After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, An Arresting Expe.docx
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After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams, discuss the following prompts: · How Important is it to use official crime data? · What are some issues with using official crime data? · What public policy changes could be made by relying upon the 2 articles? According to the assigned textbook, official crime data within the criminal justice systems is those that derive from the normal function therein and official counts of crime data include that of police reports of offences and arrests, chargers filed by prosecutors, criminal complaints and indictments, imprisonment data and prison releases (Mosher, Miethe, & Hart, 2011). Official crime data such as the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) in which gathers data for agencies such as the FBI is extremely important because it complies data from different sources to be used by many different law enforcement agencies. It can be used to analyze different trends in crimes. Having all data complied can not only help law enforcement with research, it also saves time when needing time sensitive information and it helps with budget due to not having to use different resources to gather information. Just like any other source and technology, official crime data systems are not perfect and have been criticized for underestimation of less serious crimes (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Some research argues that self-reporting data is more accurate than official crime data (Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Regardless of some criticism, official crime data does provide helpful information to agencies such as where crimes can be increasing, decreasing and what steps to take and programs to implement in order to see what is working for the community. Official crime data can also be used to understand what changes need to be made to current policies. Society and communities are always changing and having a resource such as official crime data can help policy makes understand what in current policies are working for the community and what changes in policies and programs need to be made in order to better serve the community. Being able to do research will allow policy makers within the criminal justice system to better understanding where there could be any gaps and discrepancies that may exist within the system and help come up with ways to improve that system. Both articles, "An Arresting Experiment: Domestic Violence Victim and Perceptions" by Miller, and "Controlling a Jail Population by Partially Closing the Front Door" by Baumer and Adams discusses research conducted and its limitations. It is very important to understand the limitations that a study have in order to be able to duplicate the study with better outcomes and results. Both studies showed that there was a changes in criminal behavior when it resulted in immediate arrest, however, th ...
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Running Head CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY .docx
Running Head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY 1
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY 2
Criminal justice and community
Brian Zanca
American InterContinental University
Thesis statement
Criminal justice and community is a topic within Criminal Justice which is entitled in ensuring that citizens receive justice from crimes that arise within a society. The topic is meant to equip students in ways in which they can ensure justice prevails within a society; that is, all offenders and defendants are punished accordingly, within the justice system while the innocent are left to be free.
Hypothesis
One of the best ways of ensuring there is criminal justice within any society is by coming with rules and regulations that govern the society. Laws can be classified into two, that is, public law and private law whereby public law will involve matters that always affect a society as a whole while private laws also known as civil laws deals with relationships between or among people. With introduction of these laws and regulations there will be a solution towards criminal justice and community which is seen in the various importance of having laws within any given society. For instance, laws are to regulate or totally change the behavior of individuals of a society; this is as a result of the consequences associated with the breaking of any law established by the government or people of a community. Other than that, it is very common to observe arguments and disputes within every society where people are present. Even though, it is important to know that these issues or disputes that arise will always be solved by law which provides the guidelines to be followed in order to arrive into an agreement. Lastly, laws will ensure fairness within a society since the people concerned with solving crime issues within a society will always tend to lean on the laws that provide ways in which a case should be judged thus ending up into fairness to all individuals. To sum up, introduction of laws will ensure there is criminal justice in every society.
Measurement and analysis approach
The key points to be addressed in this research will include the top most crimes carried by the people of the society; the top most being the issue of murder. Murder has become a very big problem within the society which being attributed to be as a result of greed and jealousy among the people of the society (Grisham 2006). In addition, murder also results in places of riots whereby the police officers or any other government authority in charge of crimes may shoot into to the air to disperse the crowd thus resulting into death of some innocent citizens. Another key issue is the issue of drug taking and drug trafficking as well as the underage alcohol taking, which has been mostly observed to affect most of the teenagers and also the ...
Research and Policy DevelopmentAfter reading Chapter 5 of th.docx
Research and Policy Development
After reading Chapter 5 of the Mosher textbook, the article entitled "Internet Development, Censorship, and
Cyber
Crimes in China" by Liang and Lu, and the article entitled "'Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other Cautionary Tales" by Morris, I can relate to how the contents of these sources affect research and policy development. While they are presented differently, these research articles have unique implications on the development of criminal justice policy. I am particularly drawn towards the text by Morris (2010). If members of the society such as teenagers can establish a culture that inhibits sharing information with formal authorities, one construct that is affected is the criminal justice public policy development process that depends on the ability of
law
enforcement to deliberate with members of the society to establish a consensus regarding which policies to pursue. Policing is a social process and if officers are denied information by the community through such codes, the criminal justice system cannot execute its mandate.
As a criminal justice leader, the National Crime Victimization Survey would concern me because this
survey
avails important information about the frequency of crime and the proportion that goes unreported (Ybarra & Lohr, 2002). When compared to the Uniform Crime Report, I would say that incident-based reporting provides official crime data and may be limited as with regards to its ability to provide a general view of crime rates that take place. In fact, it fails to capture crimes that are not reported to the police. As I have already mentioned, the “Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other Cautionary Tales” is a particularly powerful article because it invokes action from criminal justice leaders. The action that I would take is to promote better relations between law enforcement entities and the community to establish a mutually inclusive work environment for better policy making.
References
Morris, E. W. (2010). “Snitches end up in ditches” and other cautionary tales.
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
,
26
(3), 254-272.
Ybarra, L. M., & Lohr, S. L. (2002). Estimates of repeat victimization using the National Crime Victimization Survey.
Journal of Quantitative Criminology
,
18
(1), 1-21.
.
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014Module 1.docx
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future r ...
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docx
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as ...
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docx
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as.
MY DISCUSSIONPUBLISHEDWK4 DISCUSSION CA499 Top of Form.docx
MY DISCUSSION
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WK4 DISCUSSION CA499
Top of Form
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Total views: 13 (Your views: 2)
Purpose of Project
The purpose of this project is to utilize concepts from the two disciplines used in the project to develop approaches with which to solve the problem of gun control. There is no doubt that gun control issues revolve around aspects of criminal justice and government. This makes an interweave of these two disciplines in the provision of a solution to the problem the best approach to exploring its impact and using research knowledge to establish a solution. Criminal justice deals with how institutions like the police and court system work in coordination to effect social control by preventing crime and remedying criminals (Spitzer, 2015). On the other hand, the study of government dwells in the policy development process and presents a structural framework of how policy implementation influences social change. This means that both approaches are uniquely required in providing solutions for consequences of gun violence and gun ownership as well as laying the policy foundation that will inhibit the perpetration of violent crime and thus settle the gun control debate.
Walt Pierce
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Gregory, this is a very good topic. The fight for gun control is a tough one. What surprises me about gun control is who commits the most crimes with guns; gun owners or non-gun owners? That will be an interesting study to see once you get all of your numbers together. This looks very interesting and I look forward to seeing the development of this topic.
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Freddie Bardley
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RE: WK4 DISCUSSION CA499
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Gun control, Gregory this will forever be a topic for generations to come. Some say that it's their right to bear arms. Where there are others, who just simply think that many innocent lives are daily being taken.
There are countries who gun laws are very strict to the point that not even the police walks around with one. However, there are cities like New York who have strict gun laws, but the crime rate is extremely high with gun violence.
Bottom of Form
Reference
Spitzer, R. J. (2015). Politics of gun control. Routledge.
Bottom of Form
Feedback to Learner10/19/17 2:18 PM
Greg, you are RIGHT on task here with what you need to produce. Since this is the first draft, do continue to dig deeper into the issues. Also, produce more references, especially to support your second-to-the-last paragraph related to the Second Amendment and the law supporting both sides of the issue. What an interesting point.
Gun Control: A Focus on Criminal Justice and Government
Gun Control: A Focus on Criminal Justice and Government
Debates on gun control have been the epitome of political contention for quite some time.
Every group ...
Running head ASSIGNMENT 4 DATA COLLECTION .docx
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 3
Assignment 4: Data Collection
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 11, 2019
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Overcrowding in prisons or correction centers is one of the problems that have attracted the attention of many researchers. Several researchers have tried to explore this particular issue in detail. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the existing data concerning this specific issue to be able to review the problem after collecting reliable data.
The essential data that will aid my research is secondary data. I have already collected several secondary data. These data sources include charts and statistics. The statistics show that there have been increased cases of overcrowding in many prisons and correctional centers in the US. These data and statistics indicate the large estimated number of prisoners and offenders being held in US prisons over the past few years. The reports from various agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics also concur with these findings. This indeed indicates that there is a problem of overcrowding in most prisons and correctional centers in the US.
The data sources, which include charts and statistics, are relevant to the problem in that they show the extent of overcrowding in the prisons and correctional centers. These data also show the negative impacts of overcrowding on inmates. The statistics are also relevant in that they show the trend of increase in the number of inmates being held in prison over the past few years.
Statistics indicate that the US has an approximate prison population of 2.1 million. This is according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This equates to approximately 481 people who are incarcerated per 99,000 of the population. The problem of overcrowding has become a serious issue in many U.S. prisons. Over 17 states reported that they were operating at over 100 percent capacity at the end of 2013 and 2014.
The data below indicates that the US is ranked number 113th in the world in terms of overcrowding in the prisons in the year 2018. The data also indicates that most of the US prisons were operating at an average capacity of 103.9%. This is according to statistics from Forbes.
The following charts are also useful in my research:
References
Gabriel, A. (2018). Nigeria and United States Prisons: A comparative Analysis of Mass Overcrowding. J Foren Psy, 3(129), 2.
Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 2
Assignment 3: Technology Influences
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 03, 201 ...
Recommended
Running Head CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY .docx
Running Head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY 1
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY 2
Criminal justice and community
Brian Zanca
American InterContinental University
Thesis statement
Criminal justice and community is a topic within Criminal Justice which is entitled in ensuring that citizens receive justice from crimes that arise within a society. The topic is meant to equip students in ways in which they can ensure justice prevails within a society; that is, all offenders and defendants are punished accordingly, within the justice system while the innocent are left to be free.
Hypothesis
One of the best ways of ensuring there is criminal justice within any society is by coming with rules and regulations that govern the society. Laws can be classified into two, that is, public law and private law whereby public law will involve matters that always affect a society as a whole while private laws also known as civil laws deals with relationships between or among people. With introduction of these laws and regulations there will be a solution towards criminal justice and community which is seen in the various importance of having laws within any given society. For instance, laws are to regulate or totally change the behavior of individuals of a society; this is as a result of the consequences associated with the breaking of any law established by the government or people of a community. Other than that, it is very common to observe arguments and disputes within every society where people are present. Even though, it is important to know that these issues or disputes that arise will always be solved by law which provides the guidelines to be followed in order to arrive into an agreement. Lastly, laws will ensure fairness within a society since the people concerned with solving crime issues within a society will always tend to lean on the laws that provide ways in which a case should be judged thus ending up into fairness to all individuals. To sum up, introduction of laws will ensure there is criminal justice in every society.
Measurement and analysis approach
The key points to be addressed in this research will include the top most crimes carried by the people of the society; the top most being the issue of murder. Murder has become a very big problem within the society which being attributed to be as a result of greed and jealousy among the people of the society (Grisham 2006). In addition, murder also results in places of riots whereby the police officers or any other government authority in charge of crimes may shoot into to the air to disperse the crowd thus resulting into death of some innocent citizens. Another key issue is the issue of drug taking and drug trafficking as well as the underage alcohol taking, which has been mostly observed to affect most of the teenagers and also the ...
Research and Policy DevelopmentAfter reading Chapter 5 of th.docx
Research and Policy Development
After reading Chapter 5 of the Mosher textbook, the article entitled "Internet Development, Censorship, and
Cyber
Crimes in China" by Liang and Lu, and the article entitled "'Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other Cautionary Tales" by Morris, I can relate to how the contents of these sources affect research and policy development. While they are presented differently, these research articles have unique implications on the development of criminal justice policy. I am particularly drawn towards the text by Morris (2010). If members of the society such as teenagers can establish a culture that inhibits sharing information with formal authorities, one construct that is affected is the criminal justice public policy development process that depends on the ability of
law
enforcement to deliberate with members of the society to establish a consensus regarding which policies to pursue. Policing is a social process and if officers are denied information by the community through such codes, the criminal justice system cannot execute its mandate.
As a criminal justice leader, the National Crime Victimization Survey would concern me because this
survey
avails important information about the frequency of crime and the proportion that goes unreported (Ybarra & Lohr, 2002). When compared to the Uniform Crime Report, I would say that incident-based reporting provides official crime data and may be limited as with regards to its ability to provide a general view of crime rates that take place. In fact, it fails to capture crimes that are not reported to the police. As I have already mentioned, the “Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other Cautionary Tales” is a particularly powerful article because it invokes action from criminal justice leaders. The action that I would take is to promote better relations between law enforcement entities and the community to establish a mutually inclusive work environment for better policy making.
References
Morris, E. W. (2010). “Snitches end up in ditches” and other cautionary tales.
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
,
26
(3), 254-272.
Ybarra, L. M., & Lohr, S. L. (2002). Estimates of repeat victimization using the National Crime Victimization Survey.
Journal of Quantitative Criminology
,
18
(1), 1-21.
.
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014Module 1.docx
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future r ...
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docx
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as ...
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docx
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as.
MY DISCUSSIONPUBLISHEDWK4 DISCUSSION CA499 Top of Form.docx
MY DISCUSSION
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WK4 DISCUSSION CA499
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Purpose of Project
The purpose of this project is to utilize concepts from the two disciplines used in the project to develop approaches with which to solve the problem of gun control. There is no doubt that gun control issues revolve around aspects of criminal justice and government. This makes an interweave of these two disciplines in the provision of a solution to the problem the best approach to exploring its impact and using research knowledge to establish a solution. Criminal justice deals with how institutions like the police and court system work in coordination to effect social control by preventing crime and remedying criminals (Spitzer, 2015). On the other hand, the study of government dwells in the policy development process and presents a structural framework of how policy implementation influences social change. This means that both approaches are uniquely required in providing solutions for consequences of gun violence and gun ownership as well as laying the policy foundation that will inhibit the perpetration of violent crime and thus settle the gun control debate.
Walt Pierce
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Gregory, this is a very good topic. The fight for gun control is a tough one. What surprises me about gun control is who commits the most crimes with guns; gun owners or non-gun owners? That will be an interesting study to see once you get all of your numbers together. This looks very interesting and I look forward to seeing the development of this topic.
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Gun control, Gregory this will forever be a topic for generations to come. Some say that it's their right to bear arms. Where there are others, who just simply think that many innocent lives are daily being taken.
There are countries who gun laws are very strict to the point that not even the police walks around with one. However, there are cities like New York who have strict gun laws, but the crime rate is extremely high with gun violence.
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Reference
Spitzer, R. J. (2015). Politics of gun control. Routledge.
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Feedback to Learner10/19/17 2:18 PM
Greg, you are RIGHT on task here with what you need to produce. Since this is the first draft, do continue to dig deeper into the issues. Also, produce more references, especially to support your second-to-the-last paragraph related to the Second Amendment and the law supporting both sides of the issue. What an interesting point.
Gun Control: A Focus on Criminal Justice and Government
Gun Control: A Focus on Criminal Justice and Government
Debates on gun control have been the epitome of political contention for quite some time.
Every group ...
Running head ASSIGNMENT 4 DATA COLLECTION .docx
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 3
Assignment 4: Data Collection
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 11, 2019
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Overcrowding in prisons or correction centers is one of the problems that have attracted the attention of many researchers. Several researchers have tried to explore this particular issue in detail. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the existing data concerning this specific issue to be able to review the problem after collecting reliable data.
The essential data that will aid my research is secondary data. I have already collected several secondary data. These data sources include charts and statistics. The statistics show that there have been increased cases of overcrowding in many prisons and correctional centers in the US. These data and statistics indicate the large estimated number of prisoners and offenders being held in US prisons over the past few years. The reports from various agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics also concur with these findings. This indeed indicates that there is a problem of overcrowding in most prisons and correctional centers in the US.
The data sources, which include charts and statistics, are relevant to the problem in that they show the extent of overcrowding in the prisons and correctional centers. These data also show the negative impacts of overcrowding on inmates. The statistics are also relevant in that they show the trend of increase in the number of inmates being held in prison over the past few years.
Statistics indicate that the US has an approximate prison population of 2.1 million. This is according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This equates to approximately 481 people who are incarcerated per 99,000 of the population. The problem of overcrowding has become a serious issue in many U.S. prisons. Over 17 states reported that they were operating at over 100 percent capacity at the end of 2013 and 2014.
The data below indicates that the US is ranked number 113th in the world in terms of overcrowding in the prisons in the year 2018. The data also indicates that most of the US prisons were operating at an average capacity of 103.9%. This is according to statistics from Forbes.
The following charts are also useful in my research:
References
Gabriel, A. (2018). Nigeria and United States Prisons: A comparative Analysis of Mass Overcrowding. J Foren Psy, 3(129), 2.
Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 2
Assignment 3: Technology Influences
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 03, 201 ...
Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Running Header: CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 1
Critical Issues To Correctional Institutions in the U.S.
Name
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CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 2
There are many contemporary issues that are found within the American penal system.
Perhaps we are not fully aware of these issues and just how much they affect the American penal
system. Though we are aware that there are issues, we may not be completely aware of just how
much they affect the everyday functioning of the correctional systems. We are not fully aware of
the funding problems, or the overcrowding problems, or just how much violence takes place in
prisons. These three issues seem to be the worst of all the issues that these facilities face.
Funding
Correctional facilities, just like any other business, do not operate for free. Total state
expenditures on prisons and related activities were about $9.6 billion in the mid-1980’s, where
about 40 percent of all state prison construction was financed by a pay-as-you-go method, and 50
percent was paid by general obligation bonds, and the remaining 10 percent was financed using
lease revenue bonds and other revenue streams. By 1996, total state expenditures for prisons
were estimated to be $22 billion, and more than half of all the debt issued to finance prisons was
carried out through a specific variant of lease-revenue bonds which were called certificates of
participation (Public Bonds, 2004). According to the staff at Vera’s Center on Sentencing and
Corrections and Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit, after surveying 40 states in an effort to calculate the
taxpayer’s cost of prisons, the cost of prisons was $39 billion in 2010, which was $5.4 billion
more than what their corrections budgets reflected (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). Over the
past 40 years, the U.S. has seen a dramatic increase in prison population, and as a result, the
country’s state prison population has grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970’s. This has
come at great cost to taxpayers (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). At the end of 2012, the United
States prison population was 1,571,013, which is actually a decline for the third straight
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 3
consecutive year. More plans are under way in an effort to lower the number of people who are
incarcerated in the U.S., which will help lower the cost of running these facilities as well.
America exceeds every other country in prison inmate population. Attorney General Eric Holder
announced sweeping plans that will be designed to address the issue through drug sentencing
reform and this means that low level drug offenders could be subjected to some type of treatment
or community service programs rather than prison time. There are also plans of implementing
and expanding prison programs that would a.
Question BIn other classes you will have met the HTPHPI metho.docx
Question B
In other classes you will have met the HTP/HPI methodology with its accreditation as Certified Performance Technologist (CPT). Based on your article and text readings address how ethics impact the performance improvement and learning consultant.
Progressive Case Study Discussion
MacArthur and Associates is a business solutions organization. The company was founded in 1962 and is celebrating 50 years in business. The company started as a small temporary personnel firm. Eventually, the company expanded into a firm that specializes in staffing, contract IT services, equipment leasing, and HR services. The company is privately held by the MacArthur family. The founder’s son is currently the CEO and daughter is the CFO. Both the son and daughter were brought up in the firm and assumed their positions when their father retired 10 years ago.
MacArthur and Associates has regional offices in most states and the corporate office is located in Dallas, Texas. MacArthur provides services to approximately 5000 businesses nationally catering to the small and medium sized businesses with revenues under $100,000,000. MacArthur provides services through either their staff or personnel of around 20,000 temporary and fulltime service providers. Full-time employees number at 500 nationally.
The company is financially sound and has traditionally small to moderate growth annually. At 50 years old, the company is positioned to make significant growth. MacArthur is looking to improve performance as well as their ability to function as a learning organization. You (the leader) and your team have been hired as consultants to assist them with making the necessary changes. Apply the theories, concepts, and applications you learned throughout the course. Feel free to incorporate other components that will realistically improve the scenario. You will present the top three models for them to consider. Include your ethical guidelines as a consultant. The report should be a minimum of 200 words with supporting references. Please make a recommendation with your explanation for each model. Be sure to participate among your classmates by sharing your thoughts on their theories and strategies, as well.
should be 75 to 150 words, but may go longer depending on the topic.If you use any source outside of your own thoughts, you should reference that source.Include solid grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling
RUNNING HEAD: DATA COLLECTION1
RUNNING HEAD: CRIME DATA SOURCES 3
The data that I have researched to show that there is a problem regarding raising cases of homicide is obtained from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIRS). This database contains information of all the homicide incidents reported to police. The study has the assumption that all homicide crimes have been reported. The second source of data is using previously research article through conducting a systematic review of published work.
The sou ...
150 words long if your agree or disagreeThere is a good chance
150 words long if your agree or disagree
There is a good chance that if you watch any national news broadcast, there is a good chance that there will be a mention of some sort of white collar crime. The three infamous white collar crimes that come to mind after reading this week’s lesson is that of Charles Ponzi (Ponzi Scheme), Kenneth Lay (ENRON) and John Rigas (Adelphia Communications). Albeit these cases are historical, they continue to effect current events and public opinions as it pertains to current case laws.
White collar, also known as corporate crime, as the name demonstrates, focuses around criminal acts pertaining to businesses. These wrongdoings normally include monetary value and different types of fraud. One of the biggest issues that face these types of crime is the loss of trust by the citizens when dealing with large corporations. An article that was published in Crime & Delinquency attempted to highlight a study of why white collar crime is committed by those in corporate positions. One of the theories pertained to the “fear of falling”. In other words, those that have worked hard and dedicated so much time to one’s success may violate laws for the fear of losing what they have worked for (Piquero, 2012). Case laws and sentencing guidelines are constantly being reviewed as it pertains to the sentencing of these white-collar crimes. In 2008, an article was published in the Wall Street Journal that discussed revising the current policies on punishments and how the Department of Justice and the United States Attorney’s Office handle these types of investigations. Some law makers felt that the DOJ and the USAO were to aggressive in pursuing criminal charges against companies (Perez, 2008). Regardless on the stance, public trust is paramount when it comes to investing and that is why it is imperative that these individuals that break the regulatory standards are held accountable and punishment should be swift and harsh.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation and their Uniform Crime Reporting Data does not show the complete picture of frequency on white-collar crimes in the United States. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation – Criminal Information Services Division, the definition itself of a white-collar crime is contentiously debated. There are currently three placements for the term: white-collar crime defined by the type of offender, type of offense and organizational culture. Utilizing the traditional Summary Reporting System, the data would be incomplete due to the socioeconomic characteristics (Barnett, 2000).
Since this crime typically does not illicit violence and is not placed in the same conversation socially with criminal offenders, many view this simply as fraud with minimal retribution. These crimes are serious and misplace the trust of many citizens. Speaking on the cooperate level, I believe that punishments should impact more than just the upper fall guy but more encompassing thro ...
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Learning Objectives
• Review the ideological and financial obstacles to criminal justice system reform.
• Analyze the disconnect between popular assumptions and scientific evidence about crime.
• Analyze evidence-driven crime-control strategies in contemporary America.
• Understand options to reform to the criminal justice system in contemporary America.
• Contrast retributivism and restorative justice as guiding principles for criminal justice.
• Articulate the critical role of interdisciplinary approaches to criminal justice system reform.
Reducing Crime and Reforming
the Criminal Justice System
10
coL82305_10_c10_307-338.indd 307 7/5/13 4:23 PM
Section 10.1 The Challenge of the Status Quo CHAPTER 10
In August of 2010, after serving nearly 10 years in prison for two bank robberies, Lance
Brown walked out of a North Carolina prison a free man. Since his release he has been
struggling with poverty and homelessness and was forced out of a homeless shelter for
fighting with another patron. In April of 2012, Brown approached his parole officer and
asked what he needed to do to get put back in prison! His parole officer referred him to
a series of agencies and support services that Brown did not pursue. Instead, he walked
into the local courthouse in Columbus Georgia and threatened to kill the president of the
United States. However, officers did not believe that Brown’s threats were credible and
thus there were no consequences. Apparently frustrated, Brown exited the courthouse
and promptly threw a brick through the glass front door of the courthouse. Brown was
held in jail for 9 months awaiting trial. At trial he was sentenced to 1 month in jail and
3 years probation for malicious mischief. In court, Brown noted that his behavior would
result in shelter in a facility in which at least, “someone’s going to offer me a sandwich
and drink” (Associated Press, 2012, p. 1).
Many experts believe that the problem of crime in America is grounded in larger issues
of social structural marginality. Thus, issues like the economy, poverty, health care, and
education may be central in an encompassing crime-control strategy.
10.1 The Challenge of the Status Quo
One of the paramount challenges in criminology is developing systematic, evidence-driven and practical public policies to address the crime problem. However, pub-lic policy does not exist in a vacuum; developing, implementing, and evaluating
cost-effective and pragmatic crime-control policies is only part of the challenge. Many
experts highlight that changes in criminal justice policy include a series of obstacles. There
are ideological barriers to change given America’s historic support of “tough on crime”
policies. There are individuals and industries that benefit from the criminal justice system
in its existing form. And individuals and groups reap massive profits from committing
crime in America an ...
Running head ISSUES AND TRENDS1ISSUES AND TRENDS8ISUE.docx
Running head: ISSUES AND TRENDS 1
ISSUES AND TRENDS 8
ISUES AND TRENDS 7
ISSUES AND TRENDS
Andrea Dixon
Saint Leo University
Abstract
The criminal justice system is the set of agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate laws. There is no single criminal justice system in the United States however similar, individual systems. How the criminal justice system works in each area depends on the jurisdiction in charge be that of city, state, county, federal or tribal government or military installation. Various jurisdictions have different laws, agencies, and ways of managing criminal justice processes. In the criminal justice system there are corrections institutions which are housing facilities for those individuals who have violated the law (The Criminal Justice System, 2015). Currently, there is a great deal of money being spent in the United States on those who are incarcerated. For example, over 2.3 million Americans which is about one percent of the population are incarcerated, the cost is about twenty three thousand dollars per year to house and feed each prisoner (Muraskin, 2010). In addition, the criminal justice system is faced with a plethora of issues in terms of punishments imposed, deterrence and in the correctional institutions, issues that involve the care and treatment of offenders. In this paper I will discuss punishment, forecasted issues and trends and whether or not there is a danger to the community.
The government has spent millions of dollars in attempting to find ways to deter crime. They have implemented various programs both educational and community –based. I believe that the concept is to reduce recidivism, deter crime and at the same time prepare offenders while incarcerated, to return to society and become productive members. In American prisons the two most widely used modes of treatment are education and work programs. The occurrence of these programs reflects the permanent belief that educational, work skills and good habits learned in acquiring such skills plays an integral role for offenders securing employment and becoming productive citizens.
Although the results are not clear, the existing research generally suggests that the programs do have an impact in reducing post release recidivism, especially when targeted particularly at inmates who possess low skills and when part of a broader strategy –a multi-model approach which is behavior therapy in psychotherapy to rehabilitating offenders (Rehabilitation- Corrections in The United States, 2015). I think that there are some people in society who would argue that spending millions on criminals is a waste of taxpayers’ dollars because they are a lost cause. I would have to disagree because they have to start somewhere. Sadly, for some the starting point is while incarcerated. I believe that by acquiring an education coupled with learning skills and participa.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docx
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docx
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc ...
Pre Sentence CJ202 Pre-Sentence Inv.docx
Pre Sentence
CJ202 Pre-Sentence Investigation
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Pre Sentence Investigation
The Pre Sentence Investigation is simply the investigation that is conducted on a guilty defendant before a sentence for the crime is handed down. The PSI is essential for the judge in making a determination of the type of sentence the guilty criminal offender should receive. While criminals in society commit the same crime they will not always get the same sentence. For example a criminal that has stolen a car for the first time would not receive the same prison sentence as a criminal that has stolen two other cars previously and was convicted for these crimes. Since just committing the crime is not all that is considered in sentencing the pre sentence investigation is essential.
Once a criminal has been found guilty of a crime in a court of law or they have pled guilty to a crime the judge will require the probation agent to gather information on the guilty offender including past criminal history, juvenile adjudications, crime, and harm caused to the victim (USPO, 2011). The pre sentence report will inform the court of the criminal defendant’s marital status, work history, and educational background as well as a past history of substance abuse, and mental health history. Additionally the report will provide information on sentencing guidelines, potential harm posed to community, and sentencing recommendations.
The pre sentence report is extremely beneficial to the court. The judge only has the information that is provided through the court process (Murrell, 2008). They do not have information on any special circumstances that would sway their decision one way or another. For example if a man murdered a woman in a fit of passion the sentence would be less than if the murder was premeditated but if the man rapes the woman before she is murdered then the sentence they would receive could be much harsher. In another example if a woman murders a man but that man had stalked her for years this would be important information when the judges make a decision concerning sentencing.
The pre sentence report informs the court and correctional system about the criminal defendant. The report will help the judge to make a determination of what types of programs and services would most benefit the criminal defendant or what type of prison would be most appropriate. For example a serial killer would need to be sent to a maximum security prison or someone sentenced to death will need to be sent to a prison that has a death row. The pre sentence report is beneficial in determining if a criminal offender has a substance abuse problem and requires treatment.
The challenges associated with the pre sentence report involve the cost of conducting the pre investigation report. The correctional system is extremely overcrowded and is overwhelmed with the high cost of housing and feeding criminal inmates and the courts.
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3.2 Street-Level BureaucracyIn 1980, Michael Lipsky coined.docx
3.2 Street-Level Bureaucracy
In 1980, Michael Lipsky coined the phrase street-level bureaucrat, which he defined as
“Public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their jobs, and
who have substantial discretion in the execution of their work” (Lipsky, 2010, p. 3). Lipsky
argued that beyond simply implementing public policy, bureaucrats make policy at the street
level in two ways. First, they exercise wide discretion when interacting with citizens, and
second, when individual actions of street-level bureaucrats are taken together, they have the
effect of becoming agency policy. The two keys to their policy-making role are their
bureaucratic discretion and their autonomy from the authority of their agency hierarchy.
These two characteristics of the street-level bureaucrat are discussed in more detail below, as
are the implications of street-level policy making in a democracy.
In addition to the commonalities of direct citizen interaction, bureaucratic discretion, and
relative autonomy, Lipsky noted that street-level bureaucrats typically experience five
additional factors that shape the way they implement policy. First, they are faced with
chronically inadequate resources to perform their tasks. For example, public defenders’
offices are consistently underfunded in the United States, with average spending just $10 per
defendant; for comparison, data indicate that in the United Kingdom spending is $34 per
defendant (The Sentencing Project, 2007). Underfunding leads directly to understaffing,
which affords the average public defender very little time to interview clients before going
into the courtroom (Mounts, 1982; The Sentencing Project, 2007; Weitzer, 1996). The
Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that in 18% of state court cases, the defendant did not
speak to a public defender before the day of trial; among defendants with private attorneys,
this was 5.4% (Harlow, 2000). The result is that public defenders are often less familiar with
the details of the clients and cases that they represent, and therefore have strong incentives to
seek plea bargains in order to quickly process their clients through the system. This can have
very serious negative consequences for defendants who rely on public defenders. Studies
indicate that these clients are less likely to be given pretrial release, are far more likely to
accept plea bargains, and are much less likely to have their cases dismissed than defendants
with private attorneys (Champion, 1989; Harlow, 2000). This example is not unique;
inadequate public budgets are commonplace for street-level bureaucracies, thus they often
lack essential resources and sufficient numbers of staff to appropriately attend to the needs of
their clients.
Second, the demand for the services provided by street-level bureaucrats has a tendency to
increase to meet the supply; therefore, even if more resources are provided the demand
increases to exceed those resources. In the criminal jus.
Running Head ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIESANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6.docx
Running Head: ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6
Annotated Bibliographies
Shanee’ N. Ellington
Liberty University
Tewksbury, R., Dabney, D. A., & Copes, H. (2010). The Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholarship. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21(4), 391-411. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.516557
This article forms the basis of the discussion by explaining the correlation between quantitative research and criminology whereby the relationship favor’s the criminology concept and process since it is inquisitive by nature. The main variables that are used to support the hypothesis are the number of dissertations presented with a different style of research applied to them. The qualitative research forms the largest contribution to the research process by collecting a variety of related information across the research topic. The two main modes of measurement being tested are the qualitative and quantitative methods which are usually the two major measurement scales used in research. The notion is supported by this mode of research because different disciplines normally apply different approaches to quantitative inquiry.
Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing excellence in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Psychology, 1(1), 49-60. doi:10.1037/qup0000002.
The author of this article looks into the various orientations that influence the qualitative inquiries’ success rate by reviewing the history of the criteria that was mainly used in measuring the success rate of a certain qualitative inquiry approach. He then discusses how the traditional criteria have been widely used to evaluate the modern qualitative approaches which he looks at from different types of qualitative approach methods. From the analysis of the various contemporary orientations which lead to the development of various types of inquiries, he is able to consider five proposed mode of qualitative inquiries which include ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory and also case study. This provision sets the basis for the discussion of the various types of inquiries which is then compared to the analysis of their effective use and impact within the criminal justice systems for example in the article below from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) which looks into the most common types of approaches to qualitative inquiries.
Kleck, G., Tark, J., & Bellows, J. J. (2006). What methods are most frequently used in research in criminology and criminal justice? Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(2), 147-152. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.01.007
The authors of this article attempted to look at the most commonly used approaches to a quantitative inquiry by establishing research into how frequent the modes used in qualitative methods of research in criminal justice-related journals are applied in research. Survey research, which forms one of the elements of phenomenological approaches to a quantitative ...
Variables in a Research Study and Data CollectionIn this assignmen.docx
Variables in a Research Study and Data Collection
In this assignment, you will explore the variables involved in a research study.
Complete the following tasks:
Read the following articles from the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Database in the South University Online Library.
Lee, A., Craft-Rosenberg, M. (2010). Ineffective family participation in
professional care: A concept analysis of a proposed nursing
diagnosis.
Nurs Diagn
. 2002 Jan-Mar;
13
(1), 5–14.
Witt, C. M., Lüdtke, R., Willich, S. N. (2010). Homeopathic treatment
of patients with migraine: A prospective observational study with
a 2-year follow-up period.
J Altern Complement Med
. 2010 Apr;
16
(4), 347–55. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0376.
Read the process for data collection employed in both these studies. Compare the method used in each of them.
Provide a bulleted list of the five tasks performed as part of data collection in each of them. Click
here
to enter your responses in the organizer.
.
Variation exists in virtually all parts of our lives. We often see v.docx
Variation exists in virtually all parts of our lives. We often see variation in results in what we spend (utility costs each month, food costs, business supplies, etc.). Consider the measures and data you use (in either your personal or job activities). When are differences (between one time period and another, between different production lines, etc.) between average or actual results important? How can you or your department decide whether or not the observed differences over time are important? How could using a mean difference test help?
.
Valerie Matsumotos Desperately Seeking Deirde Gender Roles, Mu.docx
Valerie Matsumoto's "Desperately Seeking "Deirde": Gender Roles, Multicultural Relations, and Nisei Women Writers of the 1930s," focuses on the writings of Deirde, a second generation Japanese American advice columnist. But as the abstract of this piece suggests, Matsumoto was not so much interested in the advice Deirde was giving her readers as much as she was interested in the questions her readers were asking the "Dear Abby"of their community in the mid-1930s to early 1940s. What were they asking about? From Deidre's columns, what were some of the concerns of the Japanese-American community during 1935-1941? While it is of extreme importance to study the experience of the Japanese-Americans during World War II , Matsumoto argues that it is also of importance to study the pre-war lives of Japanese-Americans. Why? What did these concerns reveal about the Japanese-American experience in the United States during this time period?
.
valerie is a 15 year old girl who has recently had signs of a high f.docx
valerie is a 15 year old girl who has recently had signs of a high fever, her parents took her to the ER and the test results say she has a bacterial infection and her white blood cells are trapping bacteria it is not binding with the vacuole and releasing necessarg enzymes to break the cell wall. What disease does valerie have?
.
Utilizing the Statement of Financial Position on page 196 of the Acc.docx
Utilizing the Statement of Financial Position on page 196 of the Accounting Fundamentals for Health Care Management text book (see attachement), compare the figures for 2013 and 2012. Compose a narrative of possible explanations for the documented charges in the year-end figures for the organization. Your response should be a minimum of 200 words in length and submitted in a Word document, utilizing APA format.
See attachment referencing Statement of Financial Position
.
Utech Company has income before irregular items of $307,500 for the .docx
Utech Company has income before irregular items of $307,500 for the year ended December 31, 2014. It also has the following items (before considering income taxes): (1) an extraordinary fire loss of $53,000 and (2) a gain of $27,100 from the disposal of a division. Assume all items are subject to income taxes at a 39% tax rate.
Prepare Utech Company’s income statement for 2014, beginning with “Income before irregular items.”
.
Using your work experience in the public and nonprofit sector, and t.docx
Using your work experience in the public and nonprofit sector, and the knowledge you have gained in this MPA program as a guide, address the following question in a detailed fashion:
What methods, specifically, have citizens utilized to influence and become involved in the budgeting and financial management arenas in the public sphere? Which movements or strategies have been most successful from a citizen perspective? To what degree do budgeting professionals and public administrators seek and consider this citizen involvement? What will be the trend for the future with regard to citizen participation in the process?
.
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Similar to After reading Chapter 3 of the Mosher textbook, An Arresting Expe.docx
Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Running Header: CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 1
Critical Issues To Correctional Institutions in the U.S.
Name
CRJ 465
Instructor’s Name
Date
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 2
There are many contemporary issues that are found within the American penal system.
Perhaps we are not fully aware of these issues and just how much they affect the American penal
system. Though we are aware that there are issues, we may not be completely aware of just how
much they affect the everyday functioning of the correctional systems. We are not fully aware of
the funding problems, or the overcrowding problems, or just how much violence takes place in
prisons. These three issues seem to be the worst of all the issues that these facilities face.
Funding
Correctional facilities, just like any other business, do not operate for free. Total state
expenditures on prisons and related activities were about $9.6 billion in the mid-1980’s, where
about 40 percent of all state prison construction was financed by a pay-as-you-go method, and 50
percent was paid by general obligation bonds, and the remaining 10 percent was financed using
lease revenue bonds and other revenue streams. By 1996, total state expenditures for prisons
were estimated to be $22 billion, and more than half of all the debt issued to finance prisons was
carried out through a specific variant of lease-revenue bonds which were called certificates of
participation (Public Bonds, 2004). According to the staff at Vera’s Center on Sentencing and
Corrections and Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit, after surveying 40 states in an effort to calculate the
taxpayer’s cost of prisons, the cost of prisons was $39 billion in 2010, which was $5.4 billion
more than what their corrections budgets reflected (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). Over the
past 40 years, the U.S. has seen a dramatic increase in prison population, and as a result, the
country’s state prison population has grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970’s. This has
come at great cost to taxpayers (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). At the end of 2012, the United
States prison population was 1,571,013, which is actually a decline for the third straight
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 3
consecutive year. More plans are under way in an effort to lower the number of people who are
incarcerated in the U.S., which will help lower the cost of running these facilities as well.
America exceeds every other country in prison inmate population. Attorney General Eric Holder
announced sweeping plans that will be designed to address the issue through drug sentencing
reform and this means that low level drug offenders could be subjected to some type of treatment
or community service programs rather than prison time. There are also plans of implementing
and expanding prison programs that would a.
Question BIn other classes you will have met the HTPHPI metho.docx
Question B
In other classes you will have met the HTP/HPI methodology with its accreditation as Certified Performance Technologist (CPT). Based on your article and text readings address how ethics impact the performance improvement and learning consultant.
Progressive Case Study Discussion
MacArthur and Associates is a business solutions organization. The company was founded in 1962 and is celebrating 50 years in business. The company started as a small temporary personnel firm. Eventually, the company expanded into a firm that specializes in staffing, contract IT services, equipment leasing, and HR services. The company is privately held by the MacArthur family. The founder’s son is currently the CEO and daughter is the CFO. Both the son and daughter were brought up in the firm and assumed their positions when their father retired 10 years ago.
MacArthur and Associates has regional offices in most states and the corporate office is located in Dallas, Texas. MacArthur provides services to approximately 5000 businesses nationally catering to the small and medium sized businesses with revenues under $100,000,000. MacArthur provides services through either their staff or personnel of around 20,000 temporary and fulltime service providers. Full-time employees number at 500 nationally.
The company is financially sound and has traditionally small to moderate growth annually. At 50 years old, the company is positioned to make significant growth. MacArthur is looking to improve performance as well as their ability to function as a learning organization. You (the leader) and your team have been hired as consultants to assist them with making the necessary changes. Apply the theories, concepts, and applications you learned throughout the course. Feel free to incorporate other components that will realistically improve the scenario. You will present the top three models for them to consider. Include your ethical guidelines as a consultant. The report should be a minimum of 200 words with supporting references. Please make a recommendation with your explanation for each model. Be sure to participate among your classmates by sharing your thoughts on their theories and strategies, as well.
should be 75 to 150 words, but may go longer depending on the topic.If you use any source outside of your own thoughts, you should reference that source.Include solid grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling
RUNNING HEAD: DATA COLLECTION1
RUNNING HEAD: CRIME DATA SOURCES 3
The data that I have researched to show that there is a problem regarding raising cases of homicide is obtained from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIRS). This database contains information of all the homicide incidents reported to police. The study has the assumption that all homicide crimes have been reported. The second source of data is using previously research article through conducting a systematic review of published work.
The sou ...
150 words long if your agree or disagreeThere is a good chance
150 words long if your agree or disagree
There is a good chance that if you watch any national news broadcast, there is a good chance that there will be a mention of some sort of white collar crime. The three infamous white collar crimes that come to mind after reading this week’s lesson is that of Charles Ponzi (Ponzi Scheme), Kenneth Lay (ENRON) and John Rigas (Adelphia Communications). Albeit these cases are historical, they continue to effect current events and public opinions as it pertains to current case laws.
White collar, also known as corporate crime, as the name demonstrates, focuses around criminal acts pertaining to businesses. These wrongdoings normally include monetary value and different types of fraud. One of the biggest issues that face these types of crime is the loss of trust by the citizens when dealing with large corporations. An article that was published in Crime & Delinquency attempted to highlight a study of why white collar crime is committed by those in corporate positions. One of the theories pertained to the “fear of falling”. In other words, those that have worked hard and dedicated so much time to one’s success may violate laws for the fear of losing what they have worked for (Piquero, 2012). Case laws and sentencing guidelines are constantly being reviewed as it pertains to the sentencing of these white-collar crimes. In 2008, an article was published in the Wall Street Journal that discussed revising the current policies on punishments and how the Department of Justice and the United States Attorney’s Office handle these types of investigations. Some law makers felt that the DOJ and the USAO were to aggressive in pursuing criminal charges against companies (Perez, 2008). Regardless on the stance, public trust is paramount when it comes to investing and that is why it is imperative that these individuals that break the regulatory standards are held accountable and punishment should be swift and harsh.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation and their Uniform Crime Reporting Data does not show the complete picture of frequency on white-collar crimes in the United States. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation – Criminal Information Services Division, the definition itself of a white-collar crime is contentiously debated. There are currently three placements for the term: white-collar crime defined by the type of offender, type of offense and organizational culture. Utilizing the traditional Summary Reporting System, the data would be incomplete due to the socioeconomic characteristics (Barnett, 2000).
Since this crime typically does not illicit violence and is not placed in the same conversation socially with criminal offenders, many view this simply as fraud with minimal retribution. These crimes are serious and misplace the trust of many citizens. Speaking on the cooperate level, I believe that punishments should impact more than just the upper fall guy but more encompassing thro ...
Erik S. LesserStringerGe.docx
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Learning Objectives
• Review the ideological and financial obstacles to criminal justice system reform.
• Analyze the disconnect between popular assumptions and scientific evidence about crime.
• Analyze evidence-driven crime-control strategies in contemporary America.
• Understand options to reform to the criminal justice system in contemporary America.
• Contrast retributivism and restorative justice as guiding principles for criminal justice.
• Articulate the critical role of interdisciplinary approaches to criminal justice system reform.
Reducing Crime and Reforming
the Criminal Justice System
10
coL82305_10_c10_307-338.indd 307 7/5/13 4:23 PM
Section 10.1 The Challenge of the Status Quo CHAPTER 10
In August of 2010, after serving nearly 10 years in prison for two bank robberies, Lance
Brown walked out of a North Carolina prison a free man. Since his release he has been
struggling with poverty and homelessness and was forced out of a homeless shelter for
fighting with another patron. In April of 2012, Brown approached his parole officer and
asked what he needed to do to get put back in prison! His parole officer referred him to
a series of agencies and support services that Brown did not pursue. Instead, he walked
into the local courthouse in Columbus Georgia and threatened to kill the president of the
United States. However, officers did not believe that Brown’s threats were credible and
thus there were no consequences. Apparently frustrated, Brown exited the courthouse
and promptly threw a brick through the glass front door of the courthouse. Brown was
held in jail for 9 months awaiting trial. At trial he was sentenced to 1 month in jail and
3 years probation for malicious mischief. In court, Brown noted that his behavior would
result in shelter in a facility in which at least, “someone’s going to offer me a sandwich
and drink” (Associated Press, 2012, p. 1).
Many experts believe that the problem of crime in America is grounded in larger issues
of social structural marginality. Thus, issues like the economy, poverty, health care, and
education may be central in an encompassing crime-control strategy.
10.1 The Challenge of the Status Quo
One of the paramount challenges in criminology is developing systematic, evidence-driven and practical public policies to address the crime problem. However, pub-lic policy does not exist in a vacuum; developing, implementing, and evaluating
cost-effective and pragmatic crime-control policies is only part of the challenge. Many
experts highlight that changes in criminal justice policy include a series of obstacles. There
are ideological barriers to change given America’s historic support of “tough on crime”
policies. There are individuals and industries that benefit from the criminal justice system
in its existing form. And individuals and groups reap massive profits from committing
crime in America an ...
Running head ISSUES AND TRENDS1ISSUES AND TRENDS8ISUE.docx
Running head: ISSUES AND TRENDS 1
ISSUES AND TRENDS 8
ISUES AND TRENDS 7
ISSUES AND TRENDS
Andrea Dixon
Saint Leo University
Abstract
The criminal justice system is the set of agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate laws. There is no single criminal justice system in the United States however similar, individual systems. How the criminal justice system works in each area depends on the jurisdiction in charge be that of city, state, county, federal or tribal government or military installation. Various jurisdictions have different laws, agencies, and ways of managing criminal justice processes. In the criminal justice system there are corrections institutions which are housing facilities for those individuals who have violated the law (The Criminal Justice System, 2015). Currently, there is a great deal of money being spent in the United States on those who are incarcerated. For example, over 2.3 million Americans which is about one percent of the population are incarcerated, the cost is about twenty three thousand dollars per year to house and feed each prisoner (Muraskin, 2010). In addition, the criminal justice system is faced with a plethora of issues in terms of punishments imposed, deterrence and in the correctional institutions, issues that involve the care and treatment of offenders. In this paper I will discuss punishment, forecasted issues and trends and whether or not there is a danger to the community.
The government has spent millions of dollars in attempting to find ways to deter crime. They have implemented various programs both educational and community –based. I believe that the concept is to reduce recidivism, deter crime and at the same time prepare offenders while incarcerated, to return to society and become productive members. In American prisons the two most widely used modes of treatment are education and work programs. The occurrence of these programs reflects the permanent belief that educational, work skills and good habits learned in acquiring such skills plays an integral role for offenders securing employment and becoming productive citizens.
Although the results are not clear, the existing research generally suggests that the programs do have an impact in reducing post release recidivism, especially when targeted particularly at inmates who possess low skills and when part of a broader strategy –a multi-model approach which is behavior therapy in psychotherapy to rehabilitating offenders (Rehabilitation- Corrections in The United States, 2015). I think that there are some people in society who would argue that spending millions on criminals is a waste of taxpayers’ dollars because they are a lost cause. I would have to disagree because they have to start somewhere. Sadly, for some the starting point is while incarcerated. I believe that by acquiring an education coupled with learning skills and participa.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docx
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docx
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc ...
Pre Sentence CJ202 Pre-Sentence Inv.docx
Pre Sentence
CJ202 Pre-Sentence Investigation
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Pre Sentence Investigation
The Pre Sentence Investigation is simply the investigation that is conducted on a guilty defendant before a sentence for the crime is handed down. The PSI is essential for the judge in making a determination of the type of sentence the guilty criminal offender should receive. While criminals in society commit the same crime they will not always get the same sentence. For example a criminal that has stolen a car for the first time would not receive the same prison sentence as a criminal that has stolen two other cars previously and was convicted for these crimes. Since just committing the crime is not all that is considered in sentencing the pre sentence investigation is essential.
Once a criminal has been found guilty of a crime in a court of law or they have pled guilty to a crime the judge will require the probation agent to gather information on the guilty offender including past criminal history, juvenile adjudications, crime, and harm caused to the victim (USPO, 2011). The pre sentence report will inform the court of the criminal defendant’s marital status, work history, and educational background as well as a past history of substance abuse, and mental health history. Additionally the report will provide information on sentencing guidelines, potential harm posed to community, and sentencing recommendations.
The pre sentence report is extremely beneficial to the court. The judge only has the information that is provided through the court process (Murrell, 2008). They do not have information on any special circumstances that would sway their decision one way or another. For example if a man murdered a woman in a fit of passion the sentence would be less than if the murder was premeditated but if the man rapes the woman before she is murdered then the sentence they would receive could be much harsher. In another example if a woman murders a man but that man had stalked her for years this would be important information when the judges make a decision concerning sentencing.
The pre sentence report informs the court and correctional system about the criminal defendant. The report will help the judge to make a determination of what types of programs and services would most benefit the criminal defendant or what type of prison would be most appropriate. For example a serial killer would need to be sent to a maximum security prison or someone sentenced to death will need to be sent to a prison that has a death row. The pre sentence report is beneficial in determining if a criminal offender has a substance abuse problem and requires treatment.
The challenges associated with the pre sentence report involve the cost of conducting the pre investigation report. The correctional system is extremely overcrowded and is overwhelmed with the high cost of housing and feeding criminal inmates and the courts.
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3.2 Street-Level BureaucracyIn 1980, Michael Lipsky coined.docx
3.2 Street-Level Bureaucracy
In 1980, Michael Lipsky coined the phrase street-level bureaucrat, which he defined as
“Public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their jobs, and
who have substantial discretion in the execution of their work” (Lipsky, 2010, p. 3). Lipsky
argued that beyond simply implementing public policy, bureaucrats make policy at the street
level in two ways. First, they exercise wide discretion when interacting with citizens, and
second, when individual actions of street-level bureaucrats are taken together, they have the
effect of becoming agency policy. The two keys to their policy-making role are their
bureaucratic discretion and their autonomy from the authority of their agency hierarchy.
These two characteristics of the street-level bureaucrat are discussed in more detail below, as
are the implications of street-level policy making in a democracy.
In addition to the commonalities of direct citizen interaction, bureaucratic discretion, and
relative autonomy, Lipsky noted that street-level bureaucrats typically experience five
additional factors that shape the way they implement policy. First, they are faced with
chronically inadequate resources to perform their tasks. For example, public defenders’
offices are consistently underfunded in the United States, with average spending just $10 per
defendant; for comparison, data indicate that in the United Kingdom spending is $34 per
defendant (The Sentencing Project, 2007). Underfunding leads directly to understaffing,
which affords the average public defender very little time to interview clients before going
into the courtroom (Mounts, 1982; The Sentencing Project, 2007; Weitzer, 1996). The
Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that in 18% of state court cases, the defendant did not
speak to a public defender before the day of trial; among defendants with private attorneys,
this was 5.4% (Harlow, 2000). The result is that public defenders are often less familiar with
the details of the clients and cases that they represent, and therefore have strong incentives to
seek plea bargains in order to quickly process their clients through the system. This can have
very serious negative consequences for defendants who rely on public defenders. Studies
indicate that these clients are less likely to be given pretrial release, are far more likely to
accept plea bargains, and are much less likely to have their cases dismissed than defendants
with private attorneys (Champion, 1989; Harlow, 2000). This example is not unique;
inadequate public budgets are commonplace for street-level bureaucracies, thus they often
lack essential resources and sufficient numbers of staff to appropriately attend to the needs of
their clients.
Second, the demand for the services provided by street-level bureaucrats has a tendency to
increase to meet the supply; therefore, even if more resources are provided the demand
increases to exceed those resources. In the criminal jus.
Running Head ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIESANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6.docx
Running Head: ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6
Annotated Bibliographies
Shanee’ N. Ellington
Liberty University
Tewksbury, R., Dabney, D. A., & Copes, H. (2010). The Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholarship. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21(4), 391-411. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.516557
This article forms the basis of the discussion by explaining the correlation between quantitative research and criminology whereby the relationship favor’s the criminology concept and process since it is inquisitive by nature. The main variables that are used to support the hypothesis are the number of dissertations presented with a different style of research applied to them. The qualitative research forms the largest contribution to the research process by collecting a variety of related information across the research topic. The two main modes of measurement being tested are the qualitative and quantitative methods which are usually the two major measurement scales used in research. The notion is supported by this mode of research because different disciplines normally apply different approaches to quantitative inquiry.
Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing excellence in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Psychology, 1(1), 49-60. doi:10.1037/qup0000002.
The author of this article looks into the various orientations that influence the qualitative inquiries’ success rate by reviewing the history of the criteria that was mainly used in measuring the success rate of a certain qualitative inquiry approach. He then discusses how the traditional criteria have been widely used to evaluate the modern qualitative approaches which he looks at from different types of qualitative approach methods. From the analysis of the various contemporary orientations which lead to the development of various types of inquiries, he is able to consider five proposed mode of qualitative inquiries which include ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory and also case study. This provision sets the basis for the discussion of the various types of inquiries which is then compared to the analysis of their effective use and impact within the criminal justice systems for example in the article below from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) which looks into the most common types of approaches to qualitative inquiries.
Kleck, G., Tark, J., & Bellows, J. J. (2006). What methods are most frequently used in research in criminology and criminal justice? Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(2), 147-152. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.01.007
The authors of this article attempted to look at the most commonly used approaches to a quantitative inquiry by establishing research into how frequent the modes used in qualitative methods of research in criminal justice-related journals are applied in research. Survey research, which forms one of the elements of phenomenological approaches to a quantitative ...
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Variables in a Research Study and Data CollectionIn this assignmen.docx
Variables in a Research Study and Data Collection
In this assignment, you will explore the variables involved in a research study.
Complete the following tasks:
Read the following articles from the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Database in the South University Online Library.
Lee, A., Craft-Rosenberg, M. (2010). Ineffective family participation in
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Nurs Diagn
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13
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Witt, C. M., Lüdtke, R., Willich, S. N. (2010). Homeopathic treatment
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16
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www.hoovers.com
http://moneycentral.msn.com
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http://globaledge.msu.edu/industries
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Most current Form10K document
Most current Annual Report
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Be 2-3 pages in length
Be formatted according to
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Cite a minimum of three outside sources.
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I attached the powerPoint.
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Review the Goals
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Use the "How to Change Consumer Behavior" file
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Use a Site Architecture Excel File to let the IT Developer know sub menus
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Cognitive Psychology 5 edition
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Outline the factors that influence their potential uses - (5 marks)
3.
Identify and map the current users of water in the catchment - (15 marks)
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