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Geog 80 Topic 4.ppt
1. GEOG 80 – Transport Geography
Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Topic 4 – Transportation Terminals
A. The Function of Transport Terminals
B. Ports and Rail Terminals
C. Airport Terminals
D. Terminals and Security
2. A – The Function of Transport Terminals
■ 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals
■ 2. Passengers Terminals
■ 3. Freight Terminals
■ 4. Terminal Costs
3. 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals
■ Concept
• All spatial flows, with the exception of personal vehicular and
pedestrian trips, involve movements between terminals.
• Modes assembly and distribution:
• Cannot travel individually, but in batches.
• People have to go to bus terminals and airports first to reach their final
destinations.
• Freight has to be consolidated at a port or a rail yard before onward
shipment.
• Terminals are essential links in transportation chains.
4. 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals
■ Definition
• Any location where freight and passengers either originates,
terminates, or is handled in the transportation process.
• Central and intermediate locations:
• Points of interchange within the same modal system.
• Insure a continuity of the flows.
• Particularly the case for modern air and port operations.
• Require specific facilities to accommodate the traffic they handle.
• Points of interchange: within the same mode.
• Points of transfer: between modes.
5. 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals
■ Location
• Serve a large concentration of population and/or industrial
activities.
• Specific terminals have specific locational constraints.
• New transport terminals tend to be located outside central areas
to avoid high land costs and congestion.
■ Convergence
• Obligatory points of passage.
• Invested on their geographical location which is generally
intermediate to commercial flows.
• Created by the centrality or the intermediacy of their respective
locations.
6. 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals
■ Accessibility
• Accessibility to other terminals (at the local, regional and global
scale).
• How well the terminal is linked to the regional transport system.
■ Infrastructure
• Handle and transship freight or passengers.
• Must accommodate current traffic and anticipate future trends.
• Modern terminal infrastructures consequently require massive
investments.
7. The Function of Transport Terminals
Location
Infrastructures
Accessibility
Local
Regional
Global
8. 2. Passengers Terminals
■ Overview
• Passenger terminals require relatively little specific equipment.
• Simple structures.
• Basic amenities (waiting areas, ticket counters, food services).
■ Airports
• Are the exception.
• The most complex terminals.
• Passengers may spend several hours in the terminal.
• Transiting, check-in and security checks, baggage pick up and
customs and immigration on international arrivals.
• Wide range of services.
• Provide the very specific needs of the aircraft.
9. Chek Lap Kok Air Terminal, Main Concourse, Hong Kong, China
10. 3. Freight Terminals
■ Specialized entities
• Specific loading and unloading equipment.
• Wide range of handling gear is required.
• Differentiated functionally both by the mode involved and the
commodities transferred.
■ Distinction by two major types of cargo
• Bulk:
• Goods that are handled in large quantities, that are unpackaged and are
available in uniform dimensions.
• Liquid bulk goods: Pumps to move the product along hoses and pipes;
limited handling equipment is needed, but significant storage facilities may
be required.
• Dry bulk: wide range of products, such as ores, coal and cereals;
handling equipment is required; utilize specialized grabs and cranes and
conveyer-belt systems.
11. 3. Freight Terminals
• General cargo:
• Goods that are of many shapes, dimensions and weights such as
machinery and parts.
• Because the goods are so uneven and irregular, handling is difficult to
mechanize.
• General cargo handling usually requires a lot of manpower.
■ Warehousing
• Assembling the individual bundles of goods:
• Time-consuming and storage may be required.
• Need for terminals to be equipped with specialized
infrastructures:
• Grain silos, storage tanks, and refrigerated warehouses, or simply space
to stockpile.
13. 4. Terminal Costs
■ Terminal costs
• An important component of transport costs.
• Infrastructure costs:
• Construction and maintenance costs.
• Facilities such as piers, runways, cranes and structures.
• Transshipment costs:
• Composing, handling and decomposing passengers or freight.
• Labor requirement of terminal facilities.
• Administration costs:
• Managed by institutions such as port or airport authorities or by private
companies.
15. B – Ports and Rail Terminals
■ 1. Port Sites
■ 2. Port Functions
■ 3. Rail Terminals
16. 1. Port Sites
■ Ports
• Convergence between two domains of freight circulation:
• Land and maritime domains.
• Facilitates convergence between land transport and maritime systems.
• Handle the largest amounts of freight, more than any other types
of terminals combined.
• Infrastructures to accommodate transshipment activities.
• Administration:
• Submitted to authorities.
• Regulating infrastructure investments, its organization and development
and its relationships with customers using its services.
17. Port Sites
In a delta Margin of a delta Along a river Natural harbors
In an estuary Near an estuary In a bay Protected
18. 1. Port Sites
■ Port sites
• Maritime access:
• Physical capacity of the site to accommodate ship operations.
• Tidal range: difference between the high and low tide. Ship operations
cannot handle variations of more than 3 meters.
• Channel and berth depths: very important to accommodate modern cargo
ships.
• Panamax ship (65,000 deadweight tons) requires more than 12 meters
(40 feet) of depth.
• Many port sites are unable to handle modern maritime access.
• Maritime interface:
• Amount of space that is available to support maritime access.
• Related to the amount of shoreline.
• Guarantee its future development and expansion.
19. 1. Port Sites
• Infrastructures:
• Must have infrastructures such as piers, cranes and warehouses.
• Infrastructures consume land which must be available to insure port
expansion.
• Land access:
• Access from the port to industrial complexes and markets.
• Requires efficient inland distribution systems, such as fluvial, rail (mainly
for containers) and road transportation.
21. Basic Constraints of Port Sites
Maritime Space
Land Space
Infrastructures
Port
Land Access
Maritime Access
Interface
22. Harbor Types
Coastal Natural Coastal Breakwater
Coastal Tide Gates River Natural
River Basins River Tide Gates
Canal or Lake Open Roadstead
23. Number of Large and Medium Ports by Channel Depth
33
5
4
4
10
6
16
47
71
76
76
36
16
11
8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
76 and over
71 to 75
66 to 70
61 to 65
56 to 60
51 to 55
45 to 50
41 to 45
36 to 40
31 to 35
26 to 30
21 to 25
16 to 20
11 to 15
6 to 10
Channel
Depth
(Feet)
Number of Ports
24. The American Waterway System
Control Depth
Less than 6 feet
6 to 20 feet
20 to 45 feet
45 to 75 feet
More than 75 feet
25. Channel Depth at Selected North American Ports, 1998
(in feet)
76
60
50
50
46
42
42
40
40
38
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
Seattle
Long Beach
Halifax
Hampton Roads
Baltimore
Los Angeles
Oakland
Savannah
New York
Charleston
Jacksonville
1998
Phase I (2003)
Phase II (2009)
26. 1. Port Sites
■ Port development
• Setting:
• Dependent on geographical considerations.
• Furthest point of inland navigation by sailships.
• Fishing port with trading and shipbuilding activities.
• Simple terminal facilities.
• Warehousing and wholesaling, adjacent to the port.
• Expansion:
• The industrial revolution triggered several changes on port activities.
• Quays were expanded and jetties were constructed to handle the growing
amounts of freight and passengers as well as larger ships).
• Shipbuilding became an activity that required the construction of docks.
• Integration of rail lines with port terminals.
• Port-related activities expanded to include industrial activities.
• Expansion mainly occurred downstream.
27. 1. Port Sites
• Specialization:
• Construction of specialized piers to handle freight such as containers,
ores, grain, petroleum and coal.
• Expansion of warehousing needs.
• Larger high-capacity ships often required dredging or the construction of
long jetties granting access to greater depths.
• Downstream migration.
• Original port sites became obsolete and were abandoned.
• Reconversion opportunities of port facilities to other uses (waterfront
parks, housing and commercial developments).
28. The Evolution of a Port
Setting Expansion Specialization
1 2
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
Downtown
Urban expansion
Terminal facilities
Port-related activities
Rail
Highway
Water depth Reconversion
3
29. Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam
Den Haag
Rotterdam
Vlaardingen
Schiedam
Delft
Delft
Leiden
Leiden
Zoetermeer
Zoetermeer
Spijkenisse
Spijkenisse
Oud-Beijerland
Oud-Beijerland
Wassenaar
Wassenaar
Naaldwijk
Naaldwijk
Pijnacker
Pijnacker
Hellevoetsluis
Hellevoetsluis
Hoogvliet
Hoogvliet
Maassluis
Maassluis
Barendrecht
Barendrecht
's-Gravenzande
's-Gravenzande
Voorschoten
Voorschoten
Krimpen aan den IJssel
Krimpen aan den IJssel
Capelle aan den IJssel
Capelle aan den IJssel
France
Germany
Belgium
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Luxembourg
R
h
i
n
e
0 3 6 9 12
1.5
Miles
Development Phases
1400 - 1800
1800 - 1900
1920 - 1940
1946 - 1960
1960 - 1970
1970 - 2000
30. 2. Port Functions
■ Main functions
• Supply services to freight (warehousing, transshipment, etc.).
• Supply services to ships (piers, refueling, repairs, etc.).
• Concomitantly a maritime and land terminal.
• Regional in their dynamics.
• Hong Kong:
• Natural site.
• Geographical position of a transit harbor for southern China.
• Singapore:
• Outlet of the strategic Strait of Malacca.
• Convergence of Southeast Asian transportation.
• New York:
• Gateway of the North American Midwest.
• Hudson / Erie canal system.
32. 2. Port Functions
■ Port activities
• About 4,600 ports in are in operation worldwide.
• Less than one hundred ports have a global importance.
• High level of concentration in a limited number of large ports.
• Linked to maritime access and infrastructure development.
• Gateways of continental distribution systems.
• Containerization has substantially changed port dynamics.
■ Port types
• Monofunctionnal ports:
• Transit a limited array of commodities, most often dry or liquid bulks.
• Specialized piers.
• Polyfunctionnal ports:
• Several transshipment and industrial activities are present.
• Variety of specialized and general cargo piers.
33. Throughput of the World’s Major Ports, 1997-2000 (in
millions of metric tons)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Rotterdam
Singapore
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Nagoya
Antwerp
Pusan
Yokohama
Marseilles
Hamburg 1997
2000
34. Container Traffic of the World 15 Largest Ports, 2003
0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000
Hong Kong
Singapore
Shanghai
Shenzhen
Busan
Kaohsiung
Los Angeles
Rotterdam
Hamburg
Antwerp
Dubai
Port Kalang
Long Beach
Quingdao
New York/New Jersey
35. Traffic at Major North American Container Ports, 2003
Tampa
Ponce
Tacoma
Mobile
Fraser
Boston
Albany
Tampico
Toronto
Seattle
Oakland
Manatee
Hueneme
Houston
Halifax
Everett
Mazatlan
Ensenada
Veracruz
Progreso
Altamira
Savannah
Montreal
Gulfport
Freeport
San Diego
Galveston Canaveral
Baltimore
Manzanillo
St. John's
Saint John
Miami (FY)
Long Beach
Fernandina
Charleston
Salina Cruz
Los Angeles
Richmond(VA)
Portland(OR)
Portland(ME)
Philadelphia
San Juan (FY)
San Francisco
Hampton Roads
Puerto Morelos
Wilmington(NC)
Wilmington(DE)
Vancouver (BC)
Lazaro Cardenas
Palm Beach (FY)
Jacksonville (FY)
New York/New Jersey
Port Everglades (FY)
TEU (2003)
Less than 100,000
100,000 to 300,000
300,000 to 1 million
1 million to 2 million
More than 2 million
36. 2. Port Functions
■ Problems related to port infrastructures
• Ports along rivers are continuously facing dredging problems.
• Width of rivers is strongly limiting capacity:
• Rarely a port along a river has the capacity to handle Post Panamax
ships.
• Lateral spread of infrastructures (Seaports).
• Congestion in central areas.
• Port / city competition for land (waterfront development).
37. 3. Rail Terminals
■ Location
• Not as space-extensive as airports and ports.
• Suffer less from site constraints:
• Many established prior to the Second World War.
• Cities were more compact and land acquisition was easier.
• Passengers and freight terminals:
• Different locations.
• Central railway stations:
• Feature of most cities and tend to be located in downtown areas.
• Key elements of urban centrality and activity.
• Freight rail stations:
• Consume more space.
• Tend to be located at the periphery.
• Older yards tend to be located at the margin of CBDs.
42. 1. Airport Sites
■ Concept
• Airports act as the main technical support of air transport.
• Increased pressures on terminals:
• Existing terminals have been expanded and new terminals have been
constructed.
• Replace airports no longer able to cope with the increased traffic.
• International / Regional:
• Role and function in the international and regional urban system.
• Centrality (being an origin and destination of air traffic) and intermediacy
(a hub or a gateway between destinations).
• Local:
• Level of accessibility of the airport over the metropolitan area it services.
• Daily flows of planes, passengers, freight to and from the airport's
terminals.
44. 1. Airport Sites
■ Local site requirements.
• Airfields:
• Runways and parking areas.
• Long enough to accommodate the takeoff and landing of commercial
planes.
• About 3,300 meters (10,000 feet) are required for a 747 to takeoff.
• Slope (less 1%), altitude and meteorological conditions.
• About 32 movements (landings and takeoffs) per hour are possible on a
commercial runway under optimal conditions.
• Terminals:
• Freight and passenger transit infrastructures.
• Infrastructures for plane accommodation.
• Linked with local transport systems.
47. 1. Airport Sites
■ Land requirements
• Land required by modern airport operations is considerable:
• Landing and take off of planes.
• Buffer between the adjacent urban areas to limit the noise generated.
• Parking areas in airports located in car dependent cities.
• Peripheral sites:
• Sufficient quantities of land available.
• The more recently an airport was constructed, the more likely this airport
is to be located far from the city center.
• Expansion and relocation:
• Extremely difficult.
• Most airports have grown at locations chosen in the 1950s and 1960s.
• Most airports are now surrounded.
• Only sites available are far from the urban core.
48. Site of the Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal
Light Rail System
To Kowloon
and Hong Kong
53. 2. Airport Functions
■ Airport activities
• Terminal activities:
• Parking, ground transportation, checking in, baggage-claiming,
restoration, retailing and maintenance.
• Provide services to passengers and freight.
• Airfield activities:
• Loading and unloading planes, maintenance and traffic control.
• Provide services to aircrafts.
■ Economic functions
• Improved economic opportunities.
• Employment (USA):
• $500 billion of economic activity.
• 1.9 million direct and 4.8 million indirect jobs.
• Global service activities.
• Passengers and freight airports.
54. Passenger Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2004
Dallas Intl
Tokyo Haneda
Chicago O'Hare
Frankfurt Intl
London Heathrow
Paris De Gaulle
Los Angeles Intl Atlanta Hartsfield
Passengers
Less than 30 M
30 M to 40 M
40 M to 60 M
More than 60 M
55. Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2004
Taipei Shek
Miami Int'L
Tokyo Narita
Memphis Intl
Incheon Hlpt
Hong Kong Intl
Frankfurt Intl
Paris De Gaulle
Singapore Changi
Los Angeles Intl
Louisville Standiford
New York Ny/Newark Kennedy
Freight
Less than 1 M
1 to 1.5 M
1.5 to 2 M
More than 2 M
56. Tons of Landed Freight at Major US Airports, 2003
JFK
MIA
FLL
TPA
MCO
SAT
IAH MSY
AUS
JAX
ELP SHV
SAN
DFW
PHX ATL CAE
LAX
ONT
HSV
ABQ
MEM CLT
RDU
LAS
BNA
TUL
SJC
RIC
SFOOAK
SDF
STL
IAD
CVG
BWI
MCI
RNO
IND
DEN
PHL
DAY
MDT
PIT
EWR
SLC
FWA
OMA
CLE
DSM
TOL
BDL
ORD
RFD
DTW
BOSMHT
BUF
MKE
SYR
BOI
FSD
MSP
PDX
SEA
BFI
GEG
Tons of Landed Freight (2003)
Less than 400,000
400,000 to 800,000
800,000 to 2 million
2 million to 4 million
More than 4 million
58. 1. Passengers
■ A focus on terminals
• Access is monitored and controlled.
• Movements are channeled along pathways that provide safe
access to and from platforms and gates.
• Safety and theft have been a concern for freight terminals.
■ Airports
• Focus of security concerns for many decades.
• High-jacking aircraft came to the fore in the 1970s.
• Terrorist groups in the Middle East exploited the lack of security
to commandeer planes for ransom and publicity.
• Established screening procedures for passengers and bags.
• Reductions in hijackings, although terrorists changed their tactics
by placing bombs in un-accompanied luggage and packages,
59. 1. Passengers
■ Hub-and-spoke networks
• Strain on the security process.
• Disparities in the effectiveness of passenger screening.
■ Impacts of September 11, 2001
• Department of Homeland Security established the Transportation
Security Authority (TSA).
• Strict new security measures:
• Restricting access to airport facilities.
• Fortifying cockpits.
• Extensive security screening of passengers.
• Screening:
• More rigorous inspections of passengers and their baggage at airports.
• Biometric identification for foreign nationals (fingerprint, facial recognition).
60. 1. Passengers
■ Costs
• All screeners (45,000) are now part of the Federal workforce.
• Purchase of screening machinery and training of personnel.
• Additional delays and aggravation for passengers.
• Downturn in air transport.
• Some passengers may switch to other modes.
61. 2. Freight
■ Issues
• Less regulated and greater international dimensions.
• Illegal immigrants, drug smuggling, piracy.
• The container makes it extremely difficult to identify illicit and/or
dangerous cargoes.
• Hubbing:
• Compounds the problem.
• Large numbers of containers are required to be handled with minimum
delays and inconvenience.
• Automated Identity System:
• Permanently marked and visible identity number.
• Record maintained of flag, port of registry and address of the registered
owner.
62. 2. Freight
• Each port must undertake a security assessment
• Assets and facilities.
• Effects of damages that might be caused.
• Evaluate the risks, and identify weaknesses to security.
• Customs clearance:
• All cargoes destined for the US.
• Prior to the departure of the ship.
• Biometric identification for seafarers to be implemented and that national
databases of sailors to be maintained.
