1) The document provides a historical overview of perspectives on autism from 1820 to 2020, highlighting several key milestones.
2) In the 1940s, Kanner and Asperger independently identified and named autism as a distinct syndrome, describing features like insistence on sameness and isolated skills.
3) In the 1960s, research shifted away from viewing autism as caused by parenting and toward studying cognitive and information processing deficits, applying new psychological models.
This document discusses how perceptions are influenced by past experiences and differ between individuals, even when looking at the same thing. It provides examples of optical illusions and ambiguous images where people may see different things. The document emphasizes that scientific ideas are developed through both observations, which are facts gathered through the senses, and inferences, which are logical conclusions or deductions based on observations. Inferences are opinions rather than facts.
The document discusses Asperger's syndrome, which is a type of autism spectrum disorder characterized by difficulties with social skills and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Specifically, it provides information on the history and diagnosis of Asperger's, typical symptoms such as struggles with social interaction and narrow, intense interests, and statistics on prevalence. It also gives examples of how Asperger's may present in individuals.
A Novel Hypothesis as to the Origin of Autism: An Alteration in Biological Wa...patrons99
Oral presentation and abstract by Robert M. Davidson, M.D. Ph.D. FAIS at the International Conference on Brain Disorders and Therapeutics, London, United Kingdom, August 25th 2015, titled "A Novel Hypothesis as to the Origin of Autism: An Alteration in Biological Water Dynamics Disrupts Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and the Organizing Function of CNS Fractones"
Dissertation on environmental pollution and global warming 27 08-2013Patricia Rodrigues
This document provides an introduction to environmental pollution and global warming. It defines key terms like environment, environmental pollutant, and environmental pollution. It then discusses the genesis of environmental problems, noting that both developing and developed countries contribute to pollution in different ways. In India specifically, issues like river pollution, deforestation, industrial waste, and noise pollution are discussed. The document also examines the relationship between religious and cultural practices in India and environmental pollution. It argues that traditions like celebrating festivals by bursting firecrackers, disposing of waste in rivers, and using loudspeakers contribute to pollution problems.
Developing a Hypothesis and Title for your ExperimentJeremy Mularella
The document discusses how to develop a hypothesis and title for a scientific experiment. It explains that a hypothesis predicts the relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable in an "if...then" statement. Several examples are provided of hypotheses and experiment titles that follow the proper format of stating the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Guidance is given on key terms like "effect" versus "affect" and how to clearly define the independent and dependent variables.
This document discusses the importance and characteristics of formulating hypotheses in quantitative research studies. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. Good hypotheses should be researchable, stated in declarative form, define the relationship between variables, and be testable. Hypotheses can follow from theoretical frameworks and allow theories to be evaluated indirectly through hypothesis testing. The document provides examples of directional and nondirectional, simple and complex, research and null hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of hypotheses for a presentation. It begins with learning outcomes which are to explain the meaning and significance of hypotheses, identify types of hypotheses, and illustrate why hypotheses are needed.
The presentation will cover the scientific method, meaning and types of variables, characteristics of good hypotheses, categories of hypotheses including null and alternative, and how to form and test hypotheses. Hypotheses are defined as educated guesses that relate variables and guide research. They must be testable, falsifiable, and contribute to theory. Hypotheses can be categorized by their formulation as null or alternative, by direction as directional or non-directional, and by their derivation as inductive or deductive.
This document discusses how perceptions are influenced by past experiences and differ between individuals, even when looking at the same thing. It provides examples of optical illusions and ambiguous images where people may see different things. The document emphasizes that scientific ideas are developed through both observations, which are facts gathered through the senses, and inferences, which are logical conclusions or deductions based on observations. Inferences are opinions rather than facts.
The document discusses Asperger's syndrome, which is a type of autism spectrum disorder characterized by difficulties with social skills and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Specifically, it provides information on the history and diagnosis of Asperger's, typical symptoms such as struggles with social interaction and narrow, intense interests, and statistics on prevalence. It also gives examples of how Asperger's may present in individuals.
A Novel Hypothesis as to the Origin of Autism: An Alteration in Biological Wa...patrons99
Oral presentation and abstract by Robert M. Davidson, M.D. Ph.D. FAIS at the International Conference on Brain Disorders and Therapeutics, London, United Kingdom, August 25th 2015, titled "A Novel Hypothesis as to the Origin of Autism: An Alteration in Biological Water Dynamics Disrupts Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and the Organizing Function of CNS Fractones"
Dissertation on environmental pollution and global warming 27 08-2013Patricia Rodrigues
This document provides an introduction to environmental pollution and global warming. It defines key terms like environment, environmental pollutant, and environmental pollution. It then discusses the genesis of environmental problems, noting that both developing and developed countries contribute to pollution in different ways. In India specifically, issues like river pollution, deforestation, industrial waste, and noise pollution are discussed. The document also examines the relationship between religious and cultural practices in India and environmental pollution. It argues that traditions like celebrating festivals by bursting firecrackers, disposing of waste in rivers, and using loudspeakers contribute to pollution problems.
Developing a Hypothesis and Title for your ExperimentJeremy Mularella
The document discusses how to develop a hypothesis and title for a scientific experiment. It explains that a hypothesis predicts the relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable in an "if...then" statement. Several examples are provided of hypotheses and experiment titles that follow the proper format of stating the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Guidance is given on key terms like "effect" versus "affect" and how to clearly define the independent and dependent variables.
This document discusses the importance and characteristics of formulating hypotheses in quantitative research studies. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. Good hypotheses should be researchable, stated in declarative form, define the relationship between variables, and be testable. Hypotheses can follow from theoretical frameworks and allow theories to be evaluated indirectly through hypothesis testing. The document provides examples of directional and nondirectional, simple and complex, research and null hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of hypotheses for a presentation. It begins with learning outcomes which are to explain the meaning and significance of hypotheses, identify types of hypotheses, and illustrate why hypotheses are needed.
The presentation will cover the scientific method, meaning and types of variables, characteristics of good hypotheses, categories of hypotheses including null and alternative, and how to form and test hypotheses. Hypotheses are defined as educated guesses that relate variables and guide research. They must be testable, falsifiable, and contribute to theory. Hypotheses can be categorized by their formulation as null or alternative, by direction as directional or non-directional, and by their derivation as inductive or deductive.
The document defines and discusses hypotheses in research contexts. It provides that a hypothesis is a formal, testable statement of the expected relationship between independent and dependent variables. The document outlines several definitions of a hypothesis provided by authors and discusses the key characteristics of a good hypothesis. It also differentiates between different types of hypotheses such as universal, existential, null, alternate, non-directional, directional, and research hypotheses. The purpose, components, and process of hypothesis making and testing are described.
This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing including:
- Defining null and alternative hypotheses
- Types of errors like Type I and Type II
- Test statistics and significance levels for comparing means, proportions, and standard deviations of one and two populations
- Examples are given for hypothesis tests on population means, proportions, and comparing two population means.
The document discusses hypothesis testing in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposition that can be tested scientifically. The key points are:
- A hypothesis aims to explain a phenomenon and can be tested objectively. Common hypotheses compare two groups or variables.
- Statistical hypothesis testing involves a null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (Ha). H0 is the initial assumption being tested, while Ha is what would be accepted if H0 is rejected.
- Type I errors incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis. Type II errors fail to reject a false null hypothesis. Hypothesis tests aim to control the probability of type I errors.
- The significance level is the probability of a type I error,
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative, testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis helps translate research problems into clear predictions about expected outcomes. Hypotheses are derived from literature reviews and conceptual frameworks. The main types discussed are research hypotheses, null hypotheses, and testable hypotheses. Research hypotheses make predictions, while null hypotheses predict no relationship. Testable hypotheses involve measurable variables. Variables are also discussed, including independent, dependent, extraneous, and demographic variables. Assumptions and limitations of research are briefly covered.
This document provides a history of optical illusions from prehistory to modern times. It discusses how illusions challenge human reliance on the senses providing an accurate view of reality. Early Greek philosophers debated whether senses were inherently accurate or if the mind played a role in perception. Experimental foundations were later established in the 1800-1870 period. Current study of illusions follows a paradigmatic scientific approach through normal science, anomalies, and revolution. The document concludes by examining ambiguous figures and how single images can represent multiple interpretations.
The document discusses optical illusions and the history of their study. It explains that optical illusions reveal that perception is an active process in the brain rather than a direct reflection of physical reality. The history of illusions is then reviewed from ancient Greece to modern times, showing different viewpoints on the relationship between senses and mind over time. Various types of illusions are also presented including ambiguous figures that can be seen in more than one way.
this is the summary of whole book in presentation form and all the data is composed in precise way to help the student to know about the history of Philosophy
The document provides an overview of how various artists, writers, philosophers, and intellectuals responded to and were influenced by World War I and the loss of meaning and certainty it created. It discusses how modernist art forms like Cubism, Surrealism, and abstract expressionism developed to capture disjointed and psychological perceptions of reality. Writers like Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Eliot incorporated disillusionment and hopelessness into their works. Philosophies like Existentialism emerged to address the lack of universal meaning and importance of individual choice and responsibility. Music incorporated new rhythms and styles to express post-war uncertainty. Freud and Einstein significantly changed perceptions of the human mind and physical world.
1) The document discusses Albert Einstein's early life, education, and brain structure. As a child, Einstein spoke hesitantly and was thought by his parents to have below average intelligence, though he did well in mathematics.
2) When Einstein died in 1955, his brain was preserved for research. Later analysis found a small difference in brain structure compared to most people, though this alone did not explain his extraordinary abilities.
3) Einstein's achievements depended not just on his brain but also on nurturing from family and solid education, as well as his bold personality. The document includes several photos from Einstein's life and career.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the field of psychology including:
1) The origins of psychology as a scientific field emerging in the late 19th century with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first experimental psychology lab.
2) Key figures and approaches in early psychology such as structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and cognitive psychology.
3) Modern psychology incorporates perspectives from biology, behavior, cognition, and social/cultural influences to understand the mind and behavior.
The document summarizes the history of psychology from ancient Greece to the 18th century. It discusses the ideas of major figures like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, and Rousseau. Key concepts discussed include the rationalist vs empiricist debate on the origins of knowledge, mind-body dualism proposed by Descartes, Locke's tabula rasa theory of the mind, and Rousseau's view of human nature as noble rather than inherently sinful. The document traces how these philosophical ideas influenced the early development of psychology as a field.
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behavior. It relates to science through using the scientific method to study topics like cognition, emotion, and behavior. Psychologists study various topics and work in different careers, guided by major organizations. Early perspectives include structuralism and functionalism, while modern perspectives are behavioral, cognitive, biological, humanistic, and social/cultural. Each perspective focuses on different determinants of behavior and important contributors helped establish the field.
The Brain - Part 6 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC B...piero scaruffi
The Brain - Part 6 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC Berkeley (2014), excerpted from http://www.scaruffi.com/nature I keep updating these slides at www.scaruffi.com/ucb.html
Autism is more commonly diagnosed now, with prevalence rates increasing from 4-7 per 10,000 in the 1980s to 1 in 100-150 currently. The causes of autism are still being studied, and it involves problems with social communication/interaction and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests according to the DSM-5 criteria. Autism exists on a spectrum and can range from severe impairment to mild symptoms, with uneven cognitive profiles and a strong male bias in prevalence rates, though girls may be underdiagnosed. Understanding of autism has evolved from historical explanations like feral children to current models emphasizing neurodevelopmental and genetic factors.
Autism is more commonly diagnosed now, with prevalence rates increasing from 4-7 per 10,000 in the 1980s to 1 in 100-150 currently. The causes of autism are still being investigated, and it may be that both real increases and better diagnosis are contributing to higher rates. Autism involves problems with social communication and social imagination, and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests. It is classified in the DSM-5 based on deficits in social interaction and nonverbal communication, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Autism exists on a spectrum and can range from high to low functioning depending on factors like IQ. Gender ratios show more diagnosed males than females, though it is unclear if girls are being underdiag
- Aristotle theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception and personality before 30 BC and was an early contributor to the study of psychology.
- Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany and is considered the father of modern psychology. He focused experiments on sensation and perception.
- Present day psychology incorporates many approaches including behavioralism, psychoanalytic theory, humanism, biopsychology, cognitive theory, and sociocultural psychology. Each approach provides a different perspective on understanding human behavior and mental processes.
This document discusses the disgraceful history of biological determinism and scientific racism. It summarizes past research that claimed to scientifically prove the intellectual and physical inferiority of racial groups like Black people compared to white people. However, the document notes that this research was later disproven or found to have flawed methodology. It used biased field observations and questionable craniometric studies to justify racist, sexist, and classist beliefs. The document argues this history should caution against contemporary emphasis on biological and genetic causes of mental illness that may be similarly misguided.
This document provides a history of intelligence and intelligence testing. It discusses how the concept of intelligence emerged in the late 19th century and various attempts to define intelligence. It outlines the development of early intelligence tests by researchers like Binet and Simon who created the first intelligence test to identify students who needed special education. It describes how IQ scores were originally calculated as a mental age compared to a person's chronological age. The history discusses the work of researchers like Goddard who helped popularize IQ testing in the early 20th century.
The document provides background information on Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel "Brave New World". It explains that Huxley was concerned about the ways dictators could use science to control people and deny them freedom. He was worried about a future of tyranny and totalitarianism. The title of the novel refers to Miranda's line in Shakespeare's The Tempest about the "brave new world", though Huxley uses it cynically to imply that progress is not always as wonderful as it seems. The novel depicts a dystopian future where people are conditioned and controlled by the state from birth through scientific means like genetic engineering and hypnopaedia (sleep teaching).
The document defines and discusses hypotheses in research contexts. It provides that a hypothesis is a formal, testable statement of the expected relationship between independent and dependent variables. The document outlines several definitions of a hypothesis provided by authors and discusses the key characteristics of a good hypothesis. It also differentiates between different types of hypotheses such as universal, existential, null, alternate, non-directional, directional, and research hypotheses. The purpose, components, and process of hypothesis making and testing are described.
This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing including:
- Defining null and alternative hypotheses
- Types of errors like Type I and Type II
- Test statistics and significance levels for comparing means, proportions, and standard deviations of one and two populations
- Examples are given for hypothesis tests on population means, proportions, and comparing two population means.
The document discusses hypothesis testing in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposition that can be tested scientifically. The key points are:
- A hypothesis aims to explain a phenomenon and can be tested objectively. Common hypotheses compare two groups or variables.
- Statistical hypothesis testing involves a null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (Ha). H0 is the initial assumption being tested, while Ha is what would be accepted if H0 is rejected.
- Type I errors incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis. Type II errors fail to reject a false null hypothesis. Hypothesis tests aim to control the probability of type I errors.
- The significance level is the probability of a type I error,
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative, testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis helps translate research problems into clear predictions about expected outcomes. Hypotheses are derived from literature reviews and conceptual frameworks. The main types discussed are research hypotheses, null hypotheses, and testable hypotheses. Research hypotheses make predictions, while null hypotheses predict no relationship. Testable hypotheses involve measurable variables. Variables are also discussed, including independent, dependent, extraneous, and demographic variables. Assumptions and limitations of research are briefly covered.
This document provides a history of optical illusions from prehistory to modern times. It discusses how illusions challenge human reliance on the senses providing an accurate view of reality. Early Greek philosophers debated whether senses were inherently accurate or if the mind played a role in perception. Experimental foundations were later established in the 1800-1870 period. Current study of illusions follows a paradigmatic scientific approach through normal science, anomalies, and revolution. The document concludes by examining ambiguous figures and how single images can represent multiple interpretations.
The document discusses optical illusions and the history of their study. It explains that optical illusions reveal that perception is an active process in the brain rather than a direct reflection of physical reality. The history of illusions is then reviewed from ancient Greece to modern times, showing different viewpoints on the relationship between senses and mind over time. Various types of illusions are also presented including ambiguous figures that can be seen in more than one way.
this is the summary of whole book in presentation form and all the data is composed in precise way to help the student to know about the history of Philosophy
The document provides an overview of how various artists, writers, philosophers, and intellectuals responded to and were influenced by World War I and the loss of meaning and certainty it created. It discusses how modernist art forms like Cubism, Surrealism, and abstract expressionism developed to capture disjointed and psychological perceptions of reality. Writers like Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Eliot incorporated disillusionment and hopelessness into their works. Philosophies like Existentialism emerged to address the lack of universal meaning and importance of individual choice and responsibility. Music incorporated new rhythms and styles to express post-war uncertainty. Freud and Einstein significantly changed perceptions of the human mind and physical world.
1) The document discusses Albert Einstein's early life, education, and brain structure. As a child, Einstein spoke hesitantly and was thought by his parents to have below average intelligence, though he did well in mathematics.
2) When Einstein died in 1955, his brain was preserved for research. Later analysis found a small difference in brain structure compared to most people, though this alone did not explain his extraordinary abilities.
3) Einstein's achievements depended not just on his brain but also on nurturing from family and solid education, as well as his bold personality. The document includes several photos from Einstein's life and career.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the field of psychology including:
1) The origins of psychology as a scientific field emerging in the late 19th century with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first experimental psychology lab.
2) Key figures and approaches in early psychology such as structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and cognitive psychology.
3) Modern psychology incorporates perspectives from biology, behavior, cognition, and social/cultural influences to understand the mind and behavior.
The document summarizes the history of psychology from ancient Greece to the 18th century. It discusses the ideas of major figures like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, and Rousseau. Key concepts discussed include the rationalist vs empiricist debate on the origins of knowledge, mind-body dualism proposed by Descartes, Locke's tabula rasa theory of the mind, and Rousseau's view of human nature as noble rather than inherently sinful. The document traces how these philosophical ideas influenced the early development of psychology as a field.
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behavior. It relates to science through using the scientific method to study topics like cognition, emotion, and behavior. Psychologists study various topics and work in different careers, guided by major organizations. Early perspectives include structuralism and functionalism, while modern perspectives are behavioral, cognitive, biological, humanistic, and social/cultural. Each perspective focuses on different determinants of behavior and important contributors helped establish the field.
The Brain - Part 6 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC B...piero scaruffi
The Brain - Part 6 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC Berkeley (2014), excerpted from http://www.scaruffi.com/nature I keep updating these slides at www.scaruffi.com/ucb.html
Autism is more commonly diagnosed now, with prevalence rates increasing from 4-7 per 10,000 in the 1980s to 1 in 100-150 currently. The causes of autism are still being studied, and it involves problems with social communication/interaction and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests according to the DSM-5 criteria. Autism exists on a spectrum and can range from severe impairment to mild symptoms, with uneven cognitive profiles and a strong male bias in prevalence rates, though girls may be underdiagnosed. Understanding of autism has evolved from historical explanations like feral children to current models emphasizing neurodevelopmental and genetic factors.
Autism is more commonly diagnosed now, with prevalence rates increasing from 4-7 per 10,000 in the 1980s to 1 in 100-150 currently. The causes of autism are still being investigated, and it may be that both real increases and better diagnosis are contributing to higher rates. Autism involves problems with social communication and social imagination, and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests. It is classified in the DSM-5 based on deficits in social interaction and nonverbal communication, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Autism exists on a spectrum and can range from high to low functioning depending on factors like IQ. Gender ratios show more diagnosed males than females, though it is unclear if girls are being underdiag
- Aristotle theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception and personality before 30 BC and was an early contributor to the study of psychology.
- Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany and is considered the father of modern psychology. He focused experiments on sensation and perception.
- Present day psychology incorporates many approaches including behavioralism, psychoanalytic theory, humanism, biopsychology, cognitive theory, and sociocultural psychology. Each approach provides a different perspective on understanding human behavior and mental processes.
This document discusses the disgraceful history of biological determinism and scientific racism. It summarizes past research that claimed to scientifically prove the intellectual and physical inferiority of racial groups like Black people compared to white people. However, the document notes that this research was later disproven or found to have flawed methodology. It used biased field observations and questionable craniometric studies to justify racist, sexist, and classist beliefs. The document argues this history should caution against contemporary emphasis on biological and genetic causes of mental illness that may be similarly misguided.
This document provides a history of intelligence and intelligence testing. It discusses how the concept of intelligence emerged in the late 19th century and various attempts to define intelligence. It outlines the development of early intelligence tests by researchers like Binet and Simon who created the first intelligence test to identify students who needed special education. It describes how IQ scores were originally calculated as a mental age compared to a person's chronological age. The history discusses the work of researchers like Goddard who helped popularize IQ testing in the early 20th century.
The document provides background information on Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel "Brave New World". It explains that Huxley was concerned about the ways dictators could use science to control people and deny them freedom. He was worried about a future of tyranny and totalitarianism. The title of the novel refers to Miranda's line in Shakespeare's The Tempest about the "brave new world", though Huxley uses it cynically to imply that progress is not always as wonderful as it seems. The novel depicts a dystopian future where people are conditioned and controlled by the state from birth through scientific means like genetic engineering and hypnopaedia (sleep teaching).
Originally Eysenck characterized an individual's personality on two scales. Introversion - extraversion and stable - unstable. A person may thus be
Introverted and Stable,
Introverted and Unstable,
Extraverted and Stable or
Extraverted and Unstable.
The scale, stable - unstable, measures an increasing level of neuroticism. Eysenck's term "neuroticism" does not mean that the persons actually have neurosis, only that they are more inclined to get one.
They are continuous scales, so one can of course also score in the middle, for example, only 50% unstable and only 50% introverted. Later in his career he added Psychoticism.
Spinoza - going rogue way before Sarah!Dave Shafer
A presentation on the Dutch philosopher Spinoza (1632-1677) - the man, his ideas, and his influence. Mostly visual, with photos, cartoons, and paintings, and much humor.
The Brain - Part 6 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC B...piero scaruffi
The Brain - Part 6 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC Berkeley (2014). I keep updating this presentation at www.scaruffi.com/ucb.html
Similar to Autism Historical Perspectives Lecture 2008 (20)
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
1. Autism
Historical perspectives on autism
Uta Frith
UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience
12th June 2008
Priory Court: 1st Dame Stephanie Shirley Lecture
2. Setting a historical context for our knowledge
How far can we go back in time?
What early sources are there?
What accelerated our current knowledge?
The time line and three centenaries
2020 - 1920 - 1820.......even earlier
3. Landmark date
2020
1943/44
1920 - 1820.......
Leo Kanner (1943)
Hans Asperger (1944)
Each independently identified and named the syndrome
How did knowledge of autism begin?
How it has changed over time?
4. Kanner’s evocative descriptions of the core
features of autism
• Autistic alonenes
• Insistence on sameness
• Islets of abilities
5. 2020 - 1920 - 1820..1805..1790
Further back in time
Some suggestive examples
Short description of a boy at Bethlem Hospital (1805)
Wild boy of Aveyron (ca 1790)
6. 2020 - 1920 - 1820... ... ... ... ... ... 500
Even further back
The holy fools of the Eastern Church
From 4th Century
Isidora, Simeon, Prokopius, Basil
7. What can be gained from historical analysis?
Has autism always been with us?
How did people in the past cope?
What are the universal features?
- independent of cultural context
But, we cannot proceed unless we have
detailed case descriptions
8. 2020 - 1920 - 1820 - 1720
The case of Hugh Blair of Borgue
(ca. 1708 - 1765)
A family feud
Brother began civil suit
to have Hugh’s arranged marriage annulled
on grounds of mental incapacity
Court annulled marriage
Hugh Blair’s mental incapacity confirmed
Statements from 29 witnesses
Direct examination
15. Descriptions of odd behaviour
• was teased and bullied
• took no notice of strangers
• never took part in conversation
• visited neighbours at all hours
• gave unwanted gifts
• insisted on same place in church
• went to all burials whether invited or not
• collected useless sticks
• carried stones from heap to heap
• watched water dripping
• could read and write
• had prodigious memory
Autistic aloneness
Insistence on sameness
Islets of ability
16. Autism is not new
Distilling the essence of autism across time
need to look beneath the surface
of behavioural descriptions
Autism is universal
despite different cultural manifestations
17. Explanations of odd behaviour
Inability to attribute mental states
to self and others - mindblindness
resulting in lack of reciprocal social
interaction and communication
Good perceptual processing
Attention to detail
Adequate basic information
processing capacity
Autistic aloness
Insistence on sameness
Islets of ability
18. Going Fast forward in Time...
1745 ... ... 1985
The mindblindness hypothesis
Mentalising aka Theory of Mind aka mind-reading
The ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, desires)
To self and others and predict behaviour on the basis of
mental states rather than real states of affairs
If dysfunctional, then lack of reciprocal social interaction, poor
communication - can explain autistic aloneness
19. Mind-blindness or lack of “Theory of Mind”
or “impaired mentalizing”
• Not putting yourself into someone else’s shoes
• Not recognising that what another person knows, thinks or
feels is different from what you know, think or feel
• Not being able to predict what another person will do on
the basis of what they know, think or feel
• Not recognising that inner intentions govern others’ actions
• Not being aware of your own knowledge, feelings
20. Sally has a basket. Ann has a box. Sally puts a marble in her basket
Sally goes out.
22. Sally comes back. Where will she look for her marble?
Where she thinks it is!
23. Hugh Blair failed test of Theory of Mind
on 16 July 1747
Judges asked questions in writing and asked him
to write his answers down
He copied the questions!
He did not realise that he knew something that judges did not know
and that they wished to know about.
24. 16 July 1747
Clerk’s writing
answer the following question
What brought you to Edinburgh?
Hugh Blair’s writing
Answer the followin question
What brougt you to Edinbrugh
Clerk’s writing
You are not to copy what is set before
you
but write an answer to this question….
Hugh Blair’s writing
You are not to coppy what his set before you
but write an answer to this question...
26. 1820 - 1920 - 2020
The historical context around 1820
What happened?
Napoleon banished
Regency period (George IV)
What achievements were new?
Ampere studies electromagnetism
Faraday invents electric motor
First fossil recognised as dinosaur
Babbage invents difference engine
Portrait and landscape
by Constable
27. 1820 - 1920 - 2020
1820
What knowledge relevant to autism?
Franz Josef Gall (1758 - 1828)
Mind has a physical seat in the brain
Brain controls emotions and actions
Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776 - 1841)
Mental phenomena can be studied objectively
Principles of education
28. 1820 - 1920 - 2020
The historical context around 1920
What happened?
WWI is over
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
The Mechanic by F. Leger
What achievements were new?
Einstein completes his theory of relativity
Rutherford split an atom of nitrogen
Insulin extracted to develop diabetes treatment
Vitamin D discovered to treat rickets
Tuberculosis vaccine
A modern skyscraper
29. 1820 - 1920 - 2020
1920
What knowledge relevant to autism?
Neurological syndromes and psychoses
Emil Kraepelin (1856 - 1926)
“dementia praecox”
Eugen Bleuler (1857 - 1939)
“schizophrenia” and “autism”
30. The 20th Century Sources
First recognition of psychiatric disorders in children
In Vienna
Theodor Heller 1908
– dementia infantilis
– disintegrative psychosis
31. The 20th Century Sources
In Moscow
G.E. Suchareva 1926
schizoid psychopathy
relationship to “Dementia praecox”
congenital brain disorder
cerebellum, basal ganglia, frontal lobes
32. “Schizoid Psychopathies
of Childhood”
Grunya Efimovna Suchareva (1891-1981)
Die schizoiden Psychopathien im Kindesalter
1926 Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, Bd. 60
Translated by Sula Wolff
33. Suchareva - anticipating Asperger
Description of 6 boys aged 10 to 13 years
seen over 3 years in Moscow clinic
• Characteristic mode of abstract thought, absurdities, eccentricities
Autistische Einstellung
• Poor social adaptation; avoidance of peers; loners
• Superficial emotions; hyper- and hyposensitivity
• Poverty of expressions (face, voice)
• Perseveration; echolalia; obsessive tendencies
• Motor clumsiness, mannerisms, poor voice modulation
• Differences to schizophrenia
• Obvious brain basis of symptoms
This work was largely forgotten
34. After 1920
Pediatricians, psychiatrists, neurologists in many
places started to be interested in children with
‘psychotic’ symptoms
Was it only a matter of time for an inspired clinician
researcher to identify autistic children among the
large group of mentally handicapped children?
35. Leo Kanner (1894- 1961)
1943
Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact
Enduring characterisation
Autistic aloneness
Insistence on sameness
Islets of abilities
Assumed biological basis
but seduced by refrigerator mother theory
Kanner’s concept of autism was
unchallenged for ca. 50 years
Now it refers to a narrowly defined subgroup
on the autism spectrum
36. Hans Asperger
1906 - 1980
1944
Die autistischen Psychopathen im Kindesalter
Asperger assumed that disorder
•has genetic basis
•is life-long
•coexists with high intelligence
Proposed that educational treatment has to be specially
adapted for children
Almost forgotten, but rediscovered in 1990s
37. Scheerer, Rothmann & Goldstein 1945
a neglected landmark paper
A case of ‘idiot savant’: An experimental study of personality organization
•
•
•
•
•
Single case description of a boy
Detailed neuropsychological study
Contrast to Kanner’s autism
Cognitive, not emotional disturbances are seen as primary
Original ideas on impairment of abstract abilities,
anticipating ideas on executive dysfunction
• Attempt to explain special abilities as abnormal perceptual
processes
Kurt Goldstein 1878–1965 Neurologist
38. Stephen Wiltshire drawing from memory
Stephen spent 30 minutes taking in 360 degrees of Tokyo skyline from the roof
top of Roppongi Hills (270 meters up). Over the next seven days he drew, from
memory, a remarkably accurate panorama of the Tokyo skyline
39. A scientific revolution
1960s
• Autism a form of mental retardation
• Due to brain pathology rather than poor parenting
• If so, social-emotional problems may be explained
as consequence of abnormalities in perception
and thinking
• If so, new information processing models can be
applied
40. The 1960s
Beginnings of psychological experimentation
•
•
•
•
•
Removing stigma of poor parenting
More attention to intellectual problems
Less attention to affective problems
Main target language problems
Intervention by operant conditioning
41. Beate Hermelin and Neil O’Connor
“Experiments with autistic children” (1970)
Information processing models
Uneven profile of abilities
Specific deficits
good memory for meaningless
vs poor memory for meaningful
material
Conclusions
not peripheral input/output problems
but central coding difficulties
42. How far did the early experimental work
“explain” autism?
Main features of cases studied in the 60s
– Delayed language, no speech, poor speech
• Ideas on disturbance of semantics and pragmatics
– Learning disability
• Study of memory, attention, perception, motor skills and
learning
• Attempts to differentiate autism from other syndromes with
intellectual impairments were only partially successful
• Social difficulties remained the big unknown
43. The historical context
for the mindblindness hypothesis
How did the hypothesis come about?
Researchers were turning against Behaviourism
Up to then Psychology was the Study of Behaviour
Now the Study of Mental Life
Study of mental states as they influence behaviour
e.g. pretence, deception, belief, knowledge
John takes his umbrella - because he thinks it’s raining,regardless of whether
it is actually raining
1978 David Premack and Guy Woodruff: Does the Chimpanzee have a ‘Theory of Mind?’
1983 Heinz Wimmer and Josef Perner: Beliefs about beliefs
44. The natural life of the mindblindness hypothesis
Step 1 Novel prediction
Children with autism fail to understand False Beliefs while
they understand False Photographs
Confirmation (Baron-Cohen, Leslie & Frith, 1985)
Since 1985 many more confirmations
Step 2 Negative findings
Meta-analysis of studies (Happé 1994)
Children with succeed on False Beliefs with 5-year delay
Step 3 Modifications
Individuals with autism can learn about mental states, but
still lack intuitive mindreading (e.g. Frith 2003)
Step 4 Extensions
Investigations of mind reading in other animals
45. A major step forward
In the 1990s Brain imaging methods become available
Brain imaging was used to visualise brain system that is
active during mentalising
Surprising finding
No matter what the task a specific neural system
is activated during mentalising
In autism
Physiological test
Are their functional differences in relevant brain regions?
Anatomical test
Are there structural differences in relevant brain regions?
46. Castelli et al., 2000
Paracingulate
sulcus
STS-temporalparietal junction
Basal temporal
Mentalising system
Basal temporal, periamygdaloid
47. Evidence for brain abnormality in ASD
linked to mentalising failure
Asperger and HFA group show reduced
brain activation in mentalizing system
but equal activation in visual system
Components show strong connectivity
in the normal brain
But weak connectivity in the autistic brain
Castelli et al. 2002
48. Medial prefrontal region
functionally different in autism
- less activated in autism during mentalising
structurally different in
autism
- smaller volume
49. Recent developments
from mid-1990s
•
•
•
•
Search for genetic and other biological causes
Systematic search for intervention
Continued development of diagnostic instruments
Availability of brain imaging techniques allow
building bridges from cognition to brain
• Brain abnormalities may distinguish subgroups,
but have not done so yet
50. The mirror neuron deficit
hypothesis
• Can a deficit in this system explain autism?
– Can perhaps explain lack of emotional resonance, and
lack of learning by imitation,
– but not uneven cognitive abilities, savant talents,
executive dysfunction
• Open questions
– How is empathy related to mentalizing?
– How is introspection into own mind related to reflection
about other minds
51. Has there been progress in
explaining the nature and causes of autism?
100 years ago
autism not recognised at all
50 years ago
psychosocial origin presumed - not brain abnormality
Now
slow but steady progress towards identifying brain
abnormality, genetic risk factors and other putative causes
52. Leo Kanner - the legacy
The name
A clinical entity
Nuclear cases as anchors
53. Hans Asperger - the legacy
• The interest in highly intelligent individuals
– Focus of neuropsychological studies, possibly to the
detriment of studying other individuals with ASD
• The case of extreme male intelligence
– Simon Baron-Cohen’s theory of the Extreme Male Brain
and Systemizing (vs. Empathizing)
54. Kurt Goldstein - the legacy
• Work on frontal lobe dysfunction
• Modularity of mind
• Mystery of the savant
56. Mindblindness hypothesis - the legacy
Other hypotheses are needed as well
Could be used to identify phenotype
Need for standardised test of Theory of Mind
57. 1820 - 1920 - 2020
2020
What knowledge relevant to autism?
– Genetic blueprint
– Visualising structure and function of the living brain
– Increasing knowledge about the social brain
and its evolutionary origins
58. 1820 - 1920 - 2020
2020 (as seen in 2008)
What progress has been made?
Autism recognised as one of the most prevalent neuro-developmental
disorders, with a basis in the genes
Close to finding biological causes
Close to identifying phenotypes and genotypes
Early diagnosis and intervention
Better educational treatments
Editor's Notes
One reason for reduced activation might be weak connectivity between the relevant areas. While visual-spatial processing of stimuli is normal, as reflected in normal activation of extra-striate regions, the further processing of this information by the fronto-temporal structures of the mentalising system is blocked.