B1 1.4 Pathogens and Disease
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Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses cause infectious diseases by reproducing rapidly inside the body and either producing toxins or damaging cells, making the infected person feel ill. Semmelweis recognized the importance of hand-washing in hospitals to prevent the spread of pathogens between patients and the transmission of infectious diseases. Bacteria and viruses are microorganisms that can reproduce inside the body and cause illness.
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This document discusses microorganisms and their role in health and illness. It describes how microorganisms can cause infectious diseases through bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Examples are given of harmful diseases caused by cholera bacteria, typhoid fever bacteria, tuberculosis bacteria, and ringworm fungi. The document also notes that the human body contains many beneficial microorganisms as part of its normal microbiome in places like the skin, nose, stomach, and intestines that protect against harmful microorganisms and support health. Beneficial fungi like Penicillium are also mentioned.
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Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists. Some harmful bacteria cause diseases such as tetanus, salmonellosis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and tonsillitis. Viruses also cause diseases in humans, including measles, chickenpox, the flu, mumps, common colds, papilloma and AIDS. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms that can spread from person to person.
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Infectious diseases are caused by microbes like bacteria and viruses. Viruses are the smallest microbes and can infect cells to multiply, while bacteria are larger and can multiply by dividing. Common symptoms of viral or bacterial infections include fever, fatigue, and swelling at the infection site. While most viral infections resolve on their own, antibiotics can treat bacterial infections. Maintaining good hygiene like regular hand washing helps prevent the spread of microbes.
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The document discusses three viral diseases: measles, AIDS, and hepatitis. It describes the symptoms of measles, which include cough, fever and gray boils on the face and chest that disappear within 10 days, after which the patient becomes immune. It explains that AIDS is a fatal disease caused by the HIV virus, which destroys white blood cells and the immune system. Hepatitis is a disease of the liver caused by one of three viruses that invade and destroy liver cells, causing jaundice, abdominal pain, and other symptoms, and can be fatal if not controlled by the immune system.
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Infectious diseases are caused by microbes like bacteria and viruses. Viruses are the smallest microbes and can infect cells to multiply, while bacteria are larger and can multiply by dividing. Common symptoms of viral or bacterial infections include fever, fatigue, and swelling at the infection site. While most viral infections resolve on their own, antibiotics can treat bacterial infections. Maintaining good hygiene like regular hand washing helps prevent the spread of microbes.
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This document provides an overview of the immune system and various diseases. It discusses how infectious diseases spread and how antibiotics can fight bacterial infections. It describes the immune system's defenses against pathogens, including the skin, inflammatory response, antibodies, and immune cells. It also examines immune system disorders like allergies and autoimmune diseases. Specific diseases covered include AIDS, which attacks immune cells, and cancer, which involves abnormal cell growth and division. Causes of cancer mentioned are genetic defects, viruses, radiation, and carcinogens. Prevention and early detection are highlighted as the best ways to fight cancer.
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Contagious diseases are transmitted through physical contact, secretions, or airborne means from an infected person. Common signs of infectious disease include fever, diarrhea, fatigue, muscle aches, and coughing. Contagious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, which are transmitted in various ways such as animal bites, contaminated food or water, or mosquito bites. It is advised to seek medical help for animal bites, breathing issues, prolonged cough or fever, rashes, swelling, or vision problems.
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The document discusses how diseases are transmitted from infected hosts to healthy individuals via pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It explains that pathogens can spread through various modes of transmission such as food/water, airborne transmission, and vectors like mosquitoes. The document also outlines principles of treatment for infectious diseases, including reducing symptoms and targeting the root cause. Preventive measures like vaccination, immunization, and general public hygiene are emphasized as better approaches than treatment of illness.
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This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being maintained through balanced diet, hygiene and exercise. Disease is any condition that interferes with normal body functioning and causes mental distress. Diseases are classified as infectious, which can be transmitted between people, and non-infectious, which cannot. Infectious diseases are further divided into bacterial, viral, protozoan, fungal and helminthic types. Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacterium transmitted through food and water, and symptoms include persistent high fever and abdominal pain.
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The document discusses diseases, their causes, and how they manifest in the body. It defines disease as any physical or functional change that causes discomfort, disability, or impairs health. It describes acute and chronic diseases and their characteristics. Diseases can be caused by infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, or non-infectious internal factors. The document explains that different disease-causing microbes infect specific organs or tissues based on their point of entry, like lungs for respiratory viruses or liver for food/water-borne viruses. Prevention through vaccination and immunization is better than treatment since diseases can spread and be difficult to cure.
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Louis Pasteur was a French chemist who discovered that microorganisms cause disease in humans. He invented pasteurization to kill harmful microbes. In the late 1800s, scientists realized the connection between microorganisms and the spread of disease. Robert Koch developed a method for identifying disease-causing organisms that helped advance treatment. Joseph Lister recognized the relationship between infections and cleanliness, and used carbolic acid to disinfect surgical tools and wash skin, reducing surgical infections.
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Your health depends on physical, mental and social well-being, while illness can affect your body's organs. Health professionals can help prevent and treat illnesses. There are infectious diseases caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi, and non-infectious diseases without a microbial cause like obesity. Infectious diseases can be transmitted through personal contact, droplets, contaminated objects, animal carriers, contaminated food or water. Preventing infectious diseases involves washing hands, cleaning cuts, vaccinating, and avoiding contaminated food/water.
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This document provides an overview of infectious diseases. It begins with definitions of key terms like infection, pathogens, and hosts. It then covers classifications of diseases, stages of infectious diseases, and epidemiological aspects. It discusses the transmission of diseases and important historical figures like Koch. It also outlines different types of pathogens, how diseases are produced, and virulence factors. The document concludes with sections on laboratory diagnosis and principles of antibacterial therapy.
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This document provides information about hepatitis, including the different types (A, B, C, D, E, X). It defines hepatitis as inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by various viruses. It describes the symptoms, modes of transmission, risk factors for chronic infection, and recommendations for preventing the spread of hepatitis C. The liver's important functions are also outlined.
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5.3 Science helps people prevent and treat diseases.
5.3 Science helps people prevent and treat diseases.
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Revision
Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies to disease-causing pathogens like bacteria and viruses without infecting the person. This gives the body active immunity against disease. Painkillers relieve symptoms of infectious diseases but don't kill pathogens, while antibiotics stop or kill bacteria to treat diseases caused by bacteria like tuberculosis or food poisoning but not viruses. Bacteria make people ill by multiplying inside the body and releasing toxins that cause symptoms of diseases.
B1 1.10 How do we Deal with Disease
Vaccination protects both individuals and society from disease by providing immunity. Our understanding of how to treat disease has improved as our knowledge of antibiotics and the human immune system has increased. Vaccines work by safely exposing the body to a disease-causing germ in order to trigger the immune system to develop immunity against that disease.
B1 1.9 Immunity
Your white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy pathogens causing infection, which provides immunity from future infections by the same pathogens. Immunization introduces small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens to induce antibody production and immunity without causing disease. Vaccinations protect against bacterial and viral diseases by immunizing through introduction of pathogens or their components.
B1 1.8 Changing Pathogens
New strains of disease can spread rapidly and cause epidemics if vaccinations are not effective against the mutated strain. Many bacteria have developed antibiotic resistance through natural selection, allowing new strains to appear. When bacteria or viruses mutate, it can result in new pathogen strains emerging that are able to cause disease.
B1 1.6 Using Drugs to Treat Disease
Antibiotics cure bacterial diseases by killing bacteria inside the body, while some medicines only relieve disease symptoms without killing pathogens. Antibiotics do not work on viruses which reproduce inside cells, making it challenging to develop drugs that destroy viruses without harming body cells.
B1 1.5 Defence Mechanisms
The body has several natural defenses against pathogens including the skin, mucus membranes, and blood clotting. White blood cells help defend the body by ingesting pathogens, producing antibodies, and making antitoxins to fight infections. These biological defenses protect the body from foreign invaders.
B1 1.3 Inheritance, Exercise and Health
Inherited factors such as metabolic rate and cholesterol level affect our health, and people who exercise regularly are usually healthier than those who do not exercise much. Exercise has benefits for health as it can counteract some genetic predispositions and reduce health risks.
B1 1.2 Weight Problems
Weight is influenced by the balance between energy intake and expenditure - if you consume more calories than you burn, the excess will be stored as fat. Being obese increases health risks, while not consuming enough can also cause health issues. Regular exercise helps manage weight and overall health by increasing calorie burning and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
B1 1.1 Diet and Exercise
The metabolic rate varies between individuals, so different people need different amounts of energy from food. A balanced diet provides everything the body needs to stay healthy. Those who exercise more require more food as exercise increases energy needs.
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DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Leaf Initiation, Growth and Differentiation.pdf
Leaf initiation, growth and differentiation, genetic control of leaf development.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
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Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
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B1 1.4 Pathogens and Disease
- 2. Key Points • Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms called pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. • Semmelweis recognised the importance of hand-washing in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in hospital. • Bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly inside your body. Bacteria can produce toxins which make you feel ill. • Viruses damage your cells as they reproduce. This can also make you feel ill.