1. INTERNET
Abstract-This paper provides an overview of the Internet of
Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols,
and application issues. The IoT is enabledby the latest
developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication
technologies, andInternet protocols. The basic premise is to have
smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to
delivera new class of applications. The current revolution in
Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies
can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the
IoT is expectedto bridge diverse technologies to enable new
applications by connecting physical objects togetherin support of
intelligent decision making. This paperstarts by providing a
horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of
some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling
technologies, protocols, andapplications. We also provide
overview of some of the key IoT challengespresentedin the
recent literature andprovide a summary of relatedresearch
work
keywords-sensors,RFID,internet protocol
I.INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) is thenetwork of physicalobjects—
devices, vehicles, buildings and other items—
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange
data. The IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely
more direct integration of the physicalworld into computer-based
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and
economic benefit; when IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators,
the technology becomes an instance of themore general class
of cyber-physicalsystems, which also encompasses technologies
such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart
cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded
computing systembut is able to interoperate within the
existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that theIoT will
consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020. Typically, IoT is
expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and
services that goes beyond machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and
applications
OF THINGS
V.Theivapriya
sri sairam engineering college
vtheivapriya@gmail.com,
. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart
objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while
also enabling advanced applications like a smart grid, and expanding
to the areas such as smart cities.
keywords-efficiency ,accuracy ,economical benefits
II.EARLY HISTORY
As of 2013, the vision of the Internet of Things has evolved due to a
convergence of multiple technologies, ranging from wireless
communication to the Internet and from embedded systems to micro-
electromechanical systems (MEMS).[17]
This means that the
traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor

2. networks, control systems, automation (including home and building
automation), and others all contributeto enabling the Internet of
Things (IoT).
The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as
1982, with a modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon
University becoming the first internet-connected appliance, able to
report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold.
III. CONNECTIVITY
a large majority of the technology experts and engaged Internet users
who responded—83 percent—agreed with thenotion that the
Internet/Cloud of Things, embedded and wearable computing (and
the corresponding dynamic systems) willhave widespread and
beneficial effects by 2025. As such, it is clear that theIoT will
consist of a very large number of devices being connected to the
Internet. In an active move to accommodate new and emerging
technological innovation
IV.APPLICATION OF IOTS
IoT systems could also be responsiblefor performing actions, not
just sensing things. Intelligent shoppingsystems, for example, could
monitor specific users' purchasing habits in a store by tracking their
specific mobile phones. Theseusers could then be provided with
special offers on their favorite products, or even location of items
that they need, which their fridge has automatically conveyed to the
phone.[51][52]
Additionalexamples of sensing and actuating are
reflected in applications that deal with heat, electricity and energy
management, as well as cruise-assisting transportation
systems.[53]
Other applications that theInternet of Things can provide
is enabling extended home security features and home automation.
The concept of an "internet of living things" has been proposed to
describe networks of biological sensors that could use cloud-based
analyses to allow users to study DNA or other molecules.[54]
All
these advances add to the numerous list of IoT applications. Now
with IoT, you can control the electrical devices installed in your
house while you are sorting out your files in office. Your water will
be warm as soon as you get up in the morning for theshower. All
credit goes to smart devices which make up thesmart home.
Everything connected with the help of Internet.[55]
However, the application of the IoT is not only restricted to these
areas.
Other specialized use cases of the IoT may also exist. An overview of
some of the most prominent application areas is provided here. Based
on the application domain, IoT products can be classified broadly
into five different categories: smart wearable, smart home, smart city,
smart environment, and smart enterprise. TheIoT products and
solutions in each of thesemarkets have different characteristics

3. V.IOTS APPLICATION IN ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Integration of sensing and actuation systems, connected to the
Internet, is likely to optimizeenergy consumption as a whole.]
It is
expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of energy
consuming devices (switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.)
and be able to communicate with the utility supply company in order
to effectively balance power generation and energy usage.[79]
Such
devices would also offer theopportunity for users to remotely control
their devices, or centrally manage them via a cloud based interface,
and enable advanced functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely
powering on or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing
lighting conditions etc.). In fact, a few systems that allow remote
control of electric outlets are already available in the market, e.g.,
Belkin's WeMo, Ambery Remote Power Switch, Budderfly,
Telkonet's EcoGuard, WhizNets Inc., etc.
Besides home based energy management, the IoT is especially
relevant to the Smart Grid since it provides systems to gather and act
on energy and power-related information in an automated fashion
with the goal to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and
sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.
Using Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) devices connected to
the Internet backbone, electric utilities can not only collect data from
end-user connections, but also manage other distribution automation
devices like transformers and reclosers.
VI.IOTS APPLICATION IN INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENTS
The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new
products, dynamic responseto product demands, and real-time
optimization of manufacturing production and supply chain
networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems
together.
Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools
and service information systems to optimizeplant safety and security
are within the purview of the IoT. But it also extends itself to asset
management via predictive maintenance, statisticalevaluation, and
measurements to maximize reliability. Smart industrial management
systems can also be integrated with the Smart Grid, thereby enabling
real-time energy optimization. Measurements, automated controls,
plant optimization, health and safety management, and other
functions are provided by a large number of networked sensors.
National Science Foundation established an Industry/University
Cooperative Research Center on Intelligent Maintenance
Systems (IMS) in 2001 with a research focus to use IoT-
based predictive analytics technologies to monitor connected
machines and to predict machine degradation, and further to prevent
potentialfailures.]
Thevision to achieve near-zero breakdown using
IoT-based predictive analytics led the futuredevelopment of e-
manufacturing and e-maintenance activities.
The term IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things) is often encountered in
the manufacturing industries, referring to theindustrial subset of the
IoT. IIoT in manufacturing would probably generate so much
business value that it will eventually lead to the fourth industrial
revolution, so the so-called Industry 4.0. It is estimated that in the
future, successful companies will be able to increase their revenue
through Internet of Things by creating new business models and
improve productivity, exploit analytics for innovation, and transform
workforce

4. VII.IOTS APPLICATION IN HEALTH CARE
IoT devices can be used to enable remote health
monitoring and emergency notification systems. Thesehealth
monitoring devices can range from blood pressureand heart rate
monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized
implants, such as pacemakers or advanced hearing aids. Specialized
sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the
health and general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring
that proper treatment is being administered and assisting people
regain lost mobility via therapy as well. Other consumer devices to
encourage healthy living, such as, connected scales or wearable heart
monitors, are also a possibility with theIoT. Moreand more end-to-
end health monitoring IoT platforms are coming up for antenatal and
chronic patients, helping one manage health vitals and recurring
medication requirements
VIII.IOTS APPLICATION IN TRANSPORTATION
The IoT can assist in integration of communications, control, and
information processing across various transportation systems.
Application of theIoT extends to all aspects of transportation
systems, i.e. thevehicle, the infrastructure, and thedriver or user.
Dynamic interaction between these components of a transport system
enables inter and intra vehicular communication, smart traffic
control, smart parking, electronic toll collection
systems, logistic and fleet management, vehicle control, and safety
and road assitances
IX. IOTS APPLICATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING
Environmental monitoring applications of theIoT typically use
sensors to assist in environmental protectionby monitoring air
or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions, and can even include
areas like monitoring the movements of wildlife and
their habitats. Development of resource constrained devices
connected to the Internet also means that other applications
like earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used
by emergency services to providemore effective aid. IoT devices in
this application typically span alarge geographic area and can also be
mobile.[48]
It has been argued that the standardisation IoT brings to
wireless sensing will revolutionise this area
X. IOTS APPLICATION IN INFRASTRUCTURE
MANAGEMENT
Monitoring and controlling operations of urban and
rural infrastructures like bridges, railway tracks, on- and offshore-
wind-farms is a key application of the IoT. The IoT infrastructure can
be used for monitoring any events or changes in structuralconditions
that can compromise safety and increase risk. It can also be used for
scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner,
by coordinating tasks between different service providers and users
of these facilities. IoT devices can also be used to control critical
infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT
devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to
improve incident management and emergency responsecoordination,
and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all
infrastructure related areas. Even areas such as waste management
can benefit from automation and optimization that could be brought
in the Iot

5. XI.IOTS APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE
agriculture sector needs very institutiveas well as highly scalable
technology solutions. Internet of things can deliever exactly the
same to farmers.
XII.IOTS APPLICATION IN SECURITY
internet of things plays vital role in security of
residence,companies,smart lock which helps to lock and unlock by
using your smart phones,bluetooth,keyringor computer.
XIII. IOTS APPLICATION IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
internet of things plays vital role in source manangement.
XIII.DRAWBACKS
1.SECURITY
Concerns have been raised that the Internet of Things is being
developed rapidly without appropriateconsideration of the profound
security challenges involvedand the regulatory changes that might be
necessary. According to theBI (Business Insider) Intelligence Survey
conducted in thelast quarter of 2014, 39% of the respondents said
that security is the biggest concern in adopting Internet of Things
technology.
2.ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT
A concern regarding IoT technologies pertains to the environmental
impacts of the manufacture, use, and eventual disposalof all these
semiconductor-rich devices.[165]
Modern electronics are replete with a
wide variety of heavy metals and rare-earth metals, as well as highly
toxic syntheticchemicals. This makes them extremely difficult to
properly recycle. Electronic components are often simply incinerated
or dumped in regular landfills, thereby polluting soil, groundwater,
surface water, and air. Such contamination also translates into
chronic human-health concerns. Furthermore, theenvironmental cost
of mining the rare-earth metals that are integral to modern electronic
components continues to grow. With production of electronic
equipment growing globally yet little of the metals (from end-of-life
equipment) being recovered for reuse, the environmental impacts can
be expected to increase.
Also, because theconcept of IoT entails adding electronics to
mundane devices (for example, simple light switches), and because
the major driver for replacement of electronic components is often
technological obsolescence rather than actual failure to function, it is
reasonable to expect that items that previously were kept in service
for many decades would see an accelerated replacement cycle, if they
were part of the IoT. For example, a traditional house built with 30
light switches and 30 electrical outlets might stand for 50 years, with
all thosecomponents still being original at the end of that period. But

6. a modern house built with the same number of switches and outlets
set up for IoT might see each switch and outlet replaced at five-year
intervals, in order to keep up-to-datewith technological changes.
This translates into a ten-fold increase in waste requiring disposal.
XIV.CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Internet of Things is closer to being implemented
than theaverage person would think. Most of the necessary
technological advances needed for it have already been made, and
some manufacturers and agencies have already begun implementing
a small-scale version of it. The main reasons why it has not truly
been implemented is the impact it will have on thelegal, ethical,
security and social fields. Workers could potentially abuse it, hackers
could potentially access it, corporations may not want to share their
data, and individual peoplemay not like the complete absence of
privacy. For thesereasons, the Internet of Things may very well be
pushed back longer than it truly needs to be.
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The Internet of Things 2012 New Horizons, I. G.
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