The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Cost Overrun Causes Related to the Design Phase in the Egyptian Construction ...World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that aimed to identify and evaluate the most significant causes of cost overrun related to the design phase of construction projects in Egypt. Through a literature review and expert interviews, the researchers developed a list of potential cost overrun causes. They then conducted a survey with 101 industry professionals to quantitatively assess the frequency and impact of each cause. The results showed that the most important causes were design changes/variations and unrealistic construction time estimates. The degree of agreement between owners, contractors, architects, and project managers was also analyzed to identify any conflicting perspectives on the causes.
A Review of Cost overruns in Construction Project Managementijsrd.com
In construction industry cost is amongst the major considerations throughout the project management life cycle and thus can be regarded as one of the most important parameter of a project and the driving force of project success. Despite of its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a construction project failing to achieve its objectives within the specified cost. Cost overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost associated with nearly all projects in the construction industry. In this paper different type of cost are enlisted and due to the effect of cost overruns enumerated in building projects. Effects Cost overruns are decrease in the building projects so, different methods are used the analysis cost overruns factors and give the top ten ranks.
This document presents a simulation model for evaluating order acceptance strategies that consider man-hour (MH) constraints in engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects. The model simulates competitive bidding situations and calculates expected revenues, costs, and profits over multiple periods based on the volume of accepted orders and MH available for cost estimation and project execution. Simulation results show that a strategy maintaining an appropriate balance of MH for cost estimation and project execution can improve total expected profit over the long run under varying order volumes from competitive bidding.
This document provides an overview of different procurement methods, tendering processes, and contractual arrangements for a proposed RM500 million shopping complex construction project. It discusses traditional procurement, design-build, management contracting, and other alternative methods. For this project, it recommends management contracting as the procurement method, single-stage selective tendering for eliminating non-performing contractors, and either a cost reimbursement or guaranteed maximum price contract.
This case study investigates time and cost overruns in the construction of a steel plant in Asia. The original project was estimated to cost $52.52 million and be completed by 2006. However, delays in site selection, changes to the project scope due to market changes, and delays caused by contractors and consultants led to a completion date of 2008 and increased costs of $62.36 million. Several factors contributed to the delays, including a 16-month delay in selecting the project site, which also necessitated changes to the project scope. Piling work took 11 months longer than scheduled due to understaffing by the contractor. Designs from the project consultants were also delayed by 12 months.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Self Electricity Generation and Energy Saving By Solar Using Programmable Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Effect of cultural and poem identity on the architectural designtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Cost Overrun Causes Related to the Design Phase in the Egyptian Construction ...World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that aimed to identify and evaluate the most significant causes of cost overrun related to the design phase of construction projects in Egypt. Through a literature review and expert interviews, the researchers developed a list of potential cost overrun causes. They then conducted a survey with 101 industry professionals to quantitatively assess the frequency and impact of each cause. The results showed that the most important causes were design changes/variations and unrealistic construction time estimates. The degree of agreement between owners, contractors, architects, and project managers was also analyzed to identify any conflicting perspectives on the causes.
A Review of Cost overruns in Construction Project Managementijsrd.com
In construction industry cost is amongst the major considerations throughout the project management life cycle and thus can be regarded as one of the most important parameter of a project and the driving force of project success. Despite of its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a construction project failing to achieve its objectives within the specified cost. Cost overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost associated with nearly all projects in the construction industry. In this paper different type of cost are enlisted and due to the effect of cost overruns enumerated in building projects. Effects Cost overruns are decrease in the building projects so, different methods are used the analysis cost overruns factors and give the top ten ranks.
This document presents a simulation model for evaluating order acceptance strategies that consider man-hour (MH) constraints in engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects. The model simulates competitive bidding situations and calculates expected revenues, costs, and profits over multiple periods based on the volume of accepted orders and MH available for cost estimation and project execution. Simulation results show that a strategy maintaining an appropriate balance of MH for cost estimation and project execution can improve total expected profit over the long run under varying order volumes from competitive bidding.
This document provides an overview of different procurement methods, tendering processes, and contractual arrangements for a proposed RM500 million shopping complex construction project. It discusses traditional procurement, design-build, management contracting, and other alternative methods. For this project, it recommends management contracting as the procurement method, single-stage selective tendering for eliminating non-performing contractors, and either a cost reimbursement or guaranteed maximum price contract.
This case study investigates time and cost overruns in the construction of a steel plant in Asia. The original project was estimated to cost $52.52 million and be completed by 2006. However, delays in site selection, changes to the project scope due to market changes, and delays caused by contractors and consultants led to a completion date of 2008 and increased costs of $62.36 million. Several factors contributed to the delays, including a 16-month delay in selecting the project site, which also necessitated changes to the project scope. Piling work took 11 months longer than scheduled due to understaffing by the contractor. Designs from the project consultants were also delayed by 12 months.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Self Electricity Generation and Energy Saving By Solar Using Programmable Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Effect of cultural and poem identity on the architectural designtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Data Processing Techniques for 3D Surface Morphologytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Mixture Experiment Models for Predicting the Compressive Strength and Water A...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
This document provides a survey and classification of new automatic road network extraction methods from remotely sensed imagery published between 2000-2014. The methods are classified into two broad categories: 1) general classification methods including segmentation, vectorization, neural networks etc. that detect roads from the original image, and 2) applied techniques classification based on preprocessing like using texture, morphology, spectral information with neural networks. Various techniques are discussed including directional mathematical morphology, texture analysis, ribbon/ziplock snakes, support vector machines etc. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research in this area.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Effect of Business Strategy on Innovation and Firm Performance in the Sma...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Study, testing & analysis of composit material based on munja fibretheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document presents a morphometric analysis of a semi-urban watershed located in Allahabad, India using Cartosat DEM data and GIS. Key findings include:
1) The watershed has an area of 289.41 km2 and exhibits a dendritic drainage pattern. Strahler stream ordering identified the watershed as having first to fifth order streams.
2) Morphometric parameters related to the linear and aerial aspects of the watershed were calculated using GIS, including stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, and others.
3) The analysis revealed information on the watershed characteristics and drainage network. For example, first order streams had the highest total length and number, which decreased with
Structural, Economic and Environmental Study of Concrete and Timber as Struct...theijes
This study analyzed concrete and timber as structural materials for residential buildings in Nigeria from structural, economic, environmental and energy perspectives. A duplex building model was designed using each material and analyzed using structural engineering software. Cost analyses found the timber model was approximately N3.85 million cheaper than the concrete model. Environmental impact assessments using lifecycle analysis found the concrete model had significantly higher negative impacts across several metrics, including 235-6,970% higher smog potential, fossil fuel consumption, ozone depletion, and global warming potential compared to the timber model. The results provide justification for considering timber as a cost-effective and more sustainable alternative to concrete for residential construction in Nigeria.
This document summarizes a research paper on secured authorized deduplication in a hybrid cloud system. The system aims to provide data deduplication, differential authorization for access, and confidentiality of data files. It involves a public cloud for storage, a private cloud for managing access tokens, and users who generate keys for files stored on the public cloud. When uploading a file, the user encrypts it and sends it to the public cloud along with the key to the private cloud. To download, the user must provide the correct key to the private cloud to gain access to encrypted files from the public cloud. This hybrid cloud model uses deduplication for storage optimization while controlling access through differential authorization of private keys.
Design Optimization for Vibration Level of Root Blower With No Load Conditiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
This document identifies low-temperature waste heat potential in some Indian industries that is currently untapped, including hotels, molding plants, metal melting facilities, and rolling mills. It provides several case studies and recommendations for improving energy efficiency by utilizing low-grade heat from sources like compressor exhaust, furnace flue gases, and hot water. Implementing techniques like preheating air and fuels with waste heat could reduce steam, electricity, and fuel consumption, lowering costs with payback periods of less than two years for some options. While site-specific analysis is needed, these illustrations provide examples of low-cost waste heat recovery applicable to similar industrial processes.
“Theory of Time” is a research and analysis report on integrated transformation system to find out reason for changes. I had found some systematic relational imbalance among the principles of AC Transformer, Ohm’s law, series parallel circuits and law of conservation of energy. I did systematic analysis and research on above said combination principles and System’s Relative components are determined and organized systematically for better understanding and reformed results are meeting with the natural principles of system.
I did systematic analysis on electro-magnetic circuits to understand the structure of the transformation system. Law of conservation of energy, Transformer’s principles, Newton’s laws and Ohm’s law are base for this theory. By doing relational analysis I could derive Equivalent mechanical transformation principles from Electricity Transformation principles and mechanical resistance to transformation equation has been successfully formulated. Finally Obtained / reformed results are compared with our practical science and found that the derived principles are meeting with the natural principles of system and its transformation process. Further, explaining about “how the time is running?”; “what are all the relative components of the time?”; Whether is it possible to stop the time running process?
Measures for Improving Undergraduate Engineering Education: An Emperical Stu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Estimation of 3d Visualization for Medical Machinary Imagestheijes
This document discusses a study on 3D visualization of medical images. It presents four key modules: 1) 3D viewer using geometry and color information to generate 3D images from 2D X-ray images, 2) volume viewer representing anatomical structures as 3D distributions, 3) interactive 3D surface plot using image luminance as height, and 4) stack surface plot displaying 3D graphs of pixel intensities in image stacks. The study aims to improve analysis of medical imaging data through 3D visualization techniques.
The Application of Internet as an Indispensable Tool for Effective Teaching, ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
This document discusses applying data mining techniques to construct a risk factor model for predicting building fire insurance claims. Specifically:
1. It analyzes building fire insurance claim data using a backpropagation neural network (BPN) model to identify important risk factors and their weightings for predicting claims.
2. The BPN model was trained on historical data and achieved 85.5% accuracy on the training data and 82.42% on test data, demonstrating its ability to generalize.
3. The identified risk factors included building structure, operations, fire equipment, electrical systems, security, and fire prevention measures. Analyzing these factors can help insurers better evaluate risks and make underwriting decisions.
Disputes Impact in Pakistan Construction Industry: A Comprehensive Study of R...IJMREMJournal
The road construction works have tendency to build strong variances among the stakeholder which involved in projects, they can turn quickly into disputes and become difficult to resolve them. All developing countries are increasing their economic growths, Pakistan is one of them which rapidly growing its resources spending on construction projects effectively. Road construction disputes are one the major issues which will affect the successful completion of the projects. This research aim to analyze the causes and impacts of disputes in roads construction projects of Pakistan construction industry. This study is undertaken to identify the causes, impacts and remedial measures/appropriate suggestion to overcome from disputes. The construction claims are considered as one of the most unpleasant and disruptive event of a construction project, which will effects intern of costs overrun, time overrun and dynamic nature of projects. This study is limited to determination of causes and Impacts of disputes as observed by Clients, contractors and consultants working in road construction projects. Get a path way to manage disputes from informed, selection of remedial measures. The data were collected from respondents which are concerned in road construction, after analysis of the data, concluded that incomplete documentation, inappropriate contract system, unrealistic price of tenders, errors in design and overstated claims are the major Causes of disputes in construction projects. Mediation and negotiation were identified the common desired method to manage disputes.
Disputes Impact in Pakistan Construction Industry: A Comprehensive Study of R...IJMREMJournal
The road construction works have tendency to build strong variances among the stakeholder which involved in
projects, they can turn quickly into disputes and become difficult to resolve them. All developing countries are
increasing their economic growths, Pakistan is one of them which rapidly growing its resources spending on
construction projects effectively. Road construction disputes are one the major issues which will affect the
successful completion of the projects. This research aim to analyze the causes and impacts of disputes in roads
construction projects of Pakistan construction industry. This study is undertaken to identify the causes, impacts
and remedial measures/appropriate suggestion to overcome from disputes. The construction claims are
considered as one of the most unpleasant and disruptive event of a construction project, which will effects intern
of costs overrun, time overrun and dynamic nature of projects. This study is limited to determination of causes
and Impacts of disputes as observed by Clients, contractors and consultants working in road construction projects.
Get a path way to manage disputes from informed, selection of remedial measures. The data were collected from
respondents which are concerned in road construction, after analysis of the data, concluded that incomplete
documentation, inappropriate contract system, unrealistic price of tenders, errors in design and overstated claims
are the major Causes of disputes in construction projects. Mediation and negotiation were identified the common
desired method to manage disputes.
Claims Management And Assessment Through Documentationvivatechijri
This document summarizes a research paper on claims management and assessment through documentation in construction projects. The research aimed to present key concepts of construction claims and claims management from the contractor's perspective. A survey was conducted of 300 claims management staff from contractor organizations to assess claims management efficiency. The research found that contractors performed tasks like identifying changes, documenting changes, and analyzing time/cost impacts efficiently. Areas for improvement included actively notifying about changes, negotiating claims, and identifying defensive changes. The results can help contractors strengthen efficient processes and improve weaker areas to better manage claims.
Practical Investigation of Factors Affecting Selection of Dispute Resolution ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors affecting the selection of dispute resolution methods in construction projects in India. It aims to identify key factors and examine their relative importance through a questionnaire survey. The study also compares the efficiency of current alternative dispute resolution methods like arbitration and dispute resolution boards. The document provides background on the objectives and methodology of the study, which involves collecting data through questionnaires, analyzing it using statistical software, and interpreting the results. It then reviews past literature on causes of disputes in construction projects and factors influencing conflict resolution.
The document summarizes a report on contract administration and site management for a health centre extension project. It recommends using a JCT Intermediate Contract with Quantities due to its flexibility and simplicity compared to other standard forms. The contract administrator's role is described as both desk-based and requiring site presence to monitor progress and ensure compliance with health and safety regulations. Statutory approvals from planning and building control authorities are necessary and the approval process involves submitting plans and allowing inspections. Risks associated with the site such as ground conditions and potential delays must be managed under the contract.
IRJET- Comperative Analysis of Three Major Type of Contracts with Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative analysis of three major types of construction contracts: Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contracts; Item Rate contracts; and Lump-Sum contracts. It analyzes the key characteristics of each contract type, including their suitability, advantages, and disadvantages. It also presents three case studies analyzing real projects that used each contract type. The document finds that EPC contracts are well-suited for large infrastructure projects, as they transfer more risk to contractors. Item Rate contracts provide flexibility, while Lump-Sum contracts provide cost certainty but limited ability to adapt to changes. Understanding the differences between contract types is important for assessing the best approach for a given construction project.
Data Processing Techniques for 3D Surface Morphologytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Mixture Experiment Models for Predicting the Compressive Strength and Water A...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
This document provides a survey and classification of new automatic road network extraction methods from remotely sensed imagery published between 2000-2014. The methods are classified into two broad categories: 1) general classification methods including segmentation, vectorization, neural networks etc. that detect roads from the original image, and 2) applied techniques classification based on preprocessing like using texture, morphology, spectral information with neural networks. Various techniques are discussed including directional mathematical morphology, texture analysis, ribbon/ziplock snakes, support vector machines etc. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research in this area.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Effect of Business Strategy on Innovation and Firm Performance in the Sma...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Study, testing & analysis of composit material based on munja fibretheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document presents a morphometric analysis of a semi-urban watershed located in Allahabad, India using Cartosat DEM data and GIS. Key findings include:
1) The watershed has an area of 289.41 km2 and exhibits a dendritic drainage pattern. Strahler stream ordering identified the watershed as having first to fifth order streams.
2) Morphometric parameters related to the linear and aerial aspects of the watershed were calculated using GIS, including stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, and others.
3) The analysis revealed information on the watershed characteristics and drainage network. For example, first order streams had the highest total length and number, which decreased with
Structural, Economic and Environmental Study of Concrete and Timber as Struct...theijes
This study analyzed concrete and timber as structural materials for residential buildings in Nigeria from structural, economic, environmental and energy perspectives. A duplex building model was designed using each material and analyzed using structural engineering software. Cost analyses found the timber model was approximately N3.85 million cheaper than the concrete model. Environmental impact assessments using lifecycle analysis found the concrete model had significantly higher negative impacts across several metrics, including 235-6,970% higher smog potential, fossil fuel consumption, ozone depletion, and global warming potential compared to the timber model. The results provide justification for considering timber as a cost-effective and more sustainable alternative to concrete for residential construction in Nigeria.
This document summarizes a research paper on secured authorized deduplication in a hybrid cloud system. The system aims to provide data deduplication, differential authorization for access, and confidentiality of data files. It involves a public cloud for storage, a private cloud for managing access tokens, and users who generate keys for files stored on the public cloud. When uploading a file, the user encrypts it and sends it to the public cloud along with the key to the private cloud. To download, the user must provide the correct key to the private cloud to gain access to encrypted files from the public cloud. This hybrid cloud model uses deduplication for storage optimization while controlling access through differential authorization of private keys.
Design Optimization for Vibration Level of Root Blower With No Load Conditiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
This document identifies low-temperature waste heat potential in some Indian industries that is currently untapped, including hotels, molding plants, metal melting facilities, and rolling mills. It provides several case studies and recommendations for improving energy efficiency by utilizing low-grade heat from sources like compressor exhaust, furnace flue gases, and hot water. Implementing techniques like preheating air and fuels with waste heat could reduce steam, electricity, and fuel consumption, lowering costs with payback periods of less than two years for some options. While site-specific analysis is needed, these illustrations provide examples of low-cost waste heat recovery applicable to similar industrial processes.
“Theory of Time” is a research and analysis report on integrated transformation system to find out reason for changes. I had found some systematic relational imbalance among the principles of AC Transformer, Ohm’s law, series parallel circuits and law of conservation of energy. I did systematic analysis and research on above said combination principles and System’s Relative components are determined and organized systematically for better understanding and reformed results are meeting with the natural principles of system.
I did systematic analysis on electro-magnetic circuits to understand the structure of the transformation system. Law of conservation of energy, Transformer’s principles, Newton’s laws and Ohm’s law are base for this theory. By doing relational analysis I could derive Equivalent mechanical transformation principles from Electricity Transformation principles and mechanical resistance to transformation equation has been successfully formulated. Finally Obtained / reformed results are compared with our practical science and found that the derived principles are meeting with the natural principles of system and its transformation process. Further, explaining about “how the time is running?”; “what are all the relative components of the time?”; Whether is it possible to stop the time running process?
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Alternative Contractual Models of Dredging Projects to Avoid Disputes (A Case Study of the Special Port in Kotabaru)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 4 || Pages || PP.05-10|| 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 5
Alternative Contractual Models of Dredging Projects to Avoid
Disputes (A Case Study of the Special Port in Kotabaru)
Candra Yuliana1
, Japril2
, and Iphan F. Radam3
1&3
Study Program of Civil Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
2
Dispatch Department, PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk., Kotabaru, Indonesia
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
There had been four dredging projects done at the Special Port of PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk. in
Kotabaru, two of which ended in disputes. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the causative factors for
disputes and selection of the best contractual model for dredging projects to avoid disputes. The method
employed was the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The analysis results in the most significant criteria to
avoid disputes in dredging projects, which are technical and quality aspects (43%) and the most significant
sub-criteria, which are the factors of fixed designs as well as complete and accurate drawings (75%). The
alternative contractual model chosen is the Lump Sum Fixed Price contract (53%), where the importance value
given by experts reaches 49%. In so doing, in order that dredging projects do not end in disputes, the best
contractual model is the Lump Sum Fixed Price..
Keywords - Analytic Hierarchy Process, Contract, Disputes, Dredging.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 08-April-2015 Date of Accepted: 20-April-2015
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Since 1996 until 2013, there had been four dredging projects carried out in the port basin of PT.
Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk’s special port in Kotabaru – South Kalimantan. The dredging was done
mainly in the flow of rock and mud areas. Of the four dredging projects, two projects ended in disputes, even
one of the cases was taken to court. Dredging projects ended in disputes in 2007 and 2011. Another example of
employment contract disputes is the dredging project of Barito river channel, which was taken to court, i.e. the
South Jakarta District Court, between PT. Adaro Indonesia Tbk as the owner and PT. Arwibas Trasco as the
contractor in charge. As a result of such disputes, the project is postponed and the target channel depth set is not
achieved. On the other hand, project leaders, both the owner and the contractor in charge, will have to spend
their time attending the sessions in the arbitration or judicial institutions. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the
causative factors for disputes and to determine alternatives to avoid disputes as well as to formulate a
contractual model for dredging projects.
II. LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 The Role of Contracts in Project Management
Considering their highly strategic role in managing projects, professionalism and competence of a
project manager or engineer will bring a significant impact on the successful implementation of a project. One
of the devices that will greatly assist project managers or engineers in carrying out their duties above is
construction employment contracts prepared by the employer and the contractor or the service provider [1].
Construction employment contracts are defined as the entire document that governs the legal
relationship between the service user and the service provider in a construction project. The following are
contractual models [2]:
1) Fixed Price Contracts, i.e. the total price of the entire work or the price per work unit has been
predetermined from the beginning. This type of contract includes Lump Sum Contracts and Unit Price
Contracts
2) Prime Cost Contracts, i.e. the owner shall pay the actual cost incurred during the implementation stage,
coupled with the fee charged for services provided by the contractor (including administrative costs). This
type of contract is divided into Cost Plus Fixed Procentage, Cost Plus Fixed Fee, Cost Plus Variable
Percent, Target Estimate and Guaranteed Maximum Cost.
2. Alternative Contractual Models of Dredging…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 6
2.2 Dredging
Dredging work can be classified into four types, namely; 1) capital dredging; 2) maintenance dredging;
3) rock dredging; and 4) reclamation. Before initiating dredging work, it is usually necessary to conduct a
survey to examine and collect data. The survey may be in hydrography, geotechnics, hydraulics, or meteorology
[3]. Models of Dredging Contracts can be categorized as follows:
1) Fixed Lump Sum Price: in this contractual model, the service user and the service provider agree on a
fixed amount to be paid by the service user to the service provider for the the entire dredging work in order
to reach the predetermined basin depth and area width set forth in the contract.
2) Unit Price: in general, in this contractual model, the volume of dredging materials writen in the contract is
an estimate, where the amount of the volume is obtained from the bathymentric mapping calculation before
the dredging work is initiated, with the average depth to be achieved. As for the actual dredging volume, it
will be recalculated and measured by the service user in conjuction with the service provider to determine
the volume of work actually performed.
3) Performance Based Contract: this contractual model is different from the traditional one, in which payment
to the service provider is determined based on the accomplished “performance” of the work. Performance-
based contracts in dredging work are usually applied to jobs which include maintainning dock, basin and
channel depth [4].
2.3 Factors Causing Disputes
It is undeniable that in any construction projects there is a high possibility of disputes to occur.
Mitropoulos & Howell (2001) [5] explains that basically there are three root causes of disputes in construction
projects, namely: (1) uncertainty in any construction project, (2) issues related to the construction contract, and
(3) the opportunistic behavior of the parties involved in construction projects.
Disputes in construction processes can be divided into two, seen from the root causes [6], namely
construction-related disputes and human behavior-related disputes. According to Xinhua (2010) [7], there are
several key factors which trigger complexity of a construction project, which in turn lead to disputes, namely:
1) Validity of the instruction given by the client or consultant to the contractor.
2) The client or owner misunderstands the delivery or service the contractor has promised them.
3) Weak management capabilities in areas relating to law, and dispute resolution which instead make conflicts
last longer.
4) The cultural diversity which leads to poor communication and understanding among the parties entering into
the contract.
There are a couple of things which causes disputes, allowing one make a claim [8], namely improper
and poor design information, incomplete site investigations, clients’ slow response, poor communication,
unrealistic deadline, poor contract administration, beyond-control external events, incomplete tender
information, unclear risk allocation, delay (delays in payment). Pena-Mora et.al. (2003) [9] simplifies the
dispute classification into two, namely organizational issues and the issues of uncertainty.
2.4 The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method
The Analytical Hierarchy Process Method is the basis for making a decision, designed and carried out
rationally by selecting the best possible alternative evaluated using multiple criteria. In this process, decision-
makers ignore minor changes in decision-making processes and further develop any possible priorities to rank
them from various alternatives. In the AHP method, decisions are classified into two, i.e. consistent and
inconsistent ones [10]. It consists of a number of steps as follows:
1) Defining the problem and determining the expected solution
2) Creating a hierarchical structure that begins with a more general purpose, followed by smaller purposes,
criteria and possible alternatives at the lowest level.
3) Making a paired-comparison matrix describing the relative contribution or the influence of each element on
each goal or criterion one level above it. Making a paired-comparison to obtain the whole measurement
using the formula of n × [(n-1)/ 2], where n refers to the number of elements being compared.
4) Calculating the eigen value and examining its consistency, repeat the data retrieval if it is not consisten
5) Repeating steps 3 to 4 for all levels of hierarchy.
6) Calculating the eigen vectors of each paired-comparison matrix. Eigen vectors are the value for each
element.
Check the consistency of the hierarchy, if the value is more than 10 percent, it implies that the data
measurement needs to be revised. The AHP measurement method employs two measurement methods, i.e.
Relative Measurement Method (RMM) and Absolute Measurement Method (AMM) [11].
Consistency measurement of a matrix is based on a maximum eigen value. The following is the
formula to calculate the consistency index:
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Where this is the eigen value and n is the matrix value. The maximum Eigen value of a matrix will not
be less than the value of n. In so doing, the consistency index (CI) value will never be negative. The closer the
maximum eigen value to the the matrix value, it means that the matrix is more consistent and if they are equal, it
means that the matrix is either 100% consistent or 0% inconsistent. The consistency index is then converted into
the inconsistency ratio by dividing a random index. The random index values are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Random Index Values [12]
Matrix Value (n) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Random Index (RI) 0,00 0,00 0,58 0,90 1,12 1,24 1,32 1,41 1,45 1,49
The comparison between the consistency index and the ratio index of a matrix is defined as the
consistency ratio (CR). For the AHP model, a comparison matrix is accepted if the value of the consistency ratio
is less than 0.1.
III. RESEARCH METHODS
The research was conducted in several phases and each phase consists of several stages as can be seen
in Fig. 1, and the criteria and sub-criteria variables are presented in Table 2.
Figure 1. Stages of Research
Table 2. Classification of the Criteria and Sub-criteria Variables of Potential Dispute-Triggering Sources
Code Factors to Avoid Potential Disputes in Dredging Contracts (Criteria and Sub-criteria)
C1 The Price Aspects of the Contract
SC11 The factors of the total fixed price and unfeasible price adjustments
SC12 The factor of the fixed volume unit price, with certain technical specifications
SC13 The factors of the fixed price and assessment based on performance and incentives for performance
which exceeds the target performance (KPI)
C2 The Aspect of Payment Methods
SC21 The factor of payment based on the stages of the output product resulted from the contract
SC22 The factor of payment based on the combined measurement results on the volume of the work
completed by service providers
SC23 The factor of payment based on the experimental results after the work has been completed whose
performance is to be assessed
C3 The Technical and Quality Aspects
SC31 The factors of fixed designs and complete and accurate drawings
SC32 The factors of unfixed designs, drawings and accuration
SC33 The factors of fixed and integrated designs, implementation, experiments and maintenance
C4 The Aspect of Risk Allocation
SC41 Risks are incurred solely by service users
SC42 Risks are incurred solely by service providers
SC43 Risks are incurred solely by service users and service providers
C5 The Time Aspect
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SC51 The deadline for the project is tight
SC52 The deadline for the project is less tight
SC53 The deadline for the project is not tight
C6 The Aspect of Additional or Reduced Work
SC61 Additional or reduced work is allowed
SC62 Additional or reduced work is not allowed
Based on the identification, there are three types of alternatives for the contractual models of dredging
projects, namely:
I. Alternative 1 is the Fixed Lump Sum Price Contract (A1),
II. Alternative 2 is the Unit Price Contract (A2), and;
III. Alternative 3 is Performance-Based Contract (A3).
The data were collected by distributing questionnaires to 20 respondents of individuals with experience
working as a project manager, field manager, and supervisor of dredging project execution.
IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT
The results for the comparison of respondents’ preferences are presented in the form of a normalized
matrix and the consistency ratio, as shown in Table 3. The average consistency measure is the maximum eigen
value (λmax), i.e. by 6.49 while the consistency index (CI) value is 0.10. The random index (RI) value is obtained
from Table 1, for the matrix value with n = 6, the value of RI is equal to 1.24, so that the consistency ratio (CR)
is equal to 0.08.
Table 3. The Normalized Criteria Matrix and the Consistency Ratio
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Total Average Consistency Measure
C1 0,09 0,13 0,12 0,06 0,04 0,18 0,61 0,10 6,36
C2 0,03 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,02 0,02 0,24 0,04 6,16
C3 0,34 0,21 0,47 0,58 0,56 0,43 2,58 0,43 6,76
C4 0,26 0,21 0,16 0,19 0,22 0,18 1,22 0,20 6,72
C5 0,26 0,29 0,09 0,06 0,11 0,12 0,94 0,16 6,57
C6 0,03 0,13 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,40 0,07 6,40
λmax 6,49
CI 0,10
RI 1,24
CR 0,08
The most important aspect to avoid potential disputes in dredging contracts among all the criteria is
criteria C3, which is technical and quality aspects, with the highest average value of 0.43 or 43%. The value of
the consistency ratio (CR) is 0.08, which is smaller than 0.10 (CR <0.10), meaning that respondents’ preference
is consistent.
3.1 Sub-Criteria-Scoring Matrix
The calculation results of the sub-criteria comparison matrix for all the criteria will generate the
priority weights as shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Sub-Criteria Priority Weights for All Criteria
Code Factors to Avoid Potential Disputes in Dredging Contracts (Criteria and Sub-criteria)
Sub-criteria
Weight
C1 The Price Aspects of the Contract
SC11 The factors of the total fixed price and unfeasible price adjustments 0,67
SC12 The factor of the fixed volume unit price, with certain technical specifications 0,15
SC13 The factors of the fixed price and assessment based on performance and incentives for
performance which exceeds the target performance (KPI)
0,18
C2 The Aspect of Payment Methods
SC21 The factor of payment based on the stages of the output product resulted from the
contract
0,69
SC22 The factor of payment based on the combined measurement results on the volume of
the work completed by service providers
0,18
SC23 The factor of payment based on the experimental results after the work has been
completed whose performance is to be assessed
0,14
C3 The Technical and Quality Aspects
SC31 The factors of fixed designs and complete and accurate drawings 0,75
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SC32 The factors of unfixed designs, drawings and accuration 0,09
SC33 The factors of fixed and integrated designs, implementation, experiments and
maintenance
0,16
C4 The Aspect of Risk Allocation
SC41 Risks are incurred solely by service users 0,08
SC42 Risks are incurred solely by service providers 0,19
SC43 Risks are incurred solely by service users and service providers 0,72
C5 The Time Aspect
SC51 The deadline for the project is tight 0,63
SC52 The deadline for the project is less tight 0,26
SC53 The deadline for the project is not tight 0,11
C6 The Aspect of Additional or Reduced Work
SC61 Additional or reduced work is allowed 0,90
SC62 Additional or reduced work is not allowed 0,10
3.2 Alternative Scoring Matrix
Based on the criteria, sub-criteria and alternative scoring, all the average alternative values are
multiplied by the sub-criteria values, which in turn generate the alternative contractual model, with the highest
value generated from the multiplication, as shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Determination of Alternative Contractual Models to Be Selected
A1 A2 A3 Sub-criteria Weight (SW)
SC11 0,73 0,07 0,20 0,67
SC12 0,07 0,81 0,12 0,15
SC13 0,09 0,09 0,82 0,18
SC21 0,76 0,08 0,16 0,69
SC22 0,08 0,80 0,12 0,14
SC23 0,09 0,09 0,82 0,18
SC31 0,63 0,07 0,30 0,75
SC32 0,10 0,81 0,09 0,09
SC33 0,09 0,09 0,82 0,16
SC41 0,11 0,79 0,10 0,08
SC42 0,64 0,06 0,30 0,19
SC43 0,11 0,11 0,78 0,72
SC51 0,58 0,06 0,37 0,63
SC52 0,81 0,10 0,09 0,29
SC53 0,76 0,13 0,11 0,11
SC61 0,82 0,09 0,09 0,90
SC62 0,10 0,81 0,09 0,10
Σ Ai x SW 0,53 0,15 0,32
The alternative contractual model with the highest value is A1, i.e. the Lump Sum contractual model,
with the value of respondents’ preference by 0.53 or 53%.
3.3 Results of Expert Validation
The contractual model was validated by distributing questionnaires to experts selected based on the
following criteria: experts in construction experienced in the field of dredging for at least 5 years, legal experts
or technicians experienced in construction contracts for at least 5 years, and academicians experienced in
construction contracts for at least 5 years. The results of the questionnaires as shown in Table 6 shows that the
lump sum fixed price contract gains the highest value for the contractual model selection with a total value of
0.49 or 49%.
Table 6. Tabulation Results for the Expert Validation of the Contractual Models
Code Contractual Model P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 Weight
A1 Fixed Lump Sum Price 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 0,49
A2 Unit Price 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 0,13
A3 Performance Based Contract 5 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 5 0,38
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V. CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis, the following are the root causes of disputes in dredging projects: 1) incomplete
plan drawings or technical specifications, 2) differences in field conditions, 3) unclear risk allocation, 4)
inappropriate selection of contractual models, 5) delay in work completion, and 6) additional or reduced work.
The most important criteria to note to avoid disputes in dredging projects is on the technical and quality
aspects with an importance value of 43%, with the factors of fixed designs and complete and accurate drawings
as the most significant sub-criteria, with a value of 75%. The consistency ratio (CR) value for the criteria is
0.08, smaller than 0.10 (CR <0.10), meaning that the respondents’ preference is consistent. The alternative
contractual model is Lump Sum Fixed Price, with the impotrance value given by the respondents by 53%.
Experts recommend another alternative to the performance-based contractual model, however this contractual
model remains unfamiliar in Indonesia and still has no legal umbrella.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper has been realized with the financial support of the Magister Program of Civil Engineering –
Engineering Faculty – Lambung Mangkurat University.
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