Balance, Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on to Balsamodendroncaudatum Wood Squander Activated Carbon Material
Balsamodendron caudatum wood waste activated carbon (BACM) has the potential to take up the dyes from aqueous solution. The inappropriate discarding of dyes in waste water constitutes an environmental problem and can cause harm to the flora and fauna. Present examination deals with the exploitation of (BACM) waste as adsorbent for the elimination of Reactive Yellow 107dye from its aqueous solutions. The treated (BACM) using sodium sulphate was evaluated through SEM and XRD. The analysis indicates that adsorption is inclined by initial dye concentration, contact time, dye solution pH, thermodynamic parameters such as the free energy, enthalpy, entropy and adsorption temperature have been investigated in the present study. A Kinetic study of dye followed the pseudo-first-order, pseudo second-order and Elovich models correspondingly. Conclusions show that the pseudo first order kinetic model was found to compare the investigational data fit.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of leaf powder from the Saraca thaipingensis tree as a potential biosorbent material for removing chromium(VI) from water. Batch experiments were conducted to examine the effects of biosorbent dosage, particle size, and contact time on chromium(VI) removal. Results showed that chromium(VI) removal increased from 52% to 99% as biosorbent dosage increased from 0.005g to 0.050g. The optimal particle size was 151-250 μm, which achieved 99.53% removal. Maximum removal of 99.62-99.76% was achieved within 45-90 minutes of contact time. Further characterization and optimization studies are being conducted to
Distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic pollu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g, DDT from <0.01-21.21 ng/g, and PCBs from 0.16 to 30.05 ng/g. The composition of HCH and ratios of its isomers indicated historical usage of technical HCH and lindane. DDT ratios suggested historical
11.distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic po...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g with a mean of 208.17±20.66 ng/g, higher than DDT which ranged from <0.01-21.21 ng/g with a mean of 1.32±0.36 ng/g. PCBs ranged from 0.16-30
This document discusses the role of ornamental plants in controlling air pollution in urban areas. It provides information on various plant species and their ability to remove air pollutants. Some key points:
- Studies have assessed the air pollution tolerance of different plant species using an index (APTI) that considers ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, pH and water content. Species with higher APTI are more tolerant to air pollution.
- Ornamental trees and shrubs with rough, hairy leaves and waxy coatings are effective at removing particulate matter from the air. Their canopy size also influences pollutant removal.
- Urban forestry programs that increase green cover in cities can help reduce air temperatures and absorb
Sorption kinetics and equilibrium studies on the removal of toxic cr(vi) ions...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the removal of toxic chromium ions from aqueous solutions using modified Indian almond nut shells. Key findings include:
- Modified Terminalia catappa nut shell (TTCNS) was characterized and found to have mesoporous structure suitable for liquid phase adsorption. Maximum adsorption of chromium ions occurred with 0.18mm TTCNS particles.
- Batch experiments optimized parameters like contact time (30 minutes), pH (2), initial concentration (11 mg/L), and adsorbent dose (200 mg) for maximum chromium removal.
- Adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second order model and equilibrium data fit well with Langmuir isotherm model,
11.eco toxicological risk assessment of hch, ddt and their possible sources b...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (HCH and DDT) in sediments from the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India. The study found that HCH concentrations were generally higher than DDT concentrations. Concentrations were highest near river mouths and declined with increasing distance offshore. Isomeric ratios of DDT and HCH indicated recent inputs of these pesticides. While overall concentrations were below guidelines, some locations exceeded standards for γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT, possibly due to ongoing use for public health purposes in India.
Determination of the diffusion of monovalent cations into wood under isotherm...Reddysuresh Kolavali
This document describes an experiment to determine the diffusion of lithium ions (Li+) into Norway spruce wood samples. Small wood pieces were impregnated with a lithium chloride (LiCl) solution for various time periods. The impregnated wood pieces were then cut into cubes and sliced thinly using a microtome. The slices were analyzed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy to measure the concentration of Li+ at different depths in the wood, allowing the development of concentration profiles. This experimental methodology provides a way to precisely measure cation diffusion and concentration gradients within impregnated wood pieces. The results help increase understanding of chemical transport processes during wood impregnation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of leaf powder from the Saraca thaipingensis tree as a potential biosorbent material for removing chromium(VI) from water. Batch experiments were conducted to examine the effects of biosorbent dosage, particle size, and contact time on chromium(VI) removal. Results showed that chromium(VI) removal increased from 52% to 99% as biosorbent dosage increased from 0.005g to 0.050g. The optimal particle size was 151-250 μm, which achieved 99.53% removal. Maximum removal of 99.62-99.76% was achieved within 45-90 minutes of contact time. Further characterization and optimization studies are being conducted to
Distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic pollu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g, DDT from <0.01-21.21 ng/g, and PCBs from 0.16 to 30.05 ng/g. The composition of HCH and ratios of its isomers indicated historical usage of technical HCH and lindane. DDT ratios suggested historical
11.distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic po...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g with a mean of 208.17±20.66 ng/g, higher than DDT which ranged from <0.01-21.21 ng/g with a mean of 1.32±0.36 ng/g. PCBs ranged from 0.16-30
This document discusses the role of ornamental plants in controlling air pollution in urban areas. It provides information on various plant species and their ability to remove air pollutants. Some key points:
- Studies have assessed the air pollution tolerance of different plant species using an index (APTI) that considers ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, pH and water content. Species with higher APTI are more tolerant to air pollution.
- Ornamental trees and shrubs with rough, hairy leaves and waxy coatings are effective at removing particulate matter from the air. Their canopy size also influences pollutant removal.
- Urban forestry programs that increase green cover in cities can help reduce air temperatures and absorb
Sorption kinetics and equilibrium studies on the removal of toxic cr(vi) ions...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the removal of toxic chromium ions from aqueous solutions using modified Indian almond nut shells. Key findings include:
- Modified Terminalia catappa nut shell (TTCNS) was characterized and found to have mesoporous structure suitable for liquid phase adsorption. Maximum adsorption of chromium ions occurred with 0.18mm TTCNS particles.
- Batch experiments optimized parameters like contact time (30 minutes), pH (2), initial concentration (11 mg/L), and adsorbent dose (200 mg) for maximum chromium removal.
- Adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second order model and equilibrium data fit well with Langmuir isotherm model,
11.eco toxicological risk assessment of hch, ddt and their possible sources b...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (HCH and DDT) in sediments from the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India. The study found that HCH concentrations were generally higher than DDT concentrations. Concentrations were highest near river mouths and declined with increasing distance offshore. Isomeric ratios of DDT and HCH indicated recent inputs of these pesticides. While overall concentrations were below guidelines, some locations exceeded standards for γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT, possibly due to ongoing use for public health purposes in India.
Determination of the diffusion of monovalent cations into wood under isotherm...Reddysuresh Kolavali
This document describes an experiment to determine the diffusion of lithium ions (Li+) into Norway spruce wood samples. Small wood pieces were impregnated with a lithium chloride (LiCl) solution for various time periods. The impregnated wood pieces were then cut into cubes and sliced thinly using a microtome. The slices were analyzed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy to measure the concentration of Li+ at different depths in the wood, allowing the development of concentration profiles. This experimental methodology provides a way to precisely measure cation diffusion and concentration gradients within impregnated wood pieces. The results help increase understanding of chemical transport processes during wood impregnation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
11.distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic po...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g, DDT concentrations ranged from <0.01-21.21 ng/g, and PCB concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 30.05 ng/g. The composition of HCH and ratios of its isomers indicated historical usage of technical HCH and lindane. D
1.[1 13]distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g, DDT concentrations ranged from <0.01-21.21 ng/g, and PCB concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 30.05 ng/g. The composition of HCH and ratios of its isomers indicated historical usage of technical HCH and lindane. D
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. VETRI. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
A Review on Applicability of Photocatalyst Titanium dioxide for Treatment of ...IJERA Editor
Greywater reuse has attracted great attention for sustainable management of water especially under water
scarcity conditions. However, the effort has been limited by the presence of toxic organics in the effluent which
in turn inhibits the public acceptance of recycling water. The existence of those organic pollutants, which cannot
be eliminated by conventional primary and secondary treatment processes, can be problematic. Hence it is
necessary to explore a sustainable, robust and affordable method for treatment of greywater. Photocatalytic
oxidation is an emerging technology that could be suitable to remove refractory organic compounds found in
greywater. Recently titanium dioxide (TiO2) gained wide attention for photocatalytic oxidation of organic matter
of wastewater. Because it is biologically and chemical inert, resistant to chemical corrosion and can work at
ambient temperature and pressure, without addition of chemical species. The irradiation of titanium dioxide
dispersions by ultraviolet (UV) (300-400 nm) light can lead to the formulation of highly reactive hydroxyl
radicals which attack the pollutant molecule to degrade it into carbon dioxide, water and mineral acids.This
technology has advantages, such as, the integration into small places, low maintenance and easy operation.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
This study investigated the potential of neem leaf powder and acid-treated neem leaf powder as low-cost bio-adsorbents for removing dye color from Congo red solutions. The neem leaf powders were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Adsorption experiments were conducted by varying the adsorbent dosage and agitation time. The results showed that 0.4g was the optimal dosage, with 91% color removal for neem leaf powder and 76% for acid-treated neem leaf powder after 60 minutes of agitation. Both neem leaf powders demonstrated potential as effective and low-cost bio-adsorbents for dye wastewater treatment.
Removal of anionic surfactant from grey water and its comparison with chemica...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compares the removal of anionic surfactants from greywater using natural and chemical adsorbents. The study determined optimum adsorption conditions like dose, equilibrium time, and pH for various adsorbents including alum, lime, karanj seed powder, and tulsi leaf powder. Batch experiments showed natural adsorbents had higher maximum adsorption capacities than chemical adsorbents. The natural adsorbents also showed very good correlation to Freundlich isotherm models, indicating they were effective at removing anionic surfactants from greywater.
11.distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface waters of various sou...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the results of a study measuring polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface waters from various sources in the National Capital Region of Delhi, India. The total PCB concentrations ranged from 14-1768 ng/L with an average of 332 ng/L. Dioxin-like PCBs ranged from <1-146 ng/L accounting for 12% of total PCBs. The toxicity equivalent was also calculated. In terms of homolog distribution, tri-PCBs (47%) and tetra-PCBs (65%) dominated. Some locations had PCB levels higher than guidelines. Further study of PCB bioavailability and accumulation in aquatic biota is proposed to assess risks to ecosystems
Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface waters of various source...Alexander Decker
1. The study measured concentrations of 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including 12 dioxin-like PCBs in surface water samples from rivers, canals, lakes, ponds and drains in the National Capital Region of Delhi, India.
2. Total PCB concentrations ranged from 14-1768 ng/L with a mean of 332±42 ng/L. Dioxin-like PCBs ranged from <1-146 ng/L with a mean of 40±4 ng/L, accounting for 12% of total PCBs.
3. The most abundant PCB homologs were tetra-PCBs at 65% followed by tri-PCBs
Natural Dye from Phyllanthus Reticulatus Fruit as Light –Harvesting Pigments ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using natural dye extracted from phyllanthus reticulatus fruit as a light-harvesting pigment for dye-sensitized solar cells. The dye was extracted using different solvents and its absorption spectra were analyzed. The dye was then used to sensitize titanium dioxide nanoparticles in photoanodes. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy showed the dye extracted in acetone had better absorption and interaction with the TiO2 than dyes extracted in other solvents. The energy gaps were calculated from the absorption spectra. Overall, the study demonstrated that natural dye from phyllanthus reticulatus fruit has potential for use as a low-cost sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Plants and its Application on the ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on using silver nanoparticles synthesized from various plant extracts (neem, mango, lemon, and a combination) to treat textile mill wastewater. Key points:
1. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using extracts from different plants and characterized using SEM.
2. These silver nanoparticles were then used to treat textile mill wastewater and effectively removed 97-93% color and 49-43% COD within 15-60 minutes, with neem-synthesized nanoparticles performing best.
3. Various isotherm and kinetic models were applied to understand adsorption, with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics providing best correlation. Dubinin-Radush
Due to the fossil fuel crisis in past decade, mankind has to focus on developing the alternate energy sources such as biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, and nuclear energy. The developing of alternative-fuel technologies are investigated to deliver the replacement of fossil fuel.
This project is been done to evaluate the tolerence level of the different trees species to air pollution w.r.t 4 different parameters i.e Total Chlorophyll (TCh), pH of the leaf extract, Relative Water Content (RWC) & AIR POLLUTION TOLRENCE INDEX (APTI) and further more.
GREEN SOLVENTS BASED ON CHOLINE CHLORIDE FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SPRUCE BARK (P...Michal Jablonsky
Spruce bark is a rich source of extractives, such as condensed tannins, suberin, resin acids and terpenes. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new type of green solvents, were used in this study for obtaining a spruce bark extract with valuable properties. Choline chloride-based eutectic solvents with carboxylic acids and glycerol were used as extractants. The extractions were performed for 1 h at 60 °C under continuous stirring. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using an antioxidant system with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The content of the total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The results indicated promising possibilities for the development and usage of eutectic solvents for bark pretreatment. All the tested extracts showed phenolic contents that ranged from 41 to 463 mg GAE/100 g extract. No correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed. This study demonstrated that DESs are environmentally suitable solvents for extracting phenolic compounds from spruce bark.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Photocatalytic decomposition of isolan black by tio2, tio2 sio2 core shell na...eSAT Journals
Abstract Anatase phase TiO2, TiO2-SiO2 (TS) photocatalyst were prepared by wet chemical technique. The synthesized nano particles were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDAX, TEM, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The grain size of the TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be 24nm, while 7-10nm for TiO2-SiO2was calculated by using Scherrer’s formula. The TiO2-SiO2 core shell nanocomposites were identified by TEM analysis. Ti-O, Si-O bonds were confirmed by EDAX and FTIR. The photocatalytic decomposition of Isolan black was investigated. The photo catalytic activity of TiO2, enhanced by doping of SiO2 on TiO2. The important factors such as pH, Wt % of dyes and nanoparticles, intensity of light are also affect the photocatalytic action. Index Terms: Nanocomposites, Photocatalyst, TEM, SEM-EDAX.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
This document presents a study on developing a mathematical model for drying spinach leaves in a universal hot air oven. Drying experiments were conducted using air velocities of 2.2 m/s and temperatures of 55, 65, and 75°C under different pretreatment and loading density conditions. The drying rate increased with increased temperature and decreased over time. Pretreatment and loading density had an insignificant effect on drying rate. Experimental drying data was applied to four moisture ratio models, and nonlinear regression analysis was used to relate model parameters to drying conditions. The Page model was found to best describe spinach drying behavior based on having the lowest standard error and highest coefficient of determination compared to other models.
Sorption kinetics and equilibrium studies on the removal of toxic cr(vi) ions...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on using modified Indian almond nut shells to remove toxic chromium (CrVI) ions from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the nut shells showed they have good surface area and pore properties for adsorption. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various parameters on CrVI removal, including nut shell particle size, contact time, initial concentration, sorbent dose, and pH. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium were analyzed using common isotherm models. The modified nut shells were found to effectively remove CrVI from solutions, with optimized parameters being a particle size of 0.18mm, sorbent dose of 200mg, initial concentration of 11mg/L, contact time of 30 minutes
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the ability of essential oil from Thymus Capitatus to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. The essential oil was extracted from Thymus Capitatus plants found in Morocco. Gas chromatography analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the essential oil reduced the corrosion current density and increased the charge transfer resistance, indicating it acts as an effective corrosion inhibitor by forming a protective film on the steel surface.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the essential oil of Thymus Capitatus from North-East Morocco as a natural corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and weight loss measurements found that the essential oil inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid. Inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of the essential oil and decreased with increasing temperature. The essential oil forms a protective film on the steel surface to inhibit corrosion.
11.distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic po...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g, DDT concentrations ranged from <0.01-21.21 ng/g, and PCB concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 30.05 ng/g. The composition of HCH and ratios of its isomers indicated historical usage of technical HCH and lindane. D
1.[1 13]distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g, DDT concentrations ranged from <0.01-21.21 ng/g, and PCB concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 30.05 ng/g. The composition of HCH and ratios of its isomers indicated historical usage of technical HCH and lindane. D
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. VETRI. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.
A Review on Applicability of Photocatalyst Titanium dioxide for Treatment of ...IJERA Editor
Greywater reuse has attracted great attention for sustainable management of water especially under water
scarcity conditions. However, the effort has been limited by the presence of toxic organics in the effluent which
in turn inhibits the public acceptance of recycling water. The existence of those organic pollutants, which cannot
be eliminated by conventional primary and secondary treatment processes, can be problematic. Hence it is
necessary to explore a sustainable, robust and affordable method for treatment of greywater. Photocatalytic
oxidation is an emerging technology that could be suitable to remove refractory organic compounds found in
greywater. Recently titanium dioxide (TiO2) gained wide attention for photocatalytic oxidation of organic matter
of wastewater. Because it is biologically and chemical inert, resistant to chemical corrosion and can work at
ambient temperature and pressure, without addition of chemical species. The irradiation of titanium dioxide
dispersions by ultraviolet (UV) (300-400 nm) light can lead to the formulation of highly reactive hydroxyl
radicals which attack the pollutant molecule to degrade it into carbon dioxide, water and mineral acids.This
technology has advantages, such as, the integration into small places, low maintenance and easy operation.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
This study investigated the potential of neem leaf powder and acid-treated neem leaf powder as low-cost bio-adsorbents for removing dye color from Congo red solutions. The neem leaf powders were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Adsorption experiments were conducted by varying the adsorbent dosage and agitation time. The results showed that 0.4g was the optimal dosage, with 91% color removal for neem leaf powder and 76% for acid-treated neem leaf powder after 60 minutes of agitation. Both neem leaf powders demonstrated potential as effective and low-cost bio-adsorbents for dye wastewater treatment.
Removal of anionic surfactant from grey water and its comparison with chemica...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compares the removal of anionic surfactants from greywater using natural and chemical adsorbents. The study determined optimum adsorption conditions like dose, equilibrium time, and pH for various adsorbents including alum, lime, karanj seed powder, and tulsi leaf powder. Batch experiments showed natural adsorbents had higher maximum adsorption capacities than chemical adsorbents. The natural adsorbents also showed very good correlation to Freundlich isotherm models, indicating they were effective at removing anionic surfactants from greywater.
11.distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface waters of various sou...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the results of a study measuring polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface waters from various sources in the National Capital Region of Delhi, India. The total PCB concentrations ranged from 14-1768 ng/L with an average of 332 ng/L. Dioxin-like PCBs ranged from <1-146 ng/L accounting for 12% of total PCBs. The toxicity equivalent was also calculated. In terms of homolog distribution, tri-PCBs (47%) and tetra-PCBs (65%) dominated. Some locations had PCB levels higher than guidelines. Further study of PCB bioavailability and accumulation in aquatic biota is proposed to assess risks to ecosystems
Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface waters of various source...Alexander Decker
1. The study measured concentrations of 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including 12 dioxin-like PCBs in surface water samples from rivers, canals, lakes, ponds and drains in the National Capital Region of Delhi, India.
2. Total PCB concentrations ranged from 14-1768 ng/L with a mean of 332±42 ng/L. Dioxin-like PCBs ranged from <1-146 ng/L with a mean of 40±4 ng/L, accounting for 12% of total PCBs.
3. The most abundant PCB homologs were tetra-PCBs at 65% followed by tri-PCBs
Natural Dye from Phyllanthus Reticulatus Fruit as Light –Harvesting Pigments ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using natural dye extracted from phyllanthus reticulatus fruit as a light-harvesting pigment for dye-sensitized solar cells. The dye was extracted using different solvents and its absorption spectra were analyzed. The dye was then used to sensitize titanium dioxide nanoparticles in photoanodes. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy showed the dye extracted in acetone had better absorption and interaction with the TiO2 than dyes extracted in other solvents. The energy gaps were calculated from the absorption spectra. Overall, the study demonstrated that natural dye from phyllanthus reticulatus fruit has potential for use as a low-cost sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Plants and its Application on the ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on using silver nanoparticles synthesized from various plant extracts (neem, mango, lemon, and a combination) to treat textile mill wastewater. Key points:
1. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using extracts from different plants and characterized using SEM.
2. These silver nanoparticles were then used to treat textile mill wastewater and effectively removed 97-93% color and 49-43% COD within 15-60 minutes, with neem-synthesized nanoparticles performing best.
3. Various isotherm and kinetic models were applied to understand adsorption, with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics providing best correlation. Dubinin-Radush
Due to the fossil fuel crisis in past decade, mankind has to focus on developing the alternate energy sources such as biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, and nuclear energy. The developing of alternative-fuel technologies are investigated to deliver the replacement of fossil fuel.
This project is been done to evaluate the tolerence level of the different trees species to air pollution w.r.t 4 different parameters i.e Total Chlorophyll (TCh), pH of the leaf extract, Relative Water Content (RWC) & AIR POLLUTION TOLRENCE INDEX (APTI) and further more.
GREEN SOLVENTS BASED ON CHOLINE CHLORIDE FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SPRUCE BARK (P...Michal Jablonsky
Spruce bark is a rich source of extractives, such as condensed tannins, suberin, resin acids and terpenes. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new type of green solvents, were used in this study for obtaining a spruce bark extract with valuable properties. Choline chloride-based eutectic solvents with carboxylic acids and glycerol were used as extractants. The extractions were performed for 1 h at 60 °C under continuous stirring. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using an antioxidant system with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The content of the total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The results indicated promising possibilities for the development and usage of eutectic solvents for bark pretreatment. All the tested extracts showed phenolic contents that ranged from 41 to 463 mg GAE/100 g extract. No correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed. This study demonstrated that DESs are environmentally suitable solvents for extracting phenolic compounds from spruce bark.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Photocatalytic decomposition of isolan black by tio2, tio2 sio2 core shell na...eSAT Journals
Abstract Anatase phase TiO2, TiO2-SiO2 (TS) photocatalyst were prepared by wet chemical technique. The synthesized nano particles were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDAX, TEM, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The grain size of the TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be 24nm, while 7-10nm for TiO2-SiO2was calculated by using Scherrer’s formula. The TiO2-SiO2 core shell nanocomposites were identified by TEM analysis. Ti-O, Si-O bonds were confirmed by EDAX and FTIR. The photocatalytic decomposition of Isolan black was investigated. The photo catalytic activity of TiO2, enhanced by doping of SiO2 on TiO2. The important factors such as pH, Wt % of dyes and nanoparticles, intensity of light are also affect the photocatalytic action. Index Terms: Nanocomposites, Photocatalyst, TEM, SEM-EDAX.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
This document presents a study on developing a mathematical model for drying spinach leaves in a universal hot air oven. Drying experiments were conducted using air velocities of 2.2 m/s and temperatures of 55, 65, and 75°C under different pretreatment and loading density conditions. The drying rate increased with increased temperature and decreased over time. Pretreatment and loading density had an insignificant effect on drying rate. Experimental drying data was applied to four moisture ratio models, and nonlinear regression analysis was used to relate model parameters to drying conditions. The Page model was found to best describe spinach drying behavior based on having the lowest standard error and highest coefficient of determination compared to other models.
Similar to Balance, Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on to Balsamodendroncaudatum Wood Squander Activated Carbon Material
Sorption kinetics and equilibrium studies on the removal of toxic cr(vi) ions...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on using modified Indian almond nut shells to remove toxic chromium (CrVI) ions from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the nut shells showed they have good surface area and pore properties for adsorption. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various parameters on CrVI removal, including nut shell particle size, contact time, initial concentration, sorbent dose, and pH. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium were analyzed using common isotherm models. The modified nut shells were found to effectively remove CrVI from solutions, with optimized parameters being a particle size of 0.18mm, sorbent dose of 200mg, initial concentration of 11mg/L, contact time of 30 minutes
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the ability of essential oil from Thymus Capitatus to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. The essential oil was extracted from Thymus Capitatus plants found in Morocco. Gas chromatography analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the essential oil reduced the corrosion current density and increased the charge transfer resistance, indicating it acts as an effective corrosion inhibitor by forming a protective film on the steel surface.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the essential oil of Thymus Capitatus from North-East Morocco as a natural corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and weight loss measurements found that the essential oil inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid. Inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of the essential oil and decreased with increasing temperature. The essential oil forms a protective film on the steel surface to inhibit corrosion.
This document describes a study comparing the acetylation of cellulose extracted from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehn wood using microwave irradiation versus conventional heating. Cellulose was acetylated using acetic anhydride with pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was performed using microwave irradiation for 6 hours and conventional heating for 7 hours. The acetylated products were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that microwave irradiation led to a faster and cleaner reaction compared to conventional heating. Microwave irradiation is proposed as a more efficient method for acetylating cellulose.
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Removal of anionic surfactant from grey water and its comparison with chemica...Alexander Decker
This document compares the removal of anionic surfactant from greywater using natural and chemical adsorbents. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using alum and lime as chemical adsorbents, and powdered karanj seed and tulsi leaves as natural adsorbents. The effects of adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and adsorption isotherms were examined. Results showed that the natural adsorbents were more effective at removing anionic surfactant than the chemical adsorbents. Maximum adsorption capacities were higher for the natural adsorbents based on fitting isotherm data to Langmuir and Freundlich models. Overall, the study demonstrated that
The ethanol extract of Kola nitida seeds was investigated for its ability to inhibit corrosion of aluminum alloy AA3003 in hydrochloric acid. Gravimetric experiments showed that the extract reduced the corrosion rate in a concentration-dependent manner, with inhibition efficiency increasing with higher extract concentrations but decreasing over time. Electrochemical tests confirmed that organic constituents in the extract adsorbed on the aluminum surface, decreasing anodic and cathodic currents in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm. Computational modeling visualized the adsorption of extract constituents on the aluminum surface. The extract provided effective corrosion protection of aluminum in acidic conditions.
Optimization of Antimony Leaching From Food Packaging Covers Made Of Low Dens...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used response surface methodology to optimize conditions for leaching antimony from food packaging made of low density polyethylene. The study investigated the individual and interactive effects of pH, temperature, and retention time on antimony leaching efficiency. A central composite experimental design evaluated 20 experiments to derive a second-order model relating the response (antimony leachability) to the three variables. Analysis of variance showed the model had a high coefficient of determination. The maximum antimony leaching occurred under alkaline pH conditions, high temperature, and short retention time.
Adsorption studies of colourremoval byactivated carbon derived from mangifera...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of color from silk filature composite wastewater using activated carbon derived from mango seed shell. The effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH on color removal efficiency were examined. It was found that maximum removal occurred at 45 minutes of contact time, a dosage of 100mg, and a pH of 5.5 for carbon with an impregnation ratio of 0.75 during chemical activation with magnesium chloride. The color removal efficiency under these optimum conditions was 81.11% for contact time, 96.66% for dosage, and 96.66% for pH.
Adsorption studies of colourremoval byactivated carbon derived from mangifera...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The removal of colour from silk filature composite wastewater by adsorption on activated carbon prepared from MangiferaIndica
(mango) seed shell have been carried out at room temperature 32 ± 1° C. The removal of colour from silk filature composite
wastewater sample by adsorption on chemical activation (Magnesium chloride) with Impregnation ratio’s (I.R) 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 for
optimum time, optimum dosages and variation of pH was studied. It is observed that as dosage increases the adsorption increased
along with the increase in Impregnation ratio. It was also noted that as I.R. increases the surface area of MangiferaIndica shell
carbon increased. Hence the maximum removal efficiency is obtained at I.R ratio of 0.75. The optimum contact time, dosage and pH
for carbon with I.R-0.75 was 45min, 100mg and 5.5 with removal efficiency of 81.11%, 96.66% and 96.66% respectively.
Keywords: Colour, Contact time, Dosage, Kinetics, pH, MangiferaIndica.
The menace of wastewater pollution in the 21st century is becoming alarming. Application of the low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment has received more attention this moment in environmental history than never. Therefore, remediating stale foundry wastewater with Activated Carbon, AC-250 is the focus of this study. Wastewater samples were collected from Lamina Foundry, Nitte, Karnataka State, India and were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. The analysis identified the prominent heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mg, and Pb) present in the stale foundry effluent, determined their respective concentrations and treated them using the commercially sourced activated charcoal, AC-250. Effects of four (4) factors viz: adsorbent dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption process during the wastewater treatment were studied. Optimum conditions required for the most efficient treatment of the wastewater and the treatment cost estimates were determined. The AC-250 is found as efficient in adsorption of the heavy metals from foundry wastewater. In some of the cases a 100% removal is possible, especially with Pb. The analysis of the major experiments on effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time rotating speed and pH on the adsorption process, gave the optimum conditions for removal under which the most efficient treatment of the wastewater containing studied heavy metals was possible. For the optimum treatment conditions, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, a contact time of 120 minutes, a rotating/agitation speed of 350 rpm and a pH value of 6 are established. An average cost of treating 1 litre of stale foundry wastewater is Rs 23 or 0.4 USD. This study therefore recommends AC-250 as an efficient adsorbent at the given optimum conditions for stale foundry wastewater. The reuse of AC-250 via the process of thermal reactivation at 8000C is encouraged as a means of waste management.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
Synthesis and Experimental Technique for the Study of Acoustic, Mechanical, E...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the synthesis and characterization of copper nanofluid produced using a novel one-step method. Copper acetate was reduced using glucose in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate to produce copper nanoparticles. Ultrasonic velocity, density, compressibility, acoustic impedance and other acoustic and thermodynamic properties of the nanofluid were measured using an ultrasonic interferometer. The nanofluid was also characterized using techniques like XRD, SEM, and its electrical conductivity was measured. The nanofluid showed improved heat transfer properties compared to base fluids due to the enhanced thermal conductivity provided by the copper nanoparticles.
Red Dragon Fruit (Selenicereus costaricensis) Waste Peels as Corrosion Inhibi...Innspub Net
Metal corrosion is brought about by the oxidation of atoms on the surface, resulting in irreversible damage to structures at staggering costs. Hence, the search for efficient and cost-effective corrosion inhibitors is relevant. Waste agricultural by-products which have no food or economic value serve as good potential sources for these environmentally benign corrosion inhibitors. Ethanolic extracts of Red Dragon Fruit (RDF) have been previously reported to contain high amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols, which can manifest inhibitory activity against corrosion brought about by aggressive electrolytes. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Selenicereus costaricensis waste peels was tested for its anti-corrosion property using weight loss method. We have also probed its performance as a potential corrosion inhibitor at a range of different temperatures from 303 to 343 K. The calculated inhibition efficiency of 2% RDF was 97%. Thermodynamic studies reveal that increasing inhibitor concentration raises the activation parameters of mild steel in an acidic medium such as activation energy (Ea) and changes in enthalpy (DHo) and entropy (DSo). It was found that the corrosion inhibition process using RDF waste peel extract mainly occurs under diffusion control. Moreover, increased immersion time, inhibitor concentration, and temperature led to increased inhibition efficiency. The spontaneous process (DGoads = -23.47 kJ/mol) of adsorption of RDF on mild steel surfaces obeys the Langmuir isotherm model.
COD Removal of Tannery Wastewater using Spent Tea LeavesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using spent tea leaves to remove Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from tannery wastewater. Tannery wastewater contains high levels of organic and inorganic pollutants that threaten water resources. The study investigated using spent tea leaves as an adsorbent in a batch process to remove COD. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH for maximum COD removal. The maximum COD removal of 94.37% was achieved at an adsorbent dose of 5gm/L. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the spent tea leaves and identify functional groups contributing to adsorption
Researchers and scientists are looking forward for the new fiber sources for the sustainable processing. The ultimate goal is to produce an organic fibrous material that can be utilized in textile industry and to manufacture eco-friendly products. In this circumstance here emerges a fiber from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) an aquatic weed which has been attracted worldwide as a threat to biodiversity. Hence this paper highlights the physical, chemical and structural characterization of the fiber extracted from Eichhornia crassipes. The fiber was examined for the physical properties such as fiber length, diameter, elongation, moisture absorbency and fineness as well as mechanical properties by analyzing its tensile strength test. The structural and functional characterization of the fiber is examined using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and IR spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal behavior of the fiber is analyzed using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption isotherm of Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions onto unmodified and ester-modified Senilia senilus and Thais coronata biomass. Adsorption capacity was tested using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. The study found that unmodified biomass was a better adsorbent for removing heavy metals. Adsorption increased with increasing initial metal ion concentration. Among the isotherm models, Freundlich isotherm best fit the equilibrium data with r2 values ranging from 0.9887 to 1.000. The biomass and adsorption method proved
The document discusses a study that aimed to treat tannery effluent using cyanobacteria, coir pith, and Nava Rasa Karaisal (NRK) to create an organic manure. This manure was then used to grow the Sansevieria trifasciata plant. Physiochemical parameters, heavy metals, and nutrients were analyzed in the untreated and treated effluent. The results showed reductions in these parameters after the combined treatment. The growth of S. trifasciata was also monitored and showed increased growth with the treated manure compared to untreated effluent, especially for indoor plants.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of cadmium and lead ions from aqueous solution using bamboo-based activated carbon. Key findings include:
1) Unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon achieved 87.81% removal of cadmium at pH 5 and 96.45% removal of lead at pH 11.
2) Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 1 hour for cadmium and 2.5 hours for lead.
3) Adsorption isotherm data fitted the Freundlich, Temkin, and Hills isotherm models well, suggesting chemisorption as the adsorption mechanism.
4) Kinetic data correlated best with the pseudo-
Similar to Balance, Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on to Balsamodendroncaudatum Wood Squander Activated Carbon Material (20)
Exploring the Experiences of Gender-Based Violence
and The Associated Psychosocial and Mental Health
Issues of Filipino HIV-Positives: Implications for
Psychological Practice
Evangeline R Castronuevo-Ruga1, Normita A Atrillano2
Abstract: The phenomenon of gender-based violence has generated attention from research practitioners and helping professionals since
the surge of the women’s movement three or so decades ago in the Philippines. At about the same time, the HIV-AIDS gained similar
attention with the disclosure of the first ever case of the country in the mid-80s. Only recently, however, has the intersectionality of these
two phenomena been looked into by the research community in other countries and has yet to see parallel response locally. This research,
therefore, attempts to map out the lived experiences of People Living with Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (PLHIV) who have undergone
gender-based violence (GBV). It specially looks into the consequent psychosocial and mental health issues. Using focus group discussion with
24 purposively sampled participants from the highly vulnerable groups based in three major Philippine cities, thematic analysis reveals that
the participants experienced various forms of gender-based violence, e.g., sexual, emotional/psychological, economic, verbal, physical) and
expressions of stigma and discrimination, which in turn, led to manifestations of different emotional and psychological trauma, depression,
internalized homophobia, greater health risks and risk-taking behaviours, among others. It might be worthwhile to consider the possibility
that the consequent risk-taking and self-injurious tendencies played a role in their eventual contraction of HIV.
Estimation of Storage-Draft Rate Characteristics of
Rivers in Selangor Region
Farah Syazana Abd Latif1, Siti Fatin Mohd Razali2
1,2Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Abstract: Drought is a phenomenon of extreme water shortage that has significant economic, social, environmental and human life
impact. Streamflow drought characteristics and properties are useful in the design of hydro-technical projects, water resources planning and
management purposes. Information on low flow magnitude, frequency, probability and return period are very crucial in analysing
streamflow drought at the operational level in public water supply. The objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics of low
flow for every streamflow station in the Selangor region. The estimation of minimum storage draft-rate with the probability of low flow
return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 years is presented in this paper.
Awwal-Awwal Tampat Budjang Journey Back to
Pre-Islamic Epoch: A Cultural Semiotic
Helen G Juaini1
Abstract: Cultural background plays a significant role in the sphere of semiotics. Semiotics as a discipline is recognized as a useful tool in
gauging cultural background and identifying signs that might represent the message of a certain work. Given the rich cultural context of
Tawi-Tawi oral literature this can be used in studying semiotics. Semiotic tools were employed to interpret the awwal-awwal as provided by
the respondents and to formulate a subsequent understanding of this oral literature in relation to the Sama’s claim of sacredness of Tampat
Budjang.
Politeness and Intimacy in Application Letters of
Three Cultural Groups in Mindanao
Helen G Juaini1
Abstract: 150 application letters from the three cultural groups in Mindano, namely Sinama, Subanen, and Tausug have been analysed
in a mixed-method design. The focus of the study is on the two features of politeness and intimacy. In the quantitative analysis, the model
proposed by Brown & Levinson (1987) and that of Columns (2005) which have drawn upon the features of indirectness in requesting and
the length of letters as the indicators of politeness are used. In the qualitative and descriptive analysis formality in salutation and opening
clause as well as the use of abbreviated forms are taken into account. The result shows that Tausug use the politest style in their application
letters, followed by Sinama and Subanen respectively. On the other hand, Sinama, Subanen, and Tausug use the least intimate style in their
business letters. The findings are hoped to help better inter-cultural understanding, especially with respect to written rhetorical
characteristics.
New Authentication Algorithm for IoT Environment
based on Non-Commutative Algebra and Its
Implementation
Maki Kihara1, Satoshi Iriyama2
1,2Tokyo University of Science
Abstract: Recently, IoT devices such as robots, speakers, domestic electrical appliances and smart devices are provided everywhere for
everyone. While their authentication request is quite ubiquitously, namely, an authentication for sharing services, the actual
implementations are patchy schemes of variety security policies. In this study, we propose the new authentication scheme for IoT devices
without certificate authority which is fast enough as well as secure. The verification algorithm is based on suitable ciphered metric. We
define a class of such verifiable encryption and give an example for authentication. Moreover, we show the implementation which keeps
perfect secrecy by means of Shannon’s theory.
Developing a Strategic Organisational Learning
Framework to Improve Caribbean Disaster
Management Performance
Joanne Persad1
Abstract: Disasters are social constructs and require an agility and adaptability from national disaster organisations (NDOs). The
environment in which NDOs operate are complex adaptive systems environment, and organisational learning as a key approach is considered
fundamental to strengthening the ability of an NDO to perform at its best. With the potential for loss of lives, the destruction of critical
infrastructure and housing and to the risk of setting back a country’s economic development by many years, learning from the lessons of the
past, to reduce the negative impacts is critical for the onward growth of Caribbean countries which, for the most part, are small island
developing states. The Caribbean Region is the one of the most hazard prone regions in the world (Walbrent College 2012). Lessons from
disaster impacts are identified, gaps are well documented, and failures are sometimes exposed. But learning, in terms of making changes to
improve systems, performance and resilience, is questionable. The lessons must be applied for change to occur, this is part of the knowledge
management process in the context of disaster organisations. The purpose of this study is to explore the apparent inability of national
disaster organizations in the Caribbean to apply the lessons learnt from previous disasters. Three (3) Caribbean countries have been selected
for this research. It is a multiple case study where the unit of analysis is the national disaster organisation. This study is based on an
interpretive paradigm.
Combating Climate Change and Land Degradation in
The West African Sahel: A Multi-Country Study of
Mali, Niger and Senegal
S A Igbatayo1
1Head, Department of Economics & Management Studies, AFE Babalola University, Nigeria
Abstract: The West African Sahel is a vast ecological zone separating the Sahara Desert to the north and Sudanian savannah to the
south; traversing Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, northern Nigeria and Chad. With a population estimated at more than 60 million
people, the region features a multiplicity of development challenges. It is home to some of the world’s most impoverished people, whose
livelihoods are mostly reliant on rain-fed agriculture. Characterized by semi-arid vegetation, the West African Sahel is one of the most
environmentally degraded ecosystems in the world. The region faces severe and recurring bouts of droughts since the 1980s, jeopardizing
environmental sustainability. During the past four decades, the West African Sahel has witnessed below-average annual precipitation, with
two severe drought periods in 1972-1973 and 1983–1984, in a development that undermined agricultural productivity and spawned
severe land degradation. Various studies have predicted even more severe climate variability and change in the region, with drier and more
frequent dry periods expected. The intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC, 2007) revealed a decline in annual rainfall in West
Africa since the end of the 1960s, with a reduction of 20% to 40% observed in the periods 1931-1960 and 1968–1990. Repeated
droughts, fuelled by climate change, have undermined land productivity, turning arable soils into marginal lands, and rendering land
resources vulnerable to such anthropogenic activities as over-grazing, agricultural intensification and deforestation, which are common
practices across the region. The major objective of this paper is to shed light on climate change and land degradation patterns in the West
African Sahel. It employs empirical data to analyse the trends, with particular emphasis on Mali, Niger and Senegal. The study reveals
considerable threats posed by the twin scourges of climate change and land degradation to food security, environmental sustainability and
regional stability.
Combating Climate Change and Land Degradation in
The West African Sahel: A Multi-Country Study of
Mali, Niger and Senegal
S A Igbatayo1
1Head, Department of Economics & Management Studies, AFE Babalola University, Nigeria
Abstract: The West African Sahel is a vast ecological zone separating the Sahara Desert to the north and Sudanian savannah to the
south; traversing Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, northern Nigeria and Chad. With a population estimated at more than 60 million
people, the region features a multiplicity of development challenges. It is home to some of the world’s most impoverished people, whose
livelihoods are mostly reliant on rain-fed agriculture. Characterized by semi-arid vegetation, the West African Sahel is one of the most
environmentally degraded ecosystems in the world. The region faces severe and recurring bouts of droughts since the 1980s, jeopardizing
environmental sustainability. During the past four decades, the West African Sahel has witnessed below-average annual precipitation, with
two severe drought periods in 1972-1973 and 1983–1984, in a development that undermined agricultural productivity and spawned
severe land degradation. Various studies have predicted even more severe climate variability and change in the region, with drier and more
frequent dry periods expected. The intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC, 2007) revealed a decline in annual rainfall in West
Africa since the end of the 1960s, with a reduction of 20% to 40% observed in the periods 1931-1960 and 1968–1990. Repeated
droughts, fuelled by climate change, have undermined land productivity, turning arable soils into marginal lands, and rendering land
resources vulnerable to such anthropogenic activities as over-grazing, agricultural intensification and deforestation, which are common
practices across the region. The major objective of this paper is to shed light on climate change and land degradation patterns in the West
African Sahel. It employs empirical data to analyse the trends, with particular emphasis on Mali, Niger and Senegal. The study reveals
considerable threats posed by the twin scourges of climate change and land degradation to food security, environmental sustainability and
regional stability. It also presents a policy framework underpinned by climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies, formalizing land
rights for farmers, subsidizing farm inputs, creating grazing reserves for pastoralists and deepening poverty reduction strategies.
A Study on Factor Affecting Textile
Entrepreneurship – A Special Emphasis on Tirupur
District
P Anbuoli1
1Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Mannar Thirumalai Naicker College, India
Abstract: Entrepreneurial success depends on various factors associated with the business, the entrepreneurs’ wishes to start. Entrepreneurs
need some sort of inspirations to succeed in their business ventures. Being a versatile industry, textile attracts many entrepreneurs both urban
and rural peoples and requires minimal investment to start. Textile entrepreneurs have to face several challenges and prospects associated
with their business. This study has been commenced with the objectives to check demographic profile, factors affecting textile entrepreneurs,
encouragement of external factors and personal reason behind to become textile business entrepreneurs. This study has been carried out with
100 textile entrepreneurs; the sample has been selected by using simple random sampling. This study is also carried out with non-disguised
and structured questionnaire; which consists of four parts with seeking information on demographic profile, factors affecting textile
entrepreneurs, external encouraging factors and personal reason to become textile entrepreneurs. This study uses percentage analysis, factor
analysis, Garrett score ranking, and t-test to analyse the data collected. It was concluded that textile entrepreneurs have been encouraged by
various factors and moreover several factors significantly affect their business.
Factors Affecting Consumer Purchase Behaviour
towards Online Clothing Products in Bangladesh
T Islam1
1BRAC Business School, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract: The online clothing businesses have seen a considerable rise in recent times, with a high and growing demand. The purpose of
this study is to determine the factors that play significant roles in creating purchase intention towards the online clothing products in
Bangladesh. Secondary research was used to build the model of customer purchase intention. A structured questionnaire was employed to
gather data and test the model. Factor analysis and regression were used to test the model. The regression model suggested that customer
purchase intention was induced most by the online marketing activities of the online retailers, followed by pricing strategy implemented and
sense of security provided (in that order). To understand customer purchase intentions better, it may be important to look at additional
factors or seek better measures of the constructs. The study suggests that online retailers should heavily focus on online promotions and
pricing.
Improvement Measures on Wage System of
Construction Skilled Worker in South Korea
Kun-Hyung Lee1, Byung-Uk Jo2, Kyeoung-Min Han3, Chang-Baek Son4
1,2,3Graduate, School of Architectural Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon-si, South Korea
4Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon-si, South Korea
Abstract: Unlike other industries, the construction industry is characterized by its heavy dependence on labour force with most work done
by workers. Still, the industry is witnessing the declining influx of young workers and the rising turnover rates of skilled workers due to such
issues as the advancement of 3D industry, negative image and absence of an established wage system. Hence, this paper proposes an
alternative scheme that would help improve the wage system and work environment for skilled construction workers in Korea.
Mastering the Recycling of Masonry while building
Tadao Ando’s Private Gallery in Lincoln Park,
Chicago
Daniel Joseph Whittaker1
Abstract: The notion of a great presence of masonry rarely conjures up the likes of buildings by master architect, Tadao Ando san of
Osaka, Japan, who is better known for his sublime shaping of space with planar forms of site-cast concrete. Perhaps though, one may recall
the ‘historical intervention’ on a grand scale—the now nine-year-old Punta Della Dogan a project (2009) in Venice, Italy, as prima facie
evidence of his dialogue with a vast quantity of ancient masonry in the Laguna. However, a new project by Ando, recently opened in
Chicago, Illinois (October 2018), presents the private-museum-gallery-going public with a new North American delight. Here, the senses
are able to indulge in a hybrid set of experiences shaped by masonry, concrete, and white painted plaster surfaces. This paper explores how
the modern concrete master has expanded his dynamic architectural vocabulary utilizing what is known as Chicago common brick: a soft,
Lake Michigan-sand and clay based fired brick, and incorporated it into his most recent private commission located in Lincoln Park,
Chicago.
RRI Buffer Based Energy and Computation Efficient
Cache Replacement Algorithm
Muhammad Shahid1
1Computer Science Department, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad
Abstract: Energy consumption is an important factor of com-mutational power these days. Large scale energy consumption results in bad
system performance and high cost. To access frequently used data, we place it in Cache. Cache provides us opportunity to access that data in
a small time. Cache memory helps in retrieving data in minimum time improving the system performance and reducing power consumption.
Due to limited size of Cache, replacement algorithms used to make space for new data. There are many existing cache replacement
algorithms for example LRU, LFU, MRU, FIFO etc. Existing algorithms consume a lot of energy while replacing cold blocks of data.
Replacement algorithms are usually designed to reduce miss rate and increase hit rate. These algorithms replace cold blocks (not going to use
in future) and due to large number of cold blocks, they consume lot of energy. This paper proposes an energy and computation efficient cache
replacement algorithm that put only hot blocks in action instead of removing cold blocks. This paper also discusses different replacement
algorithms proposed in different papers and compare these algorithms on basis of different parameters mainly energy consumption. In our
experiments we have found LRU and FIFO as best replacement algorithms for Increased hit rates and Energy efficiency respectively.
Key Performance Index of Increasing Air Quality
with Construction Schedule Control
Hyoung-Chul Lim1, Dongheon Lee2, Dong-Eun Lee3, Daeyoung Kim4
1Professor, 2Doctorial Course, School of Architectural Engineering, Changwon National University, Korea
3Professor, School of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Korea
4Professor, Department of Architecture, Kyungnam University, Korea
Abstract: Recently, air quality in residential spaces has been major concern. In particular, the indoor air quality of residential facility
before occupancy, which is related to the interior material, is a serious problem. existing research has mainly focused on pollution control
after construction, but this research has derived I key performance index I about increasing air quality and priority of management with a
controlling schedule. That is the objectives of research. The results show the relative priority of the four major items in wall‐based apartment
buildings and in column‐based apartment buildings. An analysis of the parties responsible for improvement based on the IAQ results shows
more efforts to improve IAQ are needed in material factories and engineering/design companies.
Exploring Revitalization Solutions: Engaging
Community through Media Architecture
Behzad Shojaedingivi1
1University of Tehran
Abstract: This paper aims to investigate Media Architecture and its potentials for culturally based revitalization. Media Architecture
presents a new approach based on Augmentation concepts, in which projects are designed and implemented adopting contemporary mediums
in an aesthetic way in order to attract the presence of a more cultural audience and increase the participation of the local residents.
Ultimately this will lead to an increase of interaction between different classes in neglected areas and strengthen their connection to their
built environment. This is an interdisciplinary approach in which architecture and contemporary mediums are combined aesthetically with
the aim of creating revival solutions in neglected areas.
Criteria of Creating Social Interaction for Green
Open Space in Karkh, Iraq
Sarah Abdulkareem Salih1, Sumarni Ismail2
1Master Student, 2Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Abstract: This paper outlines the issue on open spaces, which led to decrease social interaction among residents in Baghdad city
nowadays. The main objective of the paper is to identify the criteria of green open spaces to achieve sound social interaction in Baghdad city,
Iraq. This paper employed quantitative method, in the form of survey, for data collection. Data were obtained from questionnaires, through
the selection of 270 respondents in a single-stage random procedure from ten specific neighbourhoods in Karkh district. The study findings
confirm that open spaces and parks is essential to enhance social interaction by implementing appropriate criteria in that open spaces or
parks. The results of this study are useful reference for urban and landscape planners, architects, social psychologists, the Municipality of
Baghdad, and researchers in this field.
This document provides information about the CoreConferences 2019 conference including:
- The conference was held from March 20-21, 2019 in Taipei, Taiwan and covered topics in architecture, business, climate change, cyber security, education, flood risk management, language teaching, universities, and women's studies.
- It was organized by Core Conferences LLC in collaboration with the Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties.
- The editor-in-chief was Dr. A Senthilkumar and the conference was aimed at allowing academics and professionals to discuss recent progress in related fields.
ICCOTWT 2018 will be the most comprehensive conference focused on the various aspects of Cloud of Things and Wearable Technologies. This Conference provides a chance for academic and industry professionals to discuss recent progress in the area of Cloud of Things and Wearable Technologies. Furthermore, we expect that the conference and its publications will be a trigger for further related research and technology improvements in this important subject.
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Wireless sensor networks can provide low cost solution accompanied with limited storage, computational capability and power for verity of real-world problems and become essential factor when sensor nodes are arbitrarily deployed in a hostile environment. The cluster head selection technique is also one of the good approaches to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. The lifetime of wireless sensor networks is extended by using the uniform cluster head selection and balancing the network loading among the clusters. We have reviewed various energy efficient schemes apply in WSNs of which we concentrated on selection of cluster head approach and proposed an new method called Sleep Scheduling Routing with in clusters for Energy Efficient [SSREE]in which some nodes in clusters are usually put to sleep to conserve energy, and this helps to prolong the network lifetime. EASSR selects a node as a cluster head if its residual energy is more than system average energy and have less energy consumption rate in previous round. Then, an Performance analysis and compared statistic results of SSREE shows of the significant improvement over existing protocol LEACH, SEP and M-GEAR protocol in terms of lifetime of network and data units gathered at BS.
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Balance, Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on to Balsamodendroncaudatum Wood Squander Activated Carbon Material
2. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016 (ICIEMS 2016) 2
Cite this article as: B Sivakumar, J Jebaramya and C Chelladurai. “Balance, Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic
Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on to Balsamodendroncaudatum Wood Squander Activated Carbon
Material”. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016: 01-07. Print.
char (Alvin et al., 2010), fly ash(Sell et al., 1994), peat moss( Allen and McKay 2001; Chen et al.,2001), ipomoea carnia stem waste
(Karthikeyan et al., 2007) , jujuba seeds (Somasekhara Reddy et al., 2012) and potatoes ,egg Husk ( Hila et al., 2012) and solid coal
(Katarzyna Czerw et al., 2016) are some of the waste materials which have been fruitfully tried for this purpose.
1 Experimental
1.1 Adsorbent
Balsamodendron caudatum wood waste was obtained from various regions of Erode & Tirupur Districts, Tamil Nadu, and India. The
study of Balsamodendron caudatum wood waste material is used as adsorbent is expected to be economical, environmentally safe and it
has practical importance.To develop adsorbents, the material was first ground and washed with doubly distilled water and then dried.
The dried material thus obtained was treated with hydrogen peroxide (30%W/V) at room temperature for about 24 hrs to oxidize the
adhering organic matter. The resulting material was thoroughly washed with doubly distilled water and then subjected to the
temperature of 120°C for the moisture removal.
One portion of the above material was soaked well with Na2SO4 solution for a period of 24 hours. At the end of 24 hrs the excess of
Na2SO4solution were decanted off and air-dried. Then the materials were placed in the muffle furnace carbonized at 120-130°C. The
dried materials were powdered and activated in a muffle furnace kept at 800°C for a period of 60 minutes. After activation, the
carbon of obtained were washed sufficiently with large volume of water to remove free acid, Then the obtained material was washed
with plenty of water to remove excess of acid, dried then to desired particle size and named as BACM.
1.2 Preparation of Aqueous dye Solution
The stock solutions of the dye (1000 mg/L) were prepared by dissolving 1 g of respective dye in one litre of water without any further
treatment, which were kept in dark coloured glass bottles. For batch study, an aqueous solution of this dye was prepared from stock
solutions in deionized water. NaOH and HCl solutions were used as buffers for pH studies.
1.3Amount of dye Adsorbed
The formula used to find the Amount of dye adsorbed, Qe , was as shown below:
(1)
Qe (mg/g) is the amount of dye adsorbed at equilibrium, V (L), isthe volume of the solution dye, Co (mg/L) is the initial dye
concentration, C (mg/L) is the dye concentration at any time and M (g) is the adsorbent dosage.
The percentage of removed anionic dye (R %) in solution was calculated using eqn. (2)
(2)
The initial concentration of Reactive Yellow 107pH and temperature was investigated by varying any one parameters and keeping the
other parameters constant
1.4 The Pseudo First – Order Equation
The pseudo first - order equation (Lagergren 1898) is generally expressed as follows.
(3)
Where,
qe and qt are the adsorption capacity at equilibrium and at time t., respectively (mg g-1
), k1 is the rate constant of pseudo first –order
adsorption (l min-1
).
After integration and applying boundary conditions t =0 to t = t and qt= 0 to qt = qt, the integration form of equation (3) becomes.
)(1 te
t
qqk
dt
dq
−=
%
0
0 ×100
−
=
C
CC
Removal t
0 ×V
−
=
M
CC
3. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016 (ICIEMS 2016) 3
Cite this article as: B Sivakumar, J Jebaramya and C Chelladurai. “Balance, Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic
Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on to Balsamodendroncaudatum Wood Squander Activated Carbon
Material”. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016: 01-07. Print.
(4)
The value of log (qe – qt) were linearly correlated with t. The plot of log (qe – qt) Vs t should give a linear relationship from which k1
and qe can be determined from the slope and intercept of the plot, respectively.
1.5 The Pseudo Second – Order Equation
The pseudo second – order adsorption kinetic rate equation is expressed as (Ho et al. 2000)
(5)
Where, k2 is the rate constant of pseudo second order adsorption (g. mg-1
. min-1
). For the boundary conditions t = 0 to t = t and qt =
0 to qt = qt, the integrated form of equation (5) becomes.
(6)
Which is the integrated rate law for pseudo second – order reaction. Equation (6) can be rearranged to obtain equation (7), which has
a linear form.
(7)
If the initial adsorption rate h (mg g-1
min-1
) is
` (8)
Then Equations. (7) And (8) become:
(9)
The plot of (t/qt) and t of equation (7) should give a linear relationship from which qe and k2 can be determined form the slope and
intercept of the plot, respectively.
1.6 The Elovich Equation
The Elovich model equation is generally expressed (Chien and Clayton 1980) as
(10)
Where, α is the initial adsorption rate (mg.g-1
min-1
), β is the adsorption constant (g. mg-1
) during any one experiment.
To simplify the Elovich equation, assumed αβt >> t and by applying the boundary conditions qt = 0 at t = 0 and qt=qt at t = t Eq (10)
becomes;
1 1
qt = β ln(α β) + β ln t (11)
If Reactive Yellow 107adsorption fits the Elovich model a plot of qt vs ln t should yield a linear relationship with slope of (1/β) and an
intercept of (1/β) In (α β)
t
kq
qq e
te ×
−
=−
303.2
)log(
)log( 1
2
2 )( te
t
qqk
dt
dq
−=
ete qqq
11
=
−
)(
11
2
2
t
qqkq
t
eet
+=
2
2 eqkh =
( )t
qhq
t
et
11
+=
( )t
t
t
q
d
dq
βα −= exp
tk+
4. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016 (ICIEMS 2016) 4
Cite this article as: B Sivakumar, J Jebaramya and C Chelladurai. “Balance, Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic
Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on to Balsamodendroncaudatum Wood Squander Activated Carbon
Material”. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016: 01-07. Print.
2 Results and Discussions
2.1 Characterization of Adsorbent
Physico-chemical characterizations of the adsorbents are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Characteristics of the Activated Carbon BACM
Parameter BACM
pH 6.5
Surface area (m2
/g)
339.64
pH zpc 4.5
The surface area of the BACM was measured through N2 adsorption at 77K using a NOVA1000, Quanta chrome Corporation. The pH
of BACM was measured by a PHS-3C pH meter. pH of zero charge (pHpzc) of the samples was determined using pH drift method
(Fariaa et al., 2004). The surface area of the BACM obtained from the N2 equilibrium adsorption isotherms was found to be 339.64
m2
/g. The results of “pH drift” experiment, from which the pHpzc of BACM studied in this test was found to be 4.5.
2.2 Effect of pH
From the set of experiments conducted to find the effect of pH on adsorption phenomenon, it was observed that pH influences BACM
surface dye binding sites and the dye chemistry in water. Figure 1 shows the amount of dye adsorbed, qe using acid activated absorbent
at initial pH value. In this experiment, the initial dye concentration was fixed at 20 mg/L. From the shake flask experiments, better
colour removal of the dye, Reactive Yellow 37, was observed at pH of 6.5 .The uptake of Reactive Yellow 37was found to be optimal
at pH 6.5 with the maximum dye uptake of 81.6 mg/g .
Figure.1 Influence of pH on stability uptake of Reactive Yellow 107 adsorption onto BACM.100 mg; V, 50 ml;C0 20 mg/L;
temperature, 30°C).
2.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
The effect of quantity of acid treated BACM on the amount of color adsorbed was studied by agitating 50 ml of 20 mg/L dye solution
with amount of sorbent addition was 100 mg. All these studies were conducted at room temperature and at a constant speed of 200
rpm. An increase in % colour removal was observed with an increase in adsorbent dosage.
2.4 Effect of Initial dye Concentration and Contact Time
For conducting the kinetic studies, the dye is agitating at equal time intervals were used. Contact time experiments were carried out
by agitating with 50 ml of dye solutions whose concentrations viz. 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 60 mg/L at an optimum pH of 6.5 with100
mg of BACM at room temperature. The rate of agitation was maintained constant at 250 rpm. The colour reduction profiles were
obtained using the absorbance capacity.
2.5 Influence of Temperature on Kinetic Rate Constant and Rate Parameters
Sorption experiment was established out with preset initial dye concentration (20mg/L) at pH 6.5 and at different temperature viz.
30 °C. 45 °C and 60 °C. The study of the data in (Table 2) reveals that the effect of temperature of the dye has very little influence on
the pseudo second order rate constants. The table 2 also reveals that the effect of the temperature of dye on Elovich and pseudo first
0
20
40
60
80
100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
qemg/g
pH
5. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016 (ICIEMS 2016) 5
Cite this article as: B Sivakumar, J Jebaramya and C Chelladurai. “Balance, Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic
Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on to Balsamodendroncaudatum Wood Squander Activated Carbon
Material”. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016: 01-07. Print.
order rate constant is neither considerable nor little. It is evident that the adsorption of dye on the BACM waste activated carbon is
best described by first order rate equation with regression coefficient value is greater than 0.98.
Table 2. The adsorption kinetic model rate constants for BACM at different Temperature
2.6. Morphology
The study by SEM of the adsorbent shown in the fig. 1 exposed that, it is highly permeable in nature. From the SEM results, it was
found that there are uniform holes and cave type openings on the surface of the specimen that would definitely have increased the
surface area (Khattri et al. 2000)
2.7. XRD Analysis
Fig. 2 shows the wide angle XRD pattern for porous carbon sample. The XRD analysis of permeable carbon proved that the carbon
prepared by acid treatment shows the X-ray diffraction angle 2Ө = 23 it is similar to the reported graphitization wood waste (Syed
2011).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Intensity
2 the ta (de g )
Figure. 2 SEM analysis for BACM Figure. 3 XRD pattern for BACM
3.0 Adsorption Thermodynamics
The rate of a reaction or the reaction rate can be calculated from the knowledge of kinetic studies. But the changes in reaction that can
be expected during sorption process require the brief idea of thermodynamic parameters. The three main thermodynamic parameters
include, enthalpy of adsorption (∆H), free energy change (∆G) due to transfer of unit mole of solute from solution to the solid
liquid interface and entropy (∆S) of adsorption.
The thermodynamic parameters obtained for the adsorption systems were calculated using the following equation (Inbaraj and
Sulochana 2002).
(16)
Adsorbent
Initial
Temperature
Pseudo
first order
Pseudo
Second order
Elorich
Model
k 1
lmin- 1 r2
k 2
g mg- 1
min- 1
h
mg g- 1
min- 1
r2 β g
min- 1
α
mg g- 1
min- 1
r2
BACM
300
C 0.0234 0.9986 0.0017 0.4572 0.8521 0.1438 0.8547 0.9356
450
C 0.0128 0.9767 0.0670 4.3547 0.4016 0.1578 0.4689 0.9093
600
C 0.03467 0.7096 0.0056 0.1435 0.6458 0.1345 0.4345 0.8654
e
Ae
c
C
C
K =
6. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016 (ICIEMS 2016) 6
Cite this article as: B Sivakumar, J Jebaramya and C Chelladurai. “Balance, Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic
Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on to Balsamodendroncaudatum Wood Squander Activated Carbon
Material”. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016: 01-07. Print.
(17)
(18)
KC is equilibrium constant, CAe is the solid phase concentration at equilibrium, Ce is residual concentration at equilibrium, R is gas
constant (J/mole) and T is the temperature in Kelvin. ∆H and ∆S was obtained from the slope and intercept of Vant Hoff plot (1/t Vs
ln Kc ). Table 5 gives the value of ∆G, ∆S and ∆H for the adsorption of BACM. The negative values of free energy change (∆G)
indicate the feasibility and spontaneous nature of adsorption of BACM. The positive value of ∆S is due to the increased randomness
during the adsorption of adsorbents.
Table 3 Thermodyanamic parameters forReactive Yellow 37, BACM adsorption.
Adsorbent
G (J mol-1
) S
300
C 450
C 600
C (J mol-1
K-1
) (J mol-1
K-1
)
BACM -3245.84 -5652.28 -7569.07 79.77 256.79
3. Conclusions
The sorption of reactive dye on the BACM was originate to be reliant on the pH, (The most favourable pH of Reactive Yellow 107was
6.5), temperature and concentration for adsorbent. Thermodynamic parameters obtained for the adsorbent accounts for feasibility of
the process at each concentration. Adsorption equilibriums were reached within 105 min contact time for reactive dye used in this
test. Thermodynamic parameters obtained for the adsorbent accounts for feasibility of the process at each concentration. The kinetics
of Reactive Yellow 107 sorption on adsorbent was found to follow a pseudo first -order rate equation. An equilibrium isotherm for
the adsorption of Reactive Yellow 107on BACM was analysed by the Langmuir isotherm equations. Result showed that the Langmuir
isotherm best-fit the Reactive Yellow 107adsorption.
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7. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016 (ICIEMS 2016) 7
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