Basic Fingerprints Classification And Analysis

Title: Basic Fingerprints Analysis
ABSTRACT
Fingerprint recognition or fingerprint authentication refers to the automated method of
verifying a match between two human fingerprints. Fingerprints are one of many forms of
biometrics used to identify an individual and verify their identity. The three basic patterns of
fingerprint ridges are the arch, loop, and whorl. It states that family members often share the
same general fingerprint patterns, leading to the belief that these patterns are inherited. To
identify the pattern of individual fingerprints, the method used is rubber-stamp ink pad where
by special “ink” pads and self-stick labels take a dark, clear print without leaving any visible
residue on the thumb.
Keywords: fingerprints, identity, fingerprints pattern
Introduction
The histories of fingerprints begin with the finding of Marcello Malpighi. In 1686,
Marcello Malpighi, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, noted in his treatise,
ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints. He made no mention of their value as a tool for
individual identification. A layer of skin was named after him; "Malpighi" layer, which is
approximately 1.8mm thick. During the 1870's, Dr. Henry Faulds, the British Surgeon-
Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, Japan, took up the study of "skin-furrows" after
noticing finger marks on specimens of "prehistoric" pottery. A learned and industrious man,
Dr. Faulds not only recognized the importance of fingerprints as a means of identification,
but devised a method of classification as well. In 1880, Faulds forwarded an explanation of
his classification system and a sample of the forms he had designed for recording inked
impressions, to Sir Charles Darwin. Darwin, in advanced age and ill health, informed Dr.
Faulds that he could be of no assistance to him, but promised to pass the materials on to his
cousin, Francis Galton. Also in 1880, Dr. Henry Faulds published an article in the Scientific
Journal, "Nature" (nature). He discussed fingerprints as a means of personal identification,
and the use of printers ink as a method for obtaining such fingerprints. He is also credited
with the first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle.

Nowadays, in this modern era, fingerprints identification has been very useful to all of
the humanity from all around the world. Fingerprint is the cheapest, fastest, most convenient
and most reliable way to identify someone. That's why fingerprint alone has 2/3 of the
biometric world market (according to an International Biometric Group independent report).
And the tendency, due to scale, easiness and the existing foundation, is that the use of
fingerprint will only increase. Cars, cell phones, PDAs, personal computers and dozens of
products and devices are using fingerprints more and more. One big advantage of fingerprint
identification is that it is very well accepted in the legal community, among law enforcement,
and the general public. It has a long history in forensic science, complete with numerous
studies which back up the use of fingerprints for identification. This venerable history gives it
weight and credence which are not available to newer identification systems. In addition,
fingerprint identification is widely perceived as highly accurate and very reliable, since the
statistical chance of two people on Earth having identical fingerprints is very low.
Before conduct this project, we make our research first to improve our understanding
about fingerprint. There are several patterns that we can observe in fingerprint identification.
We have arch, loop and whorl. For this main pattern, we also have the other sub pattern. For
example for loop, we have double loop, right loop and left loop. For arch, we have tented
arch. For whorl we also have spiral whorl. We will go about this more deeply in our
discussion part.
For this project we make our survey by using 30 female students from biology course
and 30 male students from police volunteer reserve association. We take their fingerprint
from both of their thumb. After we collect their fingerprint, we analyse and identify its
pattern. After that, we tabulate all the data that we gain in order to make it look more clearly.

Objective
1. To understand more about the concept of population for genetic course.
2. To study the factor that affects the fingerprint pattern.
3. To study fingerprint pattern.
4. To know more about the application that use fingerprint.
5. To know the relation between fingerprints and individual characteristics.
Materials
1. Rubber-stamp ink pad
2. Tissue paper
3. Clean white papers
Methods
1. Firstly, cleaned finger tips with tissue paper.
2. Carefully rolled one of the respondent finger tips on the pad.
3. Make sure that the respondents not to slide their finger as roll it.
4. Then roll the ink-covered finger tip on a piece of paper.
5. Do it carefully so that the fingerprints can be seen more clearly.
6. Lastly, determine the pattern of the fingerprints.
Result:

Overall Percentage (%) of Left Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Respondents
18.33
500
31.67
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl
Types Characteristics Percentage (%)
A Double loop 18.33
B Single loop 50.00
C Arch 0
D Whorl 31.67

Overall Percentage (%) of Right Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Respondents
5
53.33
0
41.67
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl
A Double loop 5.00
B Single loop 53.33
C Arch 0.00
D Whorl 41.67

Percentage (%) of Left Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Male Respondents
20
63.33
0 16.67
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl
A Double loop 20.00
B Single loop 63.33
C Arch 0.00
D Whorl 16.67

Percentage (%) of Left Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Female Respondents
16.67
36.67
0
46.67
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl
A Double loop 16.67
B Single loop 36.67
C Arch 0.00
D Whorl 46.67

Percentage (%) of Right Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Male Respondents
3.33
56.67
0
40
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl
A Double loop 3.33
B Single loop 56.67
C Arch 0.00
D Whorl 40.00

Percentage (%) of Right Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Female Respondents
6.67
50
0
43.33
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl
A Double loop 6.67
B Single loop 50.00
C Arch 0.00
D Whorl 43.33

Discussion:
Fingerprints are classified into distinct groups based on general similarities allows the
fingerprint examiner to search for an unidentified fingerprint within a specific section of the
fingerprint file rather than having to search the whole file. Fingerprint can be classified
according to pattern types, size of the patterns and the positions of the patterns on the finger.
There are several fingerprint classification systems in use throughout the world today.
These systems are all based on three fundamental ridge formations described by Purkinje,
Galton, Vucetich and Henry. They are the arch, the loop - radial and ulnar, and the whorl.
In our study, we observed all the fingerprint patterns of 60 respondents. We also
compared the patterns that we observed and classified them into four types: single loop,
double loop, arch and whorl. We had use rubber-stamp ink pad for taking prints. This is
because the prints can only be visible when our fingers are dirty or oily.
In fact, the patterns of ridges on human finger pad are unique. There are no two
individuals even the twins possess similar fingerprint patterns. Generally, individuals have a
mixture of pattern types on their fingertips, with some correlation between the left and right
hands. There is also evidence that the general fingerprint pattern may be genetically
determined. We found that the loop pattern is the most common pattern of fingerprint.
The uniqueness of fingerprints has been recognized for some two millennia and
studied scientifically for two centuries. But researchers have not been able to explain how
they form. A new theoretical computer model describes the patterns are created at the
beginning in the 10th week of gestation, when a fetus is about 3 inches (80 mm) long.

Michael Kücken and Alan Newell of the University of Arizona found that formation
of the patterns involves stresses in a sandwiched sheet of skin called the basal layer. In a
fetus, the basal layer grows faster than surrounding layers: the epidermis on the outside and
the inner dermis. The basal layer buckles and folds in several directions, forcing complex
shapes. These folds encode the future fingerprint pattern that becomes visible on the skin
surface in subsequent weeks. Since the fingerprint pattern is coded underneath the skin
surface, the pattern cannot be destroyed by superficial skin injuries. Micheal Kücken also
said that preservation of fingerprint pattern during the growth of fetus is still unclear.
The pie chart show that the overall percentage of left hand fingerprint pattern among
respondents. The pie chart shows that the highest percentage for fingerprint pattern is single
loop with 50 percent. The lowest percentage of fingerprint percentage is arch with 0 percent.
This means there is no respondent with this type of fingerprint. The seeing lowest is double
loop pattern with 18.33 percent while the second highest percentage of fingerprint is whorl
with 31.67 percent. From the pie chart, we have been discovered the most available
fingerprint pattern among our respondent is single loop and there is no arch fingerprint
pattern among our respondent.
18.33
50
0
31.67
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl

The single loop fingerprint is the most common among our respondent because it has
the highest percentage while the arch fingerprint has the lowest percentage. The data that has
been analysed from our respondent’s left hand fingerprint. This result shows that the single
loop has the highest because it may affect by the frequency of left hand used. Most of our
respondents are not a left handed user. Therefore the result that we have obtained may affect
by this factor.
The pie chart shows the overall percentage of right hand fingerprint pattern among
respondents. The highest percentage of fingerprint pattern is single loop with 53.33 percent
while the lowest percentage of fingerprints is arch with zero percent. The second lowest
percentage of fingerprints is double loop with just five percent. The second highest
percentage is whorl fingerprint pattern with 41.67 percent.
The most common fingerprint pattern among our respondent is single loop. From the
result show that the highest percentage of fingerprint pattern for right hand is same with left
hand fingerprint pattern. There are no arch fingerprint pattern among our respondent and it
also same with left hand fingerprint pattern. The result of our research show that the used of
5
53.33
0
41.67
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl

left or right hand on daily life routine does not affect the pattern of fingerprint. Therefore the
inference that notice in the left hand fingerprint pattern cannot be accepted.
Percentage (%) of Left Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Male Respondents
male respondents. The pie chart shows that the highest percentage for fingerprint pattern is
single loop with 63.33 percent. The lowest percentage of fingerprint percentage is arch with 0
percent. This means there is no respondent with this type of fingerprint. The seeing lowest is
whorl pattern with 16.67 percent while the second highest percentage of fingerprint is double
loop with 20 percent. From the pie chart, we have been discovered the most available
pattern among male respondent for their left hand fingerprints. The single loop fingerprint is
the most common among our respondent because it has the highest percentage while the arch
fingerprint has the lowest percentage.
20
63.33
0 16.67
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl

Percentage (%) of Left Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Female Respondents
female respondents. The pie chart shows that the highest percentage for fingerprint pattern is
whorl with 46.67 percent. The lowest percentage of fingerprint percentage is arch with 0
double loop pattern with 16.67 percent while the second highest percentage of fingerprint is
single loop with 36.67 percent. From the pie chart, we have been discovered the most
available fingerprint pattern among our respondent is whorl and there is no arch fingerprint
pattern among female respondent for their left hand fingerprints. The whorl fingerprint is the
most common among our female respondent for their left hand because it has the highest
percentage while the arch fingerprint has the lowest percentage.
16.67
36.67
0
46.67
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl

Percentage (%) of Right Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Male Respondents
The pie chart show that the overall percentage of right hand fingerprint pattern among
male respondents. The pie chart shows that the highest percentage for fingerprint pattern is
single loop with 56.67 percent. The lowest percentage of fingerprint percentage is arch with 0
double pattern with 3.33 percent while the second highest percentage of fingerprint is double
loop with 40 percent. From the pie chart, we have been discovered the most available
pattern among male respondent for their right hand fingerprints. The single loop fingerprint is
the most common among our respondent because it has the highest percentage while the arch
fingerprint has the lowest percentage.
Percentage (%) of Right Hand Fingerprint Patterns Among Female Respondents
3.33
56.67
0
40
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl

The pie chart show that the overall percentage of right hand fingerprint pattern among
female respondents. The pie chart shows that the highest percentage for fingerprint pattern is
single loop with 50 percent. The lowest percentage of fingerprint percentage is arch with 0
double loop pattern with 6.67 percent while the second highest percentage of fingerprint is
whorl with 43.33 percent. From the pie chart, we have been discovered the most available
pattern among female respondent for their right hand fingerprints. The single loop fingerprint
is the most common among our female respondent because it has the highest percentage
while the arch fingerprint has the lowest percentage.
We also did make another research about the relation of fingerprints pattern with
general permanent characteristics of any individual. It is based on previous research that was
developed by Richard Unger, a hand analyst for over 40 years, and the founder of the
International Institute of Hand Analysis. It is called LifePrints. LifePrints is a method of
fingerprint analysis used to determine person Life Purpose. It is using pointer and thumb
fingerprints of right hand. Below is the relationship between the patterns of fingerprints with
the personal characteristics;
6.67
50
0
43.33
Percentage (%)
Double loop
Single loop
Arch
Whorl

The first pattern here represents fingerprints of pointer finger. The second one represent
fingerprint of thumb finger.
Loop and Loop
You are a loving and tolerant person who likes to socialize. You are not stubborn or stuck in
your ways. You prefer to be flexible and adaptable to each situation.
Loop and Whorl
You are highly original in your methods to getting the results you seek. Once you decide
what you want, you are able to make it happen. You are easy going and social and present
yourself in a straightforward way.
Loop and Double loop
You are a very diplomatic person because you are always able to see both sides of a story. In
getting your results, you can see more than one way of getting there. You prefer variety to
routine and may have a hard time committing 100 percent to something.
Loop and Arch
You are slow and steady in your progress. You may work well with your hands and you
enjoy the outdoors. You are practical in your methods and confidence will build over time.
Rushing into things may make you uncomfortable. You also have a stubborn side to your
personality.
Whorl and Loop
You have a strong sense of self. You may be secretive. You see yourself as an individual
before part of a group. You prefer to work alone or to be in charge of your work environment.
Whorl and Whorl
You are highly original in your methods to getting the results you seek. Once you decide
what you want, you are able to make it happen. You have a strong sense of self. You may be
secretive. You see yourself as an individual before part of a group. You prefer to work alone
or to be in charge of your work environment.
Whorl and Double loop

You are a very diplomatic person because you are always able to see both sides of a story. In
getting your results, you can see more than one way of getting there. You prefer variety to
routine and may have a hard time committing 100 percent to something.
Whorl and Arch
personality. You have a strong sense of self. You may be secretive. You see yourself as an
individual before part of a group. You prefer to work alone or to be in charge of your work
environment.
Double loop and Loop
You are a person who loves variety. Sometimes it's hard for you to know what you truly
want. You are very diplomatic and can always see two sides of the story. You may be a Jack
of all trades.
Double loop and Whorl
of all trades. You are highly original in your methods to getting the results you seek. Once
you decide what you want, you are able to make it happen. You are easy going and social and
present yourself in a straightforward way.
Double loop and Double loop
of all trades.

Double loop and Arch
of all trades. You are slow and steady in your progress. You may work well with your hands
and you enjoy the outdoors. You are practical in your methods and confidence will build over
time. Rushing into things may make you uncomfortable. You also have a stubborn side to
your personality.
Arch and Loop
You are cautious, stubborn, loyal, and reliable. You work well with your hands, but your
confidence may develop slowly. You may get stuck in behavior cycles. Remember to try new
things every once in awhile!
Arch and Whorl
things every once in awhile! You are highly original in your methods to getting the results
you seek. Once you decide what you want, you are able to make it happen.
Arch and Double loop
things every once in awhile!

Arch and Arch
personality.
When research was conducted, almost 100% of the respondent agreed that the above
personality characteristics are true with them. Our respondents were about 50 people that
composed of lecturers and biology UPSI students. This really show that individual
personality can be determined by analyzing fingerprints as stated by Richard Unger, a hand
analyst for over 40 years, and the founder of the International Institute of Hand Analysis.

Conclusion:
Fingerprints have been used for many years to identify people. There are three basic
types of fingerprints which are loops, arches, and whorls. Everyone falls into one of these
categories. Loops are an extended version of parabolas that occur on maximum people's
finger tips, in almost 60% cases. These patterns have an oblong delta and core that is shaped
like a loop. The core especially appears like a bean. Ulnar loops and radial loops are two
different patterns of loops. The radial ones have a free flowing and constant delta but the
ulnar ones have more obstructed deltas. Whorls are also common as the loops and occur in
almost 25% people. In a whorl pattern, the ridges are concentric. There are different
abnormalities in the concentric circles as the deltas and cores tend to fluctuate and go out of
the concentric circles. Some common types of whorls include plain whorl, central pocket
whorl, double loop whorl and accidental whorl. Arches are usually observed on the mid of
the finger tip, and have friction ridges, that are run in a parabola from one side of the pattern
to another without turning back. There are some patterns where the ridges do re-curve back
into the pattern. There is usually no delta (triangular patch), in this pattern. Some important
sub-patterns of Arches include, plain arches, radial arches, ulnar arches and tented arches,
which are based upon the re-curving patterns,delta and core structures. Fingerprints are so
unique because there is no one has the same number of minutia points in the same places. The
fingerprint analysis also can be used for identifying personal characteristics of an individual.
But this method cannot be determined it accuracy since it is cannot be prove scientifically in
science field.

REFERENCES:
i. http://www.worldofhands.com/index.html
ii. http://www.policensw.com/info/fingerprints/finger06.html
iii. http://www.policensw.com/info/fingerprints/finger07.html
iv. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint
v. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Classification_System
vi. http://www.slideshare.net/juroc26/fingerprint-classification-slide-2
vii. http://www.henryleeinstitute.com/worxcms_published/courses_page43.shtml
viii. http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/prints.html

Basic Fingerprints Classification And Analysis

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