The document provides information about an operating systems course including class times, lab tutorial times, grading policy, textbook references, and an overview of operating system concepts such as what an operating system is from a user's perspective, the role of an operating system, and examples of operating system functions such as managing resources and controlling program execution.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including what they are, their main objectives and advantages. It discusses the history and evolution of OS, from early systems in the 1950s used for tape storage, to modern operating systems with graphical user interfaces. It also covers different types of OS like batch processing systems, time-sharing systems, personal computer systems, parallel and real-time systems. Key aspects of OS like kernels, memory management and different system architectures are summarized as well.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a kernel security workshop. It introduces the speaker Mohit Saxena and his background. The agenda covers OS and kernel overview topics like processes, interrupts, memory management, and multitasking. It discusses kernel architecture approaches like monolithic, layered, and microkernel. It also covers security concepts like DAC, LSM, and SELinux. Specific topics on Linux and BSD kernel security are included. The agenda concludes with a live SDWAN demo and a workshop on building a firewall using FreeBSD.
This document provides a summary of key topics covered in lecture materials on operating systems. It discusses the basic functions and components of operating systems including process management, memory management, CPU scheduling, synchronization, deadlocks, and virtual memory. Specific scheduling algorithms like first-come first-served, shortest job first and round-robin are explained. The document also covers operating system services, system calls, protection and various historical generations of operating systems.
1. The document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering topics like computer system architecture, operating system structure and operations, types of computing environments, and operating system services.
2. It describes the basic components of an operating system including process management, memory management, storage management, I/O subsystem management, and protection and security.
3. Various computing environments are discussed, including stand-alone systems, distributed systems, client-server models, peer-to-peer networks, virtualization, cloud computing, and real-time embedded systems.
This document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. The key components of a computer system are described as hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. Operating systems manage resources, control programs, and provide common services like memory management, process management, and I/O management. Various computing environments are explored, including traditional systems, mobile systems, distributed systems, client-server models, and virtualization.
Operation Java games apps systems presentationnofove2839
osjjjkkkbnmbvhbiofifhvgvjfhfh vhubbjf h na to the best for this week toh lgghe jayga ta bojhar strong in this world 🌍 h h na ho toh kya baat h na ho to the best of them are rife h na to get it to me everybody has kya hai to kya hota h or kya h ye sona sona chandi lut v hatya kar shav ki potli banakar use lugadi ko ppt mei h na tu dimaag SE nahi hota hai
This document summarizes key concepts from lecture notes on operating systems. It discusses the role of an operating system as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It describes the main components of an operating system including process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and networking. It also covers process states, scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SJF, priority and round robin scheduling, and the goals of utilizing CPU resources efficiently and providing a user-friendly interface.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including what they are, their main objectives and advantages. It discusses the history and evolution of OS, from early systems in the 1950s used for tape storage, to modern operating systems with graphical user interfaces. It also covers different types of OS like batch processing systems, time-sharing systems, personal computer systems, parallel and real-time systems. Key aspects of OS like kernels, memory management and different system architectures are summarized as well.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a kernel security workshop. It introduces the speaker Mohit Saxena and his background. The agenda covers OS and kernel overview topics like processes, interrupts, memory management, and multitasking. It discusses kernel architecture approaches like monolithic, layered, and microkernel. It also covers security concepts like DAC, LSM, and SELinux. Specific topics on Linux and BSD kernel security are included. The agenda concludes with a live SDWAN demo and a workshop on building a firewall using FreeBSD.
This document provides a summary of key topics covered in lecture materials on operating systems. It discusses the basic functions and components of operating systems including process management, memory management, CPU scheduling, synchronization, deadlocks, and virtual memory. Specific scheduling algorithms like first-come first-served, shortest job first and round-robin are explained. The document also covers operating system services, system calls, protection and various historical generations of operating systems.
1. The document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering topics like computer system architecture, operating system structure and operations, types of computing environments, and operating system services.
2. It describes the basic components of an operating system including process management, memory management, storage management, I/O subsystem management, and protection and security.
3. Various computing environments are discussed, including stand-alone systems, distributed systems, client-server models, peer-to-peer networks, virtualization, cloud computing, and real-time embedded systems.
This document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. The key components of a computer system are described as hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. Operating systems manage resources, control programs, and provide common services like memory management, process management, and I/O management. Various computing environments are explored, including traditional systems, mobile systems, distributed systems, client-server models, and virtualization.
Operation Java games apps systems presentationnofove2839
osjjjkkkbnmbvhbiofifhvgvjfhfh vhubbjf h na to the best for this week toh lgghe jayga ta bojhar strong in this world 🌍 h h na ho toh kya baat h na ho to the best of them are rife h na to get it to me everybody has kya hai to kya hota h or kya h ye sona sona chandi lut v hatya kar shav ki potli banakar use lugadi ko ppt mei h na tu dimaag SE nahi hota hai
This document summarizes key concepts from lecture notes on operating systems. It discusses the role of an operating system as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It describes the main components of an operating system including process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and networking. It also covers process states, scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SJF, priority and round robin scheduling, and the goals of utilizing CPU resources efficiently and providing a user-friendly interface.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
- An operating system manages computer hardware and acts as an intermediary between users and the computer. It aims to execute programs, make the system convenient to use, and efficiently use hardware resources.
- A computer system consists of hardware, an operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system controls resource allocation and coordinates hardware, applications, and users.
- Operating systems provide services like file management, communication, error detection, resource allocation, accounting, and protection/security. System calls are the programming interface for these services.
This document contains lecture notes on operating systems. It covers topics like the definition and goals of operating systems, system components, processes and process states, CPU scheduling algorithms, synchronization between processes, deadlocks, memory management, and virtual memory. The key points are:
- An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware to provide an environment for running programs and efficiently using computer resources.
- System components include process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, networking, and protection.
- CPU scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SJF, priority, round-robin, and multilevel queue aim to make efficient use of CPU time between processes.
This document outlines the syllabus for an operating systems course. It includes topics that will be covered such as CPU parts, computer systems, types of operating systems, and functions of operating systems. It lists the required textbooks and provides the grading policy. It also outlines classroom policies regarding attendance, quizzes, plagiarism, and mobile phone use. Finally, it begins introducing concepts such as processes, CPUs, buses, memory, and fetch-execute cycles to provide an orientation to operating system basics.
This document discusses computer system architecture and operating system structures. It covers single and multiprocessor systems, including symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing. It also discusses clustered systems, operating system operations like interrupts and dual mode, and system calls. Finally, it discusses user interfaces like command line and graphical user interfaces, and simple operating system structures.
Introduction and Types of Operating System.pptxaparna14patil
This document provides an introduction to operating systems, including their concepts, components, and operations. It discusses the four main components of a computer system: hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It also describes the functions of program management, resource management, and security and protection that operating systems perform. Different types of operating systems are outlined such as batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, and multiprocessor operating systems.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts and components. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the user. The key components of a computer system are described as the hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. The document outlines the basic functions of an operating system including managing processes, memory, storage, protection and security. It provides descriptions of computer system organization, interrupt handling, I/O structure, storage hierarchy and memory management. The structures of multiprogramming, timesharing and virtual memory systems are also summarized.
The document discusses the objectives, functions, and evolution of operating systems. It provides definitions of operating systems and describes what operating systems do from the user and system perspectives. It outlines the key functions of operating systems including memory management, processor management, device management, file management, and security. It also discusses why operating systems need to evolve to accommodate hardware upgrades, new services, and fixes. The evolution of operating systems is summarized from the first to fourth generations as the technology advanced from single-user systems to networks and personal computers.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their evolution, types, functions, and design. It discusses the basic hardware support needed for modern OSes and the services they provide. The key points are:
1) Operating systems have evolved from single-user batch systems to time-sharing systems with multiprogramming and multitasking capabilities. Distributed and real-time OSes also emerged.
2) The main functions of an OS include managing hardware resources, providing common services to programs, and acting as an interface between users and computer hardware.
3) OS design involves addressing issues like process management, memory management, I/O handling, and security. Common OS structures include monolithic, layered,
This document provides an overview of the topics and slides covered in Unit 1 of the Operating Systems course. It includes:
1. An index listing the topics, corresponding lecture numbers, and slide numbers. Topics include an overview of operating systems, OS functions, protection and security, distributed systems, special purpose systems, OS structures and system calls, and OS generation.
2. Brief descriptions of what an operating system is, its goals, and definitions. It also describes basic computer system organization with CPUs, memory, and I/O devices.
3. An overview of operating system structures including multiprogramming, timesharing, multitasking, and virtual memory to enable efficient sharing of resources between processes.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts. It defines what an operating system is and its main functions. It describes different types of systems including serial processing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, parallel, distributed, real-time, desktop, handheld and embedded systems. It also covers operating system services, system calls, process management, memory management, secondary storage management, file systems management and I/O system management.
This chapter provides an introduction and overview of operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It describes the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It then discusses the structure and functions of operating systems, including process management, memory management, storage management, protection and security, and distributed systems. It provides examples of different computing environments like traditional, client-server, peer-to-peer, and web-based computing.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing their goals and functions. It discusses the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It then describes what operating systems do from different perspectives, such as managing shared resources efficiently. The rest of the document outlines some key operating system concepts like process management, memory management, file system management, and how interrupts, multiprogramming, and multitasking work.
Introduction to OS
Basic Principles, Operating System Structures, System Calls & Types, Processes: Concept Scheduling - Inter
Process Communication, Introduction to Distributed Operating System, Types of network based OS.
The document discusses operating systems and provides details on:
1) The main components and functions of an operating system including process management, memory management, storage management, and protection/security.
2) How operating systems provide services to users and programs such as program execution, I/O operations, and file system manipulation.
3) Key aspects of operating system structure including system calls, the user interface, and system programs.
This document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions, functions, evolution, hardware components, structures, services, and system calls. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, controlling program execution and important functions like memory management, I/O handling, and security. The document also outlines the major components of a computer system, different OS architectures, common OS services, and how system calls are used to request services from the kernel.
This document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions, functions, evolution, hardware components, structures, services, and system calls. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, controlling program execution and important functions like memory management, I/O handling, and security. The document also outlines the four generations of OS evolution and describes common OS components, architectures, and services including process management, file systems, communication, and resource allocation. Finally, it explains that system calls provide an interface for programs to request OS kernel services.
1. The document discusses the introduction to operating systems, describing them as software that manages computer hardware and provides a simpler interface for user programs.
2. It outlines the basic functions of operating systems, including managing memory, processors, devices, files, security, and coordinating other software and users.
3. The document provides a brief history of operating system development from early bare machine systems to modern personal computer operating systems, covering batch processing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, and multitasking models.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including definitions of an operating system, its functions, and different types of systems. It discusses mainframe systems using simple batch and multiprogramming operating systems. It also covers time-sharing/multitasking systems, desktop systems, and multiprocessor/parallel systems. The key functions of an operating system are described as process management, memory management, file management, device management, and security.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
- An operating system manages computer hardware and acts as an intermediary between users and the computer. It aims to execute programs, make the system convenient to use, and efficiently use hardware resources.
- A computer system consists of hardware, an operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system controls resource allocation and coordinates hardware, applications, and users.
- Operating systems provide services like file management, communication, error detection, resource allocation, accounting, and protection/security. System calls are the programming interface for these services.
This document contains lecture notes on operating systems. It covers topics like the definition and goals of operating systems, system components, processes and process states, CPU scheduling algorithms, synchronization between processes, deadlocks, memory management, and virtual memory. The key points are:
- An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware to provide an environment for running programs and efficiently using computer resources.
- System components include process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, networking, and protection.
- CPU scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SJF, priority, round-robin, and multilevel queue aim to make efficient use of CPU time between processes.
This document outlines the syllabus for an operating systems course. It includes topics that will be covered such as CPU parts, computer systems, types of operating systems, and functions of operating systems. It lists the required textbooks and provides the grading policy. It also outlines classroom policies regarding attendance, quizzes, plagiarism, and mobile phone use. Finally, it begins introducing concepts such as processes, CPUs, buses, memory, and fetch-execute cycles to provide an orientation to operating system basics.
This document discusses computer system architecture and operating system structures. It covers single and multiprocessor systems, including symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing. It also discusses clustered systems, operating system operations like interrupts and dual mode, and system calls. Finally, it discusses user interfaces like command line and graphical user interfaces, and simple operating system structures.
Introduction and Types of Operating System.pptxaparna14patil
This document provides an introduction to operating systems, including their concepts, components, and operations. It discusses the four main components of a computer system: hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It also describes the functions of program management, resource management, and security and protection that operating systems perform. Different types of operating systems are outlined such as batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, and multiprocessor operating systems.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts and components. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the user. The key components of a computer system are described as the hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. The document outlines the basic functions of an operating system including managing processes, memory, storage, protection and security. It provides descriptions of computer system organization, interrupt handling, I/O structure, storage hierarchy and memory management. The structures of multiprogramming, timesharing and virtual memory systems are also summarized.
The document discusses the objectives, functions, and evolution of operating systems. It provides definitions of operating systems and describes what operating systems do from the user and system perspectives. It outlines the key functions of operating systems including memory management, processor management, device management, file management, and security. It also discusses why operating systems need to evolve to accommodate hardware upgrades, new services, and fixes. The evolution of operating systems is summarized from the first to fourth generations as the technology advanced from single-user systems to networks and personal computers.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their evolution, types, functions, and design. It discusses the basic hardware support needed for modern OSes and the services they provide. The key points are:
1) Operating systems have evolved from single-user batch systems to time-sharing systems with multiprogramming and multitasking capabilities. Distributed and real-time OSes also emerged.
2) The main functions of an OS include managing hardware resources, providing common services to programs, and acting as an interface between users and computer hardware.
3) OS design involves addressing issues like process management, memory management, I/O handling, and security. Common OS structures include monolithic, layered,
This document provides an overview of the topics and slides covered in Unit 1 of the Operating Systems course. It includes:
1. An index listing the topics, corresponding lecture numbers, and slide numbers. Topics include an overview of operating systems, OS functions, protection and security, distributed systems, special purpose systems, OS structures and system calls, and OS generation.
2. Brief descriptions of what an operating system is, its goals, and definitions. It also describes basic computer system organization with CPUs, memory, and I/O devices.
3. An overview of operating system structures including multiprogramming, timesharing, multitasking, and virtual memory to enable efficient sharing of resources between processes.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts. It defines what an operating system is and its main functions. It describes different types of systems including serial processing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, parallel, distributed, real-time, desktop, handheld and embedded systems. It also covers operating system services, system calls, process management, memory management, secondary storage management, file systems management and I/O system management.
This chapter provides an introduction and overview of operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It describes the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It then discusses the structure and functions of operating systems, including process management, memory management, storage management, protection and security, and distributed systems. It provides examples of different computing environments like traditional, client-server, peer-to-peer, and web-based computing.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing their goals and functions. It discusses the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It then describes what operating systems do from different perspectives, such as managing shared resources efficiently. The rest of the document outlines some key operating system concepts like process management, memory management, file system management, and how interrupts, multiprogramming, and multitasking work.
Introduction to OS
Basic Principles, Operating System Structures, System Calls & Types, Processes: Concept Scheduling - Inter
Process Communication, Introduction to Distributed Operating System, Types of network based OS.
The document discusses operating systems and provides details on:
1) The main components and functions of an operating system including process management, memory management, storage management, and protection/security.
2) How operating systems provide services to users and programs such as program execution, I/O operations, and file system manipulation.
3) Key aspects of operating system structure including system calls, the user interface, and system programs.
This document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions, functions, evolution, hardware components, structures, services, and system calls. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, controlling program execution and important functions like memory management, I/O handling, and security. The document also outlines the major components of a computer system, different OS architectures, common OS services, and how system calls are used to request services from the kernel.
This document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions, functions, evolution, hardware components, structures, services, and system calls. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, controlling program execution and important functions like memory management, I/O handling, and security. The document also outlines the four generations of OS evolution and describes common OS components, architectures, and services including process management, file systems, communication, and resource allocation. Finally, it explains that system calls provide an interface for programs to request OS kernel services.
1. The document discusses the introduction to operating systems, describing them as software that manages computer hardware and provides a simpler interface for user programs.
2. It outlines the basic functions of operating systems, including managing memory, processors, devices, files, security, and coordinating other software and users.
3. The document provides a brief history of operating system development from early bare machine systems to modern personal computer operating systems, covering batch processing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, and multitasking models.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including definitions of an operating system, its functions, and different types of systems. It discusses mainframe systems using simple batch and multiprogramming operating systems. It also covers time-sharing/multitasking systems, desktop systems, and multiprocessor/parallel systems. The key functions of an operating system are described as process management, memory management, file management, device management, and security.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
4. Why do we need an Operating
System?
Hardware (resource)
CPU Memory
Disk
Input/
Output
Write a program to sort n elements
5. What is an Operating System?
(User’s view)
– A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware
– Defines an interface for the user to use services
provided by the system
– Creates an environment for the user
6. • Abstract Machine
– Hides complex details of the underlying hardware
– Provides common API to applications and services
– Simplifies application writing
• Command Interpreter
– Part of a OS that understands and executes
commands that are entered interactively by a
human being or from a program
– Shell
What is an Operating System?
(User’s view)
8. Why is abstraction important?
• Without OSs and abstract interfaces, application writers must
program all device access directly
– load device command codes into device registers
– understand physical characteristics of the devices
• Applications suffer!
– very complicated maintenance and upgrading
– no portability
9. What Operating Systems Do
(User’s view)
Depends on the point of view
• Single user system
• Users want convenience, ease of use
– Don’t care about resource utilization
Optimized for single user
experience
10. What Operating Systems Do
(User’s view)
Depends on the point of view
• Shared computer such as mainframe must keep
all users happy
• Response time minimum
– Keep all the users happy Shared CPU,
memory
11. • OS is a resource allocator
– Manages all resources
– Decides between conflicting requests for
efficient and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
– Controls execution of programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the computer
What Operating Systems Do
(Systems view)
12. Concept of Process
• Process
– Program loaded in memory and in execution
• Program is a passive entity
• Process is an active entity
12
13. Types of Systems
• Batch Systems
– Multiple jobs, but only one job in memory at one
time and executed (till completion) before the next
one starts
Operating system
User program
Jobs waiting
14. Types of Systems
• Multiprogrammed Systems
– Multiple jobs in memory, CPU is
multiplexed between them
– Single user cannot keep CPU and
I/O devices busy at all times
– When it has to wait (for I/O for
example), OS switches to
another job
– Multiprogramming organizes
jobs (code and data) so CPU
always has one to execute
– A subset of total jobs in system
is kept in memory
– One job selected and run via job
scheduling
• Effective resource utilization
• Poor user experience
15. • Time-sharing Systems (multitasking)
logical extension of multiprogramming in which CPU switches jobs so
frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating
interactive computing
– Response time should be < 1 second
– Each user has at least one program executing in memory
– If several jobs ready to run at the same time CPU scheduling
Types of Systems
Low Response
time
Low Response
time
16. • OS is a resource allocator
– Manages all resources
– Decides between conflicting requests for
efficient and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
– Controls execution of programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the computer
What Operating Systems Do
(Systems view)
17. Manage resources
CPU
1. Share the CPU with several users
2. Decide when to allocate CPU to which user
(CPU scheduling)
3. Ensure fair user experience
Job 1
Job 2
Job 3
1. Share memory with several different users
2. Should not overlap
3. Ensure protection
Memory
18. • OS is a resource allocator
– Manages all resources
– Decides between conflicting requests for
efficient and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
– Controls execution of programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the computer
What Operating Systems Do
(Systems view)
19. Control program (Protection)
• Multiple jobs are sharing the common resource
– With sharing, many processes could be adversely affected by a bug in
one program
– Make sure that error in one program could cause problems only for that
program
– A job gets stuck in an infinite loop
• Prevent correct operations of other jobs
– One erroneous program might modify another program, even operating
system
CPU
(J1)
J2, J3
waiting
Incorrect program cannot
cause other programs to
execute incorrectly
20. Role of Operating system
• Computer system can be divided into four components:
– Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
– Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video
games
– Users
• People, machines, other computers
– Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications
and users
22. Execution of OS
• Interrupt driven
• Until an interrupt comes, OS remains Idle
• Interrupt/trap
– Possibility 1---- error
– Possibility 2
• User program invokes OS code by generating Interrupt,
system call
• To perform some task reserved for OS
• Accessing I/O devices (read, write files)
ISR
23. Providing abstraction via system calls
Operating
System
Video Card
CPU
Monitor Printer
Disk
Memory
Network
Application
System Calls: fork(), wait(), read(), open(), write(), mkdir(), kill() ...
Device
Mgmt File System Network
Comm.
Process
Mgmt
Protection Security
23
Kernel
24. Execution of OS
• Interrupt driven
• Until an interrupt comes, OS remains Idle
• User program invokes OS code by generating
Interrupt, system call
– To perform some task reserved for OS
– Accessing I/O devices (read, write files)
• Any difference in execution between user and
OS program?
25. Operating-System Operations
• Must distinguish between the use level code
and OS code
– User mode and kernel mode
– Mode bit provided by hardware
• Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user
code or kernel code
• System call changes mode to kernel, return from call
resets it to user
26. System boot
Hardware starts kernel mode
Load Operating system
Start user application
Switch to User mode
Whenever Trap or interrupt occurs, hardware switches to
user to kernel mode
28. Providing abstraction via system calls
Operating
System
Video Card
CPU
Monitor Printer
Disk
Memory
Network
Application
System Calls: fork(), wait(), read(), open(), write(), mkdir(), kill() ...
Device
Mgmt File System Network
Comm.
Process
Mgmt
Protection Security
28
29. • OS is a resource allocator
– Manages all resources
– Decides between conflicting requests for
efficient and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
– Controls execution of programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the computer
What Operating Systems Do
(Systems view)
30. Control program (Protection)
• Multiple jobs are sharing the common resource
– With sharing, many processes could be adversely affected by a bug in
one program
– Make sure that error in one program could cause problems only for that
program
– A job gets stuck in an infinite loop
• Prevent correct operations of other jobs
– One erroneous program might modify another program, even operating
system
CPU
(J1)
J2, J3
waiting
Incorrect program cannot
cause other programs to
execute incorrectly
31. • Software error creates exception or trap
• Division by zero, request for operating system service, setting timer
• Restricts user process from executing privilege instruction
Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect
itself and other system components
Privilege instructions
• E.g. Segmentation fault!
33. What is the difference between
Privileged Instruction and System call?
34. • Privileged instructions can only be performed in Kernel Mode
and users can never operate in Kernel mode directly. A system
call could initiate execution of privileged instructions by the
Kernel though, but the Kernel will be the decicion maker - not
the user.
• What is a privileged instruction?
• 1. ) The instructions which are executed and can be made to
run only in kernel mode. Then, these types of instructions are
known as Privileged Instructions. The instructions which are
executed and can be made to run only in User mode. Then,
these types of instructions are known as Non-Privileged
Instructions.
35. System calls
Operating
System
Video Card
CPU
Monitor Printer
Disk
Memory
Network
Application
System Calls: fork(), wait(), read(), open(), write(), mkdir(), kill() ...
Device
Mgmt File System Network
Comm.
Process
Mgmt
Protection Security
35
Win 32
POSIX
JVM
36. Standard C Library Example
• C program invoking printf() library call,
which calls write() system call
37. Resources Managed by OS
• Physical
– CPU, Memory, Disk, I/O Devices like keyboard,
monitor, printer
• Logical
– Process, File, …
Hence we have
1. Process management
2. Memory management
3. File management
4. I/O management
38. Process Management
• A process is a program in execution. Program is a passive
entity, process is an active entity.
• Process needs resources to accomplish its task
– CPU time
• Representation of process
– Process has one program counter specifying location of next
instruction to execute
– Data structure (stores information of a process)
• Many processes may be associated with the same program
• Typically system has many processes
– some user processes,
– some operating system processes
• Life cycle of a process
– States
– Arrival, Computation, I/O, I/O completion, termination
39. Process Management Activities
• Creating and deleting both user and system
processes
• Suspending and resuming processes
• Process scheduling
• Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
• Providing mechanisms for process communication
• Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connection with process management:
P1
P2
R1
R2
R1
R2
P1
P2
40. Memory Management
• All instructions and data in memory in order to execute
– Translate the logical address to physical address
• Process terminates => MMU declares that the memory space is available
• Multiprogramming: Memory management manages several processes in
memory
– Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users
• Ensure memory protection
– Track illegal address
• Memory management activities
– Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by which
process
– Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed
• Introduces Virtual memory
– If the process size is bigger than the RAM size
• Hardware support
Process
Memory
Management Unit
Logical address Physical address
CPU
41. File Management
• OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage
– Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - File
– File => Collection of related information defined by the creator
– Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, tape drive)
• Varying properties include access speed, capacity, data-
transfer rate, access method (sequential or random)
User
Files (user’s
view)
Disk
(sector,
track)
Device Driver
Physical media
Mapping
42. File Management
• OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage
– Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - file
– Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, tape drive)
• Varying properties include access speed, capacity, data-transfer rate, access
method (sequential or random)
• OS implements the abstract concept of file by managing mass
storage media (disk etc) and devices that control them
• Files usually organized into directories
• Access control on most systems to determine who can access
what
• File-System management
– Creating and deleting files and directories
– Primitives to manipulate files and dirs
– Mapping files onto secondary storage
43. • Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in
main memory or data that must be kept for a
“long” period of time
– Most of the programs are stored on disk
• Proper management is of central importance
• Entire speed of computer operation depends on
disk subsystem and its algorithms
• OS activities
– Storage allocation (logical blocks)
– Free-space management
– Disk scheduling
Disk Management
44. I/O Subsystem
• One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities of hardware
devices from the user
• I/O subsystem responsible for
– Memory management of I/O including buffering (storing data
temporarily while it is being transferred), caching (storing parts of
data in faster storage for performance)
– General device-driver interface
– Drivers for specific hardware devices
I/O devices
Device Drivers
I/O subsystem (general interface)
45. OS design and structure
• Large complex system
– Designed carefully
• if it is to function properly
• Modified easily
• Common approach
– Partition the tasks into small
components/modules
– Each module must accomplish some specified task
46. UNIX
• UNIX – consists of two separable parts
– Systems programs
– The kernel
• Consists of everything below the system-call
interface and above the physical hardware
• Provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory
management, and other operating-system
functions; a large number of functions for one level