltage from a wind turbine generator, converting to DC voltage level by rectifier, this DC voltage controlled by PI controller is to control boost converter that sends DC links to the inverter which converting alternating current voltage to direct current voltage through three-phase load and to the grid-connected system. For switching the IGBTs in the inverter, the PWM signal, on the hysteresis current control, is controlled by the signal from the detected reference voltage based on the grid-connected system and the voltage from a wind turbine generator. The tests made the comparison of results from the simulation with the MATLAB/Simulink program and result from the hardware on the prototype. The power quality results, such as harmonic, power factor, are in acceptable ranges.
RBMS (Remote Battery Monitoring Solution) is keeping a check on the key operational parameters during charging and discharging such as voltages and currents. The monitoring circuits would normally provide inputs to protection devices which would generate alarms when the battery load or charger parameters become out of limits.
Click on http://cascademic.com/index.php/remote-battery-monitoring-solution for more information
Network-based Wireless for Remote Monitoring Lead-Acid BatteryOka Danil
In this paper, we develop a data acquisition system to monitor state of charge (SOC) the lead acid battery in electric folk. The wireless networks is used as the backbone networks while sensor and microcontroller are assigned to provide and to process the data. In experimental result, the data such as temperature, humidity and voltage are presented and displayed on server monitor.
Full paper can be find in http://okadanil.com/publications
Remote Monitoring of Lead-Acid Battery Based on WLANOka Danil
Lead-acid battery is widely utilized to provide electricity
in vehicle. There are dozens of system is used the lead-acid
battery for power supply e.g., in electric car, mobile robot,
electric forklift, etc. Nevertheless, overuse could
significantly effect on life time of battery. In this paper,
remote monitoring of lead-acid battery for electric forklift is
proposed. We develop a data acquisition system to monitor
battery parameters by developing dedicated hardware and
software. Inter-integrated circuit (i2c), Analog to digital
converter (ADC) and Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter (UART) are used as the protocol
communication. The wireless local area network (WLAN) is
used as the backbone networks. In experimental result, the
data are successfully send from microcontroller to server.
Furthermore, data is displayed on server monitor and stored
in database storage.
Monitoring of Lead Acid Batteries - an Eltek White PaperEltek
Eltek's Gunnar Hedlund demonstrates different methods of predicting premature capabity loss in your battery park.
No foolproof indicators/tools for knowing and predicting the health and life of a lead acid battery have been evolved or devised. The only way to truly determine the health of a standby lead-acid battery is to perform a 100 % capacity test, according to the battery manufacturers discharge table.
Such a capacity test means that the battery needs to be disconnected from the load and another back-up battery connected when the capacity test is performed. However, comprehensive controllers and instruments are now able to find failing cells without this test and while the battery system is online.
A large number of techniques have been explored and tried out in the field. No single method or test instrument is capable of foolproof prediction about the residual capacity without performing a 100% capacity test. On the other hand, by combining some of them the state of health and expected residual life of the battery can be predicted more precisely and reliably. This is especially true in the finding of failing cells in a standby lead-acid battery.
The project is a shorthand model of a commercial UPS integrated with battery monitoring system. The main idea of the project was to construct a Battery Monitoring System but later it was decided to integrate the charging system and inverter portion. The project was a success.
A Review of Hybrid Battery Management System (H-BMS) for EVTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Significant to a major pollution contributor in passenger vehicles, electric vehicles are more
acceptable to use on the road. Electric Vehicles (EVs) burn energy based on the usage of the battery. The
usage of the battery in EVs is monitored and controlled by Battery Management System (BMS). A few
factors monitor and control Battery Management System (BMS). This paper reviewed the battery charging
technology and Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) development as a Hybrid Battery Management System (HBMS)
for Electric Vehicle (EV).
Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.
Mobile cellphone battery charging circuit with explanationelprocus
The aim of this project is to automatically disconnect a battery from the mains when the battery gets fully charged.This system can be used to charge partially discharged cells as well.The circuit is simple and consists of AC-DC converter, relay drivers and charge stations.
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Research on Micro-grid Stability Based on Data Center and Battery ArrayIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:At present, the number of distributed energy in the micro-grid shows a gradually increasing trend. In order to absorb and use distributed energy greatly, and to achieve stable control of the micro-grid, this paper adjusts the load power and distributed energy to match the demand response, and then make the micro-grid stable. Through the adjustable load to reduce the peak and fill the valley in themicro-grid, and use the energy storage device to achieve the excess output and load demand. By using the data center and the battery array to control the micro-grid, the data center load is adjustable and the battery array is to absorb the energy release. The intermittent fluctuations of the distributed energy in the micro-grid has been suppressed, and this two devices achieve stable control of the micro-grid in two different ways.
The battery is the most commonly used in present-day EVs. It converts the electrochemical energy into electrical energy. Li-ion battery is very promising for EVs as compared to the Lead-acid battery, the nickel-cadmium battery (Ni-Cd), and the Nickel-Metal Hydride battery (Ni-MH).
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
Battery monitoring and analysis for automotive system
1. Battery monitoring and analysis for automotive system
The term ‘‘Battery Monitoring’’ is used in a wide range of meanings, from occasional manual readings of
voltages, of electrolyte gravity SG and level, and visual cell inspection, through periodical tests of
capacity or manual measurement of battery resistance, to fully automated on-line supervision in critical
applications with means for real-time estimation of residue bridging time, or of battery wear and tear.
Here the term Battery Monitoring is used for supervision without manual engagement, which is state-of-the-
art with many cycling batteries in automobiles like automatically guided vehicles (AGVs), forklift
trucks, submarines, electrically driven cars and trucks, as well as with standby batteries in telecom and
UPS applications. With consumer applications, any mobile phone, laptop or pocket computer, or even a
wristwatch is equipped with a device providing some information with respect to energy being left.
The specific situation of the automotive battery becomes obvious, technically impeding Battery
Monitoring in the automotive fields:
They are scarcely ever been completely charged, i.e. ‘opportunity charge’ is standard.
Recharge is performed with a wide range of different current rates.
Discharge virtually never starts from a full SOC.
Discharge is performed with a wide range of different current rates. Sometimes full discharge or
(unfortunately) even over-discharge occurs.
Operational temperature may even exceed the window from 30 to 70 degrees
While the term ‘‘Battery Monitoring’’ comprises
Taking and/or receiving data from and/or about the battery
Processing of this information, including predictions of performance, and
Being or a unit, i.e. only passive surveillance and evaluation
The term ‘‘Battery Management’’ means active feedback to the battery. This may comprise control of
current or voltage levels, control of recharge conditions, limiting of the operational windows with
respect to SOC and/or temperature, battery temperature management, etc.
An appropriate Battery Management may enhance and improve, but is not a precondition for, a
successful Energy Management. It is Energy Management, preferably including Battery Management,
which, based on the information from Battery Monitoring, allows for a self-standing operation of a
system without manual input—the comfort and the technical necessity requested for a vehicle at the
beginning of the 21st century.
Battery Monitoring allows for best use of the capability of a battery of given size, to guarantee power
supply for high reliability devices, and for replacement strategies. Further-more, monitoring of the
actual state-of-charge allows for an electrical power management which may include both reducing
consumption of electrical power by limiting of operable luxury applications as well as increase of power
generation by appropriate control of alternator or even idle speed and automatic gearbox control.
2. Battery Monitoring may be needed if
1. Energy has to be provided for a component which is essential for operation, e.g. an Electromechanical
Power Steering (EPS) or an Electro-hydraulic Power Braking (EHB) system, an electrically powered
suspension stabilization system, or an automatic gear shift;
2. An Electrical Energy Management (EEM) has to guarantee, e.g. for future cranking capability;
3. The cranking capability has to be supervised to operate a stop/start-system;
4. An indication of battery fatigue is needed for garage service to replace the battery.
Battery Monitoring consists of data acquisition, data processing, and some prediction of the future. For
different technical goals, different information with respect to the future is needed. Any approach for
Battery Monitoring may be classified according to the following criteria, which may be combined, too,
e.g. data acquisition from both long-term and the nearest past, and prediction of both battery status
and behavior.
A. Data Acquisition
1. Type of data: Battery status/battery behavior/operational conditions
2. Time scale of data acquisition: From long-term history/near past
3. Source of data: External battery parameters /internal battery parameters (e.g. electrolyte
properties)/vehicle data (e.g. engine rpm, speed, and environmental temperature).
4. Data achieved from: Undisturbed battery behavior/ after electrical stimulation.
B. Data analysis
1. Analysis of operational history (i.e. conditions the battery had to suffer so far).
2. Analysis of previous performance (i.e. behavior the battery has shown so far).
3. Analysis of actual performance (i.e. recent and actual battery behavior and status).
C. Prediction of battery performance under a hypothetical future electrical load
1. Point in time for prediction: Near future (just now, with the present battery status)/medium future (in
several hours or days, when the battery charge and temperature may have been changed).
2. Type of predicted battery data: Status (temperature, state-of-charge)/load behavior.
D. Determination of available electrical energy
This is a special case of C, with the standard capacity test scheme as the hypothetical (future) electrical
load.
3. E. Determination of battery degradation (state-of-health (SOH) figure of merit).
While Battery Monitoring may provide information about the status of the battery, this knowledge is
not a goal by itself. The final technical benefit has to be made clear, and a strategy and means to achieve
this goal have to be worked out, to find out the relevant properties of the battery which have to be
considered and evaluated.