2. ♥ Grammar-translation Approach
Learning is largely by translation to and from
the target language. Grammar rules are to be
memorized and long lists of vocabulary
learned by heart. There is little or no
emphasis placed on developing oral ability.
3. Advantages
• Translation is the easiest and shortest way of explaining
meaning of words and phrases.
• Learners have no difficulties to understand the lesson as it
is carried out in the mother tongue
• It is a labor-saving method as the teacher carries out
everything in the mother tongue.
4. Disadvantages
• No oral work takes place in the class room due to this method.
Only teacher speaks.
• The main focus remains onlu on the mather-tongue and the
target language remains ignored.
• No speaking in the target language is possible. The only thrust
remains on the reading.
5. ♥ The Direct Method
The direct method of teaching was developed as a response to the
Grammar-Translation method. It sought to immerse the learner in the
same way as when a first language is learnt. All teaching is done in the
target language, grammar is taught inductively, there is a focus on speaking
and listening, and only useful ‘everyday' language is taught. The weakness in
the Direct Method is its assumption that a second language can be learnt in
exactly the same way as a first, when in fact the conditions under which a
second language is learnt are very different.
6. Advantages
• It makes the learning of English interesting and lively by establishing
direct bond between a word and its meaning.
• It is an activity method facilitating alertness and participation of the
pupils.
• According to Macnee, "It is the quickest way of getting started". In
a few months over 500 of the commonest English words can be
learnt and used in sentences. This serves as a strong foundation of
further learning.
7. Disadvantages
• There are many abstract words which cannot be interpreted
directly in English and much time and energy are wasted in
making attempts for the purpose.
• This method is based on the principles that auditory appeal is
stronger that visual. But there are children who learn more with
visual than with their oral- aural sense like ears and tongue.
• The method ignores systematic written work and reading
activities and sufficient attention is not paid to reading and
writing.
8. ♥ Reading Approach
Reading approach is a reaction to the impracticality of the Direct
Approach as few teachers could use the target language in a native-
like manner to apply Direct Method successfully. In addition,
reading was somehow neglected in the Direct Method, but reading
was seen as the most usable skill to have in a foreign language since
not many people traveled abroad around 1930s.
9. Disadvantages
- Since reading approach is only focused on written skill, this approach is lack in
speaking skill.
- Reading approach is oppressive approach because the vocabularies and grammar
are controlled.
Advantages
• Reading approach can be used in a big class.
• In reading approach, students can know much vocabulary because they
have to read the passage.
• Students focus what they are studying because they only learn
grammar
10. ♥ Audio-lingual Approach
The theory behind this method is that learning a language means
acquiring habits. There is much practice of dialogues of every
situations. New language is first heard and extensively drilled
before being seen in its written form.
11. Advantages
• Learners be able speaking the target language comunicatively.
• Learners have no difficulties to understand the lesson as it is carried
out in the mother tongue.
• Learners are able to give correct response directly.
Disadvantages
• Speaking or any kind of spontaneous creative output was missing
from the curriculum.
• Students lacked an active role in the classroom.
• Very little attention is paid to communication.
12. ♥ Community Language Learning
In this method attempts are made to build strong personal links
between the teacher and student so that there are no blocks to
learning. There is much talk in the mother tongue which is translated
by the teacher for repetition by the student.
13. Advantages
• CLL is an attempt to overcome the threatening affective factors in EFL and
ESL.
• The councelor allow the learners to determine type of coversation and to
analyze the language inductively
• The student centered nature of the method can provide extrincic motivation
and capitalize on intinsic motivation.
Disadvantages
• The counselor/teacher can become too non directive. Students often need
directions .
• The method relies completely on inductive learning. It is worthwhile noting
that deductive learning is also a viable strategy of learning.
• Translation is an intricate and difficult task. The success of the method relies
largely on the translation expertise of the counselor.
14. ♥ The Silent Way
This is so called because the aim of the teacher is to say as little as
possible in order that the learner can be in control of what he wants to
say. No use is made of the mother tongue.
15. Advantages
• The use of the Silent Way enables a very high degree of interaction as
well between the teacher and the students as between the students
themselves and additionally raises the participation of the students in
class.
• The self-esteem of the students will be increased and this will enhance
learning.
• It embodies a new approach to education in general, a respect for the
individual and an awareness of the individual’s extraordinary cognitive
powers.
16. Disadvantages
• The Silent Way is a very abstract way of learning a language, the
learners have to engage themselves with the artificiality of the
approach, which is extremely different from more commonly used
methods of language learning.
• This method can be benefited by the teacher only in small groups of
students. The teacher can gain ability in this method by trying. The
teacher is expected to enrich the materials on his/her own.
• For some learners, one limitation is the approach to language basics
which begins with seemingly irrelevant discussions about rods and
which involves silence and concentration and games with the teacher
about meaning.
17. ♥ The communicative approach
The communicative approach is based on the idea that learning
language successfully comes through having to communicate real
meaning. When learners are involved in real communication, their
natural strategies for language acquisition will be used, and this will
allow them to learn to use the language.
18. Advantages
• Communicative approach is much more pupil-orientated, because it is
based on pupils’ needs and interests.
• Communicative approach seeks to personalise and localise language and
adapt it to interests of pupils. Meaningful language is always more easily
retained by learners.
• Seeks to use authentic resources. And that is more interesting and
motivating for children.
19. Disadvantages
• It pays insufficient attention to the context in which teaching and
learning take place
• The Communicative Approach often seems to be interpreted as: “if the
teacher understands the student we have good communication” but
native speakers of the target language can have great difficulty
understanding students.
• Another disadvantage is that the CLT approach focuses on fluency but
not accuracy. The approach does not focus on error reduction but
instead creates a situation where learners are left using their own devices
to solve their communication problems. Thus they may produce
incoherent, grammatically incorrect sentences.
20. ♥Functional Notional Approach
The major characteristic of the functional-notional approach to
language teaching is a sensitivity to the individual needs of students.
Based on the idea that the ability to use real, appropriate language to
communicate with others is the primary goal of most foreign language
learning, the design of a functional-notional curriculum contributes to
the goal of communication and interaction from the first day of study
21. Major emphasis is placed on the communicative purposes of a speech act.
Featured in the text are
Discussion is included of general methodology and strategies that have been
found most effective in helping learners use the language appropriately in a
variety of real-world situations, as well as reading, writing, and grammar
instructional techniques. (NCR)
A historical overview of language learning and teaching,
Definitions of terms,
Characteristics of the approach,
Lists of functions and notions,
Step-by-step techniques,
Communicative activities,
The role of grammar
Evaluation procedures.
22. ♥ Total Physical Response (TPR)
TPR works by having the learner respond to simple commands
such as "Stand up", "Close your book", "Go to the window and
open it." The method stresses the importance of aural
comprehension.
23. Advantages
• is fun and easy
• It does not require a great deal of preparation on the part of the
teacher.
• It is a good tool for learning vocabulary.
Disadvantages
• It is not a very creative method. Students are not given the
opportunity to express their own views and thoughts in a creative way.
• It is easy to overuse TPR.
• It is limited, since everything cannot be explained with this method. It
must be combined with other approaches.
24. ♥ The Natural Approach
This approach, propounded by Professor S. Krashen, stresses the
similarities between learning the first and second languages. There is
no correction of mistakes. Learning takes place by the students being
exposed to language that is comprehensible or made comprehensible
to them.
25. Advantages
• Students acquire the target language in a natural and easy way.
• Teaching materials are designed very well. Students can acquire
language from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, and from
concrete to abstract.
Disadvantages
• Students may use the target language fluently, but they cannot use it
accurately.
• Teachers should collect various teaching aids and use them
appropriately. Special teaching designs are necessary for the students
with better.
