The document summarizes the history and work of the Archives for Women in Medicine project. It discusses the goals of collecting, providing access to, and promoting collections that celebrate women leaders in medicine. It highlights some of the collections, including those of pioneering women in medicine and their communities of influence. The Archives has expanded collections, provided digitization initiatives, research fellowships, and events to promote the collections and celebrate women's history in medicine.
He for she ten amazing stem women and the men who supported themJill Tietjen
Emma Watson's "He for She" paradigm reflects men supporting women in their accomplishments. This can be done through encouragement, support, partnership, sponsorship, collaboration, championing, advocating, nominating for awards, and recommending for promotions. Learn about women through history whose careers were aided by supportive men.
Lewis aptekar: Observations on Homeless YouthLewis Aptekar
Lewis Aptekar, PhD, is a retired Professor in Counselor Education and a well-published author who has traveled the world to immerse himself in, and study, cultures in developing nations.
PLEASE NOTE: THESE SLIDES MAY NOT DISPLAY PROPERLY ONLINE, BUT THEY ARE READABLE IF DOWNLOADED.
September 28, 2018
Led by the Harvard Global Health Institute (HGHI), Outbreak Week was a University-wide effort to commemorate the 1918 influenza pandemic that killed more than 50 million people around the globe. As the capstone of Outbreak Week, this full-day conference featured a keynote address by Anthony Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and a special session with Ron Klain, the Ebola response coordinator for the Obama Administration. Panel sessions featured experts from government, academia, research, and industry discussing mitigating risks, disease surveillance, and public-private partnerships.
Learn more on our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/preventing-epidemics-in-a-connected-world
He for she ten amazing stem women and the men who supported themJill Tietjen
Emma Watson's "He for She" paradigm reflects men supporting women in their accomplishments. This can be done through encouragement, support, partnership, sponsorship, collaboration, championing, advocating, nominating for awards, and recommending for promotions. Learn about women through history whose careers were aided by supportive men.
Lewis aptekar: Observations on Homeless YouthLewis Aptekar
Lewis Aptekar, PhD, is a retired Professor in Counselor Education and a well-published author who has traveled the world to immerse himself in, and study, cultures in developing nations.
PLEASE NOTE: THESE SLIDES MAY NOT DISPLAY PROPERLY ONLINE, BUT THEY ARE READABLE IF DOWNLOADED.
September 28, 2018
Led by the Harvard Global Health Institute (HGHI), Outbreak Week was a University-wide effort to commemorate the 1918 influenza pandemic that killed more than 50 million people around the globe. As the capstone of Outbreak Week, this full-day conference featured a keynote address by Anthony Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and a special session with Ron Klain, the Ebola response coordinator for the Obama Administration. Panel sessions featured experts from government, academia, research, and industry discussing mitigating risks, disease surveillance, and public-private partnerships.
Learn more on our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/preventing-epidemics-in-a-connected-world
Presentation for a series of lectures on Colonialism prepared for PS 212 Culture and Politics of the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
History and traditional system of medicine.ritamchoudhury
this is a topic based upon pharmacognosy.
here all of the tradional systems of medicine are discused,name of some contributors of pharmacognosy.all the systems like-kampoh system,ayurveda,aromatherapy,siddha,homeopathic,naturopathy,unani,bach flower remidies,yoga,yin-yang theory are also discused here.
Food intake is essential for sustenance of life. The main purpose of food is the provision of adequate nutrition to carry out the daily activities of life. With so many varieties of food types available, it is essential to know the basics of diet and nutrition so as to obtain the benefits of all the micro nutrients and macro nutrients.
to download this presentation form this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/herbal-medicine.html
herbal medicine in Gaza .. use and side effect
this work first was done by a medic student in the islamic University .... because its a good work i shared it . and i never asked for the permission .... sorry
but this link will lead to the original one...
http://www.slideshare.net/FaToOoMaa/final-herbal-medicine
Presentation for a series of lectures on Colonialism prepared for PS 212 Culture and Politics of the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
History and traditional system of medicine.ritamchoudhury
this is a topic based upon pharmacognosy.
here all of the tradional systems of medicine are discused,name of some contributors of pharmacognosy.all the systems like-kampoh system,ayurveda,aromatherapy,siddha,homeopathic,naturopathy,unani,bach flower remidies,yoga,yin-yang theory are also discused here.
Food intake is essential for sustenance of life. The main purpose of food is the provision of adequate nutrition to carry out the daily activities of life. With so many varieties of food types available, it is essential to know the basics of diet and nutrition so as to obtain the benefits of all the micro nutrients and macro nutrients.
to download this presentation form this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/herbal-medicine.html
herbal medicine in Gaza .. use and side effect
this work first was done by a medic student in the islamic University .... because its a good work i shared it . and i never asked for the permission .... sorry
but this link will lead to the original one...
http://www.slideshare.net/FaToOoMaa/final-herbal-medicine
Cleveland State University[email protected]Journal of Law WilheminaRossi174
Cleveland State University
[email protected]
Journal of Law and Health Law Journals
2001
Lessons Taught by Miss Evers' Boys: The
Inadequacy of Benevolence and the Need for Legal
Protection of Human Subjects in Medical Research
Donald H.J. Hermann
DePaul University
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Part of the Medical Jurisprudence Commons
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Donald H.J. Hermann, Lessons Taught by Miss Evers' Boys: The Inadequacy of Benevolence and the Need for Legal Protection of
Human Subjects in Medical Research, 15 J.L. & Health 147 (2000-2001)
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147
LESSONS TAUGHT BY MISS EVERS’ BOYS: THE
INADEQUACY OF BENEVOLENCE AND THE NEED FOR
LEGAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN MEDICAL
RESEARCH
DONALD H.J. HERMANN1
Legal regulation and ethical constraints on medical research are again at the
forefront of public policy concerns. The reported deaths of a volunteer in a gene
therapy research program at the University of Pennsylvania and of a participant in an
asthma experiment at the Johns Hopkins Medical Center have raised issues of the
adequacy of government surveillance of medical research and the adequacy of
current practices eliciting voluntary informed consent from research participants.2
The recognition of the need for legal constraints on medical research and for
protection of human subjects was greatly influenced by the reports of the research
conducted by Nazi doctors and scientists.3 While no one denies the atrocities
committed under the guise of medical research in the Third Reich, there has also
been recognition of the significant abuse of research subjects in the United States,
most recently in the reports of the Federal Advisory Committee on Human Radiation
experiments.4 Perhaps the most publicized research involving failure to pr ...
Notes and references alan moelleken md lawsuit terms cottage hospital santa b...Alan Moelleken
These documents are for inquiry into medical terms. They are basic and do not represent the expanding knowledge of medical terms, anti-trust, jury lawsuits, trial cases and legal and medical case law in courts.
Kiosk-Style Slide Presentation with some interactivity presented at Purdue University Teaching, Learning, and Technology Conference 2003. Must download to fully experience.
"A new way of thinking about illness . . a igi pr spetive
on the persistence of human vulnerabilitWy.
-Peter D. Kramer, author of Listening PtoPza
The New Science of
Darwinian Medicine
Acclaim for
Randolph M. Nesse and George C. Williams's
WHY WE GET SICK
"This is the most important book written about issues in biomedi-
cine in the last fifty years. When the world's leading evolutionary
biologist (Williams) teams up with a thoughtful physician
(Nesse), the product is a gripping exploration of why our bodies
respond the way they do to injury and disease."
-Michael S. Gazzaniga, Ph.D.,
director, Center for Neuroscience,
University of California at Davis
"Darwinian medicine . . . holds that there are evolutionary expla-
nations for human disease and physical frailties, just as for
everything else in biology, and that these insights can inspire
better treatments.... In Why We Qet Sick ... two proponents
of Darwinian medicine lay out the ambitious reach of the
adventurous new discipline."
-The New York Times Magazine
"Every so often, a book comes along that has the power to
change the way we live and die. This splendid book is one, and
it could well revolutionize the way physicians are taught, the
way they practice, and even the way parents watch over their
child with a fever or a cough."
-Professor Robert Ornstein,
author of The Psychology of Consciousness
"Would you accept that eating certain kinds of red meat could
help ward off heart attacks? That taking aspirin when you are
sick could make things worse? That mothers should sleep right
next to their infants to prevent sudden infant death? You might
after hearing how your prehistoric ancestors lived, according to
a small but growing tribe of 'Darwinian medicine' thinkers.
They argue that for too long physicians have ignored the forces
that shaped us over evolutionary eons.... Such ideas are ...
controversial, but that's the point."
-Wall Street Journal
"Why We Qet Sick is certain to be recognized as one of the most
important books of the decade, and what's more, it's beautifully
written."
-Roger Lewin,
author of Human Evolution, 3rd Edition
"Why We Qet Sick offers both a provocative challenge to medi-
cine and a thoughtful discussion of how evolutionary theory
applies to people."
-Business Week
Randolph M. Nesse, M.D.
George C. Williams, Ph.D.
WHY WE GET SICK
Randolph M. Nesse, M.D., is a practicing physician and
professor and associate chair for education and academic
affairs in the Department of Psychiatry at the University
of Michigan Medical School.
George C. Williams, Ph.D., is a professor emeritus of
ecology and evolution at the State University at Stony
Brook and editor of The Quarterly Review of Biology.
WHY WE GET SICK
The New Science
of Darwinian Medicine
Randolph M. Nesse, M.D.
George C. Williams, Ph.D.
VINTAGE BOOKS
A Division of Random House, Inc.
New York
FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, JANUARY 1996
Copyright ) 1994 by Randolph ...
A new way of thinking about illness . . a igi pr spetiveon .docxblondellchancy
"A new way of thinking about illness . . a igi pr spetive
on the persistence of human vulnerabilitWy.
-Peter D. Kramer, author of Listening PtoPza
The New Science of
Darwinian Medicine
Acclaim for
Randolph M. Nesse and George C. Williams's
WHY WE GET SICK
"This is the most important book written about issues in biomedi-
cine in the last fifty years. When the world's leading evolutionary
biologist (Williams) teams up with a thoughtful physician
(Nesse), the product is a gripping exploration of why our bodies
respond the way they do to injury and disease."
-Michael S. Gazzaniga, Ph.D.,
director, Center for Neuroscience,
University of California at Davis
"Darwinian medicine . . . holds that there are evolutionary expla-
nations for human disease and physical frailties, just as for
everything else in biology, and that these insights can inspire
better treatments.... In Why We Qet Sick ... two proponents
of Darwinian medicine lay out the ambitious reach of the
adventurous new discipline."
-The New York Times Magazine
"Every so often, a book comes along that has the power to
change the way we live and die. This splendid book is one, and
it could well revolutionize the way physicians are taught, the
way they practice, and even the way parents watch over their
child with a fever or a cough."
-Professor Robert Ornstein,
author of The Psychology of Consciousness
"Would you accept that eating certain kinds of red meat could
help ward off heart attacks? That taking aspirin when you are
sick could make things worse? That mothers should sleep right
next to their infants to prevent sudden infant death? You might
after hearing how your prehistoric ancestors lived, according to
a small but growing tribe of 'Darwinian medicine' thinkers.
They argue that for too long physicians have ignored the forces
that shaped us over evolutionary eons.... Such ideas are ...
controversial, but that's the point."
-Wall Street Journal
"Why We Qet Sick is certain to be recognized as one of the most
important books of the decade, and what's more, it's beautifully
written."
-Roger Lewin,
author of Human Evolution, 3rd Edition
"Why We Qet Sick offers both a provocative challenge to medi-
cine and a thoughtful discussion of how evolutionary theory
applies to people."
-Business Week
Randolph M. Nesse, M.D.
George C. Williams, Ph.D.
WHY WE GET SICK
Randolph M. Nesse, M.D., is a practicing physician and
professor and associate chair for education and academic
affairs in the Department of Psychiatry at the University
of Michigan Medical School.
George C. Williams, Ph.D., is a professor emeritus of
ecology and evolution at the State University at Stony
Brook and editor of The Quarterly Review of Biology.
WHY WE GET SICK
The New Science
of Darwinian Medicine
Randolph M. Nesse, M.D.
George C. Williams, Ph.D.
VINTAGE BOOKS
A Division of Random House, Inc.
New York
FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, JANUARY 1996
Copyright ) 1994 by Randolph ...
From the mid-nineteenth century into the fi rst part of the
twentieth century, most homeopathic medical schools
welcomed women into their ranks. Several graduates
went on to shape society by promoting women’s enfranchisement;
creating welfare services; establishing women’s
medical schools, hospitals, and free clinics; and
elevating the standards of medical education. They played
a key role in the empowerment of women. Some of these
gains were rolled back in the twentieth century as medicine
again became a male-dominated profession for several
decades, but others were more enduring. The
infl uence of these homeopathic women was felt not only
in the United States but also in other countries such as
Canada and Brazil.
Even today, in technologically advanced countries, the
battle for equal opportunity for women in medicine continues
to be waged [ 75 ]. Many of the women in this chapter
are reminders of homeopathy’s contributions on a
broad social front to progress in medicine. Much came
from their determination, vision, boldness, and civic
responsibility.
Kim Solez Seizing the opportunity of technology and the future of medicine c...Kim Solez ,
Kim Solez Ishita Moghe Seizing the opportunity of technology and the future of medicine creating the possibility of a positive medical future for everyone Medical Grand Rounds Presentation Feb. 1, 2019.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. The Archives for Women in Medicine Jessica Sedgwick, Project Archivist [email_address] Prepared for the International Symposium of The Commission on the History of Women in Science, Technology, and Medicine Thursday, 15 September 2011 American Medical Women’s Association pamphlet, 1960s.
2. History of women at Harvard Medical School Dr. William T. Porter’s physiology class, dental section, ca. 1905. From the Harvard Medical Library in the Countway Library of Medicine.
3. Women in Medicine in the U.S. 1849 Present National Library of Medicine Schlesinger Library Elizabeth Blackwell
4. History of Women at Harvard Medical School Susan Dimock Harriot Kezia Hunt 1849 Present 1847 Sophia Jex-Blake
5. History of Women at Harvard Medical School Susan Dimock Harriot Kezia Hunt 1849 Present 1847 1850 Sophia Jex-Blake
6. History of Women at Harvard Medical School Susan Dimock Harriot Kezia Hunt 1849 Present 1847 1850 1867 Sophia Jex-Blake
7. History of women at Harvard Medical School First class of women at Harvard Medical School, 1949. 1945 1849 Present
8. History of women at Harvard Medical School Five of HMS's earliest women professors: Elizabeth Hay, MD, Mary Ellen Avery, M.D., Alice Huang, PhD, Lynne Reid, MD, and Priscilla Schaffer, PhD
13. Collecting: Communities of influence Anna Freud Grete Bibring Lydia Dawes The First Stockbridge Congress on Child Analysis, 1950 From the Lydia M. Gibson Dawes Papers
14. Anna Freud From the Lydia M. Gibson Dawes Papers Collecting: Communities of influence
15. Grete Bibring From the Grete Bibring Papers Collecting: Communities of influence
16. Collecting: Communities of influence Lydia M. Gibson Dawes From the Lydia M. Gibson Dawes Collection Lydia M. Gibson Dawes Papers
24. Access: Oral history project Download the oral history interview with Mary Ellen Avery at: http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/12
27. Outreach: Research Fellowships Hilary Aquino, Ph.D. Dr. Leona Baumgartner: Crusader for the Public’s Health Joane Marie Johnson, Ph.D. Women Funding Women: Philanthropy, Power, and Feminism from 1880 to the Present Narin Haasan, Ph.D. Foreign Bodies: Women, Travel and the Culture of Colonial Medicine
32. The Archives for Women in Medicine Jessica Sedgwick, Project Archivist [email_address] Prepared for the International Symposium of The Commission on the History of Women in Science, Technology, and Medicine Thursday, 15 September 2011
Editor's Notes
Hello, my name is Jessica Sedgwick, and I'm the Project Archivist for the Archives for Women in Medicine at Harvard Medical School. I want to thank you all for inviting me to be a part of this exciting symposium - it's an honor to be here, and to have the opportunity to tell you about our project and some of it's outcomes. This century has witnessed enormous changes in the representation of women in the medical field. In 1960, 5% of U.S. medical students were women; by 2006, women comprised half of all medical students and 15% of full professors.
But women's entrance into the medical field was a long and rocky process, and this was particularly true at Harvard. I'm going to give you a little background on the relatively short history of women at Harvard Medical School, just to provide some context for the project.
As part of the wider movement for women's rights during the mid-1800s, women campaigned for admission to medical schools and the opportunity to learn and work alongside men in the professions. In 1849, Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman to achieve a medical degree in the United States.
In 1847, Harriot Hunt wrote to Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Dean of Harvard Medical School, asking permission to attend medical lectures. Despite having practiced in Boston since 1835 as a physician (though without an MD) she expressed doubts that she would succeed in being admitted – and she wasn’t.
In 1850, Hunt again applied to HMS. The medical faculty voted five to two that she be admitted. But before she can attend her first lecture, the medical students meet to protest her admission, and the faculty persuade her to withdraw.
In 1867, Sophia Jex-Blake and Susan Dimmock, students at New England Hospital, request admission to Harvard. Their application is turned down by a vote of seven to one. They persist and reapply in 1868, but were again denied. Over the years, many others tried and were rejected, until, nearly 100 years later.....
Harvard admitted its first class of women, in 1945. Even then, this class was only accepted as part of a 10-year trial to see whether women would be productive and successful during and after medical school. They passed the trial.
Today, women at Harvard continue to reach new levels of achievement in medicine and science. Since 2000, for example, the number of women full professors at the medical school has more than doubled, with eighty appointees in the last decade alone. And yet, despite this enormous shift, women have been woefully under-represented in the manuscript holdings of Harvard's Center for the History of Medicine.
The Center holds one of the largest collections of medical rare books, objects, archives, and manuscripts in the United States. In 1999, the medical school's Joint Committee on the Status of Women surveyed the Center’s faculty collections of personal and professional papers, revealing that out of 900 such collections, fewer than 20 were created by women, and only one of these was processed and accessible for research. The evidence of women’s contributions to Harvard medicine was largely missing.
The Archives for Women in Medicine project is bridging this gap in documentation by collecting, preparing for access, and promoting the personal and professional papers of outstanding women in Harvard medicine. In particular, we want to document the social phenomenon that brought women to the forefront of their careers here.
To ensure that this phenomenon is captured, it is essential for us to build our collections. Since the outset of the project, we have acquired 7 new collections from women pioneers at Harvard, many of whom represent the first and second generations of women professors at the medical school.
Some of the faculty members we've worked with have told us that acceptance of women in a field is like a crack in a dam– once one drop has seeped through, then the opening is widened enough to allow 3 more drops, and then 10 and then 100. Anecdotally, this is the result of communities of influence. And we're trying to collect this, because unless such collections are brought together and made accessible, these spheres of influence and communities of support can’t be seen. If an archive collects only the “star” in a community, evidence of mutual support, mentoring, and admiration, could remain invisible.
I'd like to highlight the story of just one of the relationships documented across AWM collections. Lydia Dawes and Grete Bibring were early pioneers in psychiatry and psychoanalysis, which, like child and maternal health, was one of the fields that was much more receptive to women’s entry in the 1930s through the 1960s. Both were friends and colleagues with Anna Freud. All three are in this picture, and I'll give you just a short bio of each.
This is Anna Freud, Sigmund’s daughter, famous psychoanalyst, scholar, and activist, pictured here at the First Stockbridge congress on Child analysis in 1950. She is the “star.”
A student of Freud’s and a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Grete Bibring fled Vienna with the Freuds after the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938. She soon settled in Boston and worked at the Simmons School of Social Work and at Harvard Medical School. In 1946, she was appointed chief of psychiatry at Boston’s Beth Israel Hospital, and in 1961 she became the first women physician to achieve the rank of full professor at Harvard Medical School. Called the “doyenne of the Boston psychiatric community,” Bibring was president of the American Psychoanalytic Association and vice president of the International Psycho- Analytical Association.
Lydia Gibson Dawes was the first child analyst and child psychiatrist at Children's Hospital, Boston. She graduated from the Yale School of Medicine in 1929, studied in Vienna in the 1930s, and completed her analysis training at the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute.
I can describe to you what these women were like, tell you about the culture around them, but the documents do a much better job. This is a letter written from Anna Freud to Lydia Dawes in 1937: “ I do hope you will succeed in convincing Dr. Ruggles that he ought to give you a salary. One feels so much more settled and part of an institution in a paid position, even if the money itself is not very much.”
“ Dear Dr. Dawes. I am very impressed by the case of hysteria and delighted that you have written it. I always expected you to become a first class analyst, but now I know that you are. I am very glad. Yours sincerely, Anna Freud.”
And for a little societal background, here is an article we found in the Bibring collection: “ Stethescope Sorority’s growing fast” says the Boston Post, May 10 th , 1956. “ The Doctor is a lady! Nothing strange about it, either. Not after the first shock, when the white-capped surgeon turns out to be a living doll with slight Jane Russel overtones. Women in white have long pioneered in pediatrics and psychology. There are more masked beauties than ever before in the operating room, all with ‘anesthesiologist’ after their names. Even the doctor who’s urgently wanted in surgery in the best Dr. Kildare tradition, is likely to wear skirts.”
This is a letter from Anna Freud to Grete Bibring, inviting her to come to the “Far End”, Freud and Dorothy Burlingham’s house. “ What about coming to the Far End after the Congress instead of driving through Scotland? … You know the situation, there is plenty of room in the house in the day-time, and I have the analytic hours only in the afternoon. Would you mind? We could have a very nice time all together, play “girls boarding school” and have all the discussions which we want. Do say yes?”
And the reply: “ I would simply love to come to the Far End and I have to admit I was a little uncertain about this Scotland trip (and then later) I am so sorry we all have to get old. As far as the girls’ boarding school is concerned, I am delighted, if you let me help cook. “ So, in a span of 30 years, you can tell that these women were each other’s colleagues, friends, and supporters. And because much of this correspondence is not from the famous person-- the “star”, then without these materials, the evidence of Anna Freud using her considerable fame and influence to help these women might not exist.
Access is critical to the mission of the Archives for Women in Medicine. Our collections have value only insofar as they are available, discoverable, and accessible. Since the start of the project, we have opened 20 new collections, with many more currently in queue for archival processing. All processed collections are described in an online finding aid, which is indexed for search engine discovery. This is a screenshot of one of our finding aids. Even our unprocessed collections are cataloged online, to let researchers know they exist. And I should note- researcher requests for unprocessed collections do inform how we prioritize our processing queue.
In addition to personal and professional papers, another key component of our holdings is our oral history collection. Over the last few years, we have digitized 9 legacy oral history interviews with some of Harvard Medical School's earliest women professors, and we have more recently worked with the Joint Committee on the Status of Women to record 6 new oral histories, which are also available online Here is a clip I’d share with you from a 1982 interview with Dr. Mary Ellen Avery, the first female chief of Pediatrics at Children's Hospital Boston.
To put Dr. Avery's comments into perspective, 9 years after this interview was filmed, she was awarded the national medal of science for a discovery she made in 1959, 32 years prior. Avery's discovery – that the lack of a foamy fluid called surfactant was the cause of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in premature infants, lead to a successful treatment which, within 25 years, reduced the number of babies in the US who died from RDS from over 10,000 a year to 1400.
In addition to making our oral histories available online, we are working to digitize more of our manuscript holdings for easier access. It has been our practice to digitize selected items from most collections as they are processed, and we are currently exploring technologies that would allow us to offer more robust online exhibits.
The third goal I'd like to talk about is Outreach. Promoting these collections and celebrating the women pioneers they document is central to our mission. We are striving to create a community of scholars, scientists, historians, archivists, and students who are interested in using the tools of the past to influence the future. We have developed a suite of outreach mechanisms for accomplishing this goal, including printed promotional materials, an online newsletter and blog, special events and exhibits, and fellowships to support research.
For the past four years, we've partnered with the Philadelphia-based Foundation for the History of Women in Medicine to offer an annual fellowship to support research utilizing AWM collections. These fellowships have brought in researchers from across the United States and abroad, producing research on topics like women and colonial medicine, early birth control research, and the influx of educated male physicians into the traditionally female profession of midwifery in Britain. This year’s fellowship was awarded to Dr. Hilary Aquino , whose project is titled: Dr. Leona Baumgartner: Crusader for the Public’s Health. Utilizing our newly opened Leona Baumgartner Papers, Aquino will examine the ways in which Baumgartner shaped the direction and focus of the New York City Department of Health as Director of the Bureau of Child Health and Assistant Commissioner of Maternal and Child Health Services, eventually becoming the first female Commissioner of the entire department. Dr. Aquino will explore Baumgartner’s views on improving the access to and quality of medical care for urban minorities, specifically women and children.
In addition to promoting the collections by supporting historical research, we are working to raise the visibility of the project within the Harvard Medical Community, as well as educate this community about the women who have shaped it. To this end, for the past two years we've been holding a series of events in Harvard-affiliated hospitals. Harvard differs from many American medical schools in that it has faculty in not just one teaching hospital, but in many different affiliated hospitals across Boston. So we've gone to many of these hospitals and held an event that celebrates their earliest women leaders, with a focus on the legacy and impact they had on that specific community. Let me give you an example.
In 2010, we held an event at Massachusetts General Hospital called “Women in Medicine: Three generations at MGH.” This event honored Mass General's earliest woman professor, the late Dr. Janet McArthur. We screened an oral history video clip of Dr. McArthur at the event, and heard talks from not one but two succeeding generations of women scientists at the Mass General.
Dr. Patricia Donahoe,Chief Emerita of Pediatric Surgical Services, spoke about training under Dr. McArthur. Then one of Donahoe's former trainees, Dr. Annekathryn Goodman, talked about the importance of her relationship with her mentor. She had this to say about working with Donahoe: “ I do not know what barriers Dr Donahoe faced because she is humble about breaking through glass ceilings. I can only guess at the struggles of proving herself as a woman surgeon. But because of her, I have only had to prove myself as a surgeon.”:
In some ways, these events are the heart and soul of the Archives for Women in Medicine project, because they've allowed us to build and engage a community of doctors, researchers, students, and scholars who care about preserving and sharing the story of women's contributions to medicine and science.
Our ultimate goal is to document the people—the pioneers and leaders, the mentors and role models—who have shaped the Harvard medical community into one that recognizes achievement regardless of gender. Their words and ideas, revealed in correspondence, oral histories, lectures, research, and writings, inform our understanding of the evolution of medicine. Thank you!