Bacteriophage T2 normally infects the different E. coli strains. B an.pdf

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Bacteriophage T2 normally infects the different E. coli strains. B and C. However, certain mutations, designated r, block growth on strain B. Ten r mutations were mapped by two-point recombination frequencies to a small region of the T2 chromosome, shown below. When the ten r mutants were tested for complementation by mixed-infection of strain B, certain pairs could kill the B host (+), while other pairs failed to grow completely (-), Assuming the mutations a, b, and c are known to lie in the genes A, B. and C. use the complementation data in the table below to mark gene boundaries on the genetic map. Do the data reveal the presence of a fourth gene in this region? If so, please show it\'s location on the map. Solution Crosses between strains which produce wild type progenies, suggest that these genes are present in different gene. On the basis of this we would determine the following boundaries: agdj are present in one gene because crosses between these gene are producing mutant progenies; representing cis effect. The other genes are bh, efi and kc. Therefore, there are four different genes. Agdj, bh, efi and kc..

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Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells. Solution Plants cells are multi-cellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells, while bacteria are single- cell prokaryotic organisms. Each eukaryotic cell of a plant or animal includes a central nucleus containing DNA and membrane-bound organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. A bacterial cell has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotes have circular DNA, which is exposed to the cytosol fluid of the cellular environment and concentrates in an area known as the nucleoid. Within the cytosol environment of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are ribosomes, which are responsible for producing the polypeptide chains of proteins. In bacterial cells, ribosomes are 70s, while eukaryotic plant and animal cells have larger, 80s ribosomes. These 80s ribosomes float within the cytosol of the cell and adhere to the rough endoplasmic reticulum unique to eukaryotes. The mitochondria of eukaryotes do contain 70s ribosomes within their mitochondria. a prokaryotic bacterium invaded an early-form eukaryotic cell, which gave rise to mitochondria. Bacteria cells divide by way of binary fission and are asexual. Eukaryotes, however, divide cellularly via mitosis and reproduce sexually through the process of meiosis. An onion is a multicellular (consisting of many cells) plant organism. As in all plant cells, the cell of an onion peel consists of a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and a large vacuole. The nucleus is present at the periphery of the cytoplasm. The vacuole is prominent and present at the centre of the cell. It is surrounded by cytoplasm. The presence of a cell wall and a large vacuole are indicators that help identify plant cells, such as seen in the onion peel..

Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.SolutionPl.pdf

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A facility is to be designed with 7 departments (Dl-D7) such that the following departments are adjacent (share a common wall): Dl is adjacent to D2, D3 and D4. D2 is adjacent to D5 and D6. D3 is adjacent to D4, D5 and D6. D4 is adjacent to every department. D5 is adjacent to D6 & D7. And D6 is adjacent to D7. Is it possible to design such a facility? Why or why not? Solution Given that D4 is related to all the Dis.As adjacency is a symmetric relation,(for example) D2 must also be adjacent to D4 , which is not the case here. Hence the design is not possible..

A facility is to be designed with 7 departments (Dl-D7) such that the.pdf

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Briefly discuss each of the chronological \"steps\" in the process of paying a dividend Briefly discuss each of the chronological \"steps\" in the process of paying a dividend Solution Basically chronological steps in the process of paying dividends describes the timeline for a series of events which take place after a company decides to pay dividends to its shareholders. The following steps are included in that process: 1). Declaration Date The day when a company issues a statement declaring that it intents to pay a dividend. On the same date, the company also announces the holder-of-record date and the payment date. 2). Ex-Dividend Day It is the first business day on which a share will trade without its dividend. As a result, investors who owned shares before and on the ex-dividend date will receive a dividend once it is paid, while investors who acquire shares on or after the ex-dividend date will not have the benefit of receiving the dividend. 3). Holder-of-Record Date It is simply the record date, when a shareholder that is listed in the company’s records is deemed to have ownership of the company’s shares for the purpose of deciding who can and who cannot receive a dividend when paid. It is typically one or two business days after the ex-date. 4). Payment Date It is the date on which a company transfers the dividend payments to its shareholders. It doesn\'t need to be a business day. It can also occur on a weekend or holiday..

Briefly discuss each of the chronological steps in the process o.pdf

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Which protocol uses tunneling to send PPP packets over a nonsecure network such as the Internet? A. TCP B. DHCP C. HTML D. PPTP Solution Answer D is the correct answer. The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) encapsulates IP packets for transport over a public network. PPTP is used by remote access servers to support communications between remote users and a private home or corporate network. Answer A is incorrect because TCP is a Transport layer protocol and has no role in tunneling. Answer B, the Domain Host Configuration Protocol, is used to assign and track IP address allocations on an IP network and is not related to tunneling, so it\'s incorrect. Answer C is also incorrect because it is a language used on the Internet\'s World Wide Web. HTML is basically ASCII text surrounded by HTML commands..

Which protocol uses tunneling to send PPP packets over a nonsecure n.pdf

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What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earnings? What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earnings? Solution Retained earnings is the amount of money that the company keeps aside for future. The aim of a company is to maximize the wealth of the shareholders. The company provides dividends to the shareholders to maximize their wealth. The retained earnings is calculated by subtracting the dividends feom the net income. The amount of money that is left after the dividends are paid is known as retained earnings. Any addition to retained earnings will be identified by the increase in the value of the net income or decrease in the value of the dividends. The addition of retained earnings will be clear when the dividends are less and net income is more. Retained earnings = net income - dividends.

What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earn.pdf

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Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appear to us to be continuous Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appears to us to be continuous? a)A light beam contains a multitude of photons, each with a very small amount of energy. b)The wave part of a photon superposes with the wave part of other photons in the beam, making the beam appear to be continuous. c)The wave part of the photon extends over a spatial region that is larger than our eyes can detect. d)The particle properties of photons do not interact with our eyes. e)Each photon carries information from the whole electromagnetic spectrum; and our eyes camiot interpret this information. Solution A light is composed of multitude of photons. And each photon carries a very small amount of energy. Hence, the correct statement is option (a). And the remaining options are wrong..

Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appear to us.pdf

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Why is it important to study reactions norms to understand phenotypi.pdf

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Which of the following is true about the nucleolus? A)found in prokaryotic cells in place of a true nucleus B)contains membran attached ribosomes C)assembles ribosomal subunits D)all are true E)none are true If the nucleolus was removed, this would deplete the RNA in the nucleus. A)True B)Fals (Since most of the RNA in the nucleus is messenger RNA) If the nucleolus was removed synthesis of new ribosomes would not occur. A)True B)False (all the ribosomes a cell uses in its lifetime are present in the cytoplasm when the cell first forms) Which of the following is true about nuclear membran permeability? A)hydrophilic(aqueous) channels are larger than those of the plasma membrane B)large proteins can pass in and out of the nucleus in fully folded form in an aqueous solution(passage does not require hydrophobic leaders and membrane attachment) C)movement of large molecule through pores require assistance of transporter proteins D)the outer layer of the nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, therefore large molecules produced in the nucleus can directly enter the ER lumen without needing to be transported through a membrane. E) all are true F)none are true Enzymes used for DNA replication are made on ribosomes located outside the nucleus. A)True B)Flase Solution Answer : Question number 1: The correct among all the statement is C (assembles ribosomal subunits) Explanation : Nucleolus is the darkly stained, circular suborganelle which lacks any limiting membrane and is formed during the interphase. it is site where ribosomes are manufactured..

Which of the following is true about the nucleolusA)found in prok.pdf

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1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The most common phenotype is brown eyes (BB). A recessive allele of the OCA2 results in blue eyes (bb). Wilson has brown eyes and Mia has blue eyes. What is the probability that Wilson and Mia’s child will have blue eyes? 2- Emma finds a small lump in her breast and goes to her physician, who takes a medical and family history. She mentions that her father died of brain cancer, a cousin had leukemia, and her older sister was just diagnosed with a tumor of connective tissue. The doctor assures her that the family cancer history doesn’t raise the risk that her breast lump is cancerous, because the other cancers were not in the breast. Is the doctor correct? 3- . In X-linked inheritance disorders the females are usually the carriers whereas the males are the affected. Give your reason 4- Explain the connection between cancer and control of cell cycle Solution 1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The most common phenotype is brown eyes (BB). A recessive allele of the OCA2 results in blue eyes (bb). Wilson has brown eyes and Mia has blue eyes. The probability that Wilson and Mia’s child will have blue eyes is 1:4 2. The doctor is not correct in saying that because the other cancers were not breast cancers, her breast lump is not cancerous. The genes are inherited from parents in gametes and combine in the zygote. Single zygote divide and differentiate to form a complete individual and the DNA is constant is each and every cell. Thus, each cell carries the mutation in tumor suppressor gene or the oncogenes and each cell is equally susceptible to be cancerous. 3. In X-linked inheritance disorders, the females are usually the carriers whereas the males are the affected. The humans have heterogametic males and homogametic females i.e., female carries two X-chromosomes and male have only one X-chromosome. In the case of X-linked recessive disorders, the other X-chromosome carrying dominant gene mask the expression of the mutant allele on the other X-chromosome and thus, the disease do not manifest. However, in males the mutant allele on the X-chromosome of the heterogametic male results in the diseased male. 4. The connection between cancer and control of cell cycle: Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled growth due to lack of contact inhibition. The uncontrolled growth is a result of lack of control of the cell cycle..

1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The m.pdf

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The graph of a periodic function is given below.- Define a functio.pdf

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What is the three point notation? Solution In a 3D Cartesian coordinate system, a point P is referred to by three real numbers (coordinates), indicating the positions of the perpendicular projections from the point to three fixed, perpendicular, graduated lines, called the x,y,z axes respectively which intersect at the origin. Any point P can be denoted as P(x,y,z) , where x,y,z are the perpendicular distance of point P from x,y,z axis respectively. The way of representing the point in 3D co-ordinate is done by three point notation..

What is the three point notationSolutionIn a 3D Cartesian coo.pdf

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What is SOPA? Discuss SOPA development and enforcement. Solution SOPA means The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), also known as House Bill 3261, is legislation introduced in the United States House of Representatives to enforce current laws that make stealing intellectual property and trafficking in counterfeit goods illegal. SOPA is opposed by many of the internet users. It was maintained with some standards and it is mainly dependent on many issues for internet service providers, search engines, payment issues, internet advertising networks etc., The second major factor was an online protest on January 18, 2012, organized by entities with an Internet presence. The Englishlanguage site of Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, blocked its content and referred users to information about SOPA..

What is SOPA Discuss SOPA development and enforcement.Solution.pdf

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Walking through the forest you come to a dry creek bed, and notice that there are many types of fungus growing on the north-facing sides of the larger rocks. Come up with a hypothesis to explain this, and an experiment to test your hypothesis. Your experiment can be very simple, and can be set up indoors or outdoors, but you do need to be very specific about what data you will record in order to know if you have or have not found evidence in support of your hypothesis. (10 marks) Has to have a hypothesis and the actual experiment that you would do to conduct this to prove your hypothesis. \"you do need to be very specific about what data you will record in order to know if you have or have not found evidence in support of your hypothesis.\" The steps include: -observations -hypothesis -experimentation the data -conclusion Solution OBSERVATION; Firstly we have to observe and then summerize about the information. First we have to observe that what kind of fungus is grown, where it is grown, how many different kinds of fungus is there, in which condition they are grown. Fungi are molds and mushrooms. They are the multicellular and filamentous specialized complex cells. thet mostly absorb the food materials. we observe that fungus mostly grows in wet areas as well dry areas. In forests during rainy season weobserve that fungus grows on the branches of the tree, under the rocks, near the roots of the plants etc.Here we observe that the species of moss that grow on trees will also grow on the north side of rock. if the try is not totally exposed to sun and shelthered by other trees. because it is shady and cool\".more moss grows grows where more water and moisture is retained moss growingin this location which is a major requirement for it to survive. If the moss is on a tree that is heavily sheltered by other trees in can grow on any side because the moss is protected from the wind and sun which would remove the water moisture from the moss HYPOTHESIS; The hypothesis that the fungus or the moss mostly grows in wet areas where lots of water is there and cool areas. Moasses generally require lots of water because they cant supply water well.Mosses needs lots of water to reproduce. the hypothesis is fungus grows in north side because the north side is cooler and shadier when compare to other areas. Moss dose not grow always in the north side sometimes it grows in other where there is moist area and cool and tree will be moister or cooler than the north side due to local shading or moisture which is enough to grow the fungus or moss in that areas. EXPERIMENTATION THE DATA; In this experiment we observe that the fungus grows in north areas because mostly north areas are moist and cool. it is not important always the fungus to be grown is north area because we observed that fungus only grows in the moist area. it means the fungus can grow in other places also where there is moist and shady. In south side of trees get more light throughout the day, leavi.

Walking through the forest you come to a dry creek bed, and notice t.pdf

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What does decrease in water potential mean? (Lower negative value?) What does decrease in water potential mean? (Lower negative value?) Solution Answer: Water potential is a physical property of water that determines the direction that water will flow. Pure water (distilled) has zero potential. Addition of solute decreases water potential whereas or application of pressure increases the water potential. Decrease in water potential means increase in solute concentration and/or decrease in pressure. Water moves from higher potential to lower potential..

What does decrease in water potential mean (Lower negative value.pdf

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Understand and describe the following technologies: Flow Cytometry, Western Blots, Immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony), precipitation, agglutination and ELISA (be able to relate the ELISA assay to a pregnancy test strip). Solution FLOW CYTOMETRY:- It is a technique used to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of particles that are fluorescently labelled and placed in a fluid which when is being passed through at least one laser emit light at varying wavelengths. WESTERN BLOTS:- It is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract.It is often referred to as \"protein immunoblot \". IMMUNODIFFUSION:- It is a diagnostic test for detecting/measuring antibodies & antigens by their precipitation that involves diffusion through a gel or medium called \'agar\'.This technique was developed by Ouchterlony. It is of two forms: ouchterlony double immunodiffusion & radial immunodiffusion or Mancini method. PRECIPITATION:- It is a technique involving interaction of antibodies & antigens where two soluble reactants assemble to make one insoluble product \'precipitate\' leading to the formation of lattices. AGGLUTINATION:- This method is used to detect antigens or antibodies in bodily fluids such as blood,saliva,urine,cerebrospinal fluid. The sample in this method is mixed with latex beads coated with a specific antibody or antigen.It\'s 3 classification- direct agglutination test, indirect agglutination test, hemagglutination assay. ELISA:- Its an \"enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay\". This test detect & measures antibodies in our blood.Its useful in HIV,Lyme disease, pernicious anemia,etc. diagnosis. In relation, to pregnancy test strip this test is used to determine if your blood or urine contains a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is produced right after a fertilised egg attached to the wall of woman\'s uterus..

Understand and describe the following technologies Flow Cytometry, .pdf

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1. What would determine protein levels in cells? 2.Draw a hypothetical strand of bacterial DNA containing a gene. 3.Draw and label all components that are required for transcription and translation to a peptide. 4.Briefly describe the function of each component. Solution Q.No 1 Accurate measurement of the amount of specific protein a cell produces is important for investigating basic molecular processes.Protein levels can be quantified using a fluorescent reporter. Relative protein levels can be quantified in single living cells. Genome editing allows for quantification of endogenous protein levels. Q.No 2 5\'-GTGTCCGTCTAATATTGTGAGATGTTATATCCCGCCGTCAACACCATCAA-3\' 3\'-CACAGGCAGATTATAACACTCTACAATATAGGGCGGCAGTTGTGGTAGTT-5\' 5\'-ACAGGATAATCGCCTGCTGGGGCAAAGGCGGTGAAGGTAAAGGTGTTGCC-3\' 3\'-TGTCCTATTAGCGGACGACCCCGTTTCCGCCACTTCCATTTCCACAACGG-5\' Q.No 3 DNA ------------------- RNA ------------------- Protein Transcription Translation (DNA, Helicase ) (mRNA,tRNA,codons,aminoacid, ribosomes) Q.NO 4 Amino acids – twenty molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. String of amino acids make up protein’s primary structure. Anticodon – a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that bond to a complementary sequence on an mRNA molecule. The anticodon sequence determines the amino acid that the tRNA carries. Codon – a sequence of three nucleotides on a mRNA molecule that encode a specific amino acid Cytoplasm - The organelles of eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and (in green plants) chloroplasts, are contained in the cytoplasm. DNA - the molecule that stores and encodes an organism’s genetic information. DNA is a double helix molecule made up of two twisted strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds between paired nucleotides. The two strands are chemically oriented in opposite directions. messenger RNA (mRNA) – a type of RNA that conveys genetic instructions on how to assemble proteins from the cell’s DNA to its protein-making machinery. mRNA contains a copy of one or a few genes from a cell’s chromosome. nucleotides - the building blocks of DNA and RNA molecules that contain the cell’s genetic code. Adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, thymidine, and uridine are all nucleotides. Nucleus - The jellylike material that makes up much of a cell inside the cell membrane, and, in eukaryotic cells, surrounds the nucleus. Ribosomes A ribosome is a molecular machine that coordinates protein assembly. Ribosomes are composed of several proteins with tightly coiled RNA (called ribosomal RNA or rRNA) wrapped around them. RNA polymerase – It sis an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. In cells, RNAP is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription. transfer RNA (tRNA) – a type of RNA that is folded into a three-dimensional structure. tRNA carries and transfers an amino acid to the polypeptide chain being assembled during translation..

1. What would determine protein levels in cells2.Draw a hypotheti.pdf

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Tversky and Kahneman1 asked a group of subjects to carry out the following task. They are told that: Linda is 31, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, she was deeply concerned with racial discrimination and other social issues, and participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. The subjects are then asked to rank the likelihood of various alternatives, such as: (1) Linda is active in the feminist movement. (2) Linda is a bank teller. (3) Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement. Tversky and Kahneman found that between 85 and 90 percent of the subjects rated alternative (1) most likely, but alternative (3) more likely than alternative (2). Is it? They call this phenomenon the conjunction fallacy, and note that it appears to be unafected by prior training in probability or statistics. Is this phenomenon a fallacy? If so, why? Can you give a possible explanation for the subjects\' choices? Solution Let the events A = ``Linda is a bank teller\'\' and B = ``Linda is active in the feminist movement\'\'. Since alternative (3) corresponds to the event \"A and B\", it\'s less likely than alternative (2) which corresponds to the event \"B\" ( event \"A and B\" is obviously a subset of event \"B\")..

Tversky and Kahneman1 asked a group of subjects to carry out the fol.pdf

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The numbers of regular season wins for 10 football teams in a given season are given below. Determine the range, mean, variance, and standared deviation of the population data set. 2,10,15,2,15,8,15,9,4,9 Solution Range = Maximum - Minimum = 15 - 2 = 13 Mean = sum of all the values/ total of values = (2+10+15+2+15+8+15+9+4+9)/10 = 8.9 Standard deviation = 4.825971405 Variance = 23.2921015215815949.

The numbers of regular season wins for 10 football teams in a given s.pdf

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Characteristics of animals and fungi Classify the following characteristics to describe the similarities and differences between animals and fungi. Solution Eukaryotic - both animas and fungi. As their cells posses nucleus. Contain mycelium with hyphae : fungi. Mycelium is vegetative structures of fungi. Cell walls contain chitin : fungi. N - acetylglucosamine polymer. Cell wall not present in animals. Contains no cell wall - animals. Cell wall is characteristic feature of plant cells. Heterotrophic : ingest food : animals. Known as holozoic nutrition. Does not have chloroplast and chlorophyll pigment thus cannot make their own food. Consume preformed organic matter : both animals and fungi. Just one ingests and other absorbs. Heterotrophic : saprotropic and absorbs food - fungi. This is a chemoheterotropic mode of nutrition. Store energy as glycogen : animals. As they store food in a form which does not solubilize when in contact with water..

Characteristics of animals and fungi Classify the following character.pdf

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The lour valence electron of the alkali metals (first element in each row of the periodic table) is well described by hydrogen is wave function. Consider the 3p excited state of the sodium valence electron. Is this level split by the spin-orbit interaction, and if yes, into how many levels? Solution Yes. This level (3p) is split by spin orbit interaction. 3p level split into two levels (3p1/2 and 3p3/2). These levels are called sodium duoblets..

The lour valence electron of the alkali metals (first element in each.pdf

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