The document discusses various topics related to human health, diet, and disease. It provides information on the circulatory system, heart disease, blood pressure, smoking, balanced diets, proteins, storing food in the body, body mass index, eating disorders, pathogens, white blood cells, antibodies, immunity, vaccinations, drug development and testing, and placebos. Diagrams and tables are included to illustrate key concepts.
The document provides an overview of nutrition and metabolism, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and energy balance. It discusses the roles and requirements of each nutrient class, sources of nutrients, and the digestion and use of nutrients by the body. Clinical applications related to obesity are also mentioned.
A Delivered é uma solução colaborativa de entregas que usa sistema de geolocalização e colaboração para melhorar o sistema de entregas brasileiro de forma mais eficiente sem agendamento ou deslocamento ao escritório, gerando receita por taxas de 5% por entrega para a Delivered e 95% para o colaborador.
I tried to find some Italian vocabulary resources online and couldn't find many, so I put this resource sheet together which allows you to easily use and learn some of the important words.
Ramesh has over 5 years of experience as a telecommunications engineer specializing in telecom switches, intelligent networks, hardware, software and transmission. He has expertise in Alcatel and Nortel switches and signaling protocols like SS7. He is currently an application engineer at Wipro and previously worked as a project engineer at ITI Limited providing maintenance and support for telecom networks and switches across India. He has technical skills in areas like GSM, IN, signaling, databases and operating systems.
Mohamed Mostafa Elsalamony is a Project Management Professional (PMP) certified civil engineer seeking a challenging position. He has over 10 years of experience managing projects in facility management, construction, and property management. His most recent role is Facility Management Manager at Emaar Misr where he oversees a team managing large scale projects. He has a proven track record of delivering projects on time and within budget.
El documento trata sobre varios conceptos relacionados con la publicidad y el consumo. Explica que la publicidad intenta transmitir mensajes de forma directa para que sean fácilmente entendidos por los receptores. También define el consumo como la etapa final del proceso económico donde los bienes y servicios satisfacen las necesidades de los consumidores. Además, explica que un eslogan es una frase publicitaria que resume de forma concisa una idea o propósito para que sea fácilmente recordada.
The document provides an overview of nutrition and metabolism, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and energy balance. It discusses the roles and requirements of each nutrient class, sources of nutrients, and the digestion and use of nutrients by the body. Clinical applications related to obesity are also mentioned.
A Delivered é uma solução colaborativa de entregas que usa sistema de geolocalização e colaboração para melhorar o sistema de entregas brasileiro de forma mais eficiente sem agendamento ou deslocamento ao escritório, gerando receita por taxas de 5% por entrega para a Delivered e 95% para o colaborador.
I tried to find some Italian vocabulary resources online and couldn't find many, so I put this resource sheet together which allows you to easily use and learn some of the important words.
Ramesh has over 5 years of experience as a telecommunications engineer specializing in telecom switches, intelligent networks, hardware, software and transmission. He has expertise in Alcatel and Nortel switches and signaling protocols like SS7. He is currently an application engineer at Wipro and previously worked as a project engineer at ITI Limited providing maintenance and support for telecom networks and switches across India. He has technical skills in areas like GSM, IN, signaling, databases and operating systems.
Mohamed Mostafa Elsalamony is a Project Management Professional (PMP) certified civil engineer seeking a challenging position. He has over 10 years of experience managing projects in facility management, construction, and property management. His most recent role is Facility Management Manager at Emaar Misr where he oversees a team managing large scale projects. He has a proven track record of delivering projects on time and within budget.
El documento trata sobre varios conceptos relacionados con la publicidad y el consumo. Explica que la publicidad intenta transmitir mensajes de forma directa para que sean fácilmente entendidos por los receptores. También define el consumo como la etapa final del proceso económico donde los bienes y servicios satisfacen las necesidades de los consumidores. Además, explica que un eslogan es una frase publicitaria que resume de forma concisa una idea o propósito para que sea fácilmente recordada.
Content based-approach by MICHELLE PROAÑOMICHELLEPROA
This document discusses the content-based approach to language learning. It begins by explaining that the content-based approach focuses on having students learn language through engaging with authentic texts and subjects rather than through direct instruction and exercises. This allows students to become independent learners and makes the learning process more holistic and liberating for both teachers and students. The document then outlines some of the key characteristics of the content-based approach, including that it uses a subject matter core and authentic texts tailored to student needs. It also discusses benefits like increased exposure to language, the development of collaborative skills, and students making stronger connections and becoming more independent. However, it notes some potential disadvantages like not explicitly improving language skills and difficulties for lower-level students
El documento trata sobre varios conceptos relacionados con la publicidad y el consumo. Explica que la publicidad intenta transmitir mensajes de forma directa para que sean fácilmente entendidos por los receptores. También define el consumo como la etapa final del proceso económico donde los bienes y servicios satisfacen las necesidades de los consumidores. Además, explica que un eslogan es una frase publicitaria que resume de forma concisa una idea o propósito para que sea fácilmente recordada.
La cultura minoica se desarrolló entre los años 3000-1450 a.C. en la isla de Creta, siendo la primera cultura europea. Construyeron el palacio de Cnosos y su arte se caracterizó por pinturas de paisajes marinos y la representación del toro como símbolo de fertilidad.
Mexico is located in North America between the United States and Central America. It has a diverse landscape including mountains, deserts, and jungles. Mexico has a population of over 121 million people who are mostly mestizos with mixed Indian and Spanish heritage. Mexico and India have maintained friendly relations since establishing diplomatic ties in 1950. Both are large emerging economies that collaborate on international issues. Though bilateral trade has grown rapidly in recent years, there is still potential for increased trade and investment between the two countries, especially in sectors like IT, pharmaceuticals, and engineering.
Este documento explica los elementos básicos de la oración simple en español, incluyendo el sujeto, el predicado, y los principales complementos del verbo como el atributo, complemento directo, complemento indirecto y los complementos circunstanciales. Define cada uno de estos elementos y proporciona ejemplos para ilustrar sus funciones sintácticas.
El documento resume el movimiento romántico y la literatura gótica. El romanticismo surgió en Alemania e Inglaterra entre los siglos XVIII y XIX como una reacción al racionalismo, representando el inicio de la modernidad y sentando las bases del estado liberal burgués. La literatura gótica fue una moda literaria que se extendió entre finales del siglo XVIII y XIX, caracterizada por el terror, lo sobrenatural y la atmósfera de misterio.
Este documento resume las normas APA para textos tipo ensayo, incluyendo formato, citas y referencias. Describe las generalidades del formato como márgenes, sangría, espaciado y tipo de letra. Explica que las páginas deben enumerarse de forma consecutiva empezando en la página 1 con la portada, el texto principal en las páginas 2-X, y las referencias en una página nueva al final.
I am a GCSE Student and I have made a revision PowerPoint for Module B1 in Biology. This PowerPoint is helpful for your Science Exams for the Biology Unit/Section even if you don't do OCR Gateway as your exam board, you may do Edexcel or AQA or OCR 21st Century.
I have made this PowerPoint by following the Syllabus and Specification. My School does the OCR Gateway Science Specification B Course. I am an A*Student, so everything in the PowerPoint is up to an A/A* Standard - Higher Tier.
This PowerPoint is for Double Science which have four modules as shown below
B1, B2, B3, B4
C1, C2, C3, C4
P1, P2, P3, P4
I will be uploading more powerpoints for Modules 2-3 in Biology, and Modules 1-4 for Chemistry and Physics
Good luck and Happy Revising
The document discusses how the body regulates water balance through homeostasis. It explains that the hypothalamus detects water levels in the blood and signals the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH makes the kidneys absorb more water from urine if levels are low, and absorb less if levels are high, through negative feedback. Factors like temperature, food/water intake, sweating, alcohol and drugs can affect water balance, which is important as cells need the correct water content to function properly.
B1.1 Presentation.
Useful for revision for exams as it contains accurate information.
It includes:
Keeping Healthy: - Diet & Exercise
- Right Amount Of Food
- Cholesterol
- Salt
- Defending
Defending Against Infection: - Pathogens
- White Blood Cells
- Vaccinations
- Antibiotics
Thank You. To all of you out there who may find my presentation helpful in any way, shape or form. Hopefully, you find these presentations useful and helpful for exams or just general revision. More presentation coming soon on this channel, JaskiratK.
See You Soon,
Jaskirat
Created By: JaskiratK
Uploaded By: JaskiratK
Information By: BBC Bitesize
Pictures/Images/Diagram: Google, BBC Bitesize
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/JaskiratK
Prezi: https://prezi.com/user/mrnfvgaamzxe/
The document discusses several topics related to health and biology:
1. It defines healthy as being free from disease while fitness refers to physical ability.
2. It describes the circulatory system and blood pressure, noting pressure is highest when the heart contracts.
3. Respiration and the two types - aerobic using oxygen and anaerobic not using oxygen - are summarized.
4. A balanced diet provides essential nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.
The document discusses various topics related to health and wellness, including:
1. It defines a healthy person according to the WHO as being physically, mentally, spiritually, and socially healthy.
2. It discusses the concept of "body pollution" from external toxins like processed foods, air pollution, antibiotics, etc. and how this leads to oxidative stress and free radicals.
3. It emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet with proper macronutrients, micronutrients, fiber, and omega-3 fatty acids to combat lifestyle diseases and promote optimal health.
Recommended for Core science students studying B1. NB: Only for the AQA exam board. For notes, look below:
B1.1 - Keeping Healthy: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio11.htm
B1.2 - Nerves and Hormones: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio12.htm
B1.3 - The use and abuse of drugs: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio13.htm
B1.4 - Interdependence and adaptation: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio14.htm
B1.5 - Energy and biomass in Food Chains: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio13.htm
B1.6 - Waste materials from plants and animals: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio16.htm
B1.7 - Genetic variation and its controls: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio17.htm
B1.8 - Evolution: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio18.htm
This document outlines a lesson plan on dietary fat for high school students. It covers key concepts about fat including what fat is, the functions of dietary fat, different types of fat like saturated, unsaturated and trans fats, and how fats affect health. The lesson defines terms like cholesterol and lipoproteins and discusses the importance of reducing unhealthy fats and increasing healthy fats. It provides information on fat content of different foods and evaluating fat on nutrition labels. The plan includes slides, activities and handouts to teach students about fats and their impact on health.
Enzymes are protein complexes that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up themselves. They are essential for digestion and many other metabolic processes. A diet high in raw foods and enzymes can aid digestion and support overall health, while a lack of enzymes from processed foods may contribute to disease development over time. Maintaining enzyme levels through food and supplements can help the body function optimally.
The document discusses cancer and conventional versus natural health approaches. It suggests that cancer occurs when cells no longer undergo programmed cell death and multiply unchecked. The conventional approach targets tumors but does not address the root causes of cancer. In contrast, natural health approaches aim to 1) eliminate cancer causes by reducing free radicals and inflammation, 2) kill cancer cells through vitamin D and cleansing, and 3) strengthen the immune system. The presentation provides ways to reduce cancer risk such as maintaining an oxygen-rich alkaline cellular environment, taking antioxidants, and supporting pancreatic function.
Humans as organisms (Year 10 Bio) IGCSEMakoi Majak
The document discusses human cells and organisms at multiple levels:
1) It compares plant and animal cells, noting their shared and distinct components.
2) It examines specialized cell types in both plants and animals and their adaptations for specific functions.
3) It outlines the hierarchical organization of cells into tissues, organs, and organ systems within organisms.
4) Several human organ systems are briefly described including respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems.
1) A balanced diet contains the correct amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. The amount of energy needed varies between individuals such as athletes needing more than less active people.
2) Being underweight or obese can lead to health problems. Weight is lost through reducing calorie intake, increasing exercise, or both.
3) Pathogens like bacteria and viruses cause infectious diseases and can spread through droplets, contact, food/water, or breaks in the skin. The body has defenses like skin, mucus, and white blood cells to fight pathogens.
This document provides information about blood components and disorders. It discusses the main components of blood - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It describes their functions and production. The document also examines several common blood disorders like anemia, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, hemophilia, and thrombocytopenia. For each disorder, it provides details on causes, symptoms, and treatment when available.
Purification & Rejuvenation Public LectureDrConley
The document discusses various aspects of health and wellness. It notes that true health involves all organs functioning at 100% capacity. It discusses the importance of diet, exercise, and lifestyle factors in managing risks for diseases like cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and more. The document promotes a whole-foods based diet and lifestyle program focused on weight management and overall health and wellness.
In this modern civilization, the society is running through a so called fast life style. Under the mask of fast life style we are continuously struggling to hide our faults in daily lives. As a result of which the entire society have become submerged under the dirty dump of diseases, a non sense habits. Among these dirts, obesity is one of the major threat to modern society, which is also a principal contributing factors of most of the diseases of this era. But unfortunately in most of the cases it is a self made condition. Obesity is not only a threatening condition but also a common manifestation of many other systemic diseases. Obesity also increases the risk of other diseases. Therefore World Health Organization' WHO defined that "obesity is a global problem". This paper deals with obesity, it causes pathogenesis, prevention and management and differential diagnosis method. This paper will admonish the society how we allow obesity in our life carelessly, how to get relief from it and the fate by this fatal condition. Arpan Laskar | Dr. Sinchan Das "Obesity, A Global Threat" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25274.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/25274/obesity-a-global-threat/arpan-laskar
Content based-approach by MICHELLE PROAÑOMICHELLEPROA
This document discusses the content-based approach to language learning. It begins by explaining that the content-based approach focuses on having students learn language through engaging with authentic texts and subjects rather than through direct instruction and exercises. This allows students to become independent learners and makes the learning process more holistic and liberating for both teachers and students. The document then outlines some of the key characteristics of the content-based approach, including that it uses a subject matter core and authentic texts tailored to student needs. It also discusses benefits like increased exposure to language, the development of collaborative skills, and students making stronger connections and becoming more independent. However, it notes some potential disadvantages like not explicitly improving language skills and difficulties for lower-level students
El documento trata sobre varios conceptos relacionados con la publicidad y el consumo. Explica que la publicidad intenta transmitir mensajes de forma directa para que sean fácilmente entendidos por los receptores. También define el consumo como la etapa final del proceso económico donde los bienes y servicios satisfacen las necesidades de los consumidores. Además, explica que un eslogan es una frase publicitaria que resume de forma concisa una idea o propósito para que sea fácilmente recordada.
La cultura minoica se desarrolló entre los años 3000-1450 a.C. en la isla de Creta, siendo la primera cultura europea. Construyeron el palacio de Cnosos y su arte se caracterizó por pinturas de paisajes marinos y la representación del toro como símbolo de fertilidad.
Mexico is located in North America between the United States and Central America. It has a diverse landscape including mountains, deserts, and jungles. Mexico has a population of over 121 million people who are mostly mestizos with mixed Indian and Spanish heritage. Mexico and India have maintained friendly relations since establishing diplomatic ties in 1950. Both are large emerging economies that collaborate on international issues. Though bilateral trade has grown rapidly in recent years, there is still potential for increased trade and investment between the two countries, especially in sectors like IT, pharmaceuticals, and engineering.
Este documento explica los elementos básicos de la oración simple en español, incluyendo el sujeto, el predicado, y los principales complementos del verbo como el atributo, complemento directo, complemento indirecto y los complementos circunstanciales. Define cada uno de estos elementos y proporciona ejemplos para ilustrar sus funciones sintácticas.
El documento resume el movimiento romántico y la literatura gótica. El romanticismo surgió en Alemania e Inglaterra entre los siglos XVIII y XIX como una reacción al racionalismo, representando el inicio de la modernidad y sentando las bases del estado liberal burgués. La literatura gótica fue una moda literaria que se extendió entre finales del siglo XVIII y XIX, caracterizada por el terror, lo sobrenatural y la atmósfera de misterio.
Este documento resume las normas APA para textos tipo ensayo, incluyendo formato, citas y referencias. Describe las generalidades del formato como márgenes, sangría, espaciado y tipo de letra. Explica que las páginas deben enumerarse de forma consecutiva empezando en la página 1 con la portada, el texto principal en las páginas 2-X, y las referencias en una página nueva al final.
I am a GCSE Student and I have made a revision PowerPoint for Module B1 in Biology. This PowerPoint is helpful for your Science Exams for the Biology Unit/Section even if you don't do OCR Gateway as your exam board, you may do Edexcel or AQA or OCR 21st Century.
I have made this PowerPoint by following the Syllabus and Specification. My School does the OCR Gateway Science Specification B Course. I am an A*Student, so everything in the PowerPoint is up to an A/A* Standard - Higher Tier.
This PowerPoint is for Double Science which have four modules as shown below
B1, B2, B3, B4
C1, C2, C3, C4
P1, P2, P3, P4
I will be uploading more powerpoints for Modules 2-3 in Biology, and Modules 1-4 for Chemistry and Physics
Good luck and Happy Revising
The document discusses how the body regulates water balance through homeostasis. It explains that the hypothalamus detects water levels in the blood and signals the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH makes the kidneys absorb more water from urine if levels are low, and absorb less if levels are high, through negative feedback. Factors like temperature, food/water intake, sweating, alcohol and drugs can affect water balance, which is important as cells need the correct water content to function properly.
B1.1 Presentation.
Useful for revision for exams as it contains accurate information.
It includes:
Keeping Healthy: - Diet & Exercise
- Right Amount Of Food
- Cholesterol
- Salt
- Defending
Defending Against Infection: - Pathogens
- White Blood Cells
- Vaccinations
- Antibiotics
Thank You. To all of you out there who may find my presentation helpful in any way, shape or form. Hopefully, you find these presentations useful and helpful for exams or just general revision. More presentation coming soon on this channel, JaskiratK.
See You Soon,
Jaskirat
Created By: JaskiratK
Uploaded By: JaskiratK
Information By: BBC Bitesize
Pictures/Images/Diagram: Google, BBC Bitesize
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/JaskiratK
Prezi: https://prezi.com/user/mrnfvgaamzxe/
The document discusses several topics related to health and biology:
1. It defines healthy as being free from disease while fitness refers to physical ability.
2. It describes the circulatory system and blood pressure, noting pressure is highest when the heart contracts.
3. Respiration and the two types - aerobic using oxygen and anaerobic not using oxygen - are summarized.
4. A balanced diet provides essential nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.
The document discusses various topics related to health and wellness, including:
1. It defines a healthy person according to the WHO as being physically, mentally, spiritually, and socially healthy.
2. It discusses the concept of "body pollution" from external toxins like processed foods, air pollution, antibiotics, etc. and how this leads to oxidative stress and free radicals.
3. It emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet with proper macronutrients, micronutrients, fiber, and omega-3 fatty acids to combat lifestyle diseases and promote optimal health.
Recommended for Core science students studying B1. NB: Only for the AQA exam board. For notes, look below:
B1.1 - Keeping Healthy: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio11.htm
B1.2 - Nerves and Hormones: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio12.htm
B1.3 - The use and abuse of drugs: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio13.htm
B1.4 - Interdependence and adaptation: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio14.htm
B1.5 - Energy and biomass in Food Chains: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio13.htm
B1.6 - Waste materials from plants and animals: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio16.htm
B1.7 - Genetic variation and its controls: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio17.htm
B1.8 - Evolution: http://www.docbrown.info/page20/AQAscibio18.htm
This document outlines a lesson plan on dietary fat for high school students. It covers key concepts about fat including what fat is, the functions of dietary fat, different types of fat like saturated, unsaturated and trans fats, and how fats affect health. The lesson defines terms like cholesterol and lipoproteins and discusses the importance of reducing unhealthy fats and increasing healthy fats. It provides information on fat content of different foods and evaluating fat on nutrition labels. The plan includes slides, activities and handouts to teach students about fats and their impact on health.
Enzymes are protein complexes that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up themselves. They are essential for digestion and many other metabolic processes. A diet high in raw foods and enzymes can aid digestion and support overall health, while a lack of enzymes from processed foods may contribute to disease development over time. Maintaining enzyme levels through food and supplements can help the body function optimally.
The document discusses cancer and conventional versus natural health approaches. It suggests that cancer occurs when cells no longer undergo programmed cell death and multiply unchecked. The conventional approach targets tumors but does not address the root causes of cancer. In contrast, natural health approaches aim to 1) eliminate cancer causes by reducing free radicals and inflammation, 2) kill cancer cells through vitamin D and cleansing, and 3) strengthen the immune system. The presentation provides ways to reduce cancer risk such as maintaining an oxygen-rich alkaline cellular environment, taking antioxidants, and supporting pancreatic function.
Humans as organisms (Year 10 Bio) IGCSEMakoi Majak
The document discusses human cells and organisms at multiple levels:
1) It compares plant and animal cells, noting their shared and distinct components.
2) It examines specialized cell types in both plants and animals and their adaptations for specific functions.
3) It outlines the hierarchical organization of cells into tissues, organs, and organ systems within organisms.
4) Several human organ systems are briefly described including respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems.
1) A balanced diet contains the correct amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. The amount of energy needed varies between individuals such as athletes needing more than less active people.
2) Being underweight or obese can lead to health problems. Weight is lost through reducing calorie intake, increasing exercise, or both.
3) Pathogens like bacteria and viruses cause infectious diseases and can spread through droplets, contact, food/water, or breaks in the skin. The body has defenses like skin, mucus, and white blood cells to fight pathogens.
This document provides information about blood components and disorders. It discusses the main components of blood - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It describes their functions and production. The document also examines several common blood disorders like anemia, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, hemophilia, and thrombocytopenia. For each disorder, it provides details on causes, symptoms, and treatment when available.
Purification & Rejuvenation Public LectureDrConley
The document discusses various aspects of health and wellness. It notes that true health involves all organs functioning at 100% capacity. It discusses the importance of diet, exercise, and lifestyle factors in managing risks for diseases like cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and more. The document promotes a whole-foods based diet and lifestyle program focused on weight management and overall health and wellness.
In this modern civilization, the society is running through a so called fast life style. Under the mask of fast life style we are continuously struggling to hide our faults in daily lives. As a result of which the entire society have become submerged under the dirty dump of diseases, a non sense habits. Among these dirts, obesity is one of the major threat to modern society, which is also a principal contributing factors of most of the diseases of this era. But unfortunately in most of the cases it is a self made condition. Obesity is not only a threatening condition but also a common manifestation of many other systemic diseases. Obesity also increases the risk of other diseases. Therefore World Health Organization' WHO defined that "obesity is a global problem". This paper deals with obesity, it causes pathogenesis, prevention and management and differential diagnosis method. This paper will admonish the society how we allow obesity in our life carelessly, how to get relief from it and the fate by this fatal condition. Arpan Laskar | Dr. Sinchan Das "Obesity, A Global Threat" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25274.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/25274/obesity-a-global-threat/arpan-laskar
Blood has four main components - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, platelets help with clotting, and plasma transports nutrients. Blood performs vital functions like transporting oxygen, fighting infections, regulating pH and temperature, and removing waste. It is composed of specialized tissues and circulates constantly through the body in a closed circulatory system.
This document provides an overview of breast cancer, including the different types and where they start in the breast. It discusses that breast cancer occurs in breast tissue and can spread through the lymph nodes. The main types include ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive breast cancer (IDC/ILC), and triple-negative breast cancer, which are named based on where they originate and other factors. Risk factors, causes, and statistics are also mentioned.
Live cell therapy helps repair and regenerate cells in the human body to enhance immunity. As cells degenerate with age, live cell therapy delivers energy from live cells to aging cells, keeping the body young and healthy. Spirulina is highlighted as it contains high amounts of nutrients including protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that are the structural and biological materials of human cells. Its consumption may have several health benefits such as lowering cholesterol and blood pressure, and aiding blood sugar control and muscle strength.
This document summarizes the pathology of obesity. It defines obesity and classifications based on BMI. It discusses the accumulation of adipose tissue and measurements used. It describes the role of the hypothalamus in regulating appetite and energy expenditure. Key hormones involved include leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, PYY, and others. Obesity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, and obesity cardiomyopathy.
This article discusses 8 reasons why losing weight is important for your health. Obesity increases the risk of developing serious diseases like diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. It can also cause respiratory issues, urinary incontinence, and varicose veins. Even modest weight loss of 10 pounds can significantly reduce health risks. Losing weight requires having proper information on effective weight loss methods that lead to permanent results.
The document contains notes on various physics concepts related to energy transfer and waves. It includes sections on particle theory, the three states of matter, heat and temperature, specific heat capacity, phase changes, heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation, insulation, efficiency, and waves. Examples and practice questions are provided for many of these topics.
There are five kingdoms that classify organisms based on their cellular structure: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes, and Protoctists. All organisms can also be classified in a hierarchical manner from the broadest category of kingdom down to the specific species level. The binomial system of scientific naming developed by Carl Linnaeus assigns every species a two-part scientific name. Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships determined by comparing DNA sequences and other genetic evidence.
- Fossil fuels like crude oil, coal and gas were formed over millions of years from the remains of dead organisms. They are non-renewable and finite resources that are being used faster than they can be renewed.
- When fossil fuels are spilled during transport, they can cause environmental damage by coating and harming wildlife. Oil spills spread across oceans and are difficult to clean up.
- Most compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons that can undergo cracking and fractional distillation to produce useful fuels and materials. However, fossil fuel usage and plastic disposal contribute to environmental problems.
The document discusses several topics related to chemistry and materials science:
1) It describes the extraction and purification of copper, including heating copper oxide with carbon to extract copper and purifying it via electrolysis.
2) It explains that an alloy is a mixture of two elements where one is a metal, and provides examples of common alloys like brass and their uses.
3) It discusses the structure of the Earth and its main layers from the crust to the inner core.
This document outlines revision tasks and tests for a chemistry topic. It instructs the student to complete revision on cooking foods and additives, smells, and paints and pigments. The student should make at least three revision cards per topic and record their test score. Additional tasks include taking tests on making crude oil useful, using carbon fuels, and clean air, re-taking any tests scored below 50% after further revision. The final task is answering a 6-mark question in a document and self-assessing the response.
This document discusses a lesson on polymerization. It includes objectives about hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated compounds, and addition polymerization. Students are asked questions to test their understanding, including defining hydrocarbons, the difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds, explaining the bromine test for alkenes, drawing formulas for ethene and its polymer, and modeling polymerization. The document provides feedback on student responses and discussion of polymer properties.
Information from stations from week beginning 11.4.16
Crude oil, cracking, advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels, combustion, evolution of the atmosphere and clean air
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...MrSproy
ABSTRACT
The J'BaFofi, or "Giant Spider," is a mainly legendary arachnid by reportedly inhabiting the dense rain forests of
the Congo. As despite numerous anecdotal accounts and cultural references, the scientific validation remains more elusive.
My study aims to proper evaluate the existence of the J'BaFofi through the analysis of historical reports,indigenous
testimonies and modern exploration efforts.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05Sérgio Sacani
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
Hariyalikart Case Study of helping farmers in Biharrajsaurav589
Helping farmers all across India through our latest technologies of modern farming like drones for irrigation and best pest control For more visit : https://www.hariyalikart.com/case-study
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
4. 18/05/16
The Circulatory systemThe Circulatory system
The circulatory system is responsible
for pumping ______ around the body.
We need blood to be taken around the
body because blood contains ________
and _______. These are needed so
that all the ____ in our bodies can
produce _____ through _________.
Words – energy, blood, glucose,
respiration, oxygen, cells
5. 18/05/16
Arteries and veinsArteries and veins
Arteries carry high pressure blood away from the heart to the
rest of the body. The blood is under pressure due to heart
contractions.
Veins carry low pressure blood back to the
heart. They have thinner, less elastic walls and
have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
7. 18/05/16
Heart disease and High Blood PressureHeart disease and High Blood Pressure
Heart disease and high blood pressure are conditions where
the ______ and blood vessels experience extra strain. They
can be caused by:
• Excess weight
• High stress levels
• _____
• Excess _______
• Diets that are high in saturated ___, sugar or salt
Long term high blood pressure can cause blood vessels to
weaken or even ______. To DECREASE blood pressure
regular exercise and a balanced ____ are a good start!
Words – alcohol, burst, smoking, heart, fat, diet
8. 18/05/16
Measuring Blood PressureMeasuring Blood Pressure
Blood pressure
measurements are
taken in terms of
“Systolic pressure
over diastolic
pressure”.
High blood pressure can cause
heart attacks, strokes, dementia,
heart disease and kidney disease.
Low blood pressure can cause
dizziness or fainting.
9. 18/05/16
Fitness and HealthFitness and Health
“Having good health” means
“being free from disease”
“Being fit” means “having an
good ability to do physical
activity” and can be measured in
terms of stamina, strength,
agility etc
10. 18/05/16
SmokingSmoking
Cigarettes contain 3 harmful things:
1. NICOTINE, which is an ___________ drug that raises the
heart beat, narrows the arteries and so causes ____
_____ _____. This leads to heart _________.
2. TAR, which coats the lining of the _______ making them
less able to take in oxygen. It also contains carcinogens
which cause ______________.
3. CARBON MONOXIDE, which is a _______ ____ which
joins up with ____ blood cells making them incapable of
transporting _____________ around the body. In
pregnant women it can cause oxygen deprivation, leading to
low birth ______.
Words – high blood pressure, oxygen, red, addictive,
disease, poisonous gas, lungs, cancer, mass
13. 18/05/16
Balanced dietBalanced diet
A balanced diet should contain fats, proteins and
carbohydrates in roughly these amounts:
A good balanced diet should also contain water, vitamins,
minerals and fibre.
• Carbohydrates are simple sugars such as glucose
• Fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerol
• Proteins are made up of amino acids
14. 18/05/16
Factors affecting choice of dietFactors affecting choice of diet
What factors affect
our choice of diet?
Age – teenagers
need more
protein
Religion – some
foods may be
bannedActivity – a
sporty lifestyle
will need more
energy
Personal choice,
e.g. vegetarianism
Allergies
15. 18/05/16
ProteinProtein
Proteins are long chains of amino acids.
Meat and fish are
“first class” proteins
People who do not eat enough protein will not grow
properly. Protein deficiency can result in a disease
called kwashiorkor, where the muscles waste away and
the belly swells. This is common in developing
countries where overpopulation and limited investment
in agriculture can cause food shortages. Proteins are
used by the body as an energy source if fats are not
present.
How much protein should we eat?
EAR of protein (in g) = 0.6 x body mass (in kg)
There are two classes of protein:
• Essential amino acids (must be eaten)
• Non-essential amino acids (can be made in the
body)
16. 18/05/16
Storing Food in our bodiesStoring Food in our bodies
How do our bodies store food?
The liver converts glucose
and other carbohydrates
into insoluble glycogen to
be stored in the liver
Fats are stored under the
skin and around organs as
“adipose tissue”
Proteins are not stored in the body.
17. 18/05/16
Body-Mass IndexBody-Mass Index
A commonly-used way to indicate is someone is overweight or
underweight is the Body Mass Index (BMI):
BMI =
Mass (kg)
Height2
(m2
)
BMI Meaning
<18.5 Underweight
18.5-25 Ideal
25-30 Overweight
30-40 Obese – obesity is linked to
heart disease, diabetes and
18. 18/05/16
Eating disordersEating disorders
Anorexia nervosa – this is a condition where
sufferers restrict what they eat and
sometimes starve themselves, leading to
possible weight loss, abdominal pains,
discoloured skin, irregular periods etc.
Bulimia nervosa – this is when people vomit or
take laxatives straight after eating to get the
food out as quickly as possible. It can lead to
weight fluctuations, poor skin, hair loss,
irregular periods, tiredness etc.
20. 18/05/16
PathogensPathogens
Pathogens are microbes (micro organisms) that can cause
diseases. They can enter the body in a number of ways:
…or other
natural
openings…
They can be
breathed in
through the
mouth or nose
They can enter
through cuts or
bites in the skin
21. 18/05/16
Spreading of PathogensSpreading of Pathogens
Diseases and pathogens can be spread by a number of means,
including:
Cholera
bacteria,
spread in
water
Salmonella
bacteria,
found in food
Influenza virus,
spread through
the air
Athlete’s foot, a
fungus spread
through contact
Malaria, spread
through
“vectors”, e.g.
mosquitoes
HIV, spread
through body
fluids
22. 18/05/16
Microbes: our defence against themMicrobes: our defence against them
Our bodies have defence mechanisms against microbes:
If our skin is
cut platelets
seal the wound
by clotting
The breathing
organs have hairs
and produce mucus
to cover the lining
of these organs and
trap the microbes
The skin acts as
a waterproof
barrier
Our stomach contains
hydrochloric acid
However, these mechanisms can’t do anything about non-
infectious diseases (e.g. cancer) or inherited diseases
(e.g. cystic fibrosis)
23. 18/05/16
What pathogens do to usWhat pathogens do to us
Pathogens can cause the
damage or death of cells,
e.g. in liver cirrhosis:
They can also damage the
body by producing toxins:
24. 18/05/16
White blood cellsWhite blood cells
If microbes enter our body they need to be
neutralised or killed. This is done by
WHITE BLOOD CELLS:
White blood cells do 3 things:
1) They eat the microbe (these
white blood cells are called
“phagocytes”)
2) They produce antibodies to
neutralise the microbe
(“lymphocytes”)
3) The produce antitoxins to
neutralise the poisons produced
by microbes (lymphocytes again)
25. 18/05/16
Producing antibodiesProducing antibodies
Step 1: The lymphocyte “sees” the
pathogen (microbe)
Step 2: The cell produces
antibodies to “fit” the antigen
Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the
antigens and cause them to “clump”
Step 4: The pathogens are
“eaten” by the white blood cells
You’re going
down
27. 18/05/16
Fighting diseaseFighting disease
NATURAL IMMUNITY
This is when antibodies are produced by a
person when needed or they are passed on by
the mother during pregnancy.
ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
Can be done in two ways:
1) A vaccine with dead microbes (which still carry
the antigen) is injected – the body is “tricked”
into producing antibodies ready for the real
thing. This is called PASSIVE
IMMUNISATION and the body then
“remembers” the microbe by producing memory
cells that “remember” it
2) The antibodies are injected directly into the
body – this is called ACTIVE IMMUNISATION.
28. 18/05/16
Vaccinations and MedicinesVaccinations and Medicines
Vaccinations have
eradicated some
diseases entirely
but they can
carry some side
effects.
Health problems can also be treated using antibiotics or
antivirals:
• Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections but they
have to be used sparingly or the bacteria might become
resistant (e.g. MRSA)
• Antivirals are used to treat a virus, such as HIV.
29. 18/05/16
The importance of testing drugs – e.g. ThalidomideThe importance of testing drugs – e.g. Thalidomide
Mat Fraser,
comedian and actor
Tony Melendez,
guitarist
30. 18/05/16
Developing new drugsDeveloping new drugs
Before a new drug can be approved it has to go through a
strict testing process. Consider the example of thalidomide:
Date Event
Mid 1950s
Late 1950s
Early 1960s
Mid 1960s
Animal testing using thalidomide was undertaken.
Tests showed that it was safe but the tests were
“inadequate” – no tests were done on pregnant animals
Thalidomide prescribed to pregnant mothers to help
sleep and morning sickness problems
Babies are born with birth defects and the drug was
banned worldwide. Around 12,000 deformed
Thalidomide babies born, 4,000 die in first year.
Tests show that Thalidomide can help leprosy
sufferers and it is still used today for this purpose.
31. 18/05/1605/18/16
Researching new medicinesResearching new medicines
Before new drugs can be approved they have to go through
three stages. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
each stage?
3. Is it safe for humans? Human
volunteers are tested on.
1. Is it toxic? Tests are done on cells
2. Is it safe for animals? Animal tests are
carried out
32. 18/05/1605/18/16
PlacebosPlacebos
Clinical trials can be done in different ways:
1) Blind trials
Patients do not know which drugs they are taking – a real drug
or a “placebo”
2) Double blind trial
Neither the doctors or the patients know if they are taking
the real drug
Placebos offer anethical dilemma as a patient might be
sick and still be given a “dummy” pill. Also, you might
notice if you had a placebo as you wouldn’t get the side
effects of normal drugs...
34. 18/05/16
CancerCancer
Cancer is a disease where cells show uncontrolled growth.
Our diets can affect our chances of getting cancer:
“Good” foods:
Fruit
Vegetables
Fibre
“Bad” foods:
Salt
Saturated fats
Red meat
Exercise can play a key part as well – Cancer Research UK
recommends “30 minutes a day of moderate activity” 5 days a
week, such as gardening, walking etc.
35. 18/05/16
TumoursTumours
Tumours can be classed as “malignant” or “benign”:
Malignant tumours are cancerous and will still grow
Benign tumours are not cancerous – they may still
grow but won’t spread
This graph shows the
survival rates of different
types of cancer (source:
Cancer Research UK).
What conclusions can you
draw from it?
40. 18/05/16Focussing on different distancesFocussing on different distances
For distant objects the
ciliary muscles relax
and the suspensory
ligaments pull tight
making the lens pull
thin – the light doesn’t
bend as much.
For close objects the
ciliary muscles contract
allowing the lens to go
fat, thus bending the
light more.
42. 18/05/16
Using lenses to correct visionUsing lenses to correct vision
Short Long
Laser eye surgery could also be used, which basically reshapes the cornea
43. 18/05/16
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
The CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) enables us to react
to our surroundings. It consists mainly of the brain, the spinal
chord, nerve cells (“neurones”) and receptors.
Types of receptor:
1) Light receptors in the eyes
2) Sound receptors in the ears
3) Taste receptors on the tongue
4) Smell receptors in the nose
5) Touch, pressure and temperature receptors in the skin
6) Changes of position receptors in the ears (balance)
44. 18/05/16
Nervous ReactionsNervous Reactions
When we react to a stimulus our bodies use the following
pattern:
Stimulus Receptor Coordinator Effector Response
For example, consider a
man and a camel: Oh
No!
What are the stimulus, receptor, coordinator, effector and
response in this situation?
45. 18/05/16
Examples of reactionsExamples of reactions
Stimulus Receptor
(i.e. the thing
that detects the
stimulus)
Effector
(i.e. the thing
that will do the
reaction)
Response
(i.e. action
taken)
Bright light
Sour taste
Losing balance
Sit on a drawing
pin
46. 18/05/16
Structure of a nerve cellStructure of a nerve cell
Nucleus Muscle strands
(effector)
Cell body
1) Motor neurone 2) Sensory neurone 3) Relay neurone
Impulse Impulse
Axon
Myelin sheath – increases
the speed of transmission
Dendrons – conduct the
impulse to the cell
47. 18/05/16
SynapsesSynapses
Neurones never ____ each other – there is a small gap
between them called a _____. A signal is sent from one
_______ to the next by a _______ transmitter across
the synapse. These transmitters are then ________.
Words – chemical, synapse, neurone, touch, destroyed
48. 18/05/16
Conscious actionsConscious actions
A conscious action is one where the brain makes a considered response.
Here’s what happens:
Stimulus Receptor Sensory Neurone Coordinator
Motor Neurone Effector Response
1) Receptors in
your skin detect
a stimulus
3) Here another sensory neurone
carries the signal to the brain
4) The brain
decides to move
away the hand
5) This impulse is
sent by MOTOR
NEURONES to the
hand muscles (the
effectors) via the
spinal chord…
2) The impulse is carried
by SENSORY NEURONES
to the spinal chord
6) Which then
moves the hand
away
49. 18/05/16
Reflex actionsReflex actions
Sometimes conscious action is too slow to prevent harm, e.g…
In situations like this
the body bypasses the
brain to produce a
quicker response.
Here’s how it works…
50. 18/05/16
Reflex actionsReflex actions
1. Receptor
2. Sensory
neurone
3. Relay
neurone in the
spinal chord
4. Motor
neurone
5. Effector
Stimulus Receptor Sensory Neurone CNS
Motor Neurone Effector Response
52. 18/05/1618/05/16
Cannabis: Pros and consCannabis: Pros and cons
In January 2004 cannabis was changed from a class B drug to
a class C drug. Some people think that Cannabis should be
made legal. What are the pros and cons of cannabis?
Pros:
Cons:
53. 18/05/1618/05/16
Drugs Research ProjectDrugs Research Project
Explain and give examples for the following:
1) Define the terms addiction, tolerance, withdrawal symptom and
rehabilitation.
2) Why do people use legal drugs?
3) What are the drawbacks of legal drugs?
4) Alchohol is a legal drug. What does it do to the human body?
5) Why do people use illegal drugs?
6) What are the drawbacks of illegal drugs? What can they cause?
7) Choose one drug and discuss how it affects the human body
54. 18/05/1618/05/16
Legal drugsLegal drugs
Drug Effect on
activities
Abnormal behaviour
caused
Caffeine/ other
stimulants
Alcohol
Paracetamol/
other painkillers
Reactions could
become faster
Highly strung, leads
to exhaustion
May make you
drowsy, you
shouldn’t drive
Leads to depressant
effects on the
nervous system
May make you
drowsy, you
shouldn’t drive
Side effects include
dizziness or itchiness
Overall, the effect of these legal drugs can be greater than the effect of
illegal drugs simply because more people use them.
55. 18/05/16
DrugsDrugs
Drugs are classed as “a substance that affects the central
nervous system, causing changes in psychological behaviour and
possibly addiction”. Some examples:
Type of drug Effects Examples
Painkiller Block nervous
impulses
Morphine, aspirin,
paracetamol
Hallucinogen Distort sense
perception
LSD
Stimulant Increase reactions Caffeine, nicotine,
ecstasy
Depressant Slow down brain
activity
Alcohol, solvents,
termazapam
56. 18/05/16
Synapses and drugsSynapses and drugs
Depressant drugs can bind with ______ molecules in the
membrane of adjacent _______ and block the
transmission of an ______.
Stimulants can cause more ___________ to cross the
________.
Words – neurotransmitter, receptor, synapse, neurones, impulse
57. 18/05/16
Investigating Reaction TimesInvestigating Reaction Times
Task: Design an experiment that investigates the affect of
caffeine on reaction times.
Variables: What are the independent, dependant and control
variables?
Results: Draw your own results table:
Conclusion: What do your results show you?
58. 18/05/1618/05/16
SteroidsSteroids
Steroids are drugs that are used to boost athletic
performance. They’re banned and using them will lead to
disqualification from competing.
This picture isn’t real…
Ben Johnson, who ran the 100m in 9.79
seconds in 1988 but had his Olympic gold
medal stripped away from him after
testing positive for steroids.
59. 18/05/16
Smoking revisitedSmoking revisited
Cigarettes contain 4 harmful things:
1. NICOTINE, which is an ___________ drug that raises the heart
beat, narrows the arteries and so causes ____ _____ _____. This
leads to heart _________.
2. TAR, which coats the lining of the _______ making them less able to
take in oxygen. It also contains carcinogens which cause
______________.
3. CARBON MONOXIDE, which is a _______ ____ which joins up with
____ blood cells making them incapable of transporting
_____________ around the body. In pregnant women it can cause
oxygen deprivation, leading to low birth ______.
4. Particulates, which accumulate in the lungs.
Words – high blood pressure, oxygen, red, addictive,
disease, poisonous gas, lungs, cancer, mass
60. 18/05/16
Diffusion in the lungsDiffusion in the lungs
Oxygen diffuses in and carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood in
the lungs:
CO2
61. 18/05/16
Damaging the lings (emphysema)Damaging the lings (emphysema)
Before
smoking
After
smoking – less
surface area
Another way smoking can
damage the body is
through destroying the
shape of alveoli:
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More damage by smoking – smoker’s coughMore damage by smoking – smoker’s cough
The “pink” hairs in this photo
show cilia, small hairs lining
the windpipe that clear dust
and other particles away from
the air we breathe. Regular
smoking causes the cilia to
become paralysed and excess
mucous and tar build up in the
lungs, causing smoker’s cough.
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Tobacco and Lung CancerTobacco and Lung Cancer
Sir Richard
Doll, 1912-2005
Over 50 years I proved the link between
smoking and lung cancer. I published my first
findings in 1950, based on patients in London
hospitals, and then studied 40,000 doctors
and proved a link in a paper published in 1954.
Smoking has existed in Western
culture since the 16th Century.
However, scientists only proved the
link between it and various diseases
shortly after the Second World War.
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The Effects of AlcoholThe Effects of Alcohol
Time Effects
Short term
Long term
Blurred vision, lowering of inhibitions,
slowing of reactions (hence why there is a
limit on drink-driving)
Liver cirrhosis, brain damage
Alcohol content is measured in %ABV.
Wine is typically 12% while beer is 4-
6%. 40% of hospital A&E incidents are
alcohol-related. When the liver
removes alcohol it turns it into toxic
chemicals that cause liver damage or
liver cirrhosis:
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
Homeostasis means “controlling internal conditions”:
Waste products that need to be removed + how
CO2
Internal conditions that need controlling + how
Temperature
Water content
Produced by respiration, removed via lungs
Increased by shivering, lost by sweating
Increased and decreased by hormones
Some of these mechanisms are controlled by “negative
feedback” systems, i.e. the absence of a particular hormone
causes the reaction to change.
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Measuring Body TemperatureMeasuring Body Temperature
Some possible methods…
Body thermometers/
probes
Heat sensitive strips Thermal imaging
Common places to measure temperature are in the armpit, the
mouth, the fingers, the ears or the anus.
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Controlling Body TemperatureControlling Body Temperature
Wow it’s hot! My body
temperature needs to stay at
37O
C as its the best temperature
for the enzymes in my body. How
does my body keep the
temperature right?
Also, temperature sensors in the skin
detect the heat and send information
to the brain.
The thermoregulatory centre in the
brain detects “warm blood”.
When the brain detects the high
temperature it takes two main steps....
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Maintaining Body TemperatureMaintaining Body Temperature
Cold Hot
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation increases heat transfer to the surroundings and
heat is also lost through the evaporation of sweat.
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Body Temperature and the Nervous SystemBody Temperature and the Nervous System
Effectors (muscles and sweat glands)
carry out the response
Nerve endings in the skin detect the
external temperature
Temperature detectors in the brain
detect the blood temperature
The hypothalamus coordinates a
response using hormones
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Controlling Blood Sugar levelsControlling Blood Sugar levels
We need glucose in our bodies to help our cells to respire and
produce energy. What happens if we have too much glucose?
If blood sugar is too high the
pancreas releases insulin, which
travels in the blood stream. Insulin
lowers blood glucose levels by
converting glucose into insoluble
glycogen.
If glucose levels fall too low
then the hormone glucagon is
released from the pancreas
which causes liver to turn
glycogen back into glucose.
The trouble with hormones is
that they are slower than
nervous reactions.
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DiabetesDiabetes
What is diabetes?
What do the pens (above right) do?
What does an insulin injection (above left) do?
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
How does physical activity affect Type 1 and Type 2
Diabetics?
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DiabetesDiabetes
Type 1 Diabetes is a ________ in which a person’s blood sugar
(i.e. glucose) level may rise to a _______ level. This is
because the ______ doesn’t produce enough _________.
Physical activity will _______ the amount of glucose needed
by the body.
Diabetes can be treated by __________ carefully or by
injecting extra insulin when needed. Diabetics have to test
their blood sugar level before they decide how much insulin to
_______ themselves with. Type 2 Diabetes occurs when the
patient becomes _______ to insulin so the patient will have to
be careful regarding physical activity.
Words – insulin, disease, inject, dangerous, eating, pancreas,
increase, resistant
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Plant Growth IntroductionPlant Growth Introduction
Plants grow due to their cells dividing through mitosis. The
cells then specialise into root hair cells, palisade cells etc.
Unlike animals, plants continue to grow for the rest of their
lives.
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Plant HormonesPlant Hormones
The growth of roots and shoots is controlled by hormones
called auxins that move through the plant in solution:
In the roots hormones slow
down growth of the cells in
the lower region, which
makes the root bend down.
In the shoots the hormone
auxin is “destroyed” by
light, so the shoot will bend
towards the light as the
cells on the shaded side
grow quickest.
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Some DefinitionsSome Definitions
Shoots grow towards light (positive phototropism) and against
gravity (negative geotropism). This is caused by cell elongation
on the underside of the shoot and this happens because auxin
is made in the tip and is unevenly distributed through the
shoot.
Roots grow away from light (negative phototropism) and in the
direction of gravity (positive geotropism). This is caused by
cell elongation on the upper side of the root.
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Artificial Plant HormonesArtificial Plant Hormones
Hormones can be used to help plant growth and the
development of fruit:
1) Auxin
This hormone helps
fruit to develop
2) Ethene
This hormone helps
fruit to ripen
Other uses include rooting powders (to help root
development), control of dormancy and weedkilling.
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VariationVariation
“Variation” is the name given to differences between
individuals of the SAME species.
Variation is due to GENETIC or ENVIRONMENTAL causes.
For example, consider dogs:
1) Ways in which they are the
same:
2) Ways in which they are
different:
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Environmental differencesEnvironmental differences
Some of this variation is due to our parents, but some of it is
due to our upbringing and the environment in which we live –
this is called “Environmental variation”.
Variation due to
inheritance only
Variation due to
environment only
Variation due to a
bit of both
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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
The human egg
and sperm cell
(“GAMETES”)
contain 23
chromosomes
each.
When fertilisation happens the
gametes fuse together to make
a single cell called a ZYGOTE.
The zygote has 46 chromosomes
(23 pairs) and contains
information from each parent.
We have similar characteristics to our parents due to genetic
information being passed down in genes through gametes:
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Sexual vs. Asexual reproductionSexual vs. Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction:
•2 parents are needed
•Offspring will have “pairs” of chromosomes
•This will cause genetic variation
Asexual reproduction:
•Only 1 parent needed
•Offspring are GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to
parent (“clones”)
“Snuppy” – the
first cloned dog
(Aug 05)
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Key wordsKey words
Genotype
Phenotype
Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous
•This allele determines the development of a
characteristic
•The characteristic caused by the genotype
•This allele will determine a characteristic only if
there are no dominant ones
•This word refers to a pair of chromosomes being
made of two different alleles of a gene
•The genetic make up in a nucleus
•This word refers to a pair of chromosomes being
made of two of the same alleles of a gene
•An alternative form of a gene
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Eye colourEye colour
In eye colour the brown eye allele is dominant, so we call it
B, and the blue eye is recessive, so we call it b:
bbBB Bb
Homozygous
brown-eyed
parent
Heterozygous
brown-eyed
parent
Blue-eyed parent
What would the offspring have?
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Eye colourEye colour
Example 1: A homozygous
brown-eyed parent and a
blue-eyed parent:
Example 2: 2 heterozygous
brown-eyed parents
BB bbX Bb BbXParents:
Gametes:
Offspring: Bb Bb BbBb BB Bb bbbB
B B bb B bB b
(FOIL)
All offspring have brown eyes 25% chance of blue eyes
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Eye colourEye colour
Example 3: A heterozygous brown-eyed
father and a blue-eyed mother:
Bb
Bb Bb bbbb
bb
b bB b
Equal (50%)
chance of
being either
brown eyed or
blue eyed.
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B b
b
b
Another method – the “Punnett square”Another method – the “Punnett square”
Example 3: A heterozygous brown-eyed
father and a blue-eyed mother:
B b
b Bb bb
b Bb bb
Father
Mother
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Example questionsExample questions
1) In mice, white fur is dominant. What type of offspring
would you expect from a cross between a heterozygous
individual and one with grey fur? Explain your answer with a
genetic diagram.
2) A homozygous long-tailed cat is crossed with a homozygous
short-tailed cat and produces a litter of 9 long-tailed kittens.
Show the probable offspring which would be produced if two
of these kittens were mated and describe the characteristics
of the offspring (hint: work out the kitten’s genotype first).
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Inherited diseasesInherited diseases
1) Cystic fibrosis – a disease that causes thick and sticky mucus to coat
the lungs, gut and pancreas, making breathing and digestion difficult. It’s
caused by faulty recessive alleles:
2) Huntingdon's disease – a disease of the nervous system that causes
shaking, memory loss, mood changes and eventually dementia. It’s caused
by a faulty dominant allele:
3) Sickle cell anaemia – a disease that alters the shape of red blood cells,
thereby reducing their oxygen capacity, causing weakness and anaemia.
It’s caused by recessive alleles:
Ff FfX
Cc ccX
Ss SsX
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Family Pedigree ChartsFamily Pedigree Charts
18/05/16
Consider the following chart of the offspring and
grandchildren between two sickle-cell anaemia carriers:
Key:
= male
= female
= S allele
= s allele
Q. Describe the genotype and the phenotype of each
of the grandchildren. Also, which member of this
family has got sickle-cell anaemia?
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The debate over genesThe debate over genes
The “Nature vs Nurture” debate is all about whether or not
certain attributes or abilities are down to genetic reasons or
through upbringing, e.g.:
Intelligence
Sporting ability
Good health