- A Russian journalist uncovered evidence of a Soviet nuclear catastrophe in 1986 that killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town. - The explosion occurred at a naval base near Vladivostock during the refitting of a nuclear submarine's reactor. - Soviet officials covered up the accident and told residents it was just a "thermal" explosion, not nuclear. Those involved in the cleanup were sworn to secrecy. - The accident spread radioactive fallout over the base and nearby town and was later described as the worst in the history of the Soviet Navy.

1. BAHASAINGGRIS
OLE
H: WINDA SURYA
SABRINA
XII IIS 1

3. O
F
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O
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H
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G
FORMAL
Offering something formal word, usually used to
older people.
Example :
• Could i offer you a glass of lemonade?
• Would you mind joining us?
• Shall i get you a bottle of water?
INFORMAL
Informal said offering something, usually
used to people the same age
Example :
• What can i get for you?
• Won't you have a pancake?
• Cheese sandwich?
Declining an Offering Something
Is the means used to refuse assistance or offer
from someone.
Examples:
• No,thanks
• No, i really won't ,thank you
• Not for me ,thanks
Accepting an Offering Something
Is the means used to receive help or offer from
someone. Examples:
• Thank you
• Yes, please!
• I'd like it
• Thank you, i would

4. Asking for Help Giving Help
Could you possibly help me ? I will do it for you.
Could I possibly ask you to help
me ?
I’d like to help you.
Would you be willing to help me ? I’d be happy to help you.
Could you do me a favor, please ? Let me help you.
Can you help me, please ? Let me give you my hand.
Offering Help Refusing Help
Can I help ? No, you don’t need to.
Do you need any help ? Don’t bother yourself, thanks.
May I help you ? No, thank you.
Do you need a hand ?
That’s very kind, but I can
manage
myself.
That’s very kind of you, but I don’t
OFFERINGHELP

6. Conditional Sentence Type 1
→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Conditional Sentence Type 2
→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be
fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Past, ConditionaL I (= would +
Infinitive)
Conditional Sentence Type 3
→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

7. Type Examples
long forms short/contracted forms
I
+ If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam.
-
If I study, I will not fail the exam.
If I do not study, I will fail the exam.
If I study, I won't fail the exam.
If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
II
+ If I studied, I would pass the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
-
If I studied, I would not fail the exam.
If I did not study, I would fail the exam.
If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.
If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
III
+ If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
-
If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam.
If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.
If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.

9. A job application letter also known as a cover letter should be sent
or uploaded with your resumewhen applying for jobs. While your
resume offers a history of your work experience and an outline of
your skills and accomplishments, the job application letter you send
to an employer explains why you are qualified for the position and
should be selected for an interview.

10. J
o
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NL
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Use the application letter format below as a guideline
to create customized application lettersto send to
employers.

11. Contact
Information
Name
Addres
s
City, State, Zip
Code Phone
Number Email
Address
Date
Employer Contact Information
(if you have it)
Name
Title
Compan
y
Address
City, State, Zip
Code
Body of Application Letter
The body of your application letter lets the
employer know what position you are
applying for, why the employer should select
you for an interview, and how you will follow-
up. See below for a paragraph-by-paragraph
breakdown of the body of the letter.
Salutatio
n
Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name, (leave
out if you don't have a contact)

12. First Paragraph
The first paragraph of your letter
should include information on why
you are writing. Mention the job you
are applying for and where you
found the job listing. Include the
name of a mutual contact, if you
have one
Complimentary
Close
Sincerel
y,
Signatur
e
Final
Paragraph
Conclude your application letter by thanking
the employer for considering you for the
position.
Middle
Paragraph(s)
The next section of your application letter
should describe what you have to offer the
employer. It can be a single paragraph, or
you can break it up into a couple of
paragraphs. If the section gets lengthy, you
may use bullet points to break up the text.
Remember, you are interpreting your
resume, not repeating it.
Mention specifically how your
qualifications match the job you are
applying for. In this portion of the letter,
make your case for your candidacy.

14. ReportingS
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
s

15. Tableforchange
intenseofreportedspeechforall
T
E
NSE
S

16. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE
He said, “I write a letter”
She said, “he goes to school daily”
They said, “we love our country”
He said, “he does not like computer”
He said that he wrote a letter.
He said that she went to school daily.
They said that they loved their country
He said that he did not like computer.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS
She said, “I am washing my clothes”
They said, “we are enjoying the weather”
She said, “I am not laughing”
She said that she was washing her clothes.
They said that they were not enjoying the weather.
She said that she was not laughing.
PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT
She said, “he has finished his work”
He said, “I have started a job”
I said, “she have eaten the meal”
She said that he had finished his work.
He said that he had started a job.
I said that she had eaten the meal.
They said, “we have not gone to New York. They said that they had not gone to New York.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock” He said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock.
She said, “It has been raining for three days.” She said that it been raining for three days.
I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007” I said that she had been working in this office since 2007.

17. PAST TENSE
PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT
He said to me, “you answered correctly”
John said, “they went to cinema”
He said, “I made a table”
She said, “I didn’t buy a car”
He said to me that I had answered correctly.
John said that they had gone to cinema.
He said that he had made a table.
She said that she had not bought a car.
PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
They said, “we were enjoying the weather”
He said to me, “ I was waiting for you”
I said, “It was raining”
She said, “I was not laughing”
They said that they had been enjoying.
He said to me that he had been waiting for me.
I said that it had been raining.
She said that she not been laughing.
PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change)
She said, “She had visited a doctor”
He said, “I had started a business”
I said, “she had eaten the meal”
They said, “we had not gone to New York.
She said that she had visited a doctor.
He said that he had started a business.
I said that she had eaten the meal.
They said they had not gone to New York.

18. FUTURE TENSE
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
WILL changes into WOULD
He said, “I will study the book”
She said, “I will buy a computer”
They said to me, “we will send you gifts”
I said, “I will not take the exam”
He said that he would study the book.
She said that she would buy a computer.
They said to me that they would send you gifts.
I said that I would not take the exam.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
WILL BE changes into WOULD BE
I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him”
She said,” I will be shifting to new home”
He said, “I will be working hard”
He said, “he will not be flying kite”
I said to him that I would be waiting for him.
She said that she would be shifting to a new home.
He said that he would be working hard.
She said that he would not be flying kites.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE
He said, “I will have finished the work”
She said, “they will have passed the examination”
He said, “I will have gone”
He said that he would have finished the work.
She said that they would have passed the examination.
He said that he would have gone.

19. Modal Direct speech Reported speech
can "I can do it." He said he could do it.
may "May I go out?"
He wanted to know if he might
go out.
must "She must apply for the job."
He said that she must/had to
apply for the job.
will "They will call you."
He told her that they would
call her.

20. P
L
A
C
E
,
D
E
M
O
N
S
T
R
A
T
I
V
E
SA
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DT
I
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EE
X
P
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Direct Speech Reported Speech
Time Expressions
today that day
now then
yesterday the day before
… days ago … days before
last week the week before
next year the following year
tomorrow the next day / the following day
Place
here there
Demonstratives
this that
these those

21. REPORTINGQUESTIONS
Typesof questions Direct speech Reportedspeech
With question word (what, why,
where, how...)
"Why" don’t you speak English?” Heaskedmewhy I didn’t speak
English.
Without question word (yes or no
questions)
“Do you speak English?” He asked me whether / if Ispoke
English.
Direct speech Reportedspeech
“Nancy,do the exercise.“ He told Nancy to do the exercise.
"Nancy, give me your pen, please." He asked Nancy to give him her pen.
ReportingRequests/ commands
For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to)
For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to)

23. News item is a text which informs
readers about events of the day. The
events are considered newsworthy or
important
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant,
time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process

24. Town ‘Contaminated
Newsworthy Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet
events nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Background EventsYelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who
witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of
shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl
disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but
was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the
explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had
been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the
clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated
material were sworn to secrecy.
Sources A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident
in the history of the Soviet Navy.
Examples and structures of the text