Todorov's theory of narrative structure identifies five stages: 1) an initial state of equilibrium, 2) a disruption to that equilibrium, 3) recognition of the disruption, 4) an attempt to repair the disruption, and 5) a reinstatement of the initial equilibrium. The primary function of narrative is to solve a problem by moving from disruption back to order. This model is applied to the narrative of Batman, identifying the stages from the initial low-crime state to the disruption by villains to Batman's efforts to defeat the villains and restore order.
Farmers organisations and quality chains in VietnamIFAD Vietnam
In all countries, demand for quality food is on the increase. Governments and multinationals are promulgating rules and standards regarding production conditions, inspections and certification. But smallholders often struggle to meet such conditions and to take advantage of these new opportunities.
Vietnam provides a good example of this issue. Demand for quality, safe and tasty food is rapidly increasing in domestic and international markets. Family farmers cultivating small areas – the vast majority of producers – cannot meet this demand adequately, despite active public policies in favour of quality. What can be done to remedy this situation?
A short presentation given at a Knowledge Sharing workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam, 26 – 28 September 2011.
The KS Tools and Methodologies for Effective Knowledge Management training workshop was co-organised by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Rural Development Centre (RUDEC) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in Vietnam.
Community Driven Development and Gender Mainstreaming APMAS reportIFAD Vietnam
The Asian Project Management Support Programme (APMAS) CDD Report: Best Practices and Lessons Learned on Community Driven Development and Gender Mainstreaming from the APMAS training/workshops, Hanoi and Delhi, November/December 2010 (21 pages).
The Asian Project Management Support Programme (APMAS) aims to enhance capacity
of project managers in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and India to implement and effectively
manage gender sensitive, pro-poor rural development interventions, through training,
information access and innovation. Late 2010 MDF Indochina has implemented two 4-day
training programmes in Vietnam and India on Community Driven Development (CDD) and
Gender Mainstreaming, from which the below lessons were drawn. The report below is a
only a summary of highlights, as APMAS documented the events in full through pictures,
and also captured facts tools at its website.
Farmers organisations and quality chains in VietnamIFAD Vietnam
In all countries, demand for quality food is on the increase. Governments and multinationals are promulgating rules and standards regarding production conditions, inspections and certification. But smallholders often struggle to meet such conditions and to take advantage of these new opportunities.
Vietnam provides a good example of this issue. Demand for quality, safe and tasty food is rapidly increasing in domestic and international markets. Family farmers cultivating small areas – the vast majority of producers – cannot meet this demand adequately, despite active public policies in favour of quality. What can be done to remedy this situation?
A short presentation given at a Knowledge Sharing workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam, 26 – 28 September 2011.
The KS Tools and Methodologies for Effective Knowledge Management training workshop was co-organised by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Rural Development Centre (RUDEC) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in Vietnam.
Community Driven Development and Gender Mainstreaming APMAS reportIFAD Vietnam
The Asian Project Management Support Programme (APMAS) CDD Report: Best Practices and Lessons Learned on Community Driven Development and Gender Mainstreaming from the APMAS training/workshops, Hanoi and Delhi, November/December 2010 (21 pages).
The Asian Project Management Support Programme (APMAS) aims to enhance capacity
of project managers in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and India to implement and effectively
manage gender sensitive, pro-poor rural development interventions, through training,
information access and innovation. Late 2010 MDF Indochina has implemented two 4-day
training programmes in Vietnam and India on Community Driven Development (CDD) and
Gender Mainstreaming, from which the below lessons were drawn. The report below is a
only a summary of highlights, as APMAS documented the events in full through pictures,
and also captured facts tools at its website.
1. NARRATIVE STRUCTURE
TRISTAN TODOROV
Events in a story have a causal relationship with one event leading to an other in a
pattern of cause and effect. The very notion of ‘cause and effect’ implies a change in a
state of affairs. For Todorov, the primary function of narrative is to solve a problem. It
is this that forms the basis of Todorov’s theory of narrative. His model begins with a
state of equilibrium, a condition in which everything is in a state of order. This state of
equilibrium is disrupted either by a force of some kind or through the actions of an
individual. The narrative progresses to a restoration of equilibrium, or order.
Todorov breaks the narrative process down into five stages
• A state of equilibrium at the outset
• A disruption of the equilibrium by some action
• A recognition that there has been a disruption
• An attempt to repair the disruption
• A reinstatement of the initial equilibrium.
TODOROV APPLIED TO BATMAN
A state of equilibrium at the outset
8 years batman and crime are gone
A disruption of the equilibrium by some
action
Selinakyle robs brucewayne
A recognition that there has been a
disruption
Bruce wayne catches her
Batman tries to stop bane
An attempt to repair the disruption
Goes and sees her
Batman returns and fights bane
A reinstatement of the initial equilibrium.
Batman puts bomb in the sea