Sensors are devices that detect and respond to different types of signals, such as heat, light, motion, or chemicals. Sensors convert these signals into analog or digital representations and are used to detect and measure various conditions. The document discusses the basic concepts of sensors and different types including thermal, mechanical, electrical, chemical, optical, and other specialized sensors.
Thermal imaging cameras detect infrared radiation emitted by objects and produce images based on that radiation. They allow users to visualize differences in temperature that are invisible to the naked eye. The document discusses the principles and applications of thermography, including using it for electrical inspections to detect potential problems like loose connections. It provides examples of exceptions found during inspections and a priority scale for when repairs are needed. Thermal imaging has various uses in fields like firefighting, building inspections, manufacturing, and medical and military applications. It is a non-contact, rapid way to scan objects and infrastructure.
The document discusses sensors, defining them as devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals. It describes qualities of good sensors such as sensitivity and lack of influence on the measured property. Additionally, it covers common sensor types, errors, and measurement definitions like sensitivity, deviation, and resolution.
This chapter provides guidance on general rules for electrical installation design including methodology, rules and regulations, load characteristics, and power loading considerations. Designers should follow the order of chapters, which begins with understanding applicable standards and regulations. Key factors include voltage ranges, safety testing, periodic inspections, equipment certification, and environmental conditions. Load characteristics such as motors and heating loads are also addressed. Power loading calculations cover installed power, demand, diversity factors, and sizing of transformers and power sources.
This document summarizes an introduction to sensors workshop given at Polytechnic University. It defines what sensors are, describes different types of detectable phenomena that can be measured by sensors, and explains several common physical principles that sensors use to operate. The document then discusses why sensors are needed, factors to consider when choosing a sensor, and provides details on several specific sensor types including temperature, accelerometer, light, magnetic field, ultrasonic, photogate, and CO2 gas sensors.
This document provides an introduction to infrared thermography, describing the basic concepts and terminology, how to operate an infrared camera, and how to generate reports from captured images. It explains infrared thermography concepts such as heat transfer, emissivity, and temperature, defines camera components and functions, and reviews the process for creating reports using ThermaCAM Reporter 2000 software. The goal is for readers to understand infrared thermography fundamentals and be able to use an FLIR ThermaCAM E45 camera to capture and report on infrared images.
My solution for this involves IoT device fixed on the safety jacket which is called Smart safety jacket.The Smart Safety Jacket enables complete safety of the employees working in mining and construction industries by installing a different type of sensors like Temperature sensor, Humidity sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Motion sensor, Gas sensor, Sound sensor, RFID, Emergency Panel, and Notification Panel. These sensors connected to the network through Wi-Fi makes more relevant and valuable ever than before. In case of emergency, immediate notification will be sent to an admin who is monitoring entire miners in the mining industry and immediate action will be taken to rescue miner from the hazard.
The whole process can be stated in two points.
1. The miner has to wear the smart safety jacket (connected with the sensors) which is connected to the control room via a network.
2. A Monitor in the control room who is continuously monitoring the miners and the mining site should check the hazard status and alert and rescue the miners in case of any critical situation.
Thus the mining environment and miners will be protected from the hazard.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to do one or a few dedicated and/or specific functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
Sensors are devices that detect and respond to different types of signals, such as heat, light, motion, or chemicals. Sensors convert these signals into analog or digital representations and are used to detect and measure various conditions. The document discusses the basic concepts of sensors and different types including thermal, mechanical, electrical, chemical, optical, and other specialized sensors.
Thermal imaging cameras detect infrared radiation emitted by objects and produce images based on that radiation. They allow users to visualize differences in temperature that are invisible to the naked eye. The document discusses the principles and applications of thermography, including using it for electrical inspections to detect potential problems like loose connections. It provides examples of exceptions found during inspections and a priority scale for when repairs are needed. Thermal imaging has various uses in fields like firefighting, building inspections, manufacturing, and medical and military applications. It is a non-contact, rapid way to scan objects and infrastructure.
The document discusses sensors, defining them as devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals. It describes qualities of good sensors such as sensitivity and lack of influence on the measured property. Additionally, it covers common sensor types, errors, and measurement definitions like sensitivity, deviation, and resolution.
This chapter provides guidance on general rules for electrical installation design including methodology, rules and regulations, load characteristics, and power loading considerations. Designers should follow the order of chapters, which begins with understanding applicable standards and regulations. Key factors include voltage ranges, safety testing, periodic inspections, equipment certification, and environmental conditions. Load characteristics such as motors and heating loads are also addressed. Power loading calculations cover installed power, demand, diversity factors, and sizing of transformers and power sources.
This document summarizes an introduction to sensors workshop given at Polytechnic University. It defines what sensors are, describes different types of detectable phenomena that can be measured by sensors, and explains several common physical principles that sensors use to operate. The document then discusses why sensors are needed, factors to consider when choosing a sensor, and provides details on several specific sensor types including temperature, accelerometer, light, magnetic field, ultrasonic, photogate, and CO2 gas sensors.
This document provides an introduction to infrared thermography, describing the basic concepts and terminology, how to operate an infrared camera, and how to generate reports from captured images. It explains infrared thermography concepts such as heat transfer, emissivity, and temperature, defines camera components and functions, and reviews the process for creating reports using ThermaCAM Reporter 2000 software. The goal is for readers to understand infrared thermography fundamentals and be able to use an FLIR ThermaCAM E45 camera to capture and report on infrared images.
My solution for this involves IoT device fixed on the safety jacket which is called Smart safety jacket.The Smart Safety Jacket enables complete safety of the employees working in mining and construction industries by installing a different type of sensors like Temperature sensor, Humidity sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Motion sensor, Gas sensor, Sound sensor, RFID, Emergency Panel, and Notification Panel. These sensors connected to the network through Wi-Fi makes more relevant and valuable ever than before. In case of emergency, immediate notification will be sent to an admin who is monitoring entire miners in the mining industry and immediate action will be taken to rescue miner from the hazard.
The whole process can be stated in two points.
1. The miner has to wear the smart safety jacket (connected with the sensors) which is connected to the control room via a network.
2. A Monitor in the control room who is continuously monitoring the miners and the mining site should check the hazard status and alert and rescue the miners in case of any critical situation.
Thus the mining environment and miners will be protected from the hazard.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to do one or a few dedicated and/or specific functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
This presentation explains the detailed block diagram of an instrumentation system. This material will be useful for students in electronics / instrumentation engineering.
The thermal imaging camera is a type of thermographic camera that helps in measuring the temperature differences of a surface. This helps in identifying any potential fire hazards. The areas with different temperatures are pictorially represented.
This document lists 84 potential biomedical engineering project titles. It provides contact information for an organization called Expert Systems and Solutions (ESS) that offers online coaching, jobs, training, and research related to various engineering fields including biomedical engineering. The document encourages exploring additional areas on their website for power systems, electronics, and other project titles.
This document summarizes iris scan technology. It discusses how iris recognition works by leveraging the unique patterns in the iris to provide accurate identification. The iris has over 400 identifying features and remains stable over time, making it a powerful biometric identifier. Iris scanning has applications in computer and device security, border control, and other areas requiring secure identification. While generally accurate, iris scanning does face some challenges related to acquisition of the iris image and potential non-cooperation of subjects.
This document proposes a smart shopping system using RFID technology that can automatically generate bills. Key features include:
1) RFID antennas will detect items in a shopping basket and automatically generate a bill using RFID tags on each product.
2) The system supports both registered users with smart cards for payment from preloaded balances as well as non-registered users who must pay at checkout.
3) Product details like codes, names, prices are stored in a database and the system has features for modifying, deleting, and generating automatic bills from detected inventory.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. They are used in many applications from cars and machines to medicine and more. Sensors come in different types including optical sensors, which detect light, and biosensors, which are used in biomedical applications and detect biological components. The resolution of a sensor refers to the smallest change it can detect in the measured quantity.
This document discusses an event on Internet of Things using Arduino organized by Pantech Solutions and Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University. It provides information about the university and Pantech Solutions. The agenda includes topics on the Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing, applications of IoT, and a live demo of an environment monitoring system using Arduino and ESP8266. It aims to gain knowledge on using these tools to develop IoT applications and systems.
This paper describes ultrasonic blind walking stick with the use of arduino. According to WHO, Visually impaired can range from mild severe. Worldwide, between 300 million people are visually impaired due to various causes just about 50 million People are totally Blind in the order of 80 of blindness occurs in people over 50years of age. If u notice them , you can very well know about it they can’t walk without the help of other. For Blind People without Any Support Its very Difficult to reach there. They faces many problems in their daily routine day to day life. revelation loss was linked by means of suicidal thoughts of suicide attempts, in a new study from south Korea. “People with visual harm often suffer substantial psychosocial consequences,†the authors wrote in the British Journal Of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine and surgery which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. Shobhana Sonwane | Priyanka Gaidhane | Diksha Mohane | Nikita Gajbhiye | Akansha Patil | Tasneem Hasan "Smart Blind Stick using Arduino" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30754.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30754/smart-blind-stick-using-arduino/shobhana-sonwane
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA) untuk kelas VII semester 1, yang mencakup bab-bab seperti objek IPA dan pengamatannya, klasifikasi makhluk hidup, klasifikasi materi dan perubahannya, suhu dan perubahannya, kalor dan perubahannya, serta energi dalam sistem kehidupan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan proses penyelidikan ilmiah, manfaat belajar IPA, besaran
Pengukuran merupakan proses menentukan nilai kuantitatif dari suatu besaran fisika dengan menggunakan alat ukur dan memperhatikan prinsip ketepatan, ketelitian, serta aturan angka penting. Pembelajaran mengenai pengukuran ini bertujuan agar siswa dapat menerapkan konsep tersebut dalam mengukur besaran fisika secara tepat dan jujur melalui eksperimen.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengukuran dalam ilmu pengetahuan alam (IPA) yang mencakup definisi pengukuran, besaran, dan satuan. Dokumen juga menjelaskan metode ilmiah dan keterampilan dasar dalam IPA seperti mengamati, mengukur, dan mengolah data.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai besaran fisika dan non fisika, besaran skalar dan vektor, satuan internasional, alat ukur, dan kesalahan dalam pengukuran.
BAB 1 membahas besaran dan pengukuran pada makhluk hidup dan benda lainnya. Terdapat dua jenis besaran yaitu besaran pokok dan turunan. Besaran pokok tidak diturunkan dari besaran lain dan memiliki satuan dalam SI seperti panjang, massa, waktu, dan lainnya. Besaran turunan diturunkan dari besaran pokok seperti luas dan volume. Pengukuran besaran dilakukan menggunakan alat ukur seperti pengg
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja di ruang terbatas. Ruang terbatas memiliki bahaya potensial seperti udara beracun, kekurangan oksigen, dan bahaya fisik. Dokumen ini menjelaskan prosedur kerja aman di ruang terbatas seperti perizinan masuk, pengukuran atmosfer, ventilasi, perlindungan pernapasan, dan sistem ijin masuk. Tujuannya adalah meningkatkan kesadaran tent
Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan berbagai instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kualitas lingkungan, makanan, dan minuman. Instrumen tersebut meliputi detektor CO, lux meter, vaneometer, termo-higrometer, termometer raksa, sling psychometer, alat tes logam berat, tes zat beracun, dan tes kontaminasi makanan. Dokumen juga menjelaskan parameter maksimum yang diperbolehkan untuk kandungan kimia, mikroorganisme, dan fis
This presentation explains the detailed block diagram of an instrumentation system. This material will be useful for students in electronics / instrumentation engineering.
The thermal imaging camera is a type of thermographic camera that helps in measuring the temperature differences of a surface. This helps in identifying any potential fire hazards. The areas with different temperatures are pictorially represented.
This document lists 84 potential biomedical engineering project titles. It provides contact information for an organization called Expert Systems and Solutions (ESS) that offers online coaching, jobs, training, and research related to various engineering fields including biomedical engineering. The document encourages exploring additional areas on their website for power systems, electronics, and other project titles.
This document summarizes iris scan technology. It discusses how iris recognition works by leveraging the unique patterns in the iris to provide accurate identification. The iris has over 400 identifying features and remains stable over time, making it a powerful biometric identifier. Iris scanning has applications in computer and device security, border control, and other areas requiring secure identification. While generally accurate, iris scanning does face some challenges related to acquisition of the iris image and potential non-cooperation of subjects.
This document proposes a smart shopping system using RFID technology that can automatically generate bills. Key features include:
1) RFID antennas will detect items in a shopping basket and automatically generate a bill using RFID tags on each product.
2) The system supports both registered users with smart cards for payment from preloaded balances as well as non-registered users who must pay at checkout.
3) Product details like codes, names, prices are stored in a database and the system has features for modifying, deleting, and generating automatic bills from detected inventory.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. They are used in many applications from cars and machines to medicine and more. Sensors come in different types including optical sensors, which detect light, and biosensors, which are used in biomedical applications and detect biological components. The resolution of a sensor refers to the smallest change it can detect in the measured quantity.
This document discusses an event on Internet of Things using Arduino organized by Pantech Solutions and Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University. It provides information about the university and Pantech Solutions. The agenda includes topics on the Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing, applications of IoT, and a live demo of an environment monitoring system using Arduino and ESP8266. It aims to gain knowledge on using these tools to develop IoT applications and systems.
This paper describes ultrasonic blind walking stick with the use of arduino. According to WHO, Visually impaired can range from mild severe. Worldwide, between 300 million people are visually impaired due to various causes just about 50 million People are totally Blind in the order of 80 of blindness occurs in people over 50years of age. If u notice them , you can very well know about it they can’t walk without the help of other. For Blind People without Any Support Its very Difficult to reach there. They faces many problems in their daily routine day to day life. revelation loss was linked by means of suicidal thoughts of suicide attempts, in a new study from south Korea. “People with visual harm often suffer substantial psychosocial consequences,†the authors wrote in the British Journal Of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine and surgery which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. Shobhana Sonwane | Priyanka Gaidhane | Diksha Mohane | Nikita Gajbhiye | Akansha Patil | Tasneem Hasan "Smart Blind Stick using Arduino" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30754.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30754/smart-blind-stick-using-arduino/shobhana-sonwane
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA) untuk kelas VII semester 1, yang mencakup bab-bab seperti objek IPA dan pengamatannya, klasifikasi makhluk hidup, klasifikasi materi dan perubahannya, suhu dan perubahannya, kalor dan perubahannya, serta energi dalam sistem kehidupan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan proses penyelidikan ilmiah, manfaat belajar IPA, besaran
Pengukuran merupakan proses menentukan nilai kuantitatif dari suatu besaran fisika dengan menggunakan alat ukur dan memperhatikan prinsip ketepatan, ketelitian, serta aturan angka penting. Pembelajaran mengenai pengukuran ini bertujuan agar siswa dapat menerapkan konsep tersebut dalam mengukur besaran fisika secara tepat dan jujur melalui eksperimen.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengukuran dalam ilmu pengetahuan alam (IPA) yang mencakup definisi pengukuran, besaran, dan satuan. Dokumen juga menjelaskan metode ilmiah dan keterampilan dasar dalam IPA seperti mengamati, mengukur, dan mengolah data.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai besaran fisika dan non fisika, besaran skalar dan vektor, satuan internasional, alat ukur, dan kesalahan dalam pengukuran.
BAB 1 membahas besaran dan pengukuran pada makhluk hidup dan benda lainnya. Terdapat dua jenis besaran yaitu besaran pokok dan turunan. Besaran pokok tidak diturunkan dari besaran lain dan memiliki satuan dalam SI seperti panjang, massa, waktu, dan lainnya. Besaran turunan diturunkan dari besaran pokok seperti luas dan volume. Pengukuran besaran dilakukan menggunakan alat ukur seperti pengg
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja di ruang terbatas. Ruang terbatas memiliki bahaya potensial seperti udara beracun, kekurangan oksigen, dan bahaya fisik. Dokumen ini menjelaskan prosedur kerja aman di ruang terbatas seperti perizinan masuk, pengukuran atmosfer, ventilasi, perlindungan pernapasan, dan sistem ijin masuk. Tujuannya adalah meningkatkan kesadaran tent
Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan berbagai instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kualitas lingkungan, makanan, dan minuman. Instrumen tersebut meliputi detektor CO, lux meter, vaneometer, termo-higrometer, termometer raksa, sling psychometer, alat tes logam berat, tes zat beracun, dan tes kontaminasi makanan. Dokumen juga menjelaskan parameter maksimum yang diperbolehkan untuk kandungan kimia, mikroorganisme, dan fis
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Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - abdiera.com. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka.
2. Sains Adalah Sebahagian
Daripada Kehidupan
• Sains adalah disiplin ilmu yang
melibatkan pemerhatian dan
eksperimen yang sistematik
terhadap fenomena alam semulajadi
3. • Kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan
seharian
– Menyumbang kepada bidang
kejuruteraan
– Membantu komunikasi
– Meningkatkan hasil pertanian
– Membantu mengurangkan kadar
kematian
4. • Cabang sains
– Fizik
– Kimia
– Biologi
– Astronomi
– Geologi
– Meteorologi
– Alam sekitar
• Kerjaya dalam sains
– Pendidik
– Doktor
– Jurutera
– Ahli kimia
– Penyelidik
– Angkasawan
– Ahli astronomi
– Ahli oseanografi
– Ahli meteorologi
6. Makmal Sains Anda
• Peraturan keselamatan
– Jangan masuk makmal tanpa kebenaran
– Jangan makan dan minum
– Jangan berlari atau bergurau
– Laporkan sebarang kerosakan dan
kemalangan
– Periksa label pada bekas sebelum
menggunakannya
– Jangan melakukan ujikaji tanpa panduan
7. • Simbol amaran bahaya
Beracun/toksik Mudah terbakar Mengakis
Klorin, merkuri Bhn bakar, alkohol Asid, alkali pekat
Mudah meletup Beradioaktif Merengsa
Hidrogen, butana Uranium, plutonium Ammonia, klorofom
8. • Radas makmal
Bikar Silinder penyukat Kelalang kon
Kelalang dasar bulat Balang gas Mangkuk sejat
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Kuantiti Fizik dan
Unitnya
Kuantiti fizikal Unit S I Simbol
unit
Panjang Meter m
Jisim Kilogram kg
Masa Saat s
Arus elektrik Ampere A
Suhu Kelvin K
14. Imbuhan
Imbuhan Nilai
Bentuk
piawai
Simbol
Giga 1000000000 x 109 G
Mega 1000000 x 106 M
Kilo 1000 x 103 k
Desi 0.1 x 10-1 d
Senti 0.01 x 10-2 c
Mili 0.001 x 10-3 m
Mikro 0.000001 x 10-6 µ
Nano 0.000000001 x 10-9 N
Piko 0.000000000001 x 10-12 p
15. Alat Pengukuran
Kuantiti
fizik
Alat pengukur Unit
Panjang Pembaris, pita pengukur
Meter (m), milimeter (mm),
sentimeter (cm), kilometer
(km).
Jisim
Neraca tuas, neraca tiga
alur
Kilogram (kg)
Masa Jam randik
Saat, minit, jam, hari,
minggu, bulan, tahun, dekad,
abad
Suhu
Termometer makmal,
termometer klinik
Kelvin (K), darjah Celcius (oC)
Arus
elektrik
Ammeter Ampere (A)
Isipadu
cecair
Silinder penyukat
Mililiter (ml), liter (L),
sentimeter padu (cm3)
19. Kejituan, Kepersisan dan Kepekaan
Kuantiti fizik Alat pengukur yang lebih jitu Bacaan terkecil
Panjang
Angkup vernier, 0.1 mm
Tolok skru mikrometer 0.01 mm
Jisim Penimbang digital 0.01 g
Masa Jam randik digital 0.01 s
Suhu Termometer digital 0.1 oC
Arus elektrik Ammeter digital 0.01 A
Isipadu cecair Buret 0.1 cm3
23. Ralat
Ralat sistematik Jenis Ralat rawak
Ralat malar pada
sesuatu alat pengukur
yang diperoleh setiap
kali pengukuran
Maksud
Ketidakpastian
pengukuran yang
disebabkan oleh
pemerhati semasa
membuat pengukuran
• Ralat sifar
• Alat pengukur yang
tidak jitu
Contoh
• Ralat paralaks
• Kecuaian semasa
mengambil bacaan
• Salah teknik
• Mengendali
eksperimen dengan
berhati-hati
• Menggunakan alat
pengukur yang
berbeza
Cara
mengatasi
• Ambil bacaan
beberapa kali untuk
mendapatkan purata
• Mata mesti
berserenjang dengan
skala alat pengukur
24. Membuat anggaran sebelum
membuat pengukuran sebenar
• Panjang
– Menggunakan objek yang sudah diketahui panjangnya
• Luas
– Objek sekata → menggunakan rumus
– Objek tidak sekata → kertas graf
• Jisim
– Menggunakan jisim yang sudah diketahui
• Isipadu
– Objek sekata → menggunakan rumus
– Objek tidak sekata → kaedah sesaran air
24
25. Ketumpatan
• Jisim per unit isipadu
• Rumus → Ketumpatan (gcm-3) = jisim (g) .
isipadu (cm3)
• Bahan yang kurang tumpat akan terapung
• Bahan yeng lebih tumpat akan tenggelam
• Boleh ditentukan menggunakan :
i. Rumus
ii. Kaedah sesaran air
25
26. • Fenomena berkaitan dengan perbezaan
ketumpatan
– Ais terapung di permukaan air
– Belon helium terapung di udara kerana
helium kurang tumpat berbanding udara
– Pengangkutan kayu balak menerusi sungai
kerana kayu balak kurang tumpat
berbanding air
26
27. • Pelbagai inovasi boleh dibuat ke atas objek,
makanan, dan minuman menggunakan konsep
ketumpatan seperti
– Teh 3 lapis
– Lampu lava
27
28. Langkah Dalam Penyiasatan Saintifik
Kemahiran
Proses
Sains
Memerhati
Mengelas
Mengukur dan
menggunakan
nombor
Membuat
inferens
Meramal
Berkomunikasi
Menggunakan perhubungan
ruang dan masa
Mentafsir data
Mendefinisi
secara operasi
Mengawal
pembolehubah
Membuat
hipotesis
Mengeksperimen