B1 1.8 Changing Pathogens
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New strains of disease can spread rapidly and cause epidemics if vaccinations are not effective against the mutated strain. Many bacteria have developed antibiotic resistance through natural selection, allowing new strains to appear. When bacteria or viruses mutate, it can result in new pathogen strains emerging that are able to cause disease.
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Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies to disease-causing pathogens like bacteria and viruses without infecting the person. This gives the body active immunity against disease. Painkillers relieve symptoms of infectious diseases but don't kill pathogens, while antibiotics stop or kill bacteria to treat diseases caused by bacteria like tuberculosis or food poisoning but not viruses. Bacteria make people ill by multiplying inside the body and releasing toxins that cause symptoms of diseases.
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Vaccination protects both individuals and society from disease by providing immunity. Our understanding of how to treat disease has improved as our knowledge of antibiotics and the human immune system has increased. Vaccines work by safely exposing the body to a disease-causing germ in order to trigger the immune system to develop immunity against that disease.
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Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies to disease-causing pathogens like bacteria and viruses without infecting the person. This gives the body active immunity against disease. Painkillers relieve symptoms of infectious diseases but don't kill pathogens, while antibiotics stop or kill bacteria to treat diseases caused by bacteria like tuberculosis or food poisoning but not viruses. Bacteria make people ill by multiplying inside the body and releasing toxins that cause symptoms of diseases.
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Vaccination protects both individuals and society from disease by providing immunity. Our understanding of how to treat disease has improved as our knowledge of antibiotics and the human immune system has increased. Vaccines work by safely exposing the body to a disease-causing germ in order to trigger the immune system to develop immunity against that disease.
B1 1.9 Immunity
Your white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy pathogens causing infection, which provides immunity from future infections by the same pathogens. Immunization introduces small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens to induce antibody production and immunity without causing disease. Vaccinations protect against bacterial and viral diseases by immunizing through introduction of pathogens or their components.
B1 1.6 Using Drugs to Treat Disease
Antibiotics cure bacterial diseases by killing bacteria inside the body, while some medicines only relieve disease symptoms without killing pathogens. Antibiotics do not work on viruses which reproduce inside cells, making it challenging to develop drugs that destroy viruses without harming body cells.
B1 1.5 Defence Mechanisms
The body has several natural defenses against pathogens including the skin, mucus membranes, and blood clotting. White blood cells help defend the body by ingesting pathogens, producing antibodies, and making antitoxins to fight infections. These biological defenses protect the body from foreign invaders.
B1 1.4 Pathogens and Disease
Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses cause infectious diseases by reproducing rapidly inside the body and either producing toxins or damaging cells, making the infected person feel ill. Semmelweis recognized the importance of hand-washing in hospitals to prevent the spread of pathogens between patients and the transmission of infectious diseases. Bacteria and viruses are microorganisms that can reproduce inside the body and cause illness.
B1 1.3 Inheritance, Exercise and Health
Inherited factors such as metabolic rate and cholesterol level affect our health, and people who exercise regularly are usually healthier than those who do not exercise much. Exercise has benefits for health as it can counteract some genetic predispositions and reduce health risks.
B1 1.2 Weight Problems
Weight is influenced by the balance between energy intake and expenditure - if you consume more calories than you burn, the excess will be stored as fat. Being obese increases health risks, while not consuming enough can also cause health issues. Regular exercise helps manage weight and overall health by increasing calorie burning and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
B1 1.1 Diet and Exercise
The metabolic rate varies between individuals, so different people need different amounts of energy from food. A balanced diet provides everything the body needs to stay healthy. Those who exercise more require more food as exercise increases energy needs.
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Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits: A Revolutionary
Breakthrough in Sustainable Energy Science
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsWhat is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
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B1 1.8 Changing Pathogens
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