This document provides instructions for basic Linux commands and administration tasks. It begins by listing commands for checking directory contents and properties, navigating the file system, creating and modifying files and directories. It then covers user administration like adding, modifying and deleting users. Next it discusses group administration and managing permissions on files and directories. Finally it covers partitioning, creating a new partition on /dev/sda, and activating the changes.
The document summarizes the "Internet Worm" computer program that spread across the early Internet in late 1988. It describes the three main ways the worm was able to infiltrate other computers: through vulnerabilities in the Sendmail and Finger programs, and by guessing passwords to access systems set up to allow trusted hosts. The worm would copy itself to infected machines, using weaknesses in the target systems to gain access and spread further. The summary provides key details about how the worm operated while concisely outlining its main capabilities and propagation methods.
This document provides summaries of Linux system and administrative commands. It discusses commands for managing users and groups like useradd, userdel, chown, chgrp, id, who, logname, su, sudo, and passwd. It also covers commands for viewing system information like uname, arch, lastlog, and lsof. Finally, it summarizes terminal commands such as tty, stty, tset, mesg, and wall.
Files saved on central Unix systems at Indiana University are stored on a Network File System (NFS) which allows users to access their files from any system by using the appropriate directory path. For example, a user logged into the Steel system who wants to access their files on the EZinfo system would use the command "cd /N/u/username/Ezinfo/". This shared file system allows users to access their files from any central Unix system but users can only use software installed on the specific system they are logged into.
This document provides an introduction to cryptography. It discusses the history and types of cryptographic systems including substitution ciphers like the Caesar cipher and polyalphabetic ciphers like the Vigenère cipher. It explains how cryptographic techniques can provide authentication, integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation for communications.
Aula sobre vulnerabilidades básicas ministrada na UFPR em 2018.
Introduction to Security class about classical vulnerabilities: TOCTOU, buffer overflow. Attack examples: dirtycow, return2libc, ROP.
This document provides instructions for basic Linux commands and administration tasks. It begins by listing commands for checking directory contents and properties, navigating the file system, creating and modifying files and directories. It then covers user administration like adding, modifying and deleting users. Next it discusses group administration and managing permissions on files and directories. Finally it covers partitioning, creating a new partition on /dev/sda, and activating the changes.
The document summarizes the "Internet Worm" computer program that spread across the early Internet in late 1988. It describes the three main ways the worm was able to infiltrate other computers: through vulnerabilities in the Sendmail and Finger programs, and by guessing passwords to access systems set up to allow trusted hosts. The worm would copy itself to infected machines, using weaknesses in the target systems to gain access and spread further. The summary provides key details about how the worm operated while concisely outlining its main capabilities and propagation methods.
This document provides summaries of Linux system and administrative commands. It discusses commands for managing users and groups like useradd, userdel, chown, chgrp, id, who, logname, su, sudo, and passwd. It also covers commands for viewing system information like uname, arch, lastlog, and lsof. Finally, it summarizes terminal commands such as tty, stty, tset, mesg, and wall.
Files saved on central Unix systems at Indiana University are stored on a Network File System (NFS) which allows users to access their files from any system by using the appropriate directory path. For example, a user logged into the Steel system who wants to access their files on the EZinfo system would use the command "cd /N/u/username/Ezinfo/". This shared file system allows users to access their files from any central Unix system but users can only use software installed on the specific system they are logged into.
This document provides an introduction to cryptography. It discusses the history and types of cryptographic systems including substitution ciphers like the Caesar cipher and polyalphabetic ciphers like the Vigenère cipher. It explains how cryptographic techniques can provide authentication, integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation for communications.
Aula sobre vulnerabilidades básicas ministrada na UFPR em 2018.
Introduction to Security class about classical vulnerabilities: TOCTOU, buffer overflow. Attack examples: dirtycow, return2libc, ROP.
An introductory presentation on cryptography. From ancient ciphers to modern public key encryption, it follows the evolution of a science and how it affects society.
This document discusses cryptography and the Caesar cipher. It begins by defining cryptography as the encoding of messages to achieve secure communication and outlines its goals of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The document then describes the Caesar cipher technique, in which each letter is shifted a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. It provides an example of encrypting a message with a shift of 11. The document explains that the Caesar cipher is vulnerable to brute force and statistical cryptanalysis due to its small key space and predictable letter frequencies. It concludes that more advanced algorithms are needed for secure encryption in the digital age.
The document discusses different types of malware like worms, spyware, Trojan horses, and adware. It then describes how antivirus technologies use static and dynamic signatures to detect malware. Some techniques viruses use to evade detection like metamorphism and slow infection are also covered. An example Timid virus code is provided to demonstrate overwriting virus behavior.
The document discusses various types of attacks on information including passive attacks like intercepting communications and active attacks like modifying information without authorization. It provides examples of passive attacks like eavesdropping which do not disrupt the communication channel. Active attacks directly interact with the information by actions like unauthorized deletion, modification or transmission of data. The document also summarizes different historical encryption techniques including the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic ciphers, and provides examples of the Playfair cipher and Vigenere cipher.
- Public key cryptography uses key pairs consisting of a public key and a private key
- RSA is an asymmetric encryption algorithm that uses these key pairs
- In RSA, the public and private keys are generated based on selecting two large prime numbers p and q, and doing mathematical operations on them like multiplying them to get n, and using p and q to calculate φ
- A public exponent e is also selected such that it is relatively prime to φ
The document discusses various cybercrime topics including viruses, hacking, denial of service attacks, and privacy concerns regarding technologies like RFID and GPS. It provides examples of how viruses, worms, and Trojan horses work to infect computers. It also explains common hacking techniques like password guessing, port scanning, and wireless network attacks. The document warns that both individuals and large organizations are at risk of cybercrimes.
The document discusses various polyalphabetic ciphers including the Vigenere cipher, one-time pad cipher, Playfair cipher, and Hill cipher. It provides examples of encrypting and decrypting messages with the Vigenere cipher and Playfair cipher. The Vigenere cipher uses a keyword to shift the letters of a plaintext by various amounts, while the Playfair cipher encrypts pairs of letters based on their positions in a 5x5 grid generated from a keyword. The document also describes how the Hill cipher works by converting the plaintext and keyword into matrices and performing matrix multiplication to encrypt messages in blocks of letters.
Encrypted message transmitter on public networkRowshina Nikzad
To transmit messages in critical situations when the value of information and Data is high, For example in the military, we need to encrypt messages.
Different ways to encrypt messages have been invented, the subject of this project is encoding the message in the sender and decoding the message in the receiver using the Playfair method over the network platform. we used #c for programming this project.
The document discusses the analysis of an attack involving a compromised website containing a PHP webshell. Additional artifacts found included an initial SQL injection, a China Chopper webshell, and a Golang-coded ss.exe backdoor. The attacker used a vulnerability in Sandboxie to evade detection and execute a debugsrv.exe trojan. Yara rules were provided to detect related malware samples. The investigation mapped the attacker's lateral movement and a remediation plan was implemented over 35 days.
The document discusses various security threats and protection mechanisms. It covers basics of cryptography including symmetric and public key cryptography. It also discusses digital signatures, user authentication, and threats from intruders both internal and external to a system. Protection mechanisms aim to achieve goals of data confidentiality, integrity, and system availability despite security threats.
This document provides an overview of cryptography. It discusses traditional cryptography techniques like the Caesar cipher and shift ciphers. It also explains symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography, giving examples like DES, RSA, and their uses. Cryptographic services like authentication, data integrity, non-repudiation, and confidentiality are mentioned. The document notes how cryptography is widely used today in network security, banking transactions, and military communications.
Topics listed below are explained in the PPT:
Introduction
CIA Triad
Mechanisms of Cryptography
OSI Security Architecture
Security Attacks
Security Mechanisms
Security Services
Cryptography vs Steganography
Network Security Model
Cryptographic techniques
Stream Cipher vs Block cipher
The presentation covers the following:
Basic Terms
Cryptography
The General Goals of Cryptography
Common Types of Attacks
Substitution Ciphers
Transposition Cipher
Steganography- “Concealed Writing”
Symmetric Secret Key Encryption
Types of Symmetric Algorithms
Common Symmetric Algorithms
Asymmetric Secret Key Encryption
Common Asymmetric Algorithms
Public Key Cryptography
Hashing Techniques
Hashing Algorithms
Digital Signatures
Transport Layer Security
Public key infrastructure (PKI)
This document summarizes a talk given by Gareth Heyes and Mario Heiderich on web security and the PHPIDS project. It describes the early challenges of detecting attacks using simple blacklists and how the project evolved to address increasingly complex obfuscated payloads. Key points discussed include the introduction of a payload canonicalizer to normalize strings before detection, ongoing challenges of new browser behaviors and standards, and the importance of an open community approach to security research.
Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms
Cryptography is the study of secure communications techniques that allow only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents.
OR
The art of creating and implementing secret codes and ciphers is known as cryptography.
Introduction to Cryptography and the Public Key InfrastructureMike Gates
A white paper introducing the basics of cryptography and the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Those just getting into the arena of cybersecurity or those just simply curious about the topic will likely learn something new.
The Hidden XSS - Attacking the Desktop & Mobile Platformskosborn
The document discusses cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks that can occur outside of web browsers on desktop and mobile platforms. It provides examples of XSS vulnerabilities found in Skype, Adium, Android's Gmail app, Google Earth, and outlines a tool built to automate discovery and exfiltration of files across platforms like Mac, Android and others. The document encourages developers to properly filter HTML and secure apps from XSS attacks.
This presentation deals with the basic concepts of cryptography, its algorithms and examples. Special attention is devoted to Advanced Encryption Standard and its practical implementation in a .NET project.
This presentation by Volodymyr Korobeynyk (C# Software Engineer) was delivered at GlobalLogic Kharkiv .NET Conference on July 5, 2016.
The document discusses how ransomware works by encrypting files on a victim's computer and demanding payment to decrypt the files. It explains the basic process of how ransomware encrypts files, displays a ransom message, and transmits encryption keys to the attacker. The document also provides examples of code that could be used to implement various functions required for a basic ransomware program, such as generating encryption keys, encrypting files, and displaying messages. Finally, it discusses techniques malware developers use to avoid detection by antivirus software.
Cryptography is the science of keeping information secret. It allows for confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and nonrepudiation. There are two main types of encryption algorithms: symmetric which uses a single shared key, and asymmetric which uses a public/private key pair. Hashing algorithms are used to verify integrity rather than keep information secret. Common symmetric algorithms include AES and DES, while RSA and DSA are examples of asymmetric algorithms. Cryptanalysis involves attempting to break or bypass cryptography. Cryptography should be used anywhere secret communication or stored data is needed such as in SSL, VPNs, and encrypted file systems.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
An introductory presentation on cryptography. From ancient ciphers to modern public key encryption, it follows the evolution of a science and how it affects society.
This document discusses cryptography and the Caesar cipher. It begins by defining cryptography as the encoding of messages to achieve secure communication and outlines its goals of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The document then describes the Caesar cipher technique, in which each letter is shifted a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. It provides an example of encrypting a message with a shift of 11. The document explains that the Caesar cipher is vulnerable to brute force and statistical cryptanalysis due to its small key space and predictable letter frequencies. It concludes that more advanced algorithms are needed for secure encryption in the digital age.
The document discusses different types of malware like worms, spyware, Trojan horses, and adware. It then describes how antivirus technologies use static and dynamic signatures to detect malware. Some techniques viruses use to evade detection like metamorphism and slow infection are also covered. An example Timid virus code is provided to demonstrate overwriting virus behavior.
The document discusses various types of attacks on information including passive attacks like intercepting communications and active attacks like modifying information without authorization. It provides examples of passive attacks like eavesdropping which do not disrupt the communication channel. Active attacks directly interact with the information by actions like unauthorized deletion, modification or transmission of data. The document also summarizes different historical encryption techniques including the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic ciphers, and provides examples of the Playfair cipher and Vigenere cipher.
- Public key cryptography uses key pairs consisting of a public key and a private key
- RSA is an asymmetric encryption algorithm that uses these key pairs
- In RSA, the public and private keys are generated based on selecting two large prime numbers p and q, and doing mathematical operations on them like multiplying them to get n, and using p and q to calculate φ
- A public exponent e is also selected such that it is relatively prime to φ
The document discusses various cybercrime topics including viruses, hacking, denial of service attacks, and privacy concerns regarding technologies like RFID and GPS. It provides examples of how viruses, worms, and Trojan horses work to infect computers. It also explains common hacking techniques like password guessing, port scanning, and wireless network attacks. The document warns that both individuals and large organizations are at risk of cybercrimes.
The document discusses various polyalphabetic ciphers including the Vigenere cipher, one-time pad cipher, Playfair cipher, and Hill cipher. It provides examples of encrypting and decrypting messages with the Vigenere cipher and Playfair cipher. The Vigenere cipher uses a keyword to shift the letters of a plaintext by various amounts, while the Playfair cipher encrypts pairs of letters based on their positions in a 5x5 grid generated from a keyword. The document also describes how the Hill cipher works by converting the plaintext and keyword into matrices and performing matrix multiplication to encrypt messages in blocks of letters.
Encrypted message transmitter on public networkRowshina Nikzad
To transmit messages in critical situations when the value of information and Data is high, For example in the military, we need to encrypt messages.
Different ways to encrypt messages have been invented, the subject of this project is encoding the message in the sender and decoding the message in the receiver using the Playfair method over the network platform. we used #c for programming this project.
The document discusses the analysis of an attack involving a compromised website containing a PHP webshell. Additional artifacts found included an initial SQL injection, a China Chopper webshell, and a Golang-coded ss.exe backdoor. The attacker used a vulnerability in Sandboxie to evade detection and execute a debugsrv.exe trojan. Yara rules were provided to detect related malware samples. The investigation mapped the attacker's lateral movement and a remediation plan was implemented over 35 days.
The document discusses various security threats and protection mechanisms. It covers basics of cryptography including symmetric and public key cryptography. It also discusses digital signatures, user authentication, and threats from intruders both internal and external to a system. Protection mechanisms aim to achieve goals of data confidentiality, integrity, and system availability despite security threats.
This document provides an overview of cryptography. It discusses traditional cryptography techniques like the Caesar cipher and shift ciphers. It also explains symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography, giving examples like DES, RSA, and their uses. Cryptographic services like authentication, data integrity, non-repudiation, and confidentiality are mentioned. The document notes how cryptography is widely used today in network security, banking transactions, and military communications.
Topics listed below are explained in the PPT:
Introduction
CIA Triad
Mechanisms of Cryptography
OSI Security Architecture
Security Attacks
Security Mechanisms
Security Services
Cryptography vs Steganography
Network Security Model
Cryptographic techniques
Stream Cipher vs Block cipher
The presentation covers the following:
Basic Terms
Cryptography
The General Goals of Cryptography
Common Types of Attacks
Substitution Ciphers
Transposition Cipher
Steganography- “Concealed Writing”
Symmetric Secret Key Encryption
Types of Symmetric Algorithms
Common Symmetric Algorithms
Asymmetric Secret Key Encryption
Common Asymmetric Algorithms
Public Key Cryptography
Hashing Techniques
Hashing Algorithms
Digital Signatures
Transport Layer Security
Public key infrastructure (PKI)
This document summarizes a talk given by Gareth Heyes and Mario Heiderich on web security and the PHPIDS project. It describes the early challenges of detecting attacks using simple blacklists and how the project evolved to address increasingly complex obfuscated payloads. Key points discussed include the introduction of a payload canonicalizer to normalize strings before detection, ongoing challenges of new browser behaviors and standards, and the importance of an open community approach to security research.
Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms
Cryptography is the study of secure communications techniques that allow only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents.
OR
The art of creating and implementing secret codes and ciphers is known as cryptography.
Introduction to Cryptography and the Public Key InfrastructureMike Gates
A white paper introducing the basics of cryptography and the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Those just getting into the arena of cybersecurity or those just simply curious about the topic will likely learn something new.
The Hidden XSS - Attacking the Desktop & Mobile Platformskosborn
The document discusses cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks that can occur outside of web browsers on desktop and mobile platforms. It provides examples of XSS vulnerabilities found in Skype, Adium, Android's Gmail app, Google Earth, and outlines a tool built to automate discovery and exfiltration of files across platforms like Mac, Android and others. The document encourages developers to properly filter HTML and secure apps from XSS attacks.
This presentation deals with the basic concepts of cryptography, its algorithms and examples. Special attention is devoted to Advanced Encryption Standard and its practical implementation in a .NET project.
This presentation by Volodymyr Korobeynyk (C# Software Engineer) was delivered at GlobalLogic Kharkiv .NET Conference on July 5, 2016.
The document discusses how ransomware works by encrypting files on a victim's computer and demanding payment to decrypt the files. It explains the basic process of how ransomware encrypts files, displays a ransom message, and transmits encryption keys to the attacker. The document also provides examples of code that could be used to implement various functions required for a basic ransomware program, such as generating encryption keys, encrypting files, and displaying messages. Finally, it discusses techniques malware developers use to avoid detection by antivirus software.
Cryptography is the science of keeping information secret. It allows for confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and nonrepudiation. There are two main types of encryption algorithms: symmetric which uses a single shared key, and asymmetric which uses a public/private key pair. Hashing algorithms are used to verify integrity rather than keep information secret. Common symmetric algorithms include AES and DES, while RSA and DSA are examples of asymmetric algorithms. Cryptanalysis involves attempting to break or bypass cryptography. Cryptography should be used anywhere secret communication or stored data is needed such as in SSL, VPNs, and encrypted file systems.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
3. Virtual Box
VirtualBox is a powerful x86 and
AMD64/Intel64 virtualization product
for enterprise as well as home use.
It is freely available as Open Source
Software under the terms of the
GNU General Public License (GPL).
5. Contd…
Platforms:
Presently, VirtualBox runs on
Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and
Solaris hosts and supports a large
number of guest operating systems
including but not limited to Windows
(NT 4.0, 2000, XP, Server 2003,
Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8,
Windows 10), DOS/Windows 3.x,
Linux (2.4, 2.6, 3.x and 4.x), Solaris
and OpenSolaris, OS/2, and
OpenBSD.
7. Kali Linux
Kali Linux is the new generation of
the industry-leading BackTrack Linux
penetration testing and security
auditing Linux distribution. Kali
Linux is a complete re-build of
BackTrack from the ground up,
adhering completely to Debian
development standards.
8. Parrot Universe
Parrot is a GNU/Linux distribution
based on Debian Testing and
designed with Security,
Development and Privacy in mind.
It includes a full portable laboratory
for security and digital forensics
experts, but it also includes all you
need to develop your own software
or protect your privacy while surfing
the net.
13. Cryptography
Cryptography is associated with the
process of converting ordinary plain
text into unintelligible text and vice-
versa. It is a method of storing and
transmitting data in a particular
form so that only those for whom it
is intended can read and process it.
Cryptography not only protects data
from theft or alteration, but can also
be used for user authentication.
14. Caesar cipher
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher,
also known as Caesar's cipher, the
shift cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar
shift, is one of the simplest and
most widely known encryption
techniques. It is a type of
substitution cipher in which each
letter in the plaintext is replaced by
a letter some fixed number of
positions down the alphabet. For
example, with a left shift of 3, D
would be replaced by A, E would
become B, and so on. The method is
named after Julius Caesar, who used
it in his private correspondence.
The action of a Caesar cipher is to
replace each plaintext letter with a
different one a fixed number of
places down the alphabet. The
cipher illustrated here uses a left
shift of three, so that (for example)
each occurrence of E in the
plaintext becomes B in the cipher
text.
15. Continue…
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher,
also known as Caesar's cipher, the
shift cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar
shift, is one of the simplest and
most widely known encryption
techniques. It is a type of
substitution cipher in which each
letter in the plaintext is replaced by
a letter some fixed number of
positions down the alphabet. For
example, with a left shift of 3, D
would be replaced by A, E would
become B, and so on. The method is
named after Julius Caesar, who used
it in his private correspondence.
Decryption
shift
Candidate plaintext
0 exxegoexsrgi
1 dwwdfndwrqfh
2 cvvcemcvqpeg
3 buubdlbupodf
4 attackatonce
5 zsszbjzsnmbd
6 yrryaiyrmlac
...
23 haahjrhavujl
24 gzzgiqgzutik
25 fyyfhpfytshj
16. Caesar Encryption &
Decryption
c2d = dict(zip("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",range(26)))
d2c = dict(zip(range(26),"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"))
for i in range(26):
key_c = i
ciphertext =
"wshpualeapzhalytbzlkpujyfwavnyhwofaohaylmlyzavhtlzzhnlilmvyllujyfwapvuvyhmalykljyfwapvuhukpzhtlzzhnl
puhmvytaohapzlhzpsfylhkhislifobthuz"
# encipher
plaintext = ""
for c in ciphertext:
if c: plaintext += d2c[ (c2d[c] + key_c)%26 ]
else: plaintext += c
print(plaintext)
print("n")
'''
Answer:
Key is 19
Text is "PLAIN TEXT IS A TERM USED IN CRYPTOGRAPHY THAT REFERS TO A MESSAGE BEFORE ENCRYPTION OR
AFTER DECRYPTION AND IS A MESSAGE IN A FORM THAT IS EASILY READABLE BY HUMANS"
'''
18. Hacking Tools
Trojan Horse is a method that enables the cracker to set up a way to intrude on a
computer or a system, by having his/her code installed with useful software on the
machine, network, or system. The cracker can enter the system through that back door
later on. Examples of this useful software are programs that mimic login screens,
viruses that fool the user to download programs, and other applications.
Snooper is an application that enables the cracker to capture secure information while it
is in transit within a computer or a network. For example, information transported
between web pages for form applications transitions and stages, and the transportation
of information from a form to the server.
A worm is an application that looks for weaknesses in a system or a network, and
reproduces itself on that system till the system crashes. A virus on the other hand, is
attached to software, and is spread once the software is executed. The danger of a
virus can be as harmless as a sound, or a picture, or as harmful as a worm, that
changes the binary setting of the computer, and crashes the system. Further light will
be shed on how each of viruses and worms act when accessing a system.
Vulnerability Scanner is a tool that is used to check if a computer on a network has a
known weakness. There are also port scanners that enable the cracker to determine the
open port that can be accessed through to the computer.
Packet Sniffing can be used for network monitoring, and for troubleshooting. It can be a
powerful tool to gather information that helps compromise the network.
20. Hacking Thwarting
Some of the methods and
techniques that are used to reduce
the effects of hackers and malicious
software are developed by different
companies. Companies vary in their
ideas of what is the weakest point in
a network that should be protected
from hackers. Each software tool
has its negatives and positives, and
below, is a discussion of some of the
tools that are used to lessen the
intrusion of a hacker or virus to a
network system.
21. IDS (Intrusion Detection
System)
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher,
also known as Caesar's cipher, the
shift cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar
shift, is one of the simplest and
most widely known encryption
techniques. It is a type of
substitution cipher in which each
letter in the plaintext is replaced by
a letter some fixed number of
positions down the alphabet. For
example, with a left shift of 3, D
would be replaced by A, E would
become B, and so on. The method is
named after Julius Caesar, who used
it in his private correspondence.
22. Performance Analysis
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher,
also known as Caesar's cipher, the
shift cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar
shift, is one of the simplest and
most widely known encryption
techniques. It is a type of
substitution cipher in which each
letter in the plaintext is replaced by
a letter some fixed number of
positions down the alphabet. For
example, with a left shift of 3, D
would be replaced by A, E would
become B, and so on. The method is
named after Julius Caesar, who used
it in his private correspondence.
23. Computer Performance
Analysis
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher,
also known as Caesar's cipher, the
shift cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar
shift, is one of the simplest and
most widely known encryption
techniques. It is a type of
substitution cipher in which each
letter in the plaintext is replaced by
a letter some fixed number of
positions down the alphabet. For
example, with a left shift of 3, D
would be replaced by A, E would
become B, and so on. The method is
named after Julius Caesar, who used
it in his private correspondence.
24. Website Spam Detection
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher,
also known as Caesar's cipher, the
shift cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar
shift, is one of the simplest and
most widely known encryption
techniques. It is a type of
substitution cipher in which each
letter in the plaintext is replaced by
a letter some fixed number of
positions down the alphabet. For
example, with a left shift of 3, D
would be replaced by A, E would
become B, and so on. The method is
named after Julius Caesar, who used
it in his private correspondence.
26. Overview of Xblades.exe
What Is Xblades.exe?
Xblades.exe is a type of EXE file associated with X-
Blades developed by Gaijin Entertainment for the
Windows Operating System. The latest known version
of Xblades.exe is 1.0.0.0, which was produced for
Windows XP. This EXE file carries a popularity rating of
1 stars and a security rating of "UNKNOWN".
What Are EXE Files?
EXE ("executable") files, such as xblades.exe, are files
that contain step-by-step instructions that a
computer follows to carry out a function. When
you "double-click" an EXE file, your computer
automatically executes these instructions designed by a
software developer (eg. Gaijin Entertainment) to run a
program (eg. X-Blades) on your PC.
Every software application on your PC uses an
executable file - your web browser, word processor,
spreadsheet program, etc. - making it one of the most
useful kinds of files in the Windows operating system.
Without executable files like xblades.exe, you wouldn't
be able to use any programs on your PC.