This document provides an overview of basic web analytics for news organizations. It discusses measuring unique visitors, visits, page views, and other common metrics over different time periods like daily, weekly, and monthly. It also covers segmentation of metrics by new versus returning visitors. Social media metrics are briefly discussed, including followers, content, and hashtags on Twitter. The document stresses defining goals and key performance indicators, understanding limitations of data, and using analytics to make decisions.
The Future of Customer Engagement - Rusty WarnerAlterian
Campaign execution is dead, customer engagement is alive!
These slides guide you through the success stories and pitfalls of accomplishing true customer engagement with a well defined customer data & analytics strategy.
Particular areas covered are:
• Where is marketing headed?
• How do we get there?
• Who is doing it right?
• What if you get it wrong?
• How do you measure success?
Sample measurement models for nonprofit news sites, e-mail newsletters and events. Handout at the Community Journalism Executive Training workshop in October 2012
The Future of Customer Engagement - Rusty WarnerAlterian
Campaign execution is dead, customer engagement is alive!
These slides guide you through the success stories and pitfalls of accomplishing true customer engagement with a well defined customer data & analytics strategy.
Particular areas covered are:
• Where is marketing headed?
• How do we get there?
• Who is doing it right?
• What if you get it wrong?
• How do you measure success?
Sample measurement models for nonprofit news sites, e-mail newsletters and events. Handout at the Community Journalism Executive Training workshop in October 2012
Positioning Content for Success, A Metrics Driven StrategyKevin Nichols
In organizations that publish content, metrics and key performance indicators are used to prove the worth of content strategy practices and solutions to management teams and decision makers. But ROI is not just about more products being sold, conversions of customers or operational efficiencies gained. This presentation will show that by using solid, hard metrics, content creators and managers can improve their content. Metrics necessary for the following optimized content experiences will all be addressed: content personalization, taxonomy and metadata, production and content lifecycle, content effectiveness, governance and, mobile.
Lead Generation and Marketing Automation, Featuring MarketoMediative
In this webinar presentation, Marketo’s VP, Marketing Content and Strategy, Jon Miller and Mediative’s Senior Manager, Direct Marketing, Angie Dzwonkiewicz cover the following topics:
- The different types of channels and strategies that are used to generate leads.
- The role of social media in lead generation.
- How to implement and get the most out of lead scoring.
- How to know which lead management platform is right for you.
- How to measure your success.
Understanding how digital has changed brand measurement; Latest trends in measuring social media initiatives to gauge the effectiveness of digital branding programs; A KPI-based measurement methodology (with examples from companies);
Deep dive case study on how measurement analysis changed a telecommunications company's branding approach; Understanding big data and the future of measurement
Using Measurement Tools to Gain Insights into your Social Media AudienceDr Matt McDougall
My presentation that I delivered at SES Hong Kong (21st Sept 2011).
Interesting case study on Mercedes-Benz using social media analytics to determine social media engagement, share of voice, geographic coverage and volume of online buzz (only a few of the many data points from the research)...
A useful presentation for people wanting more information about this type of technology.
Dr Mathew McDougall's SES presentation (Sept 22nd, Hong Kong). A presentation outlining the difference between monitoring and measurement in social media. Specifically, exploring a Chinese social media analytics technology known as "SIP:Enterprise"
Presented at Measurement.ie 15th Feb 2012 by Gina Bowes (Glanbia Digital Communications Manager).
Contact: gina.bowes@gmail.com
Sources & images sourced where possible.
Turning Listening into an Organizational AdvantageW2O Group
During Explore Social Media in Minneapolis, Chuck Hemann, Director of Analytics, discussed how organizations can turn listening to social media conversations into a competitive advantage.
Positioning Content for Success, A Metrics Driven StrategyKevin Nichols
In organizations that publish content, metrics and key performance indicators are used to prove the worth of content strategy practices and solutions to management teams and decision makers. But ROI is not just about more products being sold, conversions of customers or operational efficiencies gained. This presentation will show that by using solid, hard metrics, content creators and managers can improve their content. Metrics necessary for the following optimized content experiences will all be addressed: content personalization, taxonomy and metadata, production and content lifecycle, content effectiveness, governance and, mobile.
Lead Generation and Marketing Automation, Featuring MarketoMediative
In this webinar presentation, Marketo’s VP, Marketing Content and Strategy, Jon Miller and Mediative’s Senior Manager, Direct Marketing, Angie Dzwonkiewicz cover the following topics:
- The different types of channels and strategies that are used to generate leads.
- The role of social media in lead generation.
- How to implement and get the most out of lead scoring.
- How to know which lead management platform is right for you.
- How to measure your success.
Understanding how digital has changed brand measurement; Latest trends in measuring social media initiatives to gauge the effectiveness of digital branding programs; A KPI-based measurement methodology (with examples from companies);
Deep dive case study on how measurement analysis changed a telecommunications company's branding approach; Understanding big data and the future of measurement
Using Measurement Tools to Gain Insights into your Social Media AudienceDr Matt McDougall
My presentation that I delivered at SES Hong Kong (21st Sept 2011).
Interesting case study on Mercedes-Benz using social media analytics to determine social media engagement, share of voice, geographic coverage and volume of online buzz (only a few of the many data points from the research)...
A useful presentation for people wanting more information about this type of technology.
Dr Mathew McDougall's SES presentation (Sept 22nd, Hong Kong). A presentation outlining the difference between monitoring and measurement in social media. Specifically, exploring a Chinese social media analytics technology known as "SIP:Enterprise"
Presented at Measurement.ie 15th Feb 2012 by Gina Bowes (Glanbia Digital Communications Manager).
Contact: gina.bowes@gmail.com
Sources & images sourced where possible.
Turning Listening into an Organizational AdvantageW2O Group
During Explore Social Media in Minneapolis, Chuck Hemann, Director of Analytics, discussed how organizations can turn listening to social media conversations into a competitive advantage.
This presentation on evaluating public relations campaigns is an excerpt from a presentation conducted by Shrita Sterlin of Penn Strategies. Shrita conducted this presentation at a forum held by the Center for Nonprofit Success on November 3, 2011 in Washington, DC. The presentation explores best practices for creating data-driven public relations campaigns in nonprofit organizations; provides tips for quantifying social change efforts; and demonstrates ways to measure the process and results of public relations campaigns.
Synthesio and Microsoft discuss how to find the pulse of your customer with social media monitoring.
Catriona Oldershaw, Managing Director UK, Synthiseo &
Vaqar Khamisani, Customer and Partner Experience Manager, Microsoft.
http://www.socialmedia-forum.com/europe/
http://www.spiral16.com This step-by-step presentation from Eric Melin and Robert Madison from web monitoring solution Spiral16 goes through the 6 Practical Steps To Creating and Measuring An Effective Social Media Program.
There is a lot of excitement surrounding social media. People are doing very creative things and tying them into business gains. It’s not an exact science, but it is important to tie your efforts into supporting your company’s objectives.
This presentation will help you think about how you can identify business goals, align those goals with a social media program, establish benchmarks, set realistic targets, and measure KPIs to determine success. After it's all said and done, you can look at results and find ways to improve.
In this webinar Julie Cleeland Nicholls, Adobe’s Director of Communications, Asia-Pacific, shares her recipe for success in managing and executing Adobe’s social media strategies.
This is a unique opportunity to uncover key tricks and tools from the corporate sector to help you improve your organisation’s not for profit social media presence.
To view the recording please visit: https://www.blackbaud.com.au/notforprofit-events/webinars/past
The is presentation was delivered at the Online Community Engagement conference in Sydney on 1 Nov 2012. I picked the dense topic of data, analytics and reporting and how it is critical in the social business journey. How it should/can be used to build compelling business cases.
Social intelligence understanding your audience to enhance your businessAlterian
While it is necessary to know what influencers are saying about your brand, if that’s all you know about them, you’re missing an essential part of the conversation.
Understanding who your influencers are, what interests them and how their interests change over time will help you determine not only how to position the marketing of your products, but it can impact the future design and development of your products.
Join Scott Briggs, Director, Social Strategies and Insights at Alterian, as he goes through the methodology of starting with your audience and using social data to put them at the heart of your business.
What You Will Learn:
The methodology behind using social data to find insights from your true audience
How to use social media to understand consumer life cycles
How to understand the value of non-brand advocates
How to develop messaging and products tailored around your consumers
Similar to Basic web analytics for news organizations (20)
Meaningful Measurement: The Complete Story of Your StoryDana Chinn
Slides from the 2015 Online News Association conference.
Here is the link to the full video: http://ona15.journalists.org/sessions/audienceanalytics/#.Vg82SvlVhBc
Discussion points for the 2011-2012 Annenberg Graduate Fellowship Program micro-seminars for communication, journalism, cinema and engineering students
Measuring the Online Impact of Your Information ProjectDana Chinn
Slides for the Knight Community Information Challenge - the "Measuring the Online Impact of Your Information Project: A Primer for Practitioners and Funders" whitepaper on web analytics for news and nonprofit organizations is available at http://www.knightfoundation.org/research_publications/detail.dot?id=370646
Slides used at the USC Annenberg Journalism Director's Forum, Oct. 13, 2009
See the YouTube video at http://www.newsnumbers.com/web-analytics-overview-video.html
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
2. • Local news audiences then vs. now
• Why measure, what, how
• Metrics for advertising vs. site improvement
• Basic metrics in Google Analytics
• Social media metrics
www.slideshare.net/danachinn
2
3. Local news then vs. now
A traditional news org A news service
has content serves participants
that it distributes who
to people -- group
-- have themselves
who are the same
in the same interests -- contribute
geography content
-- have
conversations
3
4. Mass audience metrics
A traditional news org
delivers the same content,
advertising to everyone It sells advertising
based on total audience
in a one-way info stream
when, how it wants
Total audience counts
(subscriptions, weekly viewers)
define success.
4
5. Online or niche audience behavior
Groups of audiences of one do more than read or watch.
They
-- get content in pieces (or not)
-- on irregular days, times
-- in multiple formats (video, audio, databases)
-- from myriad places (links, embeds, widgets, mobile),
sources (search, e-mail, campaigns). They also
rate, comment, share, tag, download, vote, buy, converse
The audiences define your success
5
7. “Famous” metrics aren’t useful
for decision-making
“After the disaster in Haiti, [our site] hit
168.6 million pageviews
in the month of January. A new record.”
“We are the go-to source for California
12.2 million
news....[our site had]
CALIFORNIANS....For the
month, we received 24,449,693
--From an internal communication of a
media organization, February 2010
visits.”
--The ”famous metrics” term comes from web analytics guru Avinash Kaushik 7
8. Internal vs. external metrics
Newsroom Advertising, marketing
• Census data • Panel data
100% of all visitors, visits, page Activity from a sample of self-
views for all sections selected people. Only total site
data for a limited number of sites.
• Analysis, decisions, • Marketing, trending,
actions, evaluation external comparisons
• Omniture
• comScore
Google Analytics Nielsen
WebTrends Compete
etc. etc.
• Web Analytics • Interactive
Association Advertising Bureau
8
10. -- ratings
-- in pieces ratings
--
-- content content in pieces
-- comments -- comments
-- days, -- days, times
times
-- times shared
-- formats formats times shared
-- --
-- tags
-- places places -- tags
-- Data, data everywhere
-- downloads
-- sources sources downloads
-- --
-- votes
-- sales -- sales -- votes I think I could sink
-- conversations -- conversations
Data, data everywhere
-- ratings Will someone please
-- content in pieces
-- ratings -- comments
-- days, times content in pieces help me think.
--
-- comments -- times shared
-- formats -- days, times
-- times shared tags
-- Rishad Tobaccowalla, CEO, Denuo
-- places -- formats at OMMA Metrics & Measurement, June 2009
-- tags -- downloads
-- sources -- places
-- downloads-- votes
-- sales -- sources
-- votes -- conversations
-- sales
-- conversations
“Dutch boats in a squall” by J.M.W Turner 10
11. Measuring is for decision-making
To define success - or failure
To decide what to expand - or quit
To set priorities,
to allocate enough people, money
to activities so they’ll be successful -
or to cut or shift resources
11
12. Measure only what you need
• What needs to get done, what you want to
do, what is impact you want? “What is it
that we want to change, improve,
accomplish, incite?”
--”The Maturation of Social Media ROI,” by Brian Solis, Mashable, Jan. 26, 2010
• Who are the target audiences?
• What activities will reach the target No. of podcasts
subscribed to/
audiences, get them to take the desired downloaded
actions? Over what time periods? vs.
No. of podcasts
• What are the measurable elements - the -- put on iPod
-- played
Key Performance Indicators - that will tell -- listened to
you whether you’ve succeeded or failed? the end
12
14. What are the site’s goals, top priorities?
Map measurable elements/metrics to goals
Which audiences are
the top priorities, or
essential to the
success of the site?
What elements are
essential to attracting
and retaining the top
priority audiences?
What are the metrics
to these elements?
What are the
benchmarks/starting
points for each
metric?
What is the goal for
each metric? When do
you want (or need) to
reach each goal?
14
15. Two types of web analytics metrics
What people do (behavioral)
Who they are, what they think (attitudinal)
15
18. Unique visitors may be over- or undercounted
Work =33 unique visitors
= unique visitors
Hotel
Home
= 1 unique visitor
Work
18
19. The no. of unique visitors is based on the time period you specify.
S M T W Th F S
1 2 3 4 5
July 6-12
July 13-19
July 20-26
July 27-31
31
The number of “daily unique visitors”
...on Tuesday, July 1, is six
...on Friday, July 4, is three
19
20. S M T W Th F S
1
July 6-12
July 13-19
July 20-26
July 27-31
31
The number of “weekly unique visitors”
...for the week of July 6-12 is six
20
21. S M T W Th F S
1 2 3 4 5
July 6-12
July 13-19
July 20-26
July 27-31
31
The number of “monthly unique visitors”
...for the month of July is seven
21
22. Daily UV counts can’t make weekly UVs,
weekly UVs can’t make monthly UVs, etc.
S
M
T
W
Th
F
Sa
22
23. The math of visits
A visit is a period of activity separated by
at least 30 minutes of inactivity.
A visitor clicks into your site at 1 p.m., surfs for 20 minutes, then clicks into CNN.com.
One visit
A visitor clicks into your site at 1 p.m., surfs for 45 minutes, talks
on the phone for 30 minutes without touching the keyboard, then
hangs up and goes back to your site for 20 minutes before
clicking into CNN.com.
Visit 1: 45 minutes Visit 2: 20 minutes
Two visits
A visitor clicks into your site at 1 p.m., surfs for one hour, leaves
his computer for 29 minutes, and then comes back and surfs for
another hour before clicking into CNN.com.
Visit time: 2 hours, 29 minutes
One visit
23
24. Three basic engagement KPIs
Two ratios
Text
visits per unique visitor page views per visit
One the bounce rate
proportion of the page where
people enter your
Example: 50%
site most often
24
25. Visits
per weekly unique visitor
Example
2.5 visits per week
Are visitors coming to your site
with the frequency you need to
build loyal, satisfied audiences ?
If you update your site 24/7,
is your content engaging enough
to compel someone
to visit more than two or three
times a week?
25
26. Page views
per visit, by week
Example
3.6 page views per visit
When visitors do come to your site,
are they engaging with its content?
Does a high number suggest
visitors can’t find what they want?
26
27. Bounce rate of top entry pages
One visit with
one page view
to the home page
= 1 bounce
No. of bounces
+
No. of visits that started with the
home page and had 2+ page views
= 100% of visits 27
28. Example
Home page bounce rate
= over 50%
Over half of the visits to the CNN.com home page
left CNN.com without clicking into any other pages
Best (?) cases: Came only to get the headlines
Home page has dynamic content
not captured with page views
(check your business model)
Worst cases: Couldn’t find what they wanted
Didn’t like what they saw
Source: “Can CNN, the Go-To Site, Get You to Stay?” by Brian Stetler, New York Times, Jan. 17, 2009
28
29. Example
What bounce rate should you calculate?
The home page is the most popular page on the site.
Its content, design and navigation has to attract and retain multiple and diverse
29
31. Don’t waste time
on “average time spent on site”
Methodology: The total time in between
a visitor’s first pageview and his/her last pageview
The amount of time a visitor spent on the last pageview isn’t included
Averages don’t allow analysis of visits of either short or long duration
You really don’t know the time truly spent. If a visit is
counted at 29 minutes, you don’t know if the person was
truly on the site for all 29 minutes or if he/she walked away
between minutes 1 and 28.
Bounces are included as zero, or no time - you don’t know
whether someone was indeed actively looking at the page
31
32. Basic metrics in Google Analytics
Use weekly stats,
not monthly
This is the
bounce rate for
the total site, not
a top entry page
Has methodology
issues. Is an
average, so is
Needs more detail, skewed
comparative analysis to
be useful
32
33. Use weekly metrics, full-week time periods
so you can identify unusual movement quickly
5-week period
33
35. Segmentation: New vs. returning visitors
Are we building audiences?
KPI: Visits from new vs. returning visitors
GA focuses on visits
rather than UVs
35
36. Segmentation: New vs. returning visitors
When new visitors come to our site, are they staying?
KPI: PVs per visit, new vs. returning
There were 4,807 visits
to our site during the
week of Jan. 10.
Of those 4,807 visits,
2,190, or 46%, went to
two pages.
Of those 2,190 visits,
1,357 were from new
visitors, and 833 were
from returning visitors.
Question: Only TWO?
36
37. Types of social media channels
Sharing
Networking
News
Bookmarking
Reviews
-- “Five essentials for social media marketing,” by Lisa Wehr, CEO/Oneupweb, iMedia Connection, July 17, 2009
37
38. Social media rules
1. Listen
2. Engage
3. Measure
• Audience
• Engagement
• Loyalty
• Influence
• Action
Metrics should map to goals. Period.
From “What the **** is Social Media - One Year Later,” Marta Kagan, Espresso|Brand Infiltration, July 16, 2009. Some explicit words.
38
39. Always define the R
R OI eturn n nvestment
and
R OO eturn n bjectve
“What is it that we want
to change, improve, accomplish, incite....?”
--”The Maturation of Social Media ROI,” by Brian Solis, Mashable, Jan. 26, 2010
39
41. Followers
Look for influencers
Review reach, churn,
following/follower ratio
41
42. The perfect (measurable) Tweet
• A call to action to participate, engage with you
Look at this. Go here. What do you think?
• A link
To get news, information
Tweets are now a primary news source,
the new home page
To respond to the call to action
• A #hashtag and/or keywords
• Handle specific to person/topic
• A comment
42
43. Analyze content
Review hashtags,
keywords, sentiment,
problems, conversations
that connect people
43
44. Attitudinal research
Do you know the people behind the clicks?
1. What was the purpose of your visit today?
2. Were you able to
complete your task today?
3. If not, why not?
4. If you did complete your task,
what did you enjoy most about our site?
Caution: Pop-up survey data is a truth but not the
complete truth. Pop-ups are only completed by those
who feel like it...it’s not a representative sample.
44
45. Web analytics is not easy...
• Have clearly defined, accountable goals, objectives
on which everyone agrees
each of which is someone’s responsibility
• Know the limitations of your data, metrics
It’s better to guess than to make decisions
based on bad data and/or inappropriate metrics
• Analytics is not about technology, software
It’s people, processes
• If you make decisions solely on judgment,
don’t waste time, resources on metrics
HIghest Paid Person’s Opinion
45
46. Dana Chinn Blog
http://www.newsnumbers.com
Lecturer
chinn@usc.edu
213-821-6259
Analytics for news orgs bookmarks
http://www.delicious.com/
danachinn
Presentations
http://www.slideshare.net/
danachinn
Twitter: DanaChinn
46