Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. This leads to dopamine deficiency and symptoms like tremors, rigidity, slow movement, and impaired balance and coordination. It commonly occurs in older adults and has no known cure. Treatment aims to manage symptoms by enhancing dopamine or reducing acetylcholine activity in the brain using medications.
The document reviews several sleep disorders according to the DSM-5 including insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorders, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, non-REM sleep arousal disorders, parasomnias, nightmare disorder, and restless legs syndrome. It discusses the diagnostic criteria, comorbidities, assessments, and treatment options for each disorder in detail across several sections.
This document discusses Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. PD is characterized by four primary symptoms: bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and impaired balance/coordination. Management involves medical therapy like levodopa to increase dopamine levels, as well as nursing care focused on maintaining mobility, independence, nutrition, and communication as symptoms progress over five stages of severity.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. It causes tremors, stiffness, and slowing of movement. While the cause is unknown, it involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Symptoms worsen over time and include tremors, rigid muscles, impaired posture, and speech changes. There is no cure, but medications can improve symptoms by increasing dopamine, and deep brain stimulation surgery may also help in advanced cases. Lifestyle changes such as exercise and a healthy diet can further ease symptoms.
-Detailed Introduction, Patho-physiology, Evaluation & Physiotherapy Management of Parkinsonism.
-Clinical classification is discussed.
-Various measures of evaluation and physical therapy is discussed in this.
This document provides an overview of Parkinson's disease, including its etiology, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects the basal ganglia and is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability.
- It has an annual incidence of 0.2 per 1000 people and prevalence of 1.5 per 1000. Risk increases with age.
- Pathologically it involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of Lewy bodies.
- Clinical diagnosis is based on the presence of cardinal motor symptoms
Parkinson's disease is a degenerative brain condition causing motor symptoms like tremors and stiffness. It results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia. Symptoms include tremors, slow movement, rigidity and impaired balance. Treatment focuses on medications to replace dopamine or mimic its effects, along with physical and speech therapy. Advanced cases may use deep brain stimulation surgery. Prognosis varies but most require assistance within 15-20 years.
This document discusses the extrapyramidal system and extrapyramidal disorders. It begins by defining the extrapyramidal system and its anatomy, which includes structures like the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei. It then covers topics like the classification, features, etiology, and pathophysiology of extrapyramidal disorders. Specific disorders discussed in more detail include Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The key features, diagnoses, differential diagnoses, treatment approaches, and pathologies of these two conditions are summarized.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. This leads to dopamine deficiency and symptoms like tremors, rigidity, slow movement, and impaired balance and coordination. It commonly occurs in older adults and has no known cure. Treatment aims to manage symptoms by enhancing dopamine or reducing acetylcholine activity in the brain using medications.
The document reviews several sleep disorders according to the DSM-5 including insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorders, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, non-REM sleep arousal disorders, parasomnias, nightmare disorder, and restless legs syndrome. It discusses the diagnostic criteria, comorbidities, assessments, and treatment options for each disorder in detail across several sections.
This document discusses Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. PD is characterized by four primary symptoms: bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and impaired balance/coordination. Management involves medical therapy like levodopa to increase dopamine levels, as well as nursing care focused on maintaining mobility, independence, nutrition, and communication as symptoms progress over five stages of severity.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. It causes tremors, stiffness, and slowing of movement. While the cause is unknown, it involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Symptoms worsen over time and include tremors, rigid muscles, impaired posture, and speech changes. There is no cure, but medications can improve symptoms by increasing dopamine, and deep brain stimulation surgery may also help in advanced cases. Lifestyle changes such as exercise and a healthy diet can further ease symptoms.
-Detailed Introduction, Patho-physiology, Evaluation & Physiotherapy Management of Parkinsonism.
-Clinical classification is discussed.
-Various measures of evaluation and physical therapy is discussed in this.
This document provides an overview of Parkinson's disease, including its etiology, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects the basal ganglia and is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability.
- It has an annual incidence of 0.2 per 1000 people and prevalence of 1.5 per 1000. Risk increases with age.
- Pathologically it involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of Lewy bodies.
- Clinical diagnosis is based on the presence of cardinal motor symptoms
Parkinson's disease is a degenerative brain condition causing motor symptoms like tremors and stiffness. It results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia. Symptoms include tremors, slow movement, rigidity and impaired balance. Treatment focuses on medications to replace dopamine or mimic its effects, along with physical and speech therapy. Advanced cases may use deep brain stimulation surgery. Prognosis varies but most require assistance within 15-20 years.
This document discusses the extrapyramidal system and extrapyramidal disorders. It begins by defining the extrapyramidal system and its anatomy, which includes structures like the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei. It then covers topics like the classification, features, etiology, and pathophysiology of extrapyramidal disorders. Specific disorders discussed in more detail include Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The key features, diagnoses, differential diagnoses, treatment approaches, and pathologies of these two conditions are summarized.
This document discusses Parkinson's disease and related conditions. It begins with an overview of the brain and neuronal transmission. It then defines Parkinsonism and distinguishes it from Parkinson's disease. The document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease as well as Parkinson-plus syndromes. It provides clinical clues to differentiate various conditions and discusses their treatment approaches. The document concludes with key points and references.
This document defines psychogenic movement disorders and outlines their diagnostic criteria. It discusses the two divisions of movement disorders - extrapyramidal and hyperkinetic disorders. Various types of movement disorders are identified and categorized, including tremors, dystonia, myoclonus, chorea, athetosis, and restless leg syndrome. The document also covers treatment options for movement disorders like antipsychotics, botulinum toxin injections, and physical therapy. Prognosis depends on identifying and addressing the underlying psychogenic cause.
Parkinsonism is an umbrella term that includes Parkinson's disease and other conditions that share certain symptoms but have different causes. These atypical Parkinsonian syndromes include Lewy body dementia, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. While symptoms of PD and atypical Parkinsonism overlap, atypical syndromes tend to develop earlier and progress faster, affecting both sides of the body. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, medical history, neurological exams, and brain imaging. Currently there are no cures, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms through medication and physical therapy.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Its main symptoms include bradykinesia, tremors, rigidity, and postural instability. Diagnosis is based on the presence of two or more of these cardinal symptoms. Treatment involves pharmacological management using levodopa and dopamine agonists as well as physiotherapy focusing on exercises to improve flexibility, strength, balance, gait, and pulmonary function. Surgery such as deep brain stimulation may also be used in advanced cases.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system that results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The main symptoms are tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. While the exact causes are unknown, factors like genetics, environmental toxins, and aggregates of proteins in the brain have been linked to neuronal degeneration and Parkinson's disease.
Levodopa (also called L-dopa) is the most commonly prescribed medicine for Parkinson’s. It’s also the best at controlling the symptoms of the condition, particularly slow movements and stiff, rigid body parts.
Levodopa works when your brain cells change it into dopamine. That’s a chemical the brain uses to send signals that help you move your body. People with Parkinson’s don’t have enough dopamine in their brains to control their movements.
Sinemet is a mix of levodopa and another drug called carbidopa. Carbidopa makes the levodopa work better, so you can take less of it. That prevents many common side effects of levodopa, such as nausea, vomiting, and irregular heart rhythms.
Sinemet has the fewest short-term side effects, compared with other Parkinson’s medications. But it does raise your odds for some long-term problems, such as involuntary movements. An inhalable powder form of levopoda and the tablet istradefylline (Nourianz) have been approved for those experiencing OFF periods, OFF periods are when Parkinson’s symptoms return during periods between scheduled doses of levodopa/carbidopa.
People who take levodopa for 3-5 years may eventually have restlessness, confusion, or unusual movements within a few hours of taking the medicine. Changes in the amount or timing of your dose will usually prevent these side effects.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. It occurs when certain nerve cells in the brain don't produce enough of the chemical dopamine. The main symptoms include tremors, stiffness, slow movement, and impaired balance and coordination. It is treated mainly with medications to replace dopamine like levodopa, but physiotherapy can help maintain mobility and flexibility as the disease progresses through its stages.
Movement disorders By Dr Tomser Ali, international school of medicineneestom1998
Movement disorders are impairments of voluntary motor activity that are not due to direct effects on strength, sensation, or cerebellar function. They include hyperkinetic disorders with abnormal involuntary movements and hypokinetic disorders with poverty of movement. Movement disorders result from dysfunction of the basal ganglia. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease involving depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, particularly the substantia nigra. Its symptoms include bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity. Pathologically, it involves the loss of substantia nigra neurons and formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated alpha-synuclein protein.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
The document discusses extrapyramidal disorders and basal ganglia disorders. It provides information on:
- The extrapyramidal system and basal ganglia, which are involved in motor control and other functions.
- Movement disorders are divided into hyperkinetic disorders involving excessive movements (chorea, dystonia) and hypokinetic disorders with diminished movement (akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity).
- Lesions in the basal ganglia can cause specific movement disorders like athetosis, dystonia, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and others.
- Parkinson's disease is discussed as a primary hypokinetic disorder caused by degeneration of dopaminergic
extrapyramidal system 3-210108074605.pdfShinilLenin
1. The document discusses the extrapyramidal system and disorders of the extrapyramidal system. The extrapyramidal system includes the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei that control voluntary motor function.
2. Disorders of the extrapyramidal system can cause either hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders. Hypokinetic disorders include Parkinson's disease which causes bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity.
3. Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It typically presents in older adults and its symptoms worsen over time.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the death or impairment of nerve cells in the substantia nigra. This results in a loss of dopamine production and motor symptoms like tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The disease was first described in 1817 and is most common in older adults over age 60, though early-onset cases under 40 can occur. Treatment involves dopamine replacement therapy with levodopa as well as other drugs and therapies like deep brain stimulation. Ayurveda correlates it with Kampavata and treats it with therapies to increase strength and nourishment like abhyanga, swedana, and shirobasti along with herbs like
Neuropsychiatric disorders involve complex relationships between brain function and human behavior. They include anxiety, ADHD, borderline personality disorder, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, progeria, and ischemia. Causes range from genetic mutations to brain damage to environmental toxins. Symptoms and treatments vary depending on the specific disorder. Neuropsychiatry aims to understand abnormal behaviors through both neurological and psychosocial factors.
I would do the following:
1. Assess for delirium by checking vital signs, mental status, and reviewing the medication list for any recent changes.
2. Taper and discontinue the ropinirole and alprazolam which can worsen hallucinations.
3. Consider reducing the levodopa dose gradually if hallucinations persist after stopping the other medications.
4. Initiate a trial of quetiapine or clozapine which are less likely to worsen parkinsonism compared to other antipsychotics. Start low and titrate slowly.
5. Reassure the patient and family that the hallucinations are likely due to Parkinson's disease progression and
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. It occurs when certain nerve cells in the brain don't produce enough of the chemical dopamine. Early symptoms include tremors, stiffness, and difficulty initiating movement. As the disease progresses, symptoms worsen and include impaired balance and coordination. There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but treatments can help manage symptoms.
Degenerative disorders are conditions that involve the progressive deterioration of cells or tissues over time due to normal aging or lifestyle factors. Examples include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Parkinson's disease causes movement problems and is linked to the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Alzheimer's disease causes memory loss and cognitive decline due to the buildup of plaques and tangles in the brain that kill neurons. Both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's worsen over time and can be treated with drugs, though currently there is no cure. Huntington's disease is inherited and involves the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain.
This document provides an overview of Parkinson's disease including its aetiology, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Some key points:
- It is the most common cause of parkinsonism and is often idiopathic but can be caused by environmental toxins, viral infections or rare genetic mutations.
- Clinical features include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia and impaired gait/posture. Diagnosis is clinical and imaging rules out other causes.
- Prognosis is variable but onset after age 70 is unlikely to shorten lifespan. Current treatment focuses on symptomatic relief using levodopa and other dopamine agonists and inhibitors.
PARKINSON'S DISEASE And pathophysiology .pdf by SMH.pdfwajidullah9551
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. It is characterized by tremors, rigidity, slow movement, and impaired balance. While there is no cure, treatment aims to manage symptoms through medications like levodopa and deep brain stimulation. Nurses focus on assessing symptoms, educating patients and families, and ensuring optimal management of this chronic condition.
Organic brain syndromes refer to cognitive and behavioral impairments caused by brain dysfunction or damage. Common types include delirium, dementia, and amnesic disorders. Delirium involves acute, fluctuating confusion and impaired consciousness. Dementia is a chronic impairment of memory and cognition. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and involves a gradual decline in memory, thinking, and functioning. Vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies are also common neurodegenerative disorders that can cause dementia. Organic brain syndromes are often reversible if the underlying medical condition is treated.
This document discusses Parkinson's disease and related conditions. It begins with an overview of the brain and neuronal transmission. It then defines Parkinsonism and distinguishes it from Parkinson's disease. The document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease as well as Parkinson-plus syndromes. It provides clinical clues to differentiate various conditions and discusses their treatment approaches. The document concludes with key points and references.
This document defines psychogenic movement disorders and outlines their diagnostic criteria. It discusses the two divisions of movement disorders - extrapyramidal and hyperkinetic disorders. Various types of movement disorders are identified and categorized, including tremors, dystonia, myoclonus, chorea, athetosis, and restless leg syndrome. The document also covers treatment options for movement disorders like antipsychotics, botulinum toxin injections, and physical therapy. Prognosis depends on identifying and addressing the underlying psychogenic cause.
Parkinsonism is an umbrella term that includes Parkinson's disease and other conditions that share certain symptoms but have different causes. These atypical Parkinsonian syndromes include Lewy body dementia, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. While symptoms of PD and atypical Parkinsonism overlap, atypical syndromes tend to develop earlier and progress faster, affecting both sides of the body. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, medical history, neurological exams, and brain imaging. Currently there are no cures, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms through medication and physical therapy.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Its main symptoms include bradykinesia, tremors, rigidity, and postural instability. Diagnosis is based on the presence of two or more of these cardinal symptoms. Treatment involves pharmacological management using levodopa and dopamine agonists as well as physiotherapy focusing on exercises to improve flexibility, strength, balance, gait, and pulmonary function. Surgery such as deep brain stimulation may also be used in advanced cases.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system that results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The main symptoms are tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. While the exact causes are unknown, factors like genetics, environmental toxins, and aggregates of proteins in the brain have been linked to neuronal degeneration and Parkinson's disease.
Levodopa (also called L-dopa) is the most commonly prescribed medicine for Parkinson’s. It’s also the best at controlling the symptoms of the condition, particularly slow movements and stiff, rigid body parts.
Levodopa works when your brain cells change it into dopamine. That’s a chemical the brain uses to send signals that help you move your body. People with Parkinson’s don’t have enough dopamine in their brains to control their movements.
Sinemet is a mix of levodopa and another drug called carbidopa. Carbidopa makes the levodopa work better, so you can take less of it. That prevents many common side effects of levodopa, such as nausea, vomiting, and irregular heart rhythms.
Sinemet has the fewest short-term side effects, compared with other Parkinson’s medications. But it does raise your odds for some long-term problems, such as involuntary movements. An inhalable powder form of levopoda and the tablet istradefylline (Nourianz) have been approved for those experiencing OFF periods, OFF periods are when Parkinson’s symptoms return during periods between scheduled doses of levodopa/carbidopa.
People who take levodopa for 3-5 years may eventually have restlessness, confusion, or unusual movements within a few hours of taking the medicine. Changes in the amount or timing of your dose will usually prevent these side effects.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. It occurs when certain nerve cells in the brain don't produce enough of the chemical dopamine. The main symptoms include tremors, stiffness, slow movement, and impaired balance and coordination. It is treated mainly with medications to replace dopamine like levodopa, but physiotherapy can help maintain mobility and flexibility as the disease progresses through its stages.
Movement disorders By Dr Tomser Ali, international school of medicineneestom1998
Movement disorders are impairments of voluntary motor activity that are not due to direct effects on strength, sensation, or cerebellar function. They include hyperkinetic disorders with abnormal involuntary movements and hypokinetic disorders with poverty of movement. Movement disorders result from dysfunction of the basal ganglia. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease involving depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, particularly the substantia nigra. Its symptoms include bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity. Pathologically, it involves the loss of substantia nigra neurons and formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated alpha-synuclein protein.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
The document discusses extrapyramidal disorders and basal ganglia disorders. It provides information on:
- The extrapyramidal system and basal ganglia, which are involved in motor control and other functions.
- Movement disorders are divided into hyperkinetic disorders involving excessive movements (chorea, dystonia) and hypokinetic disorders with diminished movement (akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity).
- Lesions in the basal ganglia can cause specific movement disorders like athetosis, dystonia, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and others.
- Parkinson's disease is discussed as a primary hypokinetic disorder caused by degeneration of dopaminergic
extrapyramidal system 3-210108074605.pdfShinilLenin
1. The document discusses the extrapyramidal system and disorders of the extrapyramidal system. The extrapyramidal system includes the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei that control voluntary motor function.
2. Disorders of the extrapyramidal system can cause either hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders. Hypokinetic disorders include Parkinson's disease which causes bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity.
3. Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It typically presents in older adults and its symptoms worsen over time.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the death or impairment of nerve cells in the substantia nigra. This results in a loss of dopamine production and motor symptoms like tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The disease was first described in 1817 and is most common in older adults over age 60, though early-onset cases under 40 can occur. Treatment involves dopamine replacement therapy with levodopa as well as other drugs and therapies like deep brain stimulation. Ayurveda correlates it with Kampavata and treats it with therapies to increase strength and nourishment like abhyanga, swedana, and shirobasti along with herbs like
Neuropsychiatric disorders involve complex relationships between brain function and human behavior. They include anxiety, ADHD, borderline personality disorder, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, progeria, and ischemia. Causes range from genetic mutations to brain damage to environmental toxins. Symptoms and treatments vary depending on the specific disorder. Neuropsychiatry aims to understand abnormal behaviors through both neurological and psychosocial factors.
I would do the following:
1. Assess for delirium by checking vital signs, mental status, and reviewing the medication list for any recent changes.
2. Taper and discontinue the ropinirole and alprazolam which can worsen hallucinations.
3. Consider reducing the levodopa dose gradually if hallucinations persist after stopping the other medications.
4. Initiate a trial of quetiapine or clozapine which are less likely to worsen parkinsonism compared to other antipsychotics. Start low and titrate slowly.
5. Reassure the patient and family that the hallucinations are likely due to Parkinson's disease progression and
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. It occurs when certain nerve cells in the brain don't produce enough of the chemical dopamine. Early symptoms include tremors, stiffness, and difficulty initiating movement. As the disease progresses, symptoms worsen and include impaired balance and coordination. There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but treatments can help manage symptoms.
Degenerative disorders are conditions that involve the progressive deterioration of cells or tissues over time due to normal aging or lifestyle factors. Examples include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Parkinson's disease causes movement problems and is linked to the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Alzheimer's disease causes memory loss and cognitive decline due to the buildup of plaques and tangles in the brain that kill neurons. Both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's worsen over time and can be treated with drugs, though currently there is no cure. Huntington's disease is inherited and involves the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain.
This document provides an overview of Parkinson's disease including its aetiology, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Some key points:
- It is the most common cause of parkinsonism and is often idiopathic but can be caused by environmental toxins, viral infections or rare genetic mutations.
- Clinical features include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia and impaired gait/posture. Diagnosis is clinical and imaging rules out other causes.
- Prognosis is variable but onset after age 70 is unlikely to shorten lifespan. Current treatment focuses on symptomatic relief using levodopa and other dopamine agonists and inhibitors.
PARKINSON'S DISEASE And pathophysiology .pdf by SMH.pdfwajidullah9551
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. It is characterized by tremors, rigidity, slow movement, and impaired balance. While there is no cure, treatment aims to manage symptoms through medications like levodopa and deep brain stimulation. Nurses focus on assessing symptoms, educating patients and families, and ensuring optimal management of this chronic condition.
Organic brain syndromes refer to cognitive and behavioral impairments caused by brain dysfunction or damage. Common types include delirium, dementia, and amnesic disorders. Delirium involves acute, fluctuating confusion and impaired consciousness. Dementia is a chronic impairment of memory and cognition. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and involves a gradual decline in memory, thinking, and functioning. Vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies are also common neurodegenerative disorders that can cause dementia. Organic brain syndromes are often reversible if the underlying medical condition is treated.
Similar to Basal Ganglia .pptxjkjhkjbjkhjbjbghjgjbbjh (20)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
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-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. Title and Content Layout with List
▪
Add your first bullet point here
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Add your second bullet point here
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Add your third bullet point here
3. Definition
Group of nuclei (clusters of neurons) in the brain that are located deep beneath the cerebral cortex
(Subcortical nuclei).
Functions :
4. The basal
ganglia include:
1-Caudate
nucleus.
2- Putamen.
3- Globus
pallidus
4- Substantia
nigra .
5- Subthalamic
nuclei .
Components
- The Amygdala, located within the temporal lobe has a similar embryologic origin but functionally is part of the limbic system
Functionally part
of basal ganglia
Striatum
5.
6. Caudate
Nucleus
• 1- Planning
movement.
• 2- Learning.
• 3- Memory.
• 4- Reward.
• 5- Motivation.
• 6- Emotion.
• 7- Romantic
exchanges.
Putamen
• Learning and
motor control.
Globus Pallidus
• Control
conscious and
proprioceptive
movements.
Substantia
Nigra
• Production of
dopamine and
this affect
• 1-Movement
control.
• 2- Cognitive
executive
functions.
• 3- Emotional
limbic activity.
Subthalamic
Nucleus
• Movement
regulation.
13. A neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately
dopamine-producing (“dopaminergic”) neurons in a
specific area of the brain called substantia nigra.
14. Etiology :
1- Primary Idiopathic cause :
1- There is a steady loss of dopamine and
dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia with age .
2- Genetics ( Mutations in the PARK genes
and mutations in GBA1
2-Secondary causes :
1- viral encephalitis
2- cerebral atherosclerosis
3- complications of certain drugs ( phenothiazine )
4-Pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals
15. There is no single test or scan for Parkinson’s, but there are three telltale symptoms that help doctors make a diagnosis:
Bradykinesia ( slowness of movement )
Tremor
Rigidity
Bradykinesia plus either tremor or rigidity must be present for a PD diagnosis to be considered.
Another movement symptom, postural instability (trouble with balance and falls), is often mentioned, but it does not
occur until later in the disease progression. In fact, problems with walking, balance and turning around early in the
disease are likely a sign of an atypical parkinsonism.
Additional Movement Symptoms
Cramping (dystonia): sustained or repetitive twisting or tightening of muscle.
Drooling (sialorrhea): while not always viewed as a motor symptom, excessive saliva or drooling may result due to a
decrease in normally automatic actions such as swallowing.
Dyskinesia: involuntary, erratic writhing movements of the face, arms, legs or trunk.
Festination: short, rapid steps taken during walking. May increase risk of falling and often seen in association with
freezing.
Freezing: gives the appearance of being stuck in place, especially when initiating a step, turning or navigating through
doorways. Potentially serious problem as it may increase risk of falling.
Masked face (hypomimia): results from the combination of bradykinesia and rigidity.
Micrographia: small, untidy and cramped handwriting due to bradykinesia.
Shuffling gait: accompanied by short steps and often a stooped posture.
Soft speech (hypophonia): soft, sometimes hoarse, voice that can occur in PD.
16. Non-motor symptoms can include:
Cognitive changes: problems with attention, planning, language, memory or even dementia
Constipation
Early satiety: feeling of fullness after eating small amounts
Excessive sweating, often when wearing off medications
Fatigue
Increase in dandruff (seborrheic dermatitis)
Hallucinations and delusions
Lightheadedness (orthostatic hypotension): drop in blood pressure when standing
Loss of sense of smell or taste
Mood disorders, such as depression, anxiety, apathy and irritability
Pain
Sexual problems, such as erectile dysfunction
Sleep disorders, such as insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), REM sleep behavior
disorder (RBD), vivid dreams, Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
Urinary urgency, frequency and incontinence
Vision problems, especially when attempting to read items up close
Weight loss
17. Several studies have investigated the effect of caffeine on the
development of PD and reported a reduced risk of developing
PD among coffee drinkers
18. Two Content Layout with SmartArt
Group A
• Task 1
• Task 2
Group B
• Task 1
• Task 2
Group C
• Task 1
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First bullet point here
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Second bullet point here
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Third bullet point here
