This document provides an overview of basic notions of functional grammar, including linguistic context, social context, and language metafunctions. It discusses how linguistic context refers to other linguistic units that accompany the unit being discussed. Social context includes situational, cultural, and ideological contexts. The three language metafunctions are ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The ideational metafunction deals with experience and logic. The interpersonal metafunction focuses on social roles and relations. The textual metafunction is concerned with how text is organized and linked together.

1. K2-18
BASIC NOTIONS OF
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

2. Group 2
Irvink Fachrul Pratama de Naldi
Redha Shafira
Thesya Lorenza Asri

3.  Linguistic Context
It refers to other linguistic units that accompany one unit under session
For Example:
“I will get some risk”
(“I will …….. some risk” unit) is the context for unit “get”,
when someone discusses about the word “get”.
The Context of Language Usage

4.  Social Context
It refers to other word which accompanies the language. The form of social
context are written and spoken. There are three items:
 Situational Context
 Cultural Context
 Ideological Context

5.  Situational Context
It consist of what the text about? (field), relationship between speaker/writer
and listener/reader (tenor), and how the text is constructed? (mode).
Example
• Field (choral music, gardening, interior design)
• Tenor (the purpose of discourse - its speech function, like could we stop for
a minute please! Is a request.)
• Mode (A mother talking her young child through a toilet – training session is
spoken channel. Language as a action.)

6.  Cultural Context
To finding the corresponding three components in the target language or
to achieve goal.
 Ideological Context
It refers to social concepts that establish what a person does in social
interaction.

7. • Metafunctions are systemic clusters; that is, they are groups of semantic
systems that make meanings of a related kind. The three metafunctions
are mapped onto the structure of the clause
• Halliday: each of the three fundamental, universal functions of language
(ideational, interpersonal, and textual) underlying the development of
linguistic structures
Language Metafunction

8.  Ideational Function
 The ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining
a theory of experience. It includes the experiential function and the logical
function.
 The ideational stage to the Theme, known as topical Theme, can be
recognized as the first element in the clause that expresses some kind of
‘representational’ meaning. It is a function from the transitivity structure of
the clause.

9. Look at the Example
It can be a ‘participant’ as in: “Charles Dickens was famous for his first novel
‘Oliver Twist’”.
Or it can be a ‘circumstance’, giving information about time, place, manner,
cause, etc: In 1876, Shaw joined his mother and sister in London.

10.  Interpersonal Metafunction
• The interpersonal function concentrates on social roles and relations through
formality degree, pronouns, clausal mood (whether declarative, imperative or
interrogative), etc.
example : The way in which people adress others(Dear sir, Dear professor, etc)
• In the framework of functional grammar it is concerned with interaction between
the adresser and addressee in the discourse situation
• This metafunction needs communication between the speaker and the hearer
also their responses to each other.

11. • This metafunction is the system of mood
• The mood system enable us to make statements,
ask questions, and give command
Example :
- “this is a cat”  a statements
- “who’s own this cat?”  a question
- “let me get this cat out from here”  offer the doing of action

12.  Textual Metafunction
• It is related to the construction of the text, how it is held together
• To link complex ideas together into cohessive and coherent waves of
information
Example : firstly, secondly, on the other hand, however, and, but, moreover,.....
ect.
• How texts are organised – theme + rheme
• The textual metafunction is concerned with clause as message and theme
system belong to it

13. • Theme is the starting point of the caluse message, must contain a participants,
process, or circumstance, includes any element preceding the first participants,
process or circumstance
• Rheme is the remainder of the message in the clause which theme is developed
Example :
- Therefore, after dinner, we visited Mr. John
textual
theme
rheme