Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Basic concepts
1. Basic Concepts
Seaports are important interfaces in the supply chain between sea and land transportation and
a component of freight distribution as the entrance of produce, merchandise and passengers to
a country, but as well as the exit door to all the exports to the international markets.
Seaports are points of convergence of inland and coastal transportation systems, defining a
seaport's hinterland. This function may be direct, as freight reaches a port directly through road
transportation, or indirect as freight reaches a seaport through an inland port (e.g., rail station)
or through traffic consolidation at a regional seaport and shipped by coastal transportation.
Likewise, seaports are points of distribution to inland and coastal transportation systems,
defining a seaport's foreland.
Seaports perform different type of operations:
Embarking, disembarking and transferring of passengers and crew
Loading, unloading and transshipment of cargo to and from the vessels
Storage and warehousing of merchandise on land and stevedoring to and from vessels
Provide inland access and intermodal connections
Complementary services to shipping carriers
The main functions of seaports are:
To ensure safety for seagoing vessels entering, operation in and leaving the seaport
To provide facilities and equipment necessary for seagoing vessels to anchor, load and
unload cargo, and embark and disembark passengers
To provide cargo transportation, loading and unloading, warehousing and preservation
service in the seaport
To provide shelter, repair, maintenance of necessary services to seagoing vessels and
other crafts in emergency cases
To provide other services to seagoing vessels, people and cargo
Container Ports
The operations of container seaport include four steps:
Ship-to-shore: stage when cargo is discharged
Transfer: cargo is unloaded to a temporal area
Storage: stage where containers are hold for a longer period of time
2. Delivery and receipt: is the movement of delivery (clearance) of the cargo or receiving into
the terminal
