An avalanche is a mass of snow sliding down a mountain. There are different types including surface avalanches which involve layers of snow with different properties sliding over each other, and full depth avalanches where the entire snow cover from the ground up slides. Avalanches are caused by various environmental factors including heavy snowfall, steep slopes, vibration, warm temperatures and layers of snow and ice building up. They can damage life, property and infrastructure and cause flash flooding, but are also a natural part of mountain ecosystems. Understanding avalanche patterns and avoiding likely start zones are important for preventing danger.
1. The document defines various natural hazards and disasters including storms, droughts, floods, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.
2. It provides details on the types of storms such as blizzards, cyclones, and thunderstorms. It also defines drought as a long period with little or no rain.
3. The causes and features of different types of earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, wildfires, and volcanic eruptions are summarized. Hazards associated with volcanic eruptions like pyroclastic flows, gases, and lahars are also noted.
Snow refers to frozen crystalline water that forms and falls from the atmosphere and accumulates on surfaces. Orographic lifting occurs when air masses are forced up mountainsides, cooling and causing precipitation. Avalanches are rapid flows of snow down slopes that are usually triggered by additional weight from snowfall that exceeds the snowpack's strength. They can be started by a small amount of snow and propagate rapidly, entraining large volumes of snow.
An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface that is usually triggered by a failure in the snowpack. There are two main types of avalanches - loose snow avalanches which involve snow with little cohesion, and slab avalanches where a cohesive slab slides on a weaker layer. Many factors influence avalanche formation including temperature, wind, vegetation, snowpack characteristics, and terrain. Avalanches can be triggered naturally or artificially and precautions include preventing weak layers from forming through controlled explosions or directing snow placement, while barriers can help mitigate damage.
This document provides definitions for various natural disasters and weather phenomena including drought, mudslides, floods, famines, blizzards, tsunamis, avalanches, cyclones, heat waves, hail, tornadoes, hurricanes, monsoons, volcanoes, fog, hailstorms, wind, rainbows, and forest fires. Emergency shelters, dams, evacuations, and aftershocks are also defined.
An avalanche is a mass of snow, ice, and debris that slides down a mountain. There are four main types of avalanches: loose snow, slab, powder snow, and wet snow. Avalanches are triggered by factors like heavy snowfall, earthquakes, steep slopes, and human activity. They can reach speeds over 130 kph and destroy infrastructure, posing a serious threat to human life and property. Avalanche forecasting requires experienced forecasters collecting snowpack data and using weather models to predict unstable slopes. Control techniques use explosives or structures to divert or trigger avalanches in low-risk areas.
Three types of avalanches pose hazards: powder snow avalanches can occur with little warning and speeds up to 300km/hr; wet snow avalanches usually occur later in the season with speeds of 8-25km/hr and can carry a considerable weight of snow; slab avalanches are the most common type, often started by human activity and speeds of 10-150km/hr. Avalanches are caused by weather, snow layer changes from temperature fluctuations, and slopes between 30-45 degrees. Management techniques aim to retain snow or deflect avalanches through controlled triggering, planting trees, and land use planning with hazard zoning.
An avalanche is any amount of snow sliding down a mountainside, also called a snowslide. Avalanches occur when a weak layer of snow collapses under weight. There are two main types: surface avalanches which slide over another snow layer, and full-depth avalanches where the entire snow cover slides. After one hour, only one in three avalanche victims buried are found alive. The deadliest avalanches include one in 1970 that killed 80,000 people in Peru and one in 1916 in the Italian-Alps during WWI that killed 10,000 soldiers and was called White Friday.
An avalanche is a mass of snow sliding down a mountain. There are different types including surface avalanches which involve layers of snow with different properties sliding over each other, and full depth avalanches where the entire snow cover from the ground up slides. Avalanches are caused by various environmental factors including heavy snowfall, steep slopes, vibration, warm temperatures and layers of snow and ice building up. They can damage life, property and infrastructure and cause flash flooding, but are also a natural part of mountain ecosystems. Understanding avalanche patterns and avoiding likely start zones are important for preventing danger.
1. The document defines various natural hazards and disasters including storms, droughts, floods, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.
2. It provides details on the types of storms such as blizzards, cyclones, and thunderstorms. It also defines drought as a long period with little or no rain.
3. The causes and features of different types of earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, wildfires, and volcanic eruptions are summarized. Hazards associated with volcanic eruptions like pyroclastic flows, gases, and lahars are also noted.
Snow refers to frozen crystalline water that forms and falls from the atmosphere and accumulates on surfaces. Orographic lifting occurs when air masses are forced up mountainsides, cooling and causing precipitation. Avalanches are rapid flows of snow down slopes that are usually triggered by additional weight from snowfall that exceeds the snowpack's strength. They can be started by a small amount of snow and propagate rapidly, entraining large volumes of snow.
An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface that is usually triggered by a failure in the snowpack. There are two main types of avalanches - loose snow avalanches which involve snow with little cohesion, and slab avalanches where a cohesive slab slides on a weaker layer. Many factors influence avalanche formation including temperature, wind, vegetation, snowpack characteristics, and terrain. Avalanches can be triggered naturally or artificially and precautions include preventing weak layers from forming through controlled explosions or directing snow placement, while barriers can help mitigate damage.
This document provides definitions for various natural disasters and weather phenomena including drought, mudslides, floods, famines, blizzards, tsunamis, avalanches, cyclones, heat waves, hail, tornadoes, hurricanes, monsoons, volcanoes, fog, hailstorms, wind, rainbows, and forest fires. Emergency shelters, dams, evacuations, and aftershocks are also defined.
An avalanche is a mass of snow, ice, and debris that slides down a mountain. There are four main types of avalanches: loose snow, slab, powder snow, and wet snow. Avalanches are triggered by factors like heavy snowfall, earthquakes, steep slopes, and human activity. They can reach speeds over 130 kph and destroy infrastructure, posing a serious threat to human life and property. Avalanche forecasting requires experienced forecasters collecting snowpack data and using weather models to predict unstable slopes. Control techniques use explosives or structures to divert or trigger avalanches in low-risk areas.
Three types of avalanches pose hazards: powder snow avalanches can occur with little warning and speeds up to 300km/hr; wet snow avalanches usually occur later in the season with speeds of 8-25km/hr and can carry a considerable weight of snow; slab avalanches are the most common type, often started by human activity and speeds of 10-150km/hr. Avalanches are caused by weather, snow layer changes from temperature fluctuations, and slopes between 30-45 degrees. Management techniques aim to retain snow or deflect avalanches through controlled triggering, planting trees, and land use planning with hazard zoning.
An avalanche is any amount of snow sliding down a mountainside, also called a snowslide. Avalanches occur when a weak layer of snow collapses under weight. There are two main types: surface avalanches which slide over another snow layer, and full-depth avalanches where the entire snow cover slides. After one hour, only one in three avalanche victims buried are found alive. The deadliest avalanches include one in 1970 that killed 80,000 people in Peru and one in 1916 in the Italian-Alps during WWI that killed 10,000 soldiers and was called White Friday.
Presentation on natural disaster - avalancheSiddhant Singh
This document discusses natural disasters and focuses on avalanches. It defines an avalanche as a rapid movement of snow down a slope due to structural weakness in the snow cover. There are three main types of avalanches: loose avalanches which can occur with little warning; slab avalanches, the most commonly occurring type, often started by human error; and slush avalanches which usually occur later in the season. Avalanches are caused by layers of snow building up strength and then a vibration or temperature change causes the snow to slide down the mountain. Avalanches pose deadly risks by trapping and killing people under the snow and damaging infrastructure.
Snow avalanches occur when layers of snow on steep slopes fail and slide rapidly downhill. They are triggered by natural factors like weather and terrain, but human activity is responsible for triggering 95% of avalanches that bury people. Avalanches can be classified by their type of snow, failure mechanism, size, and other morphological characteristics. Proper safety equipment, terrain selection, and group management are important for avoiding avalanche danger.
The document describes glaciers and periglacial landforms and processes. It defines different types of glaciers and explains glacial processes like formation, movement, erosion, transportation and deposition. This creates landforms like moraines, drumlins and eskers. Periglacial landscapes lacking glacial ice are also described, featuring permafrost and patterned ground. The Pleistocene epoch is summarized, noting continental glaciation, sea level changes, and paleoclimate studies of past climate variations.
Here are the key periglacial processes likely occurring around the glacier shown in Figure 2:
- Frost shattering of rock producing scree slopes at the base of valley sides due to repeated freezing and thawing.
- Solifluction occurring on valley sides within the active layer, transporting fine material downslope and leaving lobes and terraces.
- Nivation occurring in hollows beneath snowpatches on north-facing slopes, deepening the hollows through frost action and meltwater erosion.
- Patterned ground such as stone stripes forming in better drained areas subjected to freeze-thaw cycles.
- Fluvial erosion by meltwater streams flowing from the glacier, causing erosion and leaving braided
This document discusses landslides as a type of natural disaster. It defines a landslide as a geological event where a large mass of land and debris slides down a slope. Landslides can be caused by both natural factors like earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and erosion, as well as human activities that make the ground unstable, such as building on steep slopes. The document describes different types of landslides and their potential consequences, which include buried buildings, cracked ground, and unfortunately sometimes death. It concludes with recommendations for landslide prevention through building design, evacuation planning, and drainage systems.
This ppt explained what is disaster and what are the common types of disaster. Then it explains the natural disasters like Flood, earthquake, tsunami, drought, landslides, heat & cold waves, thunderstorm etc....
1. The document discusses different types of landscapes including mountains, plateaus, and plains which are classified based on factors like elevation, slope, rock type, and drainage patterns.
2. Landscape development results from the interplay between uplifting forces like plate tectonics and leveling forces like erosion and glaciation.
3. Climate also influences landscape features by impacting the type and rate of weathering and erosion processes. Human activities can significantly alter landscapes over short time scales.
The document discusses different types of mass movement and erosion caused by wind and glaciers. It describes mass movement as the downslope movement of loose materials due to gravity, which can include processes like creep, slump, mudflow, avalanche, and landslide. It also discusses variables that influence mass movement, such as material weight, resistance to movement, earthquakes, water, and slope angle. The document then covers different types of wind movements including deflation, abrasion, ventifacts, dunes, and loess. It concludes by describing the two types of glaciers and various glacial erosion and deposition features including hanging valleys, cirques, U-shaped valleys, horns, aretes, outwash plains, drum
The document discusses plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, and convergent and transform boundaries where plates collide or slide past one another. It also discusses how hotspots can cause volcanic activity independently of plate motions and provides examples of specific tectonic features like rift valleys and subduction zones.
Here are the statements coloured as instructed:
Red: Volcanoes and earthquakes are most likely to occur in areas where the plates collide.
Green: These plates move at about the same rate as our fingernails grow!
The red statement with a fact about earthquakes and volcanoes is: "Volcanoes and earthquakes are most likely to occur in areas where the plates collide."
The green statement is: "These plates move at about the same rate as our fingernails grow!"
This document discusses various natural disasters connected to water. It defines floods as an overflow of water that submerges land, usually due to excessive water in a river, lake, or from heavy rainfall. Drought is defined as an extended period without sufficient water supply. Earthquakes result from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that causes seismic waves. Volcanic eruptions occur when a volcano actively releases lava and gases. Tsunamis are large ocean waves caused by earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions displacing water. Hurricanes are large storm systems that form over warm ocean waters and bring strong winds and rain.
1. Deserts occur in areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation, covering about 30% of the Earth's surface.
2. Deserts are classified based on average annual precipitation, ranging from extremely arid with no rain for 12 months to semi-arid with 250-500 mm of rain.
3. Hot deserts near the Tropics have large daily temperature variations without cloud cover, while cold deserts have mild to warm summers and very cold winters.
A desert is defined as a region that receives less than 250-500 mm of precipitation per year. Deserts form due to global circulation patterns that result in subsiding air over subtropical regions, limiting rainfall. Key factors that influence desert formation include high surface temperatures, topography such as rain shadows, and proximity to cold ocean currents. Deserts are characterized by sparse vegetation and unique landforms shaped by wind and water erosion like sand dunes, playas, and yardangs. Common desert types include hot subtropical deserts near the horse latitudes, mid-latitude deserts, and coastal deserts near cold ocean currents.
Deserts occur in broad belts around 30 degrees north and south of the equator, where global circulation patterns result in descending dry air. They receive less than 250mm of rain per year. Deserts form due to high surface temperatures, which cause greater evaporation, and topography such as rain shadows behind mountain ranges. Common desert landforms include mesas, buttes, wadis, alluvial fans, playa lakes, inselbergs, and bolsons. Erosion by wind abrasion and deflation shapes the landscape over time, creating features like ventifacts and yardangs.
Avalanches are masses of snow, ice, and rocks that fall rapidly down a mountainside. They are triggered in 90% of cases by the victim and can reach speeds of 130 km/hr. Avalanches are most common during or within 24 hours of a storm that dumps over 30 cm of fresh snow, as the additional weight can cause weak layers in the snowpack to fracture. If caught in an avalanche, victims should try to get off the sliding snow, swim to clear debris if buried, and punch a hand up to help rescuers locate them, as chances of survival drop quickly after being buried for over 15 minutes.
The document summarizes information about avalanches including:
1. Avalanches occur when a slab of snow fractures and slides rapidly down a sloping surface, gaining speed and power.
2. They are triggered by a combination of factors like snowpack structure, weather events, steep slopes, and human activity which can weaken bonding between snow layers.
3. There are different types of avalanches including loose snow avalanches, slab avalanches, powder snow avalanches, and wet snow avalanches. Mitigation techniques aim to stabilize weak layers in the snowpack and redirect avalanches away from infrastructure and areas with human activity.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Presentation on natural disaster - avalancheSiddhant Singh
This document discusses natural disasters and focuses on avalanches. It defines an avalanche as a rapid movement of snow down a slope due to structural weakness in the snow cover. There are three main types of avalanches: loose avalanches which can occur with little warning; slab avalanches, the most commonly occurring type, often started by human error; and slush avalanches which usually occur later in the season. Avalanches are caused by layers of snow building up strength and then a vibration or temperature change causes the snow to slide down the mountain. Avalanches pose deadly risks by trapping and killing people under the snow and damaging infrastructure.
Snow avalanches occur when layers of snow on steep slopes fail and slide rapidly downhill. They are triggered by natural factors like weather and terrain, but human activity is responsible for triggering 95% of avalanches that bury people. Avalanches can be classified by their type of snow, failure mechanism, size, and other morphological characteristics. Proper safety equipment, terrain selection, and group management are important for avoiding avalanche danger.
The document describes glaciers and periglacial landforms and processes. It defines different types of glaciers and explains glacial processes like formation, movement, erosion, transportation and deposition. This creates landforms like moraines, drumlins and eskers. Periglacial landscapes lacking glacial ice are also described, featuring permafrost and patterned ground. The Pleistocene epoch is summarized, noting continental glaciation, sea level changes, and paleoclimate studies of past climate variations.
Here are the key periglacial processes likely occurring around the glacier shown in Figure 2:
- Frost shattering of rock producing scree slopes at the base of valley sides due to repeated freezing and thawing.
- Solifluction occurring on valley sides within the active layer, transporting fine material downslope and leaving lobes and terraces.
- Nivation occurring in hollows beneath snowpatches on north-facing slopes, deepening the hollows through frost action and meltwater erosion.
- Patterned ground such as stone stripes forming in better drained areas subjected to freeze-thaw cycles.
- Fluvial erosion by meltwater streams flowing from the glacier, causing erosion and leaving braided
This document discusses landslides as a type of natural disaster. It defines a landslide as a geological event where a large mass of land and debris slides down a slope. Landslides can be caused by both natural factors like earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and erosion, as well as human activities that make the ground unstable, such as building on steep slopes. The document describes different types of landslides and their potential consequences, which include buried buildings, cracked ground, and unfortunately sometimes death. It concludes with recommendations for landslide prevention through building design, evacuation planning, and drainage systems.
This ppt explained what is disaster and what are the common types of disaster. Then it explains the natural disasters like Flood, earthquake, tsunami, drought, landslides, heat & cold waves, thunderstorm etc....
1. The document discusses different types of landscapes including mountains, plateaus, and plains which are classified based on factors like elevation, slope, rock type, and drainage patterns.
2. Landscape development results from the interplay between uplifting forces like plate tectonics and leveling forces like erosion and glaciation.
3. Climate also influences landscape features by impacting the type and rate of weathering and erosion processes. Human activities can significantly alter landscapes over short time scales.
The document discusses different types of mass movement and erosion caused by wind and glaciers. It describes mass movement as the downslope movement of loose materials due to gravity, which can include processes like creep, slump, mudflow, avalanche, and landslide. It also discusses variables that influence mass movement, such as material weight, resistance to movement, earthquakes, water, and slope angle. The document then covers different types of wind movements including deflation, abrasion, ventifacts, dunes, and loess. It concludes by describing the two types of glaciers and various glacial erosion and deposition features including hanging valleys, cirques, U-shaped valleys, horns, aretes, outwash plains, drum
The document discusses plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, and convergent and transform boundaries where plates collide or slide past one another. It also discusses how hotspots can cause volcanic activity independently of plate motions and provides examples of specific tectonic features like rift valleys and subduction zones.
Here are the statements coloured as instructed:
Red: Volcanoes and earthquakes are most likely to occur in areas where the plates collide.
Green: These plates move at about the same rate as our fingernails grow!
The red statement with a fact about earthquakes and volcanoes is: "Volcanoes and earthquakes are most likely to occur in areas where the plates collide."
The green statement is: "These plates move at about the same rate as our fingernails grow!"
This document discusses various natural disasters connected to water. It defines floods as an overflow of water that submerges land, usually due to excessive water in a river, lake, or from heavy rainfall. Drought is defined as an extended period without sufficient water supply. Earthquakes result from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that causes seismic waves. Volcanic eruptions occur when a volcano actively releases lava and gases. Tsunamis are large ocean waves caused by earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions displacing water. Hurricanes are large storm systems that form over warm ocean waters and bring strong winds and rain.
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2. Deserts are classified based on average annual precipitation, ranging from extremely arid with no rain for 12 months to semi-arid with 250-500 mm of rain.
3. Hot deserts near the Tropics have large daily temperature variations without cloud cover, while cold deserts have mild to warm summers and very cold winters.
A desert is defined as a region that receives less than 250-500 mm of precipitation per year. Deserts form due to global circulation patterns that result in subsiding air over subtropical regions, limiting rainfall. Key factors that influence desert formation include high surface temperatures, topography such as rain shadows, and proximity to cold ocean currents. Deserts are characterized by sparse vegetation and unique landforms shaped by wind and water erosion like sand dunes, playas, and yardangs. Common desert types include hot subtropical deserts near the horse latitudes, mid-latitude deserts, and coastal deserts near cold ocean currents.
Deserts occur in broad belts around 30 degrees north and south of the equator, where global circulation patterns result in descending dry air. They receive less than 250mm of rain per year. Deserts form due to high surface temperatures, which cause greater evaporation, and topography such as rain shadows behind mountain ranges. Common desert landforms include mesas, buttes, wadis, alluvial fans, playa lakes, inselbergs, and bolsons. Erosion by wind abrasion and deflation shapes the landscape over time, creating features like ventifacts and yardangs.
Avalanches are masses of snow, ice, and rocks that fall rapidly down a mountainside. They are triggered in 90% of cases by the victim and can reach speeds of 130 km/hr. Avalanches are most common during or within 24 hours of a storm that dumps over 30 cm of fresh snow, as the additional weight can cause weak layers in the snowpack to fracture. If caught in an avalanche, victims should try to get off the sliding snow, swim to clear debris if buried, and punch a hand up to help rescuers locate them, as chances of survival drop quickly after being buried for over 15 minutes.
The document summarizes information about avalanches including:
1. Avalanches occur when a slab of snow fractures and slides rapidly down a sloping surface, gaining speed and power.
2. They are triggered by a combination of factors like snowpack structure, weather events, steep slopes, and human activity which can weaken bonding between snow layers.
3. There are different types of avalanches including loose snow avalanches, slab avalanches, powder snow avalanches, and wet snow avalanches. Mitigation techniques aim to stabilize weak layers in the snowpack and redirect avalanches away from infrastructure and areas with human activity.
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2. MEANINGOF
AVALANCHE
An avalanche is a large amount of snow
that slides rapidly down a mountain.
It could be snow or landslide.
Usually at inclinations of 30 to 45 degrees.
Usually falls with speed.
3. CAUSES
1. Lack of homogeneity between snow layers.
2. Excessive weight, when the amount of snow
exceeds what a surface can support.
3. Rain, which penetrates a recent snow layer,
causing it to slide due to the weight of the water.
4. Changes in ambient temperature that can affect
the cohesion of the snow.
5. Soil conditions, especially when the terrain is
conducive to material sliding on its surface.
4. TYPES Avalanche from a point: when the temperature is low
and snow is still falling
Avalanche from a slope: is more serious as it involves a
larger surface area of release
Deep dry snow avalanche from a slope: is one
of the most severe include not only large amounts of snow but
also parts of hard ground and vegetation
Wet snow avalanche from a point: These are
typically small avalanches that occur when temperatures begin to
rise
Deep wet snow avalanche from a slope:
massive amount of snow falls due to heavy rain or a warm winter
day
5. What to do
in case of a
snow
avalanche
Try to escape the danger area
Activate an avalanche victim locator (DVA)
Try to stay calm
Hold onto a solid object
Swim in the direction of flow
Make noise
Try to create an air pocket
Conserve energy and oxygen
Wait for rescue
6. How to
prevent a
snow
avalanche
Know the terrain and conditions
Assess snow stability
Use appropriate equipment
Travel in groups and communicate your itinerary
Maintain distance and avoid steep slopes
Avoid sudden changes in snow loading
7. OTHERS
DATA
The magnitude of snow avalanches can be determined based
on three factors:
the starting zone
type of snow
position of the sliding plane
Frequent places where avalanches occur
Alps
Andes
Himalayas
Alaska
Timing
Avalanches are most common during and within 24 hours
following storms that deposit 30 centimeters or more of fresh
snow
8. THEWORST
AVALANCHES
THE WORST AVALANCHES IN THE WORLD
DATE Place Dead toll people
1914 - 1919 Austro-Italian front of the Alps. 10 million soldiers died in
the war, 5% lost their lives
due to the avalanche
May 1, 1970 Nevado Huascarán mountain 18,000 dead.
December 15,
1999
Venezuelan town of Vargas, north of
Caracas.
more than 10,000 people
September 20,
2002
the town of Nijni Karmadon, in Russia 127 people
In January
1954
the Austrian Walser Valley in
Vorarlberg
125 died.
January 18,
1993
in the village of Uzengili, Bayburt
province, northeastern Turkey
56 people
January 23,
1998
on the Lauzet ridge, on the ski slope
located in Orres, in the southwest of
France.
11 people died