Autobed Manufacturing Update Management Hijacking usability 4.3 2.5 3.5 4.5 telehealth Manufacturing Update Management Hijacking usability 2.4 4.4000000000000004 1.8 2.8 E Alert Manufacturing Update Man agement Hijacking usability 2 2 3 5
Scholarly Article Discussion: The Three Strike Law
The three strike law was enacted on March 4th, 1994 in the hopes of permanently reducing recidivism rates especially among violent offenders (Helland & Tabarrok, 2007). The legislation, just as the name implies in baseball, sentences a criminal to a minimum 25-year sentence to life after their third offense, or strike. There are variations of the three strike law in different states, with California being the most aggressive state to adhere to the legislation. Proponents of the law believe that harsher penalties for repeat felons will deter them from committing more crimes; however, there is not enough wide-spread reliable data to support this conclusion. Critics claim that the three strike law is undefined which leads to a violation of a criminal’s eighth amendment right against cruel and unusual punishment coupled with a fiscal cost too high, that is overcrowding prisons and the legal system (Eaton, 2003).
In the article, “Three Strikes and You’re Out: Enhanced Sentences for Repeat Offenders Research Pathfinder,” Lisa Eaton discusses the public’s concern with crime and the three strikes effectiveness on recidivism rates. She explains that the genesis of the three strike law began in Washington in 1993 and since then, more and more states began to adopt the legislation, but on their own terms. The intended criminal is the violent anti-social offender and states modified the law in their own way. The varied definitions include:
different sentencings lengths, parole eligibility, the number of strikes required to trigger a mandatory sentence, the nature of crimes that qualify as strikes, the time elapsed between strikes, the type of felony that triggers the sentencing enhancement, and the degree of discretion permitted in invoking and applying the law (Eaton, 2003).
California is one of the most well-known states to enact the law with, “36,043 ‘second strike’ and 4,468 ‘third strike’ convictions in California” (Eaton, 2003). Opponents of three strikes claim the law violates the eighth amendment right against cruel and unusual punishment considering a majority of three strike defendants are charged with petty crimes so their sentencing is “disproportionate” (Eaton, 2003).
Eaton’s methodology focuses on each state’s three strike variation and uses legal periodicals, books, reports, treatise and individual/state cases and other secondary sources in an attempt to locate the most accurate and reliable studies. The article explains the difficulty in establishing the effectiveness of the law because of the variations within each state and inconclusive data showing long-term results. Eaton suggests each state can affect the outcome of a study ...
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docxaudeleypearl
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as ...
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docxlorent8
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as.
The document discusses three main arguments about criminal law and justice:
1) Criminal sentencing laws like California's Three Strikes law have disproportionately impacted minority communities and have fallen short of their intended goals. These laws often result in extreme sentences that outweigh their effectiveness in reducing crime.
2) Social science research on issues like cross-racial eyewitness identification has helped inform criminal procedure and shed light on how race influences criminal trials.
3) Existing criminal procedure has created burdens for criminal defendants. Aggregation of discretionary decisions in the criminal justice system can lead to racial unfairness if not addressed. More analysis is needed on how race impacts criminal punishment and jurisprudence.
Forum PostWhy does sentencing disparity existAre there programs .docxVannaJoy20
Forum Post:
Why does sentencing disparity exist?Are there programs that can reduce disparity in sentencing?If so, what are they?Should all people who commit the same crime receive the same sentence? Explain.
ALL DISCUSSION BOARDS MUST HAVE A MINIMUM OF 150 WORDS.YOU MUST HAVE AN INITIAL POST THEN RESPOND TO THREE (3) OTHERS IN THE CLASS.THIS WILL BE A TOTAL OF FOUR (4) POSTS. YOU MUST SUPPORT YOUR POST WITH SCHOLARLY CITATIONS MAKING SURE ONE IS YOUR TEXTBOOK.THESE ARE WORTH 40 POINTS AND ARE DUE EVERY SATURDAY BY 11:55 PM.
1st Reply
The exercise of discretion allows judges to use personal philosophies about crime and individual backgrounds in determining cases (Crow& Bales, 2006). This is the main reason why sentencing disparities exist. It is also justified to attribute the human character of judges as a factor which contributes to sentencing disparity. In one case, a judge may be influenced by a touching story presented by the defendant to make a lenient decision, while in another; the defense presented would not prove sufficient to evade harsh punishment. I believe the sentencing commission should document guidelines with specific penalties for different crimes (United States Sentencing Commission guidelines manual, 2005). Such an approach minimizes the sentencing disparities to a great extent.
I also agree that persons charged with similar offenses should not be served with a similar punishment. Other underlying factors such as their criminal history and the defense mechanisms have always impacted on the sentencing decision (Crow& Bales, 2006). Therefore, judges determine correct court rulings on case to case basis and this should be the right approach.
R
eferences
Crow, M. & Bales, W. (2006). Sentencing Guidelines and focal concerns: The effect of sentencing policy as a practical constraint on sentencing decisions. American Journal Of Criminal Justice, 30(2), 285-304.
United States Sentencing Commission guidelines manual. (2005). [Washington, D.C.].
Second Reply:
Sentencing disparity exists, due to unfair or inhumane review and understanding of a case. Although, judges have made wise decisions for many severe cases, they have also sent innocent men and woman to jail and they have even been put on death role for crimes they were unjustly accused of, because of the misrepresentation given by a lawyer whom does not care enough about that case. There are programs than can reduce sentence disparity according to McKay, T. (2011
) “O
ne of the most divisive programs is the "fast-track"
sentencing
programs
. 5 Fast-track
programs
allow prosecutors in certain districts to offer below-Guidelines sentences in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea and waiver of certain rights”.
I do believe that all criminals that commit the same crime should receive the same punishment. The severity of the crime should determine if the individual should be eligible for a program that may reduce his/her sentence.
References
McKay, T. (2011)..
After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, An Arresting Expe.docxdaniahendric
After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams, discuss the following prompts:
· How Important is it to use official crime data?
· What are some issues with using official crime data?
· What public policy changes could be made by relying upon the 2 articles?
According to the assigned textbook, official crime data within the criminal justice systems is those that derive from the normal function therein and official counts of crime data include that of police reports of offences and arrests, chargers filed by prosecutors, criminal complaints and indictments, imprisonment data and prison releases (Mosher, Miethe, & Hart, 2011). Official crime data such as the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) in which gathers data for agencies such as the FBI is extremely important because it complies data from different sources to be used by many different law enforcement agencies. It can be used to analyze different trends in crimes. Having all data complied can not only help law enforcement with research, it also saves time when needing time sensitive information and it helps with budget due to not having to use different resources to gather information.
Just like any other source and technology, official crime data systems are not perfect and have been criticized for underestimation of less serious crimes (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Some research argues that self-reporting data is more accurate than official crime data (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Regardless of some criticism, official crime data does provide helpful information to agencies such as where crimes can be increasing, decreasing and what steps to take and programs to implement in order to see what is working for the community. Official crime data can also be used to understand what changes need to be made to current policies. Society and communities are always changing and having a resource such as official crime data can help policy makes understand what in current policies are working for the community and what changes in policies and programs need to be made in order to better serve the community.
Being able to do research will allow policy makers within the criminal justice system to better understanding where there could be any gaps and discrepancies that may exist within the system and help come up with ways to improve that system. Both articles, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams discusses research conducted and its limitations. It is very important to understand the limitations that a study have in order to be able to duplicate the study with better outcomes and results. Both studies showed that there was a changes in criminal behavior when it resulted in immediate arrest, however, th ...
1 The Death Penalty And Plea Bargaining To Life SentencesKelly Lipiec
This document summarizes a study examining whether the availability of the death penalty impacts the likelihood that murder defendants will plead guilty and receive a life sentence rather than going to trial. The study analyzes data from large urban counties and finds that significantly more defendants plead guilty to life sentences in states with the death penalty compared to states without it. Specifically, in counties with the death penalty, 18.9% of murder cases ended in a guilty plea and life sentence, versus only 5.0% in counties without the death penalty, a statistically significant difference. The implications are that repealing the death penalty may reduce life sentence pleas and require more costly murder trials.
250 words each agree or disagree each questions Q 1.Sent.docxvickeryr87
250 words each agree or disagree each questions
Q 1.
Sentencing of convicted criminals has been the point of discussion on many fronts and even most recently the presidential debate. These discussions will ultimately fuel further reform in the future. In the past sentencing reform has been to correct mistakes made in the sentencing processes of the convicted. I am going to not so much focus on the disparity between racial and socioeconomic factors that impact sentencing and focus on the side effects of three strike laws that were unintentional from their purpose. Laws that are similar to the Three Strikes Laws have an impact the participation of criminal behavior. Iyengar writes criminal activity reduced by 20 percent for second-strike offenders and 28 percent for third-strike eligible offenders (Iyengar, 2010). There is much to be said about these types of laws and the impact that it has on corrections and the types of impact it as on the populations within a jail or prison in the states these laws are in effect. The purpose of these types of laws is to reduce the reoccurrence of crime by offenders and to put repeat offenders in jail for longer periods of crimes. An example of the three strikes law can be found in Datta’s review of the three strikes law he notes that a first time offender would receive a sentence length double the amount of time for the first conviction and the sentence length for the third strike is a dramatic increase in sentence time (Datta, 2017).
With these types of laws that are in place it has a dramatic effect on the corrections facility because the time spent for placement for crimes increases the burden on the facility. We previously discussed this in other weeks about the challenges that corrections facilities have during their normal day to day operations. This growth in population size and length of time served puts an unnecessary strain on the systems that are in place across the state of California. “The high cost of incarceration combined with the high cost of violent crime relative to non-violent crime implies that Three Strikes may not be a cost-effective means of reducing crime” (Iyengar, 2010). This is a concern for all types of facilities and sentencing has no regard to the capabilities of the criminal justice system, specifically the corrections systems which face the burden of holding criminals for longer periods of times. A perfect example is a drug crimes in California where the second strike carries a four year sentence and after a third strike the time is 25 years. This is a long standing issue where a nonviolent offender is in cell for a quarter of a century. Is there a perfect methodology for incarcerating individuals for an appropriate amount of time, absolutely not, but these lengthy sentences for non-violent crimes carry a heavy burden and do not treat the root cause of the crime.
References
Datta, A. (2017). California’s Three Strikes Law Revisited: Assessing the Long-Term Effects .
This document discusses proposals in Congress to reform mandatory minimum sentencing for non-violent drug crimes. It analyzes bills introduced since 2010 that aim to reduce mandatory minimums and the motivations of their sponsors. It finds that sponsors tend to come from states that spend the most on corrections and that Democrats are generally more supportive than Republicans. States with high incarceration costs saw more representatives back reform in order to lower prison populations and reduce fiscal burdens. The bipartisan support suggests representatives are motivated by both moral and budgetary concerns around mass incarceration.
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docxaudeleypearl
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as ...
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docxlorent8
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as.
The document discusses three main arguments about criminal law and justice:
1) Criminal sentencing laws like California's Three Strikes law have disproportionately impacted minority communities and have fallen short of their intended goals. These laws often result in extreme sentences that outweigh their effectiveness in reducing crime.
2) Social science research on issues like cross-racial eyewitness identification has helped inform criminal procedure and shed light on how race influences criminal trials.
3) Existing criminal procedure has created burdens for criminal defendants. Aggregation of discretionary decisions in the criminal justice system can lead to racial unfairness if not addressed. More analysis is needed on how race impacts criminal punishment and jurisprudence.
Forum PostWhy does sentencing disparity existAre there programs .docxVannaJoy20
Forum Post:
Why does sentencing disparity exist?Are there programs that can reduce disparity in sentencing?If so, what are they?Should all people who commit the same crime receive the same sentence? Explain.
ALL DISCUSSION BOARDS MUST HAVE A MINIMUM OF 150 WORDS.YOU MUST HAVE AN INITIAL POST THEN RESPOND TO THREE (3) OTHERS IN THE CLASS.THIS WILL BE A TOTAL OF FOUR (4) POSTS. YOU MUST SUPPORT YOUR POST WITH SCHOLARLY CITATIONS MAKING SURE ONE IS YOUR TEXTBOOK.THESE ARE WORTH 40 POINTS AND ARE DUE EVERY SATURDAY BY 11:55 PM.
1st Reply
The exercise of discretion allows judges to use personal philosophies about crime and individual backgrounds in determining cases (Crow& Bales, 2006). This is the main reason why sentencing disparities exist. It is also justified to attribute the human character of judges as a factor which contributes to sentencing disparity. In one case, a judge may be influenced by a touching story presented by the defendant to make a lenient decision, while in another; the defense presented would not prove sufficient to evade harsh punishment. I believe the sentencing commission should document guidelines with specific penalties for different crimes (United States Sentencing Commission guidelines manual, 2005). Such an approach minimizes the sentencing disparities to a great extent.
I also agree that persons charged with similar offenses should not be served with a similar punishment. Other underlying factors such as their criminal history and the defense mechanisms have always impacted on the sentencing decision (Crow& Bales, 2006). Therefore, judges determine correct court rulings on case to case basis and this should be the right approach.
R
eferences
Crow, M. & Bales, W. (2006). Sentencing Guidelines and focal concerns: The effect of sentencing policy as a practical constraint on sentencing decisions. American Journal Of Criminal Justice, 30(2), 285-304.
United States Sentencing Commission guidelines manual. (2005). [Washington, D.C.].
Second Reply:
Sentencing disparity exists, due to unfair or inhumane review and understanding of a case. Although, judges have made wise decisions for many severe cases, they have also sent innocent men and woman to jail and they have even been put on death role for crimes they were unjustly accused of, because of the misrepresentation given by a lawyer whom does not care enough about that case. There are programs than can reduce sentence disparity according to McKay, T. (2011
) “O
ne of the most divisive programs is the "fast-track"
sentencing
programs
. 5 Fast-track
programs
allow prosecutors in certain districts to offer below-Guidelines sentences in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea and waiver of certain rights”.
I do believe that all criminals that commit the same crime should receive the same punishment. The severity of the crime should determine if the individual should be eligible for a program that may reduce his/her sentence.
References
McKay, T. (2011)..
After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, An Arresting Expe.docxdaniahendric
After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams, discuss the following prompts:
· How Important is it to use official crime data?
· What are some issues with using official crime data?
· What public policy changes could be made by relying upon the 2 articles?
According to the assigned textbook, official crime data within the criminal justice systems is those that derive from the normal function therein and official counts of crime data include that of police reports of offences and arrests, chargers filed by prosecutors, criminal complaints and indictments, imprisonment data and prison releases (Mosher, Miethe, & Hart, 2011). Official crime data such as the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) in which gathers data for agencies such as the FBI is extremely important because it complies data from different sources to be used by many different law enforcement agencies. It can be used to analyze different trends in crimes. Having all data complied can not only help law enforcement with research, it also saves time when needing time sensitive information and it helps with budget due to not having to use different resources to gather information.
Just like any other source and technology, official crime data systems are not perfect and have been criticized for underestimation of less serious crimes (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Some research argues that self-reporting data is more accurate than official crime data (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Regardless of some criticism, official crime data does provide helpful information to agencies such as where crimes can be increasing, decreasing and what steps to take and programs to implement in order to see what is working for the community. Official crime data can also be used to understand what changes need to be made to current policies. Society and communities are always changing and having a resource such as official crime data can help policy makes understand what in current policies are working for the community and what changes in policies and programs need to be made in order to better serve the community.
Being able to do research will allow policy makers within the criminal justice system to better understanding where there could be any gaps and discrepancies that may exist within the system and help come up with ways to improve that system. Both articles, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams discusses research conducted and its limitations. It is very important to understand the limitations that a study have in order to be able to duplicate the study with better outcomes and results. Both studies showed that there was a changes in criminal behavior when it resulted in immediate arrest, however, th ...
1 The Death Penalty And Plea Bargaining To Life SentencesKelly Lipiec
This document summarizes a study examining whether the availability of the death penalty impacts the likelihood that murder defendants will plead guilty and receive a life sentence rather than going to trial. The study analyzes data from large urban counties and finds that significantly more defendants plead guilty to life sentences in states with the death penalty compared to states without it. Specifically, in counties with the death penalty, 18.9% of murder cases ended in a guilty plea and life sentence, versus only 5.0% in counties without the death penalty, a statistically significant difference. The implications are that repealing the death penalty may reduce life sentence pleas and require more costly murder trials.
250 words each agree or disagree each questions Q 1.Sent.docxvickeryr87
250 words each agree or disagree each questions
Q 1.
Sentencing of convicted criminals has been the point of discussion on many fronts and even most recently the presidential debate. These discussions will ultimately fuel further reform in the future. In the past sentencing reform has been to correct mistakes made in the sentencing processes of the convicted. I am going to not so much focus on the disparity between racial and socioeconomic factors that impact sentencing and focus on the side effects of three strike laws that were unintentional from their purpose. Laws that are similar to the Three Strikes Laws have an impact the participation of criminal behavior. Iyengar writes criminal activity reduced by 20 percent for second-strike offenders and 28 percent for third-strike eligible offenders (Iyengar, 2010). There is much to be said about these types of laws and the impact that it has on corrections and the types of impact it as on the populations within a jail or prison in the states these laws are in effect. The purpose of these types of laws is to reduce the reoccurrence of crime by offenders and to put repeat offenders in jail for longer periods of crimes. An example of the three strikes law can be found in Datta’s review of the three strikes law he notes that a first time offender would receive a sentence length double the amount of time for the first conviction and the sentence length for the third strike is a dramatic increase in sentence time (Datta, 2017).
With these types of laws that are in place it has a dramatic effect on the corrections facility because the time spent for placement for crimes increases the burden on the facility. We previously discussed this in other weeks about the challenges that corrections facilities have during their normal day to day operations. This growth in population size and length of time served puts an unnecessary strain on the systems that are in place across the state of California. “The high cost of incarceration combined with the high cost of violent crime relative to non-violent crime implies that Three Strikes may not be a cost-effective means of reducing crime” (Iyengar, 2010). This is a concern for all types of facilities and sentencing has no regard to the capabilities of the criminal justice system, specifically the corrections systems which face the burden of holding criminals for longer periods of times. A perfect example is a drug crimes in California where the second strike carries a four year sentence and after a third strike the time is 25 years. This is a long standing issue where a nonviolent offender is in cell for a quarter of a century. Is there a perfect methodology for incarcerating individuals for an appropriate amount of time, absolutely not, but these lengthy sentences for non-violent crimes carry a heavy burden and do not treat the root cause of the crime.
References
Datta, A. (2017). California’s Three Strikes Law Revisited: Assessing the Long-Term Effects .
This document discusses proposals in Congress to reform mandatory minimum sentencing for non-violent drug crimes. It analyzes bills introduced since 2010 that aim to reduce mandatory minimums and the motivations of their sponsors. It finds that sponsors tend to come from states that spend the most on corrections and that Democrats are generally more supportive than Republicans. States with high incarceration costs saw more representatives back reform in order to lower prison populations and reduce fiscal burdens. The bipartisan support suggests representatives are motivated by both moral and budgetary concerns around mass incarceration.
The three strikes legislation was enacted by many states to deter repeat offenders by imposing life imprisonment after three offenses. Studies have found the recidivism rates of inmates released under three strikes reform to be quite low, at around 1-2%, compared to typical recidivism rates of around 16%. Critics argue that three strikes laws are too harsh and that rehabilitation services would be better than long prison sentences. Some research also suggests that three strikes laws do not effectively deter crime. There is no consensus on the effectiveness of three strikes policies.
MY DISCUSSIONPUBLISHEDWK4 DISCUSSION CA499 Top of Form.docxgilpinleeanna
MY DISCUSSION
PUBLISHED
WK4 DISCUSSION CA499
Top of Form
5e955722-ede3-4
false
Total views: 13 (Your views: 2)
Purpose of Project
The purpose of this project is to utilize concepts from the two disciplines used in the project to develop approaches with which to solve the problem of gun control. There is no doubt that gun control issues revolve around aspects of criminal justice and government. This makes an interweave of these two disciplines in the provision of a solution to the problem the best approach to exploring its impact and using research knowledge to establish a solution. Criminal justice deals with how institutions like the police and court system work in coordination to effect social control by preventing crime and remedying criminals (Spitzer, 2015). On the other hand, the study of government dwells in the policy development process and presents a structural framework of how policy implementation influences social change. This means that both approaches are uniquely required in providing solutions for consequences of gun violence and gun ownership as well as laying the policy foundation that will inhibit the perpetration of violent crime and thus settle the gun control debate.
Walt Pierce
PUBLISHED
RE: WK4 DISCUSSION CA499
Collapse
Top of Form
23623e18-32ec-4
false
Total views: 4 (Your views: 1)
Gregory, this is a very good topic. The fight for gun control is a tough one. What surprises me about gun control is who commits the most crimes with guns; gun owners or non-gun owners? That will be an interesting study to see once you get all of your numbers together. This looks very interesting and I look forward to seeing the development of this topic.
Bottom of Form
Freddie Bardley
PUBLISHED
RE: WK4 DISCUSSION CA499
Collapse
Top of Form
1c397432-dead-4
false
Total views: 3 (Your views: 1)
Gun control, Gregory this will forever be a topic for generations to come. Some say that it's their right to bear arms. Where there are others, who just simply think that many innocent lives are daily being taken.
There are countries who gun laws are very strict to the point that not even the police walks around with one. However, there are cities like New York who have strict gun laws, but the crime rate is extremely high with gun violence.
Bottom of Form
Reference
Spitzer, R. J. (2015). Politics of gun control. Routledge.
Bottom of Form
Feedback to Learner10/19/17 2:18 PM
Greg, you are RIGHT on task here with what you need to produce. Since this is the first draft, do continue to dig deeper into the issues. Also, produce more references, especially to support your second-to-the-last paragraph related to the Second Amendment and the law supporting both sides of the issue. What an interesting point.
Gun Control: A Focus on Criminal Justice and Government
Gun Control: A Focus on Criminal Justice and Government
Debates on gun control have been the epitome of political contention for quite some time.
Every group ...
This document analyzes the relationship between criminology and criminal justice in regards to capital punishment. It discusses two computer models that were used to simulate how small policy changes to capital punishment laws could significantly impact the criminal justice system. The first model found that increasing executions in Oklahoma led to higher homicide rates and crime costs. The second model found that increasing executions lowered homicide rates. Both models showed high financial costs to the criminal justice system regardless of the policy. The study demonstrated how careful policymakers must be when making laws around capital punishment.
Running head: DEATH SENTENCE 1
DEATH SENTENCE 7
The Death Sentence
Brandy Vaughn
GEN 499: General Education
Instructor: Valencia Williams
17 October 2016
Death Sentence
The only fact that people consider when making a statement that death sentence can deter crime is an assumption. In reality, however, the assumption is not considered as a fact. No one has ever provided evidence that death penalty is the deterrent. Many individuals presume that the fear that one will receive justice or punishment will deter murder. People would not do drugs or speed on highways in fear of being prosecuted if this were true. Human behavior and history have proven that rational human instinct is not deterrent to murder. If this did deter crime capital punishment would never be used. People would just inform one another of the law and never commit crimes. It is unfortunate that many individuals commit crime out of passion and do not mind about the effects. With or without death sentence individual still offend. The death sentence does not have conclusive evidence to be used as a tool to deter an individual from committing crimes.
Annotated Bibliography
Cohen-Cole, E., Durlauf, S., Fagan, J. & Nagin, D. (2009). Model Uncertainty and the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment. American Law and Economics Review, 11(2), 335-369.
In this article, the authors examine the strength various types of evidence have in regards to the warning impact with the decease consequence. The authors focus their attention on different controversies and studies on the topic of capital punishment. The articles argue that the significant challenge with studies of the death penalty is the failure to thoroughly talk about the model uncertainty. The authors offer some recommendations on how people can address the model uncertainty. In terms of substance, the authors perform the various exercise to demonstrate how suggested methods can be utilized to address the distinction between studies on the issue of capital punishment. The outcome of the study is useful because it helps to explicate the main disagreement that exists in the empirical literature. The main purpose of the article is to offer a constructive approach that can be used to address the model uncertainty found in the literature of capital punishment. As discovered by the authors the aim of pre-emption trainings is not to recognize the greatest method of the execution procedure, however, is to talk the data that is embodied in a data established about dissuasion.
Donohue, J. J., & Wolfers, J. (2009). Estimating the Impact of the Death Penalty on Murder. American Law and Economics Review, ahp024.
The article explores the econometric issues that arise in efforts to estimate the effect brought about ...
This document discusses research on the relative effects of certainty and severity of punishment on deterring criminal behavior. It finds that increasing the certainty of punishment, such as by improving the likelihood of apprehension and conviction, is generally more effective at deterring crime than increasing the severity of punishment. The research reviewed finds little evidence that harsher sentences alone reduce crime rates. Instead, potential criminals appear to be more influenced by changes in the perceived risk of being caught and punished for their actions.
POLICY ISSUE Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial po.docxstilliegeorgiana
POLICY ISSUE
Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial policy in the United States that requires
judges to punish certain crimes with an absolute minimum period of time in prison, regardless of
circumstance (USSC, 1991). The 1980s and 1990s have been classified as the ‘tough on crime’
era in regards to US criminal justice legislation and then-criminal justice reform. Anti-drug
sentiment was pervasive throughout the country, with highly visible and expensive advertising
campaigns directed for anti-drug causes. The campaigns were one aspect of a multi-faceted
blitzkrieg on the increasing incidence of drug trafficking throughout the United States,
particularly crack cocaine. In addition, mandatory minimum sentencing was instated during the
Reagan administration, primarily to address the perceived crack and greater drug epidemic,
expanding throughout the next decade. It was a popular issue that crossed party lines, being
embraced by the Republican Reagan and Bush administrations, and continuing with the
Democratic Clinton administration in the 1990s; by 1994 mandatory minimums were enforced in
31 states and Washington, DC (Baker, 2018).
PUBLIC POLICY
Mandatory minimum sentencing is covered under the Regulatory public policy as this
type of policy limits the actions of people in order to protect the general public. In order to
protect the general public - the people of the United States, mandatory minimums were
introduced as a means to control or stymie ‘dangerous criminals’.
POLICY MODIFICATION
One revision to this policy I would introduce would be the elimination of mandatory
minimum sentencing for non-violent drug offenses. I believe this would positively impact this
policy because currently the state and federal prisons are overcrowded, partly due to those
incarcerated for lengthy prison sentences for drug charges. Individuals sentenced to prison time
for drug offenses should have their cases re-evaluated and determined on a case-by-case basis
versus on a standard nationwide scale. When the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 was initiated, the
new polices were not said to be retroactive and only applied to new cases. Many of those who
are currently incarcerated would not receive the same sentences if their cases were tried in court
today. I do not believe a one size fits all policy is conducive to fixing the overall drug problems
in the U.S.
A second modification to this policy I would introduce would be the re-instatement of
judicial power and discretion. Mandatory minimum sentencing essentially removes the
discretion of judges from the equation when it comes to sentencing. Judges should have the
power to veto certain sentencing standards, but with mandatory minimums their hands are tied.
Again, each case should be judged and evaluated individually and not on a national standardized
scale.
If the U.S. were to issue commutations to all prisoners incarcerate ...
This document examines the link between criminal penalties and potential prejudice in judicial decisions. It presents a model where individuals choose whether to commit crimes based on private benefits, and are convicted if evidence exceeds a threshold. The model shows that if incarceration is the penalty, poorer individuals face prejudice and require less evidence for conviction than others. It also shows they commit crimes more frequently. Alternative penalties like fines can eliminate this bias. The model is extended to show how prejudice against subgroups can persist even if economic characteristics are initially equal. Policy implications are discussed, focusing on how penalty types impact judicial biases.
This document examines the link between criminal penalties and prejudice in judicial decisions. The authors develop an economic model where individuals choose whether to commit crimes based on private benefits, and a jury decides convictions based on evidence and priors about defendants. They find that if convicted offenders face incarceration, poorer defendants face stronger priors of guilt and are convicted with less evidence. However, penalties like fines can eliminate this bias. The authors also discuss how prejudice against subgroups can become self-fulfilling through its effects on income and crime participation. Overall, the model shows how penalty structures and prejudice can interact to produce biased outcomes in the criminal justice system.
Week 5 CEA ProjectAssignment Task Submit to complete thlorileemcclatchie
This document provides instructions for a Week 5 CEA Project assignment. Students are asked to revise their Week 3 paper based on instructor feedback, add two additional scholarly articles to the literature review section, research and analyze an additional law or regulation, research and summarize at least two additional related cases, and write a summary/conclusion section. The paper should be 10-14 pages following APA format. Feedback from the instructor on the Week 3 submission is provided, noting that the student completed all tasks but could provide more in-depth analysis and ensure full citation of sources. Overall, the work was well-done but some sections lacked full citation and references. The instructor encourages the student to review the rubric and ask any questions.
Week 1 - AssignmentFinal Research Paper OutlineFor this week’s ass.docxcelenarouzie
Week 1 - AssignmentFinal Research Paper Outline
For this week’s assignment, you will create an outline for your Final Research Paper. Complete the following steps for this outline assignment:
Step One: Review the potential Final Research Paper topics below and select one for your Final Research Paper. Submit the topic as a title page in APA format to the instructor.
· Modern day protections: Measuring current standards of reporter-source privilege against New York Times vs. Sullivan
· The blogs have it: Court decisions that thin the line between bloggers and trained journalists
· “I am innocent”: Exploring the privacy rights of families of criminals
· Neighborhood watch: Considering the “public” places argument in residential areas
· News media on trial: Claims of defamation against the industry
Step Two: Create an outline that includes the following criteria:
1. Identify a specific thesis or central argument for the Final Research Paper.
2. Address each of the following five main points that will be included in the Final Research Paper:
1. Explain the historical significance of the topic.
2. Discuss each of the concepts and/or areas of law that are relevant to the topic.
3. Identify and discuss at least two court cases in relation to the topic.
4. Discuss the implications of the issue on the field of journalism.
5. Write an overall opinion of the issues discussed in relation to the impact on individuals, groups, and society.
3. Construct the outline according to the outline template (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. in the Ashford Writing Center.
4. Identify at least one reference for each main point and provide the APA citation for each source.
You must use the outline template in the Ashford Writing Center for the completion of the outline. You must also provide at least five scholarly sources other than the required text in the outline. No more than two of your academic sources may be from the Internet. At least two of the five academic sources must be found in the Ashford University Library. Research may be modified for the Final Research Paper. Cite your sources as indicated in the sample outline in text and on the reference page following the outline. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
Tolanda Carroll
WednesdayFeb 21 at 6:25pm
Manage Discussion EntryThe U.S. Legal System
The definition of law is the matter of constitutional right and regulations that are a written document in which people must obey. However, the sources of law with journalism is similar. The three sources of law are common, equity, and constitutional.
The first law is a Common law or what is known as (Pember & Calvert, 2013, p. 3) mentioned: “discovered law.” However, this l.
Running head INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM1.docxcowinhelen
Running head: INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 1
INEFFECTIVENESS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 8
Ineffectiveness of the Capital Punishment System
Name
Introduction
Capital punishment is one of the major social issues affecting the sustenance of peace, democracy and mutual coexistence in the United States. Capital punishment is sometimes referred to as the death penalty and is largely recognized as a lawful sentence in 31 out of 50 states found in the United States. The Eighth Amendment constrains the application to disturbed killings submitted by rationally capable grown-ups. Historical analysis reveal that this mode of punishment began officially in 1776 after being authorized for identical law offences in the greater part of the American provinces preceding the country’s independence. This paper seeks to establish the ineffectiveness of the entire system and conclude by providing alternative solutions.
Problem Statement
According to Melusky and Pesto (2011), capital punishment in America is a broken procedure existing as a major social challenge. Currently, many opponents have risen to criticize and champion for the abolishment of the capital punishment due to its alleged ineffectiveness. These forms of punishments are anticipated not by the grievousness of the wrongdoing but rather by the low quality of the safeguard legal advisors, the race of the blamed or the casualty, and the district and state in which the wrongdoing happened.
On numerous occasions, research has shown that the criminal equity framework neglects to secure the poor and persons with genuine mental inabilities and ailments from execution (Melusky & Pesto, 2011). Indeed, even the organization of executions is totally defective: Every strategy for execution accompanies a heinously high danger of great agony and torment. Today, open backing for capital punishment is falling; the quantities of new capital punishments and executions are both quickly diminishing, it perhaps communicates the message that the time is ripe for America to end this fizzled test. It is, therefore, imperative to discuss the ineffective of capital punishment as a social issue in the United States.
Current Statistical Overview
Previous statistics reveal that thirty-five prisoners were executed last year in the U.S., and over 3,000 were on a death row. From 1976 to 2015, 1,392 executions happened in the United States, and 995 of them occurred in the South. Nonetheless, this deadly infusion has been the most widely recognized technique since the late 1970s. Thirty-four states have had executions since the death penalty was restored in 1976. Some of the states that took a lead role in the implementation of this awful law included Oklahoma, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia and Virginia. Additionally, these states were accused to have executed the law with relative recurrence. However, Texas and Oklahoma led the charge, with the most executions, and the m ...
AJS Volume 108 Number 5 (March 2003) 937–75 9372003 by T.docxsimonlbentley59018
AJS Volume 108 Number 5 (March 2003): 937–75 937
�2003 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
0002-9602/2003/10805-0001$10.00
The Mark of a Criminal Record1
Devah Pager
Northwestern University
With over 2 million individuals currently incarcerated, and over
half a million prisoners released each year, the large and growing
number of men being processed through the criminal justice system
raises important questions about the consequences of this massive
institutional intervention. This article focuses on the consequences
of incarceration for the employment outcomes of black and white
job seekers. The present study adopts an experimental audit
approach—in which matched pairs of individuals applied for real
entry-level jobs—to formally test the degree to which a criminal re-
cord affects subsequent employment opportunities. The findings of
this study reveal an important, and much underrecognized, mech-
anism of stratification. A criminal record presents a major barrier
to employment, with important implications for racial disparities.
While stratification researchers typically focus on schools, labor markets,
and the family as primary institutions affecting inequality, a new insti-
tution has emerged as central to the sorting and stratifying of young and
disadvantaged men: the criminal justice system. With over 2 million in-
dividuals currently incarcerated, and over half a million prisoners released
each year, the large and growing numbers of men being processed through
the criminal justice system raises important questions about the conse-
quences of this massive institutional intervention.
This article focuses on the consequences of incarceration for the em-
1 Support for this research includes grants from the National Science Foundation (SES-
0101236), the National Institute of Justice (2002-IJ-CX-0002), the Joyce Foundation,
and the Soros Foundation. Views expressed in this document are my own and do not
necessarily represent those of the granting agencies. I am grateful for comments and
suggestions from Marc Bendick, Jr., Robert M. Hauser, Erik Olin Wright, Lincoln
Quillian, David B. Grusky, Eric Grodsky, Chet Pager, Irving Piliavin, Jeremy Freese,
and Bruce Western. This research would not have been possible without the support
and hospitality of the staff at the Benedict Center and at the Department of Sociology
at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee. Direct correspondence to Devah Pager,
Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, 1810 Chicago Avenue, Evanston,
Illinois 60208. E-mail: [email protected]
This content downloaded from 169.234.067.066 on January 07, 2019 12:43:20 PM
All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c).
American Journal of Sociology
938
ployment outcomes of black and white men. While previous survey re-
search has demonstrated a strong association between incarceration and
employment, there remains little understanding o.
This document provides a literature review on capital punishment that examines moral issues, punishment perceptions, and exonerated cases. It discusses biblical passages used to support the death penalty and alternative interpretations. It also summarizes opinions against capital punishment from respected world leaders like the Pope and Nelson Mandela. Examples are given of governors who have commuted death sentences in their states due to flaws in the process. The review indicates capital punishment is pushing the US apart from its international allies.
Running head GUN CONTROL1GUN CONTROL16RESEARCH PR.docxcowinhelen
Running head: GUN CONTROL
1
GUN CONTROL
16
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Do Gun Control Laws Reduce Incidence of Murder and Other Violent Crimes?
Prepared and Submitted
by
.Robert Stevens, MPA
Class Name
INTRODUCTION
On June 26, 2008, the United States Supreme Court affirmed a Court of Appeals decision overturning the Washington D.C. ban on firearms. Over the last several decades, there have been numerous arguments to the effectiveness of gun control bans and gun regulations. The purpose of this study is to add to this debate. This study will conduct a quantitative analysis of murder and other violent crime statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reporting Program and compare those crime rates for a sixty year period. By analyzing the data, the author seeks to identify the true effectiveness of the District of Columbia’s Firearms Control and Regulations Act of 1975.
There has been a long standing debate among citizens, politicians, special interest groups and law enforcement as to the need for and success of strict gun control legislation. There have been numerous studies conducted by various groups on the subject of gun control and/or strict regulation. The two highest profile groups in the debate are the National Rifle Association and the Brady Center and its affiliate, the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence. The Justice Department estimates that as many as 275 million guns are in the United States (Mears, 2010).
The NRA argues that the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees individuals the right to own and carry guns. They are concerned that federal regulations will continue to increase until owning a handgun will be difficult to achieve, infringing on their Constitutional rights. They also argue that if law-abiding citizens have guns, they are safer from criminals, bringing crime rates down. The Brady Center, on the other hand, argues that the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution does not guarantee individuals the right to own and carry guns. Further, they argue that when more people have guns, deaths and injuries from guns increase (Adams, 2010).
According to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), in 2005, 11,346 people were killed by firearms and 477,040 people were the victim of a firearms related crime. The NIJ also reported that in 2006, firearms were used in 68 percent of murders. Handguns are the primary firearm used in firearm related murders in the United States (National Institute of Justice, 2010). NIJ data shows that homicides committed with firearms peaked in 1993 at 17,075, and afterwards the figures steadily fell, leveling off in 1999 at 10,117 but since 2002 gun-related homicides have increased slightly each year (National Institute of Justice, 2010).
In January of 2009, the American Rifleman (an NRA publication) published an article FBI Crime Report is Bad News for Anti-Gunners. The publication cited FBI crime statistics for 2007, that showed the nation's violent ...
CJ302 Final Exam1. What is your response to the argument t.docxmonicafrancis71118
CJ302 Final Exam
1. What is your response to the argument that the death penalty is disproportionately imposed on minorities and the poor? Consider the following: What was the finding of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of McCleskey v. Kemp, and how has this case changed the approach used by defense attorneys in capital cases? Finally, state your opinion on the Supreme Courts’ holdings in McCleskey v. Kemp.
The death penalty is the ultimate punishment for a criminal offender but as with other aspects of the criminal justice system there is a potential bias for the minority. In fact critics of the death penalty find the death penalty is disproportionately imposed on minorities and they would be correct. It is a well known fact there are more minorities on death row and in fact in some states the difference in minorities and non minorities on death row is significant. For example in Texas 70% of criminal offenders on death row are minorities (Dieter, 2013). The problem is in Texas minorities make up less than 25% of the entire population.
In the case of McCleskey v. Kemp, McClesky claimed based on a quantitative study conducted by Professor David Baldus of the University of Iowa Law School the Georgia's death penalty is racially biased. The Supreme Court ruled the claim made by McCleksy was too broad and any racial discrimination must apply to his individual case with actors in the criminal justice system violating his constitutional rights. Based on this ruling a criminal defendant cannot claim a system-wide pattern of racial disparity but must instead prove a specific actor involved in their case caused the constitutional violation. This ruling is wrong because it is far more important to recognize a system-wide pattern of racial disparity.
Dieter, R. (2013). The Death Penalty in Black and White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides. Retrieved June 26, 2013 from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-penalty-black-and-white-who-lives-who-dies-who-decides
2. Name at least three unintended consequences of an ever-increasing prison population? Give concrete examples of each. Discuss the political and social effects of these consequences. Are they acceptable? Explain your reasoning.
America currently has the largest prison population in the world and as a result the prisons are extremely overcrowded. When prisons are overcrowded there is no room for criminal offenders. The prison will have to get creative in housing the criminal offender. In some cases prison inmates are warehoused in the common areas of the prison or they are crammed into two man cells (Howard, 2002). One consequence from the overcrowding is a reduction in safety for both the inmate and prison guard. The overcrowding makes it difficult for prison staff to properly control prisoners making their job more difficult.
The second consequence is poor living conditions. When prisons are overcrowded the correctional system just struggles to house the inmates. Providing med.
This document proposes a book summarizing case studies of police department reforms related to use of force. It aims to help the public understand the complex reform process and how public pressure can support reform. The book would analyze surveys, reports, court documents and news articles related to reform efforts in cities like Cincinnati. It would discuss key concepts in reform like problem-oriented policing and experimental regulation. The goal is to develop public understanding and accountability in the reform process.
This document summarizes the differences between distributive justice and procedural justice approaches in the criminal justice system. It analyzes how the two theories impact law enforcement policy, court procedures, and public perception of justice. Research shows that procedural justice, which focuses on fairness of process over equality of outcome, tends to promote greater public confidence and perception of a just system compared to distributive justice. The document concludes that procedural justice may better achieve a truly just society.
1-2paragraphsapa formatWelcome to Module 6. Divers.docxjasoninnes20
1-2
paragraphs
apa format
Welcome to Module 6. Diversity can help ensure that a team has the skills and knowledge necessary for the successful completion of tasks. Diverse teams, as long as they are well managed, tend to be more creative and achieve goals more efficiently. Leaders must understand and appreciate the diversity that exists in their team. Answer the following question as you think about the diversity that exists within your own organization.
How does this diversity help your team achieve its goals?
Have you noticed any barriers to team unity that may be attributed to the diversity of team members' backgrounds?
How has your background and experience prepared you to be an effective leader in an organization that holds diversity and inclusion as core to its mission and values?
.
1-Post a two-paragraph summary of the lecture; 2- Review the li.docxjasoninnes20
1-Post a two-paragraph summary of the lecture;
2- Review the links and select one. Briefly explain how they support our curse.
http://www.fldoe.org/
http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal
http://firn.edu/doe/sas/ftce/ftcecomp.htm
Use APA 7.
each work separately.
.
1-What are the pros and cons of parole. Discuss!2-Discuss ways t.docxjasoninnes20
1-What are the pros and cons of parole. Discuss!
2-Discuss ways to improve parole so that offenders have a better chance of being successful in the community
3-What are the barriers that parolees face when they return to the community that contribute to them failing. Give a relative example!
Submit in 3 paragraphs
.
1-page (max) proposal including a Title, Executive Summary, Outline,.docxjasoninnes20
1-page (max) proposal including a Title, Executive Summary, Outline, Team members, Task Assignment and Duration (who is doing what part). Include your anticipated dataset(s) and techniques/software. Please provide a list of the main references you want to use for your project in any appropriate format, e.g. Vancouver or APA style.
proposal is due by october 7th 2020 at 12pm est
project by 25th october
instructions for project are in the folder
.
More Related Content
Similar to AutobedManufacturingUpdate ManagementHijacking usability4.docx
The three strikes legislation was enacted by many states to deter repeat offenders by imposing life imprisonment after three offenses. Studies have found the recidivism rates of inmates released under three strikes reform to be quite low, at around 1-2%, compared to typical recidivism rates of around 16%. Critics argue that three strikes laws are too harsh and that rehabilitation services would be better than long prison sentences. Some research also suggests that three strikes laws do not effectively deter crime. There is no consensus on the effectiveness of three strikes policies.
MY DISCUSSIONPUBLISHEDWK4 DISCUSSION CA499 Top of Form.docxgilpinleeanna
MY DISCUSSION
PUBLISHED
WK4 DISCUSSION CA499
Top of Form
5e955722-ede3-4
false
Total views: 13 (Your views: 2)
Purpose of Project
The purpose of this project is to utilize concepts from the two disciplines used in the project to develop approaches with which to solve the problem of gun control. There is no doubt that gun control issues revolve around aspects of criminal justice and government. This makes an interweave of these two disciplines in the provision of a solution to the problem the best approach to exploring its impact and using research knowledge to establish a solution. Criminal justice deals with how institutions like the police and court system work in coordination to effect social control by preventing crime and remedying criminals (Spitzer, 2015). On the other hand, the study of government dwells in the policy development process and presents a structural framework of how policy implementation influences social change. This means that both approaches are uniquely required in providing solutions for consequences of gun violence and gun ownership as well as laying the policy foundation that will inhibit the perpetration of violent crime and thus settle the gun control debate.
Walt Pierce
PUBLISHED
RE: WK4 DISCUSSION CA499
Collapse
Top of Form
23623e18-32ec-4
false
Total views: 4 (Your views: 1)
Gregory, this is a very good topic. The fight for gun control is a tough one. What surprises me about gun control is who commits the most crimes with guns; gun owners or non-gun owners? That will be an interesting study to see once you get all of your numbers together. This looks very interesting and I look forward to seeing the development of this topic.
Bottom of Form
Freddie Bardley
PUBLISHED
RE: WK4 DISCUSSION CA499
Collapse
Top of Form
1c397432-dead-4
false
Total views: 3 (Your views: 1)
Gun control, Gregory this will forever be a topic for generations to come. Some say that it's their right to bear arms. Where there are others, who just simply think that many innocent lives are daily being taken.
There are countries who gun laws are very strict to the point that not even the police walks around with one. However, there are cities like New York who have strict gun laws, but the crime rate is extremely high with gun violence.
Bottom of Form
Reference
Spitzer, R. J. (2015). Politics of gun control. Routledge.
Bottom of Form
Feedback to Learner10/19/17 2:18 PM
Greg, you are RIGHT on task here with what you need to produce. Since this is the first draft, do continue to dig deeper into the issues. Also, produce more references, especially to support your second-to-the-last paragraph related to the Second Amendment and the law supporting both sides of the issue. What an interesting point.
Gun Control: A Focus on Criminal Justice and Government
Gun Control: A Focus on Criminal Justice and Government
Debates on gun control have been the epitome of political contention for quite some time.
Every group ...
This document analyzes the relationship between criminology and criminal justice in regards to capital punishment. It discusses two computer models that were used to simulate how small policy changes to capital punishment laws could significantly impact the criminal justice system. The first model found that increasing executions in Oklahoma led to higher homicide rates and crime costs. The second model found that increasing executions lowered homicide rates. Both models showed high financial costs to the criminal justice system regardless of the policy. The study demonstrated how careful policymakers must be when making laws around capital punishment.
Running head: DEATH SENTENCE 1
DEATH SENTENCE 7
The Death Sentence
Brandy Vaughn
GEN 499: General Education
Instructor: Valencia Williams
17 October 2016
Death Sentence
The only fact that people consider when making a statement that death sentence can deter crime is an assumption. In reality, however, the assumption is not considered as a fact. No one has ever provided evidence that death penalty is the deterrent. Many individuals presume that the fear that one will receive justice or punishment will deter murder. People would not do drugs or speed on highways in fear of being prosecuted if this were true. Human behavior and history have proven that rational human instinct is not deterrent to murder. If this did deter crime capital punishment would never be used. People would just inform one another of the law and never commit crimes. It is unfortunate that many individuals commit crime out of passion and do not mind about the effects. With or without death sentence individual still offend. The death sentence does not have conclusive evidence to be used as a tool to deter an individual from committing crimes.
Annotated Bibliography
Cohen-Cole, E., Durlauf, S., Fagan, J. & Nagin, D. (2009). Model Uncertainty and the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment. American Law and Economics Review, 11(2), 335-369.
In this article, the authors examine the strength various types of evidence have in regards to the warning impact with the decease consequence. The authors focus their attention on different controversies and studies on the topic of capital punishment. The articles argue that the significant challenge with studies of the death penalty is the failure to thoroughly talk about the model uncertainty. The authors offer some recommendations on how people can address the model uncertainty. In terms of substance, the authors perform the various exercise to demonstrate how suggested methods can be utilized to address the distinction between studies on the issue of capital punishment. The outcome of the study is useful because it helps to explicate the main disagreement that exists in the empirical literature. The main purpose of the article is to offer a constructive approach that can be used to address the model uncertainty found in the literature of capital punishment. As discovered by the authors the aim of pre-emption trainings is not to recognize the greatest method of the execution procedure, however, is to talk the data that is embodied in a data established about dissuasion.
Donohue, J. J., & Wolfers, J. (2009). Estimating the Impact of the Death Penalty on Murder. American Law and Economics Review, ahp024.
The article explores the econometric issues that arise in efforts to estimate the effect brought about ...
This document discusses research on the relative effects of certainty and severity of punishment on deterring criminal behavior. It finds that increasing the certainty of punishment, such as by improving the likelihood of apprehension and conviction, is generally more effective at deterring crime than increasing the severity of punishment. The research reviewed finds little evidence that harsher sentences alone reduce crime rates. Instead, potential criminals appear to be more influenced by changes in the perceived risk of being caught and punished for their actions.
POLICY ISSUE Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial po.docxstilliegeorgiana
POLICY ISSUE
Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial policy in the United States that requires
judges to punish certain crimes with an absolute minimum period of time in prison, regardless of
circumstance (USSC, 1991). The 1980s and 1990s have been classified as the ‘tough on crime’
era in regards to US criminal justice legislation and then-criminal justice reform. Anti-drug
sentiment was pervasive throughout the country, with highly visible and expensive advertising
campaigns directed for anti-drug causes. The campaigns were one aspect of a multi-faceted
blitzkrieg on the increasing incidence of drug trafficking throughout the United States,
particularly crack cocaine. In addition, mandatory minimum sentencing was instated during the
Reagan administration, primarily to address the perceived crack and greater drug epidemic,
expanding throughout the next decade. It was a popular issue that crossed party lines, being
embraced by the Republican Reagan and Bush administrations, and continuing with the
Democratic Clinton administration in the 1990s; by 1994 mandatory minimums were enforced in
31 states and Washington, DC (Baker, 2018).
PUBLIC POLICY
Mandatory minimum sentencing is covered under the Regulatory public policy as this
type of policy limits the actions of people in order to protect the general public. In order to
protect the general public - the people of the United States, mandatory minimums were
introduced as a means to control or stymie ‘dangerous criminals’.
POLICY MODIFICATION
One revision to this policy I would introduce would be the elimination of mandatory
minimum sentencing for non-violent drug offenses. I believe this would positively impact this
policy because currently the state and federal prisons are overcrowded, partly due to those
incarcerated for lengthy prison sentences for drug charges. Individuals sentenced to prison time
for drug offenses should have their cases re-evaluated and determined on a case-by-case basis
versus on a standard nationwide scale. When the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 was initiated, the
new polices were not said to be retroactive and only applied to new cases. Many of those who
are currently incarcerated would not receive the same sentences if their cases were tried in court
today. I do not believe a one size fits all policy is conducive to fixing the overall drug problems
in the U.S.
A second modification to this policy I would introduce would be the re-instatement of
judicial power and discretion. Mandatory minimum sentencing essentially removes the
discretion of judges from the equation when it comes to sentencing. Judges should have the
power to veto certain sentencing standards, but with mandatory minimums their hands are tied.
Again, each case should be judged and evaluated individually and not on a national standardized
scale.
If the U.S. were to issue commutations to all prisoners incarcerate ...
This document examines the link between criminal penalties and potential prejudice in judicial decisions. It presents a model where individuals choose whether to commit crimes based on private benefits, and are convicted if evidence exceeds a threshold. The model shows that if incarceration is the penalty, poorer individuals face prejudice and require less evidence for conviction than others. It also shows they commit crimes more frequently. Alternative penalties like fines can eliminate this bias. The model is extended to show how prejudice against subgroups can persist even if economic characteristics are initially equal. Policy implications are discussed, focusing on how penalty types impact judicial biases.
This document examines the link between criminal penalties and prejudice in judicial decisions. The authors develop an economic model where individuals choose whether to commit crimes based on private benefits, and a jury decides convictions based on evidence and priors about defendants. They find that if convicted offenders face incarceration, poorer defendants face stronger priors of guilt and are convicted with less evidence. However, penalties like fines can eliminate this bias. The authors also discuss how prejudice against subgroups can become self-fulfilling through its effects on income and crime participation. Overall, the model shows how penalty structures and prejudice can interact to produce biased outcomes in the criminal justice system.
Week 5 CEA ProjectAssignment Task Submit to complete thlorileemcclatchie
This document provides instructions for a Week 5 CEA Project assignment. Students are asked to revise their Week 3 paper based on instructor feedback, add two additional scholarly articles to the literature review section, research and analyze an additional law or regulation, research and summarize at least two additional related cases, and write a summary/conclusion section. The paper should be 10-14 pages following APA format. Feedback from the instructor on the Week 3 submission is provided, noting that the student completed all tasks but could provide more in-depth analysis and ensure full citation of sources. Overall, the work was well-done but some sections lacked full citation and references. The instructor encourages the student to review the rubric and ask any questions.
Week 1 - AssignmentFinal Research Paper OutlineFor this week’s ass.docxcelenarouzie
Week 1 - AssignmentFinal Research Paper Outline
For this week’s assignment, you will create an outline for your Final Research Paper. Complete the following steps for this outline assignment:
Step One: Review the potential Final Research Paper topics below and select one for your Final Research Paper. Submit the topic as a title page in APA format to the instructor.
· Modern day protections: Measuring current standards of reporter-source privilege against New York Times vs. Sullivan
· The blogs have it: Court decisions that thin the line between bloggers and trained journalists
· “I am innocent”: Exploring the privacy rights of families of criminals
· Neighborhood watch: Considering the “public” places argument in residential areas
· News media on trial: Claims of defamation against the industry
Step Two: Create an outline that includes the following criteria:
1. Identify a specific thesis or central argument for the Final Research Paper.
2. Address each of the following five main points that will be included in the Final Research Paper:
1. Explain the historical significance of the topic.
2. Discuss each of the concepts and/or areas of law that are relevant to the topic.
3. Identify and discuss at least two court cases in relation to the topic.
4. Discuss the implications of the issue on the field of journalism.
5. Write an overall opinion of the issues discussed in relation to the impact on individuals, groups, and society.
3. Construct the outline according to the outline template (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. in the Ashford Writing Center.
4. Identify at least one reference for each main point and provide the APA citation for each source.
You must use the outline template in the Ashford Writing Center for the completion of the outline. You must also provide at least five scholarly sources other than the required text in the outline. No more than two of your academic sources may be from the Internet. At least two of the five academic sources must be found in the Ashford University Library. Research may be modified for the Final Research Paper. Cite your sources as indicated in the sample outline in text and on the reference page following the outline. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
Tolanda Carroll
WednesdayFeb 21 at 6:25pm
Manage Discussion EntryThe U.S. Legal System
The definition of law is the matter of constitutional right and regulations that are a written document in which people must obey. However, the sources of law with journalism is similar. The three sources of law are common, equity, and constitutional.
The first law is a Common law or what is known as (Pember & Calvert, 2013, p. 3) mentioned: “discovered law.” However, this l.
Running head INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM1.docxcowinhelen
Running head: INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 1
INEFFECTIVENESS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 8
Ineffectiveness of the Capital Punishment System
Name
Introduction
Capital punishment is one of the major social issues affecting the sustenance of peace, democracy and mutual coexistence in the United States. Capital punishment is sometimes referred to as the death penalty and is largely recognized as a lawful sentence in 31 out of 50 states found in the United States. The Eighth Amendment constrains the application to disturbed killings submitted by rationally capable grown-ups. Historical analysis reveal that this mode of punishment began officially in 1776 after being authorized for identical law offences in the greater part of the American provinces preceding the country’s independence. This paper seeks to establish the ineffectiveness of the entire system and conclude by providing alternative solutions.
Problem Statement
According to Melusky and Pesto (2011), capital punishment in America is a broken procedure existing as a major social challenge. Currently, many opponents have risen to criticize and champion for the abolishment of the capital punishment due to its alleged ineffectiveness. These forms of punishments are anticipated not by the grievousness of the wrongdoing but rather by the low quality of the safeguard legal advisors, the race of the blamed or the casualty, and the district and state in which the wrongdoing happened.
On numerous occasions, research has shown that the criminal equity framework neglects to secure the poor and persons with genuine mental inabilities and ailments from execution (Melusky & Pesto, 2011). Indeed, even the organization of executions is totally defective: Every strategy for execution accompanies a heinously high danger of great agony and torment. Today, open backing for capital punishment is falling; the quantities of new capital punishments and executions are both quickly diminishing, it perhaps communicates the message that the time is ripe for America to end this fizzled test. It is, therefore, imperative to discuss the ineffective of capital punishment as a social issue in the United States.
Current Statistical Overview
Previous statistics reveal that thirty-five prisoners were executed last year in the U.S., and over 3,000 were on a death row. From 1976 to 2015, 1,392 executions happened in the United States, and 995 of them occurred in the South. Nonetheless, this deadly infusion has been the most widely recognized technique since the late 1970s. Thirty-four states have had executions since the death penalty was restored in 1976. Some of the states that took a lead role in the implementation of this awful law included Oklahoma, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia and Virginia. Additionally, these states were accused to have executed the law with relative recurrence. However, Texas and Oklahoma led the charge, with the most executions, and the m ...
AJS Volume 108 Number 5 (March 2003) 937–75 9372003 by T.docxsimonlbentley59018
AJS Volume 108 Number 5 (March 2003): 937–75 937
�2003 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
0002-9602/2003/10805-0001$10.00
The Mark of a Criminal Record1
Devah Pager
Northwestern University
With over 2 million individuals currently incarcerated, and over
half a million prisoners released each year, the large and growing
number of men being processed through the criminal justice system
raises important questions about the consequences of this massive
institutional intervention. This article focuses on the consequences
of incarceration for the employment outcomes of black and white
job seekers. The present study adopts an experimental audit
approach—in which matched pairs of individuals applied for real
entry-level jobs—to formally test the degree to which a criminal re-
cord affects subsequent employment opportunities. The findings of
this study reveal an important, and much underrecognized, mech-
anism of stratification. A criminal record presents a major barrier
to employment, with important implications for racial disparities.
While stratification researchers typically focus on schools, labor markets,
and the family as primary institutions affecting inequality, a new insti-
tution has emerged as central to the sorting and stratifying of young and
disadvantaged men: the criminal justice system. With over 2 million in-
dividuals currently incarcerated, and over half a million prisoners released
each year, the large and growing numbers of men being processed through
the criminal justice system raises important questions about the conse-
quences of this massive institutional intervention.
This article focuses on the consequences of incarceration for the em-
1 Support for this research includes grants from the National Science Foundation (SES-
0101236), the National Institute of Justice (2002-IJ-CX-0002), the Joyce Foundation,
and the Soros Foundation. Views expressed in this document are my own and do not
necessarily represent those of the granting agencies. I am grateful for comments and
suggestions from Marc Bendick, Jr., Robert M. Hauser, Erik Olin Wright, Lincoln
Quillian, David B. Grusky, Eric Grodsky, Chet Pager, Irving Piliavin, Jeremy Freese,
and Bruce Western. This research would not have been possible without the support
and hospitality of the staff at the Benedict Center and at the Department of Sociology
at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee. Direct correspondence to Devah Pager,
Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, 1810 Chicago Avenue, Evanston,
Illinois 60208. E-mail: [email protected]
This content downloaded from 169.234.067.066 on January 07, 2019 12:43:20 PM
All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c).
American Journal of Sociology
938
ployment outcomes of black and white men. While previous survey re-
search has demonstrated a strong association between incarceration and
employment, there remains little understanding o.
This document provides a literature review on capital punishment that examines moral issues, punishment perceptions, and exonerated cases. It discusses biblical passages used to support the death penalty and alternative interpretations. It also summarizes opinions against capital punishment from respected world leaders like the Pope and Nelson Mandela. Examples are given of governors who have commuted death sentences in their states due to flaws in the process. The review indicates capital punishment is pushing the US apart from its international allies.
Running head GUN CONTROL1GUN CONTROL16RESEARCH PR.docxcowinhelen
Running head: GUN CONTROL
1
GUN CONTROL
16
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Do Gun Control Laws Reduce Incidence of Murder and Other Violent Crimes?
Prepared and Submitted
by
.Robert Stevens, MPA
Class Name
INTRODUCTION
On June 26, 2008, the United States Supreme Court affirmed a Court of Appeals decision overturning the Washington D.C. ban on firearms. Over the last several decades, there have been numerous arguments to the effectiveness of gun control bans and gun regulations. The purpose of this study is to add to this debate. This study will conduct a quantitative analysis of murder and other violent crime statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reporting Program and compare those crime rates for a sixty year period. By analyzing the data, the author seeks to identify the true effectiveness of the District of Columbia’s Firearms Control and Regulations Act of 1975.
There has been a long standing debate among citizens, politicians, special interest groups and law enforcement as to the need for and success of strict gun control legislation. There have been numerous studies conducted by various groups on the subject of gun control and/or strict regulation. The two highest profile groups in the debate are the National Rifle Association and the Brady Center and its affiliate, the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence. The Justice Department estimates that as many as 275 million guns are in the United States (Mears, 2010).
The NRA argues that the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees individuals the right to own and carry guns. They are concerned that federal regulations will continue to increase until owning a handgun will be difficult to achieve, infringing on their Constitutional rights. They also argue that if law-abiding citizens have guns, they are safer from criminals, bringing crime rates down. The Brady Center, on the other hand, argues that the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution does not guarantee individuals the right to own and carry guns. Further, they argue that when more people have guns, deaths and injuries from guns increase (Adams, 2010).
According to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), in 2005, 11,346 people were killed by firearms and 477,040 people were the victim of a firearms related crime. The NIJ also reported that in 2006, firearms were used in 68 percent of murders. Handguns are the primary firearm used in firearm related murders in the United States (National Institute of Justice, 2010). NIJ data shows that homicides committed with firearms peaked in 1993 at 17,075, and afterwards the figures steadily fell, leveling off in 1999 at 10,117 but since 2002 gun-related homicides have increased slightly each year (National Institute of Justice, 2010).
In January of 2009, the American Rifleman (an NRA publication) published an article FBI Crime Report is Bad News for Anti-Gunners. The publication cited FBI crime statistics for 2007, that showed the nation's violent ...
CJ302 Final Exam1. What is your response to the argument t.docxmonicafrancis71118
CJ302 Final Exam
1. What is your response to the argument that the death penalty is disproportionately imposed on minorities and the poor? Consider the following: What was the finding of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of McCleskey v. Kemp, and how has this case changed the approach used by defense attorneys in capital cases? Finally, state your opinion on the Supreme Courts’ holdings in McCleskey v. Kemp.
The death penalty is the ultimate punishment for a criminal offender but as with other aspects of the criminal justice system there is a potential bias for the minority. In fact critics of the death penalty find the death penalty is disproportionately imposed on minorities and they would be correct. It is a well known fact there are more minorities on death row and in fact in some states the difference in minorities and non minorities on death row is significant. For example in Texas 70% of criminal offenders on death row are minorities (Dieter, 2013). The problem is in Texas minorities make up less than 25% of the entire population.
In the case of McCleskey v. Kemp, McClesky claimed based on a quantitative study conducted by Professor David Baldus of the University of Iowa Law School the Georgia's death penalty is racially biased. The Supreme Court ruled the claim made by McCleksy was too broad and any racial discrimination must apply to his individual case with actors in the criminal justice system violating his constitutional rights. Based on this ruling a criminal defendant cannot claim a system-wide pattern of racial disparity but must instead prove a specific actor involved in their case caused the constitutional violation. This ruling is wrong because it is far more important to recognize a system-wide pattern of racial disparity.
Dieter, R. (2013). The Death Penalty in Black and White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides. Retrieved June 26, 2013 from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-penalty-black-and-white-who-lives-who-dies-who-decides
2. Name at least three unintended consequences of an ever-increasing prison population? Give concrete examples of each. Discuss the political and social effects of these consequences. Are they acceptable? Explain your reasoning.
America currently has the largest prison population in the world and as a result the prisons are extremely overcrowded. When prisons are overcrowded there is no room for criminal offenders. The prison will have to get creative in housing the criminal offender. In some cases prison inmates are warehoused in the common areas of the prison or they are crammed into two man cells (Howard, 2002). One consequence from the overcrowding is a reduction in safety for both the inmate and prison guard. The overcrowding makes it difficult for prison staff to properly control prisoners making their job more difficult.
The second consequence is poor living conditions. When prisons are overcrowded the correctional system just struggles to house the inmates. Providing med.
This document proposes a book summarizing case studies of police department reforms related to use of force. It aims to help the public understand the complex reform process and how public pressure can support reform. The book would analyze surveys, reports, court documents and news articles related to reform efforts in cities like Cincinnati. It would discuss key concepts in reform like problem-oriented policing and experimental regulation. The goal is to develop public understanding and accountability in the reform process.
This document summarizes the differences between distributive justice and procedural justice approaches in the criminal justice system. It analyzes how the two theories impact law enforcement policy, court procedures, and public perception of justice. Research shows that procedural justice, which focuses on fairness of process over equality of outcome, tends to promote greater public confidence and perception of a just system compared to distributive justice. The document concludes that procedural justice may better achieve a truly just society.
Similar to AutobedManufacturingUpdate ManagementHijacking usability4.docx (18)
1-2paragraphsapa formatWelcome to Module 6. Divers.docxjasoninnes20
1-2
paragraphs
apa format
Welcome to Module 6. Diversity can help ensure that a team has the skills and knowledge necessary for the successful completion of tasks. Diverse teams, as long as they are well managed, tend to be more creative and achieve goals more efficiently. Leaders must understand and appreciate the diversity that exists in their team. Answer the following question as you think about the diversity that exists within your own organization.
How does this diversity help your team achieve its goals?
Have you noticed any barriers to team unity that may be attributed to the diversity of team members' backgrounds?
How has your background and experience prepared you to be an effective leader in an organization that holds diversity and inclusion as core to its mission and values?
.
1-Post a two-paragraph summary of the lecture; 2- Review the li.docxjasoninnes20
1-Post a two-paragraph summary of the lecture;
2- Review the links and select one. Briefly explain how they support our curse.
http://www.fldoe.org/
http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal
http://firn.edu/doe/sas/ftce/ftcecomp.htm
Use APA 7.
each work separately.
.
1-What are the pros and cons of parole. Discuss!2-Discuss ways t.docxjasoninnes20
1-What are the pros and cons of parole. Discuss!
2-Discuss ways to improve parole so that offenders have a better chance of being successful in the community
3-What are the barriers that parolees face when they return to the community that contribute to them failing. Give a relative example!
Submit in 3 paragraphs
.
1-page (max) proposal including a Title, Executive Summary, Outline,.docxjasoninnes20
1-page (max) proposal including a Title, Executive Summary, Outline, Team members, Task Assignment and Duration (who is doing what part). Include your anticipated dataset(s) and techniques/software. Please provide a list of the main references you want to use for your project in any appropriate format, e.g. Vancouver or APA style.
proposal is due by october 7th 2020 at 12pm est
project by 25th october
instructions for project are in the folder
.
1-Identify the benefits of sharing your action research with oth.docxjasoninnes20
1-Identify the benefits of sharing your action research with others.
-How does sharing your action research assist you in achieving your goal to improve the lives of your students?
2-Describe the criteria used to judge action research.
-What determines if your action research study gets published?
3-Identify one Web site resource (ERIC)and describe how it assisted you in designing, implementing, evaluating, writing and/or sharing your action research. Choose any one of the Web site sources listed in chapter 10(last page of attachment)
4-Why does Mills suggest in the last chapter of his book that this is really the beginning of your work?( start page 291)
Source:
Mills, G. E. (2000). Action research: A guide for the teacher researcher. Prentice-Hall, Inc., One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
.
1-page APA 7 the edition No referenceDescription of Personal a.docxjasoninnes20
1-page APA 7 the edition / No reference
Description of Personal and Professional Goals My personal goal within the health care field is to become a successful and exceptional
nurse.
1-page APA 7 the edition / No reference
Reflection of the program Discussions about the program has helped my growth as a capable nurse. And talk about how good the program.
.
1-Pretend that you are a new teacher. You see that one of your st.docxjasoninnes20
A student is bullying their peers by teasing, joking, and targeting students who appear less socially adept. The bullying goes beyond friendly banter and often leaves victims feeling hurt and ashamed. As a new teacher, steps should be taken to stop the bullying and build the self-esteem of targeted students. The causes of the bullying behavior need to be addressed, and a tiered behavior management program could help encourage student success.
1- What is the difference between a multi-valued attribute and a.docxjasoninnes20
1- What is the difference between a multi-valued attribute and a composite attribute? Give examples.
2- Create an ERD for the following requirements (You can use Dia diagramming tool to create your ERD):
Some Tiny College staff employees are information technology (IT) personnel. Some IT personnel provide technology support for academic programs, some provide technology infrastructure support, and some provide support for both. IT personnel are not professors; they are required to take periodic training to retain their technical expertise. Tiny College tracks all IT personnel training by date, type, and results (completed vs. not completed).
.
1- What is a Relational Algebra What are the operators. Explain.docxjasoninnes20
1- What is a Relational Algebra? What are the operators. Explain each.
2- What is the
INNER JOIN
operation between the following two relations (data sets or tables of data).
Hint: Use OWNER_ID column as common column between the two tables and list all columns of the two tables that have common OWNER_ID.
.
1- Watch the movie Don Quixote, which is an adaptation of Cerv.docxjasoninnes20
1-
Watch the movie
Don Quixote
, which is an adaptation of Cervantes' novel
Don Quixote
. Then, write at least two paragraphs (minimum five well-developed sentences per paragraph) to explain a lesson one could learn from the characters. You need to incorporate at least three of the ideas provided below:
The value of friendship
Humility and nobility
Importance of time
Importance of reading
Importance of optimism
The role of imagination and vision
Justifying commitment
Sense of self and disciple
Building leadership
.
1- reply to both below, no more than 75 words per each. PSY 771.docxjasoninnes20
1- reply to both below, no more than 75 words per each.
PSY 7710
4 days ago
Karissa Milano
unit 9 discussion scenario 3
COLLAPSE
ABA Procedure: A DRO (differential reinforcement of other behavior) to address SIB exhibited by a toddler in a home setting.
Special Methods: Any appropriate behaviors other than SIB will be reinforced through a specific amount of time (every five minutes). Reinforcement is only given when the individual does not engage in SIB behaviors.
Risks
Notes
1 Implementing the plan at home can be difficult.
1 The family might be concerned with their safety and the safety of the child. There should be a protocol before implementing this intervention.
2 Family members and client could be at risk for danger.
2 The parents might be concerned for the safety of themselves and their child.
3 Possible increase in SIB
3 SIB behaviors might increase before it decreases due to an extinction burst. The behavior analyst should have a protocol before implementing this intervention.
4 SIB behaviors could remain the same.
4 If there is no change in the clients SIB behaviors then a preference test should be conducted to determine motivating reinfoncers.
Benefits
Notes
1 Generalization
1 The client will learn to use this skill at home as well as be able generalize this skill into other settings.
2 Improved learning environment
2 SIB behaviors will decrease and appropriate behavior will be taught. SIB will no longer impact the client and family in the future.
3 Increase in appropriate behaviors
3 Appropriate behaviors will be taught and replace the SIB behavior.
4 Least intrusive intervention
4 Using reinforcement to decrease the problem behavior and increase appropriate behaviors. This is a least restrictive method of treatment.
5 Parent training and involvement
5 Parents will feel confident about implementing this evidence based treatment at home. This will can lead to an increase a buy in from the family and they will feel comfortable implementing other interventions in the future.
Summary: DRO is an intervention that is used when the client does not engage in the problem behavior (SIB) (Bailey & Burch, 2016). Reinforcement should only be given to the individual after a certain amount of time that the client is not engaging in the problem behavior; in this case it should be after five minutes of the client not engaging in SIB. The person who is implementing this treatment should not reinforce the problem behavior. The benefits of implementing DRO outweigh the risks of implementing DRO. DRO is a good intervention to use when decreasing SIB behavior. Although there are some risks, the individual who is implementing DRO should have the knowledge, training and experience and be confident when implementing DRO ( Bailey & Burch, 2016).
Reference
Bailey, J. S., & Burch, M. R. (2016).
Ethics for behavior analysts
(3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
PSY 7711
3 days ago
Emily Gentile
Unit 9 Discussion
C.
1- Pathogenesis 2- Organs affected in the body 3- Chain of i.docxjasoninnes20
1- Pathogenesis
2- Organs affected in the body
3- Chain of infection and its Links associated: Infectious agent, Reservoirs, Portal of Exit, Route of Transmission, portal of Entry, and Susceptible Host. All must to be defined in the chosen agent.
4- Incidence, Prevalence, and Prevention of this infectious disease
5- Treatment if possible
6- Please answer, being a Nurse. “How are you going to break down the chain of infection of the selected microorganisms, to avoid Cross Contamination ?
.
1- I can totally see where there would be tension between.docxjasoninnes20
1- I can totally see where there would be tension between these two, especially in today’s world. I am no expert on religion or science for that matter, but I do feel like some of the tension is unnecessary. I feel that the two can work to benefit our patients by balancing them with the needs of the patient. Let’s take my kids for instance, if they were sick with some known treatable disease there would be no other option in my mind to treat them with science and medicine that has been proven to work. I wouldn’t only pray for them to get better and not do anything about it, but I would pray for them and do whatever was necessary to help my family deal with the stress and worry of a child being sick. Here we have used them both to our benefit and they each serve a different purpose and effectiveness. Thanks again for your post!
2-My perception of the tension between science and religion is founded at first glance and then not when looked at more closely. Science and religion can coincide in health care if respected for their own strengths and limitations. I feel that a healthy balance of both can benefit our patients providing different needs when they’re needed. I have seen with my own eyes CRP markers drop in an infant receiving antibiotic treatment and I have also seen an infant that wasn’t supposed to live by scientific probability actually make it and thrive with prayer being the only obvious intervention. So, trying to single out one over the other as more effective than the other seems less beneficial than trying to work them both in when the patient requires such help.
I feel that science is good for some of the more usual cases and things we feel we can help with its information, and I also feel that we can use religion to help a patient with their mental aspects of healing. We can quantify an improvement in a patient through lab levels and such, but it's hard to do the same with religion and how a patient uses that tool as comfort or however they use it in their lives. “Some observational studies suggest that people who have regular spiritual practices tend to live longer. Another study points to a possible mechanism: interleukin (IL)-6. Increased levels of IL-6 are associated with an increased incidence of disease. A research study involving 1700 older adults showed that those who attended church were half as likely to have elevated levels of IL-6. The authors hypothesized that religious commitment may improve stress control by offering better coping mechanisms, richer social support, and the strength of personal values and worldview” (NCBI, 2001). In this example we see the benefits were surveyed to be founded, but the exact workings aren’t exactly known. The great thing about science is that usually we have some tangible results that are repeatable and there’s safety to be found in that. The great thing about religion is that we can have faith in whatever we believe in and that’s all that’s needed. It's our.
1- One of the most difficult challenges leaders face is to integrate.docxjasoninnes20
1- One of the most difficult challenges leaders face is to integrate their task and relationship behaviors. Do you see this as a challenge in your own leadership? How do you integrate task and relationship behaviors?
2- If you were to change in an effort to improve your leadership, what aspect of your style would you change? Would you try to be more task oriented or more relationship oriented?
.
1- Design one assignment of the Word Find (education word) and the o.docxjasoninnes20
1- Design one assignment of the Word Find (education word) and the one of Using Digital Technology in two separate attachments, each named. Note that a sample of each is located in attachment.
2- Read the lecture and post a one-paragraph summary of the lecture. (Graphic organizers).
.
1- This chapter suggests that emotional intelligence is an interpers.docxjasoninnes20
1- This chapter suggests that emotional intelligence is an interpersonal leadership whether you agree or disagree with this assumption. As you think about your own leadership, do emotions help or hinder your role as a leader? Discuss.
2- One unique aspect of leadership skills is that they can be practiced. List and briefly describe three things you could do to improve administrative skills.
.
1-2 pages APA format1. overall purpose of site 2. resources .docxjasoninnes20
This document outlines requirements for a 1-2 page paper in APA format. It must include 3 headings addressing the overall purpose of the site, resources available to social workers, and how these resources can be used in assessments or interventions with children. A reference page for the site is also required.
1-Define Energy.2- What is Potential energy3- What is K.docxjasoninnes20
This document defines energy and different types of energy like potential and kinetic energy. It also defines metabolism, listing the two main types and defines enzymes, naming the most important classes. It asks to name the three metabolic pathways and defines aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic respiration. It defines fermentation and asks to name the final products of anaerobic respiration. It asks about the main function of enzymes, names the six types of enzymes and defines energy of activation. It asks about factors that affect enzyme activity and defines what a cofactor is.
1- Find one quote from chapter 7-9. Explain why this quote stood.docxjasoninnes20
1- Find one quote from chapter 7-9. Explain why this quote stood out to you. What is its importance?
2- Discussion 7-9
1-Share your quote and ideas.
2- “violence is the only lever big enough to move the world”
3-Compare and contrast Elwood and Turner.
4-Why is Turner right? Why is he wrong?
5- Theme. reading vs reals world, inside vs outside, optimism vs pessimism, violence, division of lower class among racial lines.
7- “violence is the only lever big enough to move the world”
.
1-Confucianism2-ShintoChoose one of the religious system.docxjasoninnes20
1-Confucianism
2-Shinto
Choose one of the religious systems above; find some point of interest to discuss (350 wds). You may use your textbook OR any other reputable encyclopedia or source. ALWAYS CITE your source.
To support your response you are required to provide at least one supporting reference with proper citation
.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. Autobed Manufacturing Update Management Hijacking
usability 4.3 2.5 3.5 4.5 telehealth Manufacturing
Update Management Hijacking usability 2.4
4.4000000000000004 1.8 2.8 E Alert
Manufacturing Update Man agement Hijacking
usability 2 2 3 5
Scholarly Article Discussion: The Three Strike Law
The three strike law was enacted on March 4th, 1994 in the
hopes of permanently reducing recidivism rates especially
among violent offenders (Helland & Tabarrok, 2007). The
legislation, just as the name implies in baseball, sentences a
criminal to a minimum 25-year sentence to life after their third
offense, or strike. There are variations of the three strike law in
different states, with California being the most aggressive state
to adhere to the legislation. Proponents of the law believe that
harsher penalties for repeat felons will deter them from
committing more crimes; however, there is not enough wide-
spread reliable data to support this conclusion. Critics claim
that the three strike law is undefined which leads to a violation
of a criminal’s eighth amendment right against cruel and
unusual punishment coupled with a fiscal cost too high, that is
overcrowding prisons and the legal system (Eaton, 2003).
In the article, “Three Strikes and You’re Out: Enhanced
Sentences for Repeat Offenders Research Pathfinder,” Lisa
Eaton discusses the public’s concern with crime and the three
strikes effectiveness on recidivism rates. She explains that the
2. genesis of the three strike law began in Washington in 1993 and
since then, more and more states began to adopt the legislation,
but on their own terms. The intended criminal is the violent
anti-social offender and states modified the law in their own
way. The varied definitions include:
different sentencings lengths, parole eligibility, the number of
strikes required to trigger a mandatory sentence, the nature of
crimes that qualify as strikes, the time elapsed between strikes,
the type of felony that triggers the sentencing enhancement, and
the degree of discretion permitted in invoking and applying the
law (Eaton, 2003).
California is one of the most well-known states to enact the law
with, “36,043 ‘second strike’ and 4,468 ‘third strike’
convictions in California” (Eaton, 2003). Opponents of three
strikes claim the law violates the eighth amendment right
against cruel and unusual punishment considering a majority of
three strike defendants are charged with petty crimes so their
sentencing is “disproportionate” (Eaton, 2003).
Eaton’s methodology focuses on each state’s three strike
variation and uses legal periodicals, books, reports, treatise and
individual/state cases and other secondary sources in an attempt
to locate the most accurate and reliable studies. The article
explains the difficulty in establishing the effectiveness of the
law because of the variations within each state and inconclusive
data showing long-term results. Eaton suggests each state can
affect the outcome of a study because there isn’t a cohesive
definition of a strike. How a “‘strike zone’ is defined, how
many strikes are required to be ‘out,’ and what it means to be
‘out,’ varies widely” (2003). By examining each state’s
definition of the law and individual cases, the article further
points to the difficulty in studying its effectiveness. Although
Eaton’s article is filled with rich and reliable studies regarding
the legislation, what seems to be lacking is the overall
conclusion of how researchers can resolve these shortcomings in
future research. Eaton does include “recent developments in
three-strikes case law,” but the reader would need to make their
3. own assertions of the article to draw a conclusion (2003).
In the article, “Symbol and Substance: Effects of California’s
Three Strikes Law on Felony Sentencing,” John Sutton (2013)
explains three schools of thought related to the three strike law.
There are the governmental advocates who believe the law will
help fight crime and reduce costs associated with public safety,
the second school involves critics who believe the law will
create injustices for those tried under it, overcrowding in jails
and increased government costs to uphold it. The third school
is one of neutrality as the law is viewed as a “symbolic
accomplishment” in the fight towards crime, but neither wreaks
havoc on the criminal justice system nor makes advancements in
reduced recidivism rates (Sutton, 2013). In Sutton’s analysis,
he tests the “severity, racial disparities, and individual- and
jurisdiction-level variability in sentence outcomes using data on
felony cases from the 12 most populous counties in California”
(2013). Three factors are used in the analysis, the seriousness
of the crime, the potential bias in the sentencing process, and
the bias that occurs within the criminal justice system itself.
The fact that there are many different stages within the justice
system increases the potential bias in each stage. For example,
pretrial detention for those who cannot afford bail may be
viewed by officials as defendants who need to stay in jail
because they are more dangerous, when in fact they don’t have
the means to leave (Sutton, 2013).
A few hypotheses were used in the study. One involved “macro
level-studies” that tended to be more conservative in nature
because of the political climate and the second focused on the
prosecution’s means and limitations. There are only so many
cases that can be tried and the rest must be pled out. The
sample consisted of all male subjects in felony cases in twelve
California counties. Possible outcomes that affected the results
included the prosecutor’s decision of what type of crime
constituted a defendant’s third strike. Independent variables
like race and ethnicity were binary and prison length and
sentence were calculated separately.
4. For hypothesis one, Sutton (2013) found that the law was more
punitive and increased the defendant’s sentencing length and
increased the likelihood they would go to prison once tried.
The effects of race and ethnicity were not as significant as
expected. For example, black defendants were sentenced at the
same rate before the law and after, the only change being longer
sentence lengths in line with the legislation. Also, “legal
factors” viewed to enhance sentences showed no real change
between the seriousness of the crime or the “effect of a prior
felony conviction” (Sutton, 2013). An important finding
revealed zero evidence of prosecutors using their power unfairly
to decide what qualifies as a third strike offense, thus
manipulation was not at play in the legal process. In
conclusion, it is much more difficult to quantify an individual
offender into separate variables and the likelihood that they
would be sentenced more severely depends on the cluster of
attributes they have as a whole (Sutton, 2013).
Marvell & Moody describe in “The Lethal Effects of
Three‐Strikes Laws” how deterrence is affected, specifically in
homicides (2001). They focus on how deterrence affects a
criminal with two strikes against them and their decision to
engage in a felony. Marvell & Moody (2001) surmise that the
“cost” is what the criminal takes into account when they make
the choice to commit a crime. Even if the cost is too high,
deterrence might not be the outcome. Suppose for example a
second strike individual commits a robbery and realizes that if
he or she gets caught, they would receive a minimum of 25
years to life. They murder the victims they robbed in order to
eradicate the possibility any witnesses can identify them as
suspects. Marvell & Moody hypothesize that the opposite effect
of deterrence occurs and there is an actual increase that a
criminal will murder their victim (s) to escape capture (2001).
“The difference between three-strikes states and other states is
roughly 10 percentage points, which translates to some 1,400
extra murders per year in the three-strikes states” (Marvell &
Moody, 2001).
5. The research design used during the 29-year study in all
fifty states is a fixed-effect model. The dependent variable is
crime rate and a dummy rate variable is used for the three strike
law. Their findings revealed that homicide rates increased
short-term (and also long-term) averaging “60 additional
homicides occurred” short-term, and for states who have not
enacted the law, those states saved lives yearly (Marvell &
Moody, 2001).
A shortcoming of the study indicated that perhaps the increase
in homicides for violent crimes is because of an overall trend
and not necessarily connected with the law. Also noteworthy,
states with the most severe three strike law, had the least
increase in homicide rates. Although more studies need to be
done, Marvell and Moody (2001) concluded that the three strike
law has no overall reduction in crime, although incapacitation
was not taken into account. They surmise that the cost is too
high to continue to keep the three strike law in effect.
In the article, “Does Three Strikes Deter?” Helland &
Tabarrok (2007) compare deterrence in criminals with two
strikes and in criminals with one or two strikes, but who
underwent two separate trials to create a stronger causal
relationship. They claim that there is a detriment for those who
study deterrence because researchers cannot discern the
difference between incapacitation and those truly deterred,
which significantly skews results. Their study is limited by the
fact that bias does occur because the profile of the criminal’s
arrests focuses on a marginal effect and not the total outcome.
The data was a random sample of prisoners released in
California and the study was conducted as a quasi-experiment
(Helland & Tabarrok, 2007).
There are two important values used in the study. One being
the number of arrests and the risk involved for released
prisoners. The findings showed in some states that criminals
with two strikes against them had an increased chance of a new
felony conviction. For those who were tried twice for separate
felonies, but only convicted of one or two strikes, the findings
6. revealed a significant reduction in the chance of committing
another strike, although the findings varied in each state. In
California, the three strike legislation has reduced “felony
arrest rates among the class of criminals with two strikes by 17
to 20 percent” (Helland & Tabarrok, 2007).
In the article, “Officer Down: Implications of Three Strikes for
Public Safety” Johnson & Saint-Germain investigate the impact
that the three strike law has on suspects and law enforcement
officers and whether there was an increase in violent
confrontations (2005). The study was longitudinal in nature
using a time series analysis from 1990-2001. Questionnaires
were mailed to six large police departments in California and
one in Arizona where the three strike law has not been
implemented. The data included the number of arrests, whether
those arrests involved threat or harm to a police officer and
whether use of force was used by the police officer (Johnson &
Saint-Germain, 2005).
The findings showed a statistically significant increase in
arrests made after the three strike policy was implemented,
despite lower crime rates. The study did not discern between
felony and misdemeanor arrests. The use of force by a police
officer became more unpredictable after the three strike law and
did not correlate to the number of arrests made. The same
results were found with officer-related shootings after 1994. In
order for this study to become more reliable, the number of
arrests versus the number of officer-related harm must increase
over time to show a valid correlation. The three strike law
might be dangerous for officers, but no evidence was significant
enough to support that conclusion (Johnson & Saint-Germain,
2005).
7. References
Eaton, L. (2003). Three strikes and you're out: Enhanced
sentences for repeat offenders
research pathfinder. Legal Reference Services Quarterly, 22(4),
55-85. doi:10.1300/j113v22n04_0
Helland, E., & Tabarrok, A. (2007). Does three strikes
deter? Journal of Human
Resources,XLII(2), 309-330. doi:10.3368/jhr.xlii.2.309
John R., S. (2013). Symbol and substance: Effects of
California's three strikes law on felony
sentencing. Law & Society Review, (1), 37.
doi:10.1111/lasr.12001
Johnson, J. L., & Saint-Germain, M. A. (2005). Officer down:
Implications of three strikes for
public safety. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 16(4), 443-460.
doi:10.1177/0887403405277001
Marvell, T. B., & Moody, C. E. (2001). The lethal effects of
three‐strikes
laws. The Journal of Legal Studies, (1), 89. doi:10.1086/468112
8. 4
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017).
Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses
Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community
Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017- 0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in
the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender
Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of
Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the
Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary
Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the
formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4),
465–477. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation:
A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American
Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between
services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those
with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use:
Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing
prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the
prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–
429. https://doi- org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-
9. 9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M.
(2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of
Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of
Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
CCJ 4497
Professor Leimberg
Scholarly Article Discussion
Directions
The purpose of this assignment is to help you understand how to
read scholarly articles and gather important information from
the article such as the research question/hypothesis, the methods
used, and the findings. Reading these articles will help you to
discover your ideas and thoughts about a topic and to prepare
you to write a formal paper on the subject.
Cite your references according to APA guidelines. See
http://libguides.fiu.edu/criminology for sources related to
criminal justice and criminology.
The grade for this assignment will be based on the selection and
quality of the articles chosen, the proper formatting of the
references, and the quality of your interpretation.
You will need to submit annotations for 5 peer-reviewed articles
from the list of 10 that were selected as part of last week’s
assignment.
Additional Information
Reading a scholarly journal article is not easy. If an article has
been published in a scholarly journal, presumably, the editors
believed that it contained information significant to the
discipline(s) covered by the journal. Here are a few tips that
should assist you in critically evaluating the research articles
you read.
10. The Title
Read the title carefully: more information is contained in the
title than you think. It is very important that you pay attention
to information in the title.
What are the major ideas addressed in the article?
Who were the participants? What was their affiliation?
Were they a special kind of group (e.g., adolescents, girls
only)?
The Abstract
The purpose of the abstract is to summarize the article. Read the
abstract carefully. If the author has done a good job, the
abstract should provide you with the theoretical motivation for
the paper, the major results and a brief general discussion. You
should not JUST read the abstract, but often it is a great help to
understanding the entire article.
What variables were examined? What were the findings?
Does the study show a cause-and-effect relationship between
variables, or does it just show that a relationship exists?
Where was the work conducted (i.e., laboratory or field). If
field, what was the geographical location?
The Introduction
The introduction will give you the rationale for the study (an
explanation of what the study investigates and why). The
introduction typically includes a review of previous research or
theory that provides a context for the specific questions being
addressed in the article. You should understand what the
research question(s) being studied and what the authors
predicted they would find? Reading the introduction of a journal
article can be made easier if you keep a number of key
questions in mind, and look for the answers to them:
What is the purpose of the article?
Is it reporting an empirical study, a new theory, or is it
reviewing previously published theory and research on a certain
topic?
What is the topic of the article?
What specifically is the article addressing? Is it answering a
11. specific question, trying to explain certain observations,
presenting a model of some process, exploring the relationship
between two or more variables, or something else? Look to the
title and abstract for guidance. What variables are mentioned?
Where is the article going?
Look over the structure of the article, paying particular note to
headings and subheadings. Scan tables and figures. You want to
get an overview of what the article starts out discussing, what it
ends up concluding, and how it leads you to that conclusion. If
you get a rough outline of the entire article in your head before
you begin reading, you have a better chance of seeing how each
piece fits into a larger framework.
Why is this an interesting or worthwhile topic/phenomenon to
research? Why would this article interest researchers in the field
(the journal editors would not have accepted the article for
publication unless it met this role in some way)?
What is already known about this topic/phenomenon?
Where are the gaps in contemporary knowledge or
understanding of this topic/phenomenon?
How does the research being reported fill gaps in our
knowledge/ or understanding of this topic/phenomenon? What
niche does this work fill?
What specific prediction(s) or hypothesis(es) are being tested?
What were the main independent variables (what the researchers
manipulated) and dependent variables (what the researchers
measured)?
The Method
Generally speaking, when reading the method section you
should ask yourself:
What research techniques are used by the author(s)?
Reading this section should provide you with a better idea of
what was actually done in the research as well as a clue into the
thinking of the researcher.
Is the method employed a valid test of the predictions or
hypotheses?
There is rarely (if ever) a single way of testing a prediction or
12. hypothesis. The researcher will have made a choice between a
number of possible research designs/sets of
materials/procedures/sample groups, etc. You need to consider
whether the choices made by the researcher will allow them to
make valid claims about their predictions or hypotheses.
Has the researcher overlooked any possible confounds or
extraneous variables which could affect interpretations of the
findings?
No piece of research is 'perfect', and there are usually limits as
to how much 'control' can be achieved over the research
environment. However, some researchers attempt to achieve
more control in their research designs than others do. You need
to consider whether sufficient control has been achieved.
How do the methods employed compare with the methods used
in other investigations of the same topic/phenomenon?
As researchers usually seek to make comparisons between their
study and earlier studies, you need to consider whether or not
the method employed allows the researcher to make valid
comparisons between studies, and how much you feel they are
entitled to generalize their findings.
The Results
This section is very important because it provides numerical
evidence that supports or refutes the hypotheses being studied.
When reading the results section you should ask yourself:
How do the results relate to the predictions/hypotheses set out
in the introduction (i.e., are they supported or not)?
What differences did the authors find that support or refute the
project hypotheses?
Are the results reported and analyzed in an unbiased manner?
The manner in which data are reported and analyzed could
dramatically affect interpretation. For example, different types
or formats of graphs can emphasize or de-emphasize the sizes of
effects, and different inferential tests can yield different results.
The Discussion
The discussion should summarize the main findings in
(relatively) plain English. How do the authors interpret the
13. findings? That is, what do they say the findings tell us about
their research question? Do we now know' something new? Are
there new questions raised? Do the authors discuss implications
of their findings for theory, or for the "real world"? When
reading the discussion section you should ask yourself:
Have the appropriate interpretations of the results been made?
Are there ways of interpreting the results that haven't been
considered?
Has the researcher presented an unbiased evaluation of the
study/method employed?
Is the researcher justified in making any theoretical claims that
are made on the basis of the study's findings? Were the
hypotheses supported or rejected?
What are the implications of those findings (what do they tell us
about theory, research, or real life concerns)?
What suggestions are being made about future research into this
topic/phenomenon or what does the researcher consider to be
'the way forward'?
The Conclusion
The conclusions may be in a separate section at the end of the
article or incorporated as part of the discussion section. The
conclusions should summarize the important findings of the
study and point out their significance to the general research
area. They might also point out some limitations to the study
and avenues for future research based on the findings of the
study.
Writing a Project Report
By Gail Marie, eHow Contributor
Project reports communicate a project's background, its
objectives, the methods used to achieve the objectives and the
results of these efforts. The writer may also discuss important
14. aspects of the project and draw certain conclusions. Like most
reports, the information should be formatted with headings,
clearly communicated and well supported. There are countless
ways to write a
project report. The steps below represent one method.
Information needed in advance includes:
Project details
Background information
Supporting information
Sources of information
Steps include:
1. Create a title or cover page, followed by a table of contents
and an abstract (see Step 9).
The project report's title should convey the area and scope of
the project.
2. Consider your reader, his or her knowledge of your project
and its subject. If your project was, for example, scientific but
your reader is not a scientist, consider using less technical
language than if he were.
3. Describe the project's scope, its objective and the main
result(s) in the Introduction. You may include what you
personally contributed to the project as well.
4. Tell the reader about the research behind the project in a
Background section, if too extensive to include in the
Introduction.
5. Describe the methods you used during the project to
accomplish the stated objectives in a Methods/Procedures
section. Don't forget to use the past tense, as these actions have
already been taken.
6. Present the results of the project, which may not be the
intended results. Use a Results section heading. Depending on
your reader and what your project entailed, you may want to
discuss the results by explaining what they show, analyzing
uncertainties, noting trends, comparing the results with known
15. theories or with the expected results, evaluating limitations of
the project, detailing the possibilities of faulty interpretation or
simply
discussing assumptions about the results.
7. Conclude by summarizing, once again, the project report's
content and by suggesting the implications of the project's
results. Because your reader is familiar with your work, you
may use project-specific terms and reference names of people
and places under the
Conclusion heading.
8. Propose, under a Recommendations heading, suggestions
based on the conclusions outlined earlier. Describe actions you
think should be taken because of the project's results or
additional work that you think is needed to gain more
knowledge about the subject.
9. Write the report abstract, which summarizes, like the
conclusion, the report's contents.
The abstract is actually the first section of the report, so keep it
more general than the conclusion. Because the abstract is such a
comprehensive summary, it is most easily written last.
10. Include references and appendices such as charts, graphs,
photos or additional
information at the end of the report.
1
Running Head: The security Vulnerabilities of IoT devices in
the medical fieldCarmelia DalmeidaIT680 – Research
PaperProject Proposal
The security vulnerabilities of IoT devices in the medical
fieldObjective
The core objective of the topic will be to explore and examine
the security vulnerabilities of the devices used in the medical
field. As some devices are working as IoT, the chances of
security breaches are enhanced. The devices contain information
16. from different patients, and it is vulnerable when it is connected
to the internet. If the device itself is not securing the
information, then the administrator who is running the system
operation and operating system on the device is responsible.
The objective is to find the vulnerabilities and propose a
solution that will give surety on the security factor of the
devices.Project Plan
The security issues in medical devices have been arising since
their invention. Many companies are denying the fact that these
are promoting data leaks and contain personally identifiable
information (PII). It will probably create problems in different
companies and patients. The patient record will be vulnerable,
and some of the companies that are utilizing these devices are
mainly using outdated software and operating systems. The
main point of the research is to point out the vulnerabilities in
the IoT devices and what type of security breaches they cause.
In taking the example of some IoT devices with different
abilities, infusion and insulin pump comes first then, smart
pens, cardiac devices, wireless vital monitors, thermometer and
temperature sensors, security cameras, and various other
hardware. Every device has its benefits and its security
concerns. Especially when you are working in the medical field,
many inventions prevent humans from getting a disease and
making upgrade through to cure any problem, but they also have
a drawback when you try to more the very nature of the
hardware. This project will elaborate on security vulnerabilities
and present counter solutions for their issues. The task will
involve taking few devices condition into consideration,
exploring the working and mechanism of the devices, examining
the security vulnerabilities and results gathered from different
operations, comparing the reserves with the research findings,
and presenting a proper report for solution providing with the
exposed vulnerabilities. There will be teams running different
module of the proposal, and they will collect single device and
the team will run its functionalities in the programming side,
and the other team will run for the architecture design and see
17. what type of operation and how long it takes to send the data
from device to the administrator server. The gap between the
transmissions will be analysed for vulnerabilities, and the
device hardware and software configuration will also be held
responsible for any data leak. Literature Overview
In the literature review, we will describe the function of IoT
devices and how they can be used in the medical field. In the
healthcare department, the IoT devices are growing rapidly and
are packed with interesting features and factors like
technological advancements, decrease prices of sensor
technology, better accessibility of high-speed internet, and
more. What type of application is the medical field currently
running with the devices, and in how many sectors these devices
are utilized and what type of result they generate? After that,
we will conduct a study on one or two hospital for their IoT
devices that poses a security threat, and it is vulnerable for data
extraction. The study will elaborate on every module of the
system and it will provide an in-depth view of the working
device and we will also propose a countermeasure for any issue
found in operation.
Likely Outcome
We will focus on one outcome that will be to ensuring the
safety of any security leek. We will also elaborate on the
methods by which you can make the device more secure and less
vulnerable, which will also give the authentication protocol
provided for both the patient and the administrator. The results
will ensure the integrity of the IoT device and ensure the patient
that the device will run efficiently, and records and data will be
monitored with care, and find the solution for the generated
outcomes.Relationship to the Master’s Program
This project will be best suited for the master program because
the subject elaborates on the internet devices, and it concern
every type of protocol we run before giving a final product. It
will also elaborate on the hardware structure of the program so
that it will ensure that before running it in the field
18. implementation and testing phase will be thoroughly examined.
The Programming course and System Architecture course will
help more in understanding and working on this proposed
project.Reviews
The survey shows 82 percent of healthcare organizations
experienced IoT-focused cyber-attack in the previous 12
months, with only 6 percent of organizations saying they have
resources to tackle cybersecurity challenges.( Davis, 2019) The
paper highlight the security risk in the healthcare department
and its integration with the internet of things devices. What
type of vulnerabilities expects it exposes to its administrator
and patient, and if the data they collected is still under
surveillance or not? (Cansu Eken, 2016)
References
Cansu ken, H. E. (2016). Retrieved from
http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/142/054/ecp17142054.pdf
Davis, Jessica (2019) Health IT Security-
https://healthitsecurity.com/news/82-iot-devices-of-health-
providers-vendors-targeted-by-cyberattacks