These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how augmented reality is becoming economically feasible for manufacturing and maintenance applications. Augmented reality adds useful information to a real-world image that is seen through head-mounted glasses or a tablet computer’s camera. Academic tests reveal that manufacturing and maintenance activities can be done more effectively when workers use augmented reality and many firms have begun using augmented reality.
Furthermore, continued improvements in display resolution and graphic processing speeds and the emergence of transparent displays will expand the use of AR. In particular, it takes several seconds for current devices to update the images that are overlaid on the real-world image, which confuses workers and slows them down. Improvements in graphic processors for tablet computers are reducing the time it takes for tablet computers to recognize and register objects and thus make the overlaid images look clear in the tablet’s display. While graphic processors in game consoles and desktop computers can easily handle this problem, graphic processors in mobile devices lag their game console and desktop computer counterparts by several years.
Virtual reality and augmented reality are two technologies that are disrupting the current state of manufacturing, by facilitating the creation and design of new products in multiple industries. Watch this video to learn more about these exciting technologies.
For the video please visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOyCylvNf3Y&list=PLVce3C5Hi9BBfabvhEzYQTQDYEg2vtuxH&index=21
This slideshare has been produced by the Tesseract Academy (http://tesseract.academy), a company whose mission is to educate decision makers in deep technical topics such as data science, AI, and blockchain.
If you are interested in deep tech, make sure to also visit The Data Scientist: http://thedatascientist.com
A collection of AR/VR based ideas for factories, plants who want to introduce or already using Smart Factory, Industry 4.0 solutions at their manufacturing lines
Augmented Reality; mostly confused with virtual reality is a completely different concept and is extensively implemented in various leading companies' R&D departments to experiment with design and performance characteristics.
Augmented and Virtual Reality applied in Industry 4.0IGS
This is our Augmented and Virtual Reality presentation, showcasing our own deployments with AR/VR/MR and wearables, and status of the industry in the world regarding similar technologies deployments.
Virtual reality and augmented reality are two technologies that are disrupting the current state of manufacturing, by facilitating the creation and design of new products in multiple industries. Watch this video to learn more about these exciting technologies.
For the video please visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOyCylvNf3Y&list=PLVce3C5Hi9BBfabvhEzYQTQDYEg2vtuxH&index=21
This slideshare has been produced by the Tesseract Academy (http://tesseract.academy), a company whose mission is to educate decision makers in deep technical topics such as data science, AI, and blockchain.
If you are interested in deep tech, make sure to also visit The Data Scientist: http://thedatascientist.com
A collection of AR/VR based ideas for factories, plants who want to introduce or already using Smart Factory, Industry 4.0 solutions at their manufacturing lines
Augmented Reality; mostly confused with virtual reality is a completely different concept and is extensively implemented in various leading companies' R&D departments to experiment with design and performance characteristics.
Augmented and Virtual Reality applied in Industry 4.0IGS
This is our Augmented and Virtual Reality presentation, showcasing our own deployments with AR/VR/MR and wearables, and status of the industry in the world regarding similar technologies deployments.
Virtual Reality refers to a high-end user interface that involves real-time simulation and interactions through multiple sensorial channels. Virtual Reality is often used to describe a wide variety of applications, commonly associated with its immersive, highly visual, 3D environments. The development of CAD software, graphics hardware acceleration, head mounted displays, database gloves and miniaturization have helped popularize the concept. Jaron Lanier coined the term Virtual Reality in 1987. Today Virtual Reality plays a big part in the everyday lives of the world’s population.
Today the Virtual reality (VR) technology is applied to advance fields
of medicine, engineering, education, design, training, and entertainment. VR is
a computer interface that tries to mimic the real-world beyond the flat monitor to
give an immersive 3D (Three Dimension) visual experiences. Often it is hard to
reconstruct the scales and distances between objects in static 2D images. Thus
the third dimension helps to bring depth to objects.VR can be programmed by
using virtual reality modelling language.
Augmented Reality is a technology that superimposes a computer-generated
the image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a composite
view. Augmented reality is the technology that expands our physical world,
adding layers of digital information onto it. Unlike Virtual Reality (VR), AR
does not create the whole artificial environments to replace real with a virtual
one. AR appears in direct view of an existing environment and adds sounds,
videos, graphics to it.
Augmented reality and virtual reality are two of the ways that tech
can change the way you look at the world. Virtual reality offers a digital
recreation of a real-life setting, while augmented reality delivers virtual
elements as an overlay to the real world.
Nurturing Digital Twins: How to Build Virtual Instances of Physical Assets to...Cognizant
To embark on the digital twin jounrey, assess your readiness, define and communicate a vision, set common data management rules and build in flexibility for intelligence.
A brief intro about Augmented Reality, you can use this presentation for educational purposes, this gives a detail of how augmented reality works with sectors like education, gaming, entertainment and so on.
Industry 4.0: Merging Internet and FactoriesFabernovel
Industrial IoT and connected objects for factories are part of our research at FABERNOVEL OBJET, our activity dedicated to IoT.
The future of industry is at the crossroads of internet and factories. Some call it INDUSTRY 4.0 or FACTORY 4.0 in reference to the upcoming fourth industrial revolution. Governments and private companies in Germany, UK and the USA have acknowledged the importance of industrial IoT and its central role in future industrial transformation.
The adoption of Industrial Internet has both near-term and long-term impacts and will be characterized by the emergence of new models such as the “Outcome Economy” and the “Autonomous, Pull Economy”.
We believe that INDUSTRY 4.0 is a growth opportunity for industrial companies, and have decrypted this very phenomenon in the following presentation.
New Technology (Augmented Reality), its feature, history, use in different fields, & scope in future.
Osama Ali Mangi presents this technology's overview to his Session & Seminars.
Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real-world are "augmented" by computer-generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory, and olfactory.The overlaid sensory information can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural environment) or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment) and is seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that it is perceived as an immersive aspect of the real environment. In this way, augmented reality alters one's ongoing perception of a real-world environment, whereas virtual reality completely replaces the user's real-world environment with a simulated one. Augmented reality is related to two largely synonymous terms: mixed reality and computer-mediated reality.
This presentation was made on June 11, 2020.
Recording from the presentation can be viewed here: https://youtu.be/02Gb062U_M4
The manufacturing industry is adopting artificial intelligence (AI) at a fast rate. This century-old industry is complex but has seen constant transformation across all of its facets.
Led by big data analytics, miniaturization of sensors enabling the Internet of Things (IoT), and, now, AI machine learning (ML), manufacturers everywhere have embarked on an AI transformation that is opening up potential new revenue streams as well taking costs and time out of existing processes.
This talk will walk through a use case for enterprise AI solutions within the manufacturing sector. We will discuss the challenges, motivation, and tool selection process, then cover the solution development in detail.
Speaker Bio:
eRic is armed with the technical know-how of Data Science, Machines Learning, and Big Data Analytics. He. is equipped with skill-sets to value-add businesses exploring into areas of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with an AI consultation approach. Translating BDA, Machine Learning, and AI into Business Values.
eRic CHOO had spent the last 8 years in the IT industry from integration of Infrastructure (Storage and Back-up) solutions to Advance Analytics Software specializing in BDA, Machines Learning, and AI. Before joining the IT industry, he had vast experience in the Semiconductor industry, thus a deep understanding in advance manufacturing processes.
SIONG Jong Hang works as a Solutions Engineer/Data Scientist at H2O.ai based in Singapore where he helps business, government, academia, and non-profit organizations in their transformation into AI. Prior to H2O.ai, he has worked at the Quant Group at Bank of America Merrill Lynch in Hong Kong and Teradata in Singapore as a data scientist. He has completed data science projects for various verticals in Europe and Asia. After hours, he’s an avid learner and has attained 100 MOOC certificates in various fields such as AI, science, engineering, and maths. He has also authored articles to instill interest in science, technology as well as AI.
Augmented Reality connects the online and offline worlds. Let us have a look at what it is, why it is so popular and what are the businesses to which it can contribute.
AUGMENTED REALITY CONNECTS THE ONLINE AND OFFLINE WORLDS.
"Smart maintenance". An Augmented Reality Platform for Training and Field Ope...Graziano Terenzi
The white paper discusses a selection of Inglobe Technologies Augmented Reality (AR) solutions to enhance both training and operations in different industrial maintenance scenarios.
AR applications provide a technology that has the potential to support and speed up training, while at the same time increasing performance and effectiveness levels. Some statistics suggest performance improvements up to 30% with involved employees reporting higher levels of engagement. Applications of AR that support technicians in the field have the potential of reducing costs up to 25% throughout quicker maintenance or component substitution, identification and setup of new connections, solution of faults and misconfigurations, with less burden on backend personnel and system resources. Additionally, thanks to the information that operators collect on the field, the AR technology contributes to an improvement of the quality of enterprise data.
I4MS Talks: Augmented reality in service operationsIrina Frigioiu
On the I4MS Talk of the 27th of April 2021 Valerio Alessandroni, I4MS Ambassador talked about the importance of AR solutions and the benefits and potential to improve workforce. An AR-enabled workforce can perform complex operations with a small initial knowledge. Paperless shop floors, optimized process definitions, and intelligent work instructions can propel organizations forward in their digital transformation journeys, boosting them ahead of the competition and into a new era of manufacturing.
Virtual Reality refers to a high-end user interface that involves real-time simulation and interactions through multiple sensorial channels. Virtual Reality is often used to describe a wide variety of applications, commonly associated with its immersive, highly visual, 3D environments. The development of CAD software, graphics hardware acceleration, head mounted displays, database gloves and miniaturization have helped popularize the concept. Jaron Lanier coined the term Virtual Reality in 1987. Today Virtual Reality plays a big part in the everyday lives of the world’s population.
Today the Virtual reality (VR) technology is applied to advance fields
of medicine, engineering, education, design, training, and entertainment. VR is
a computer interface that tries to mimic the real-world beyond the flat monitor to
give an immersive 3D (Three Dimension) visual experiences. Often it is hard to
reconstruct the scales and distances between objects in static 2D images. Thus
the third dimension helps to bring depth to objects.VR can be programmed by
using virtual reality modelling language.
Augmented Reality is a technology that superimposes a computer-generated
the image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a composite
view. Augmented reality is the technology that expands our physical world,
adding layers of digital information onto it. Unlike Virtual Reality (VR), AR
does not create the whole artificial environments to replace real with a virtual
one. AR appears in direct view of an existing environment and adds sounds,
videos, graphics to it.
Augmented reality and virtual reality are two of the ways that tech
can change the way you look at the world. Virtual reality offers a digital
recreation of a real-life setting, while augmented reality delivers virtual
elements as an overlay to the real world.
Nurturing Digital Twins: How to Build Virtual Instances of Physical Assets to...Cognizant
To embark on the digital twin jounrey, assess your readiness, define and communicate a vision, set common data management rules and build in flexibility for intelligence.
A brief intro about Augmented Reality, you can use this presentation for educational purposes, this gives a detail of how augmented reality works with sectors like education, gaming, entertainment and so on.
Industry 4.0: Merging Internet and FactoriesFabernovel
Industrial IoT and connected objects for factories are part of our research at FABERNOVEL OBJET, our activity dedicated to IoT.
The future of industry is at the crossroads of internet and factories. Some call it INDUSTRY 4.0 or FACTORY 4.0 in reference to the upcoming fourth industrial revolution. Governments and private companies in Germany, UK and the USA have acknowledged the importance of industrial IoT and its central role in future industrial transformation.
The adoption of Industrial Internet has both near-term and long-term impacts and will be characterized by the emergence of new models such as the “Outcome Economy” and the “Autonomous, Pull Economy”.
We believe that INDUSTRY 4.0 is a growth opportunity for industrial companies, and have decrypted this very phenomenon in the following presentation.
New Technology (Augmented Reality), its feature, history, use in different fields, & scope in future.
Osama Ali Mangi presents this technology's overview to his Session & Seminars.
Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real-world are "augmented" by computer-generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory, and olfactory.The overlaid sensory information can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural environment) or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment) and is seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that it is perceived as an immersive aspect of the real environment. In this way, augmented reality alters one's ongoing perception of a real-world environment, whereas virtual reality completely replaces the user's real-world environment with a simulated one. Augmented reality is related to two largely synonymous terms: mixed reality and computer-mediated reality.
This presentation was made on June 11, 2020.
Recording from the presentation can be viewed here: https://youtu.be/02Gb062U_M4
The manufacturing industry is adopting artificial intelligence (AI) at a fast rate. This century-old industry is complex but has seen constant transformation across all of its facets.
Led by big data analytics, miniaturization of sensors enabling the Internet of Things (IoT), and, now, AI machine learning (ML), manufacturers everywhere have embarked on an AI transformation that is opening up potential new revenue streams as well taking costs and time out of existing processes.
This talk will walk through a use case for enterprise AI solutions within the manufacturing sector. We will discuss the challenges, motivation, and tool selection process, then cover the solution development in detail.
Speaker Bio:
eRic is armed with the technical know-how of Data Science, Machines Learning, and Big Data Analytics. He. is equipped with skill-sets to value-add businesses exploring into areas of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with an AI consultation approach. Translating BDA, Machine Learning, and AI into Business Values.
eRic CHOO had spent the last 8 years in the IT industry from integration of Infrastructure (Storage and Back-up) solutions to Advance Analytics Software specializing in BDA, Machines Learning, and AI. Before joining the IT industry, he had vast experience in the Semiconductor industry, thus a deep understanding in advance manufacturing processes.
SIONG Jong Hang works as a Solutions Engineer/Data Scientist at H2O.ai based in Singapore where he helps business, government, academia, and non-profit organizations in their transformation into AI. Prior to H2O.ai, he has worked at the Quant Group at Bank of America Merrill Lynch in Hong Kong and Teradata in Singapore as a data scientist. He has completed data science projects for various verticals in Europe and Asia. After hours, he’s an avid learner and has attained 100 MOOC certificates in various fields such as AI, science, engineering, and maths. He has also authored articles to instill interest in science, technology as well as AI.
Augmented Reality connects the online and offline worlds. Let us have a look at what it is, why it is so popular and what are the businesses to which it can contribute.
AUGMENTED REALITY CONNECTS THE ONLINE AND OFFLINE WORLDS.
"Smart maintenance". An Augmented Reality Platform for Training and Field Ope...Graziano Terenzi
The white paper discusses a selection of Inglobe Technologies Augmented Reality (AR) solutions to enhance both training and operations in different industrial maintenance scenarios.
AR applications provide a technology that has the potential to support and speed up training, while at the same time increasing performance and effectiveness levels. Some statistics suggest performance improvements up to 30% with involved employees reporting higher levels of engagement. Applications of AR that support technicians in the field have the potential of reducing costs up to 25% throughout quicker maintenance or component substitution, identification and setup of new connections, solution of faults and misconfigurations, with less burden on backend personnel and system resources. Additionally, thanks to the information that operators collect on the field, the AR technology contributes to an improvement of the quality of enterprise data.
I4MS Talks: Augmented reality in service operationsIrina Frigioiu
On the I4MS Talk of the 27th of April 2021 Valerio Alessandroni, I4MS Ambassador talked about the importance of AR solutions and the benefits and potential to improve workforce. An AR-enabled workforce can perform complex operations with a small initial knowledge. Paperless shop floors, optimized process definitions, and intelligent work instructions can propel organizations forward in their digital transformation journeys, boosting them ahead of the competition and into a new era of manufacturing.
Real-time Manufacturing Management for a Hybrid Processmichaelthonea
One of my successful projects while at GAP, which was showcased at Wonderware’s Op Manage conference. My role was system project and played a major role in all development and design.
The Next Generation Virtual CNC Training package is through pervasive physics-geometrical modeling and simulation of multiple processes, particularly in high speed and ultra precision machining, to provide knowledge intensive CNC training for the future skilled machinists of the local PE industry
Mike Campbell (PTC): PTC Vision for Augmented Reality in the EnterpriseAugmentedWorldExpo
A talk from the Main Stage at AWE EU 2018 - the World's #1 XR Conference & Expo in Munich, Germany 18 -19, October, 2018.
Mike Campbell (PTC): PTC Vision for Augmented Reality in the Enterprise
Augmented Reality has the power to fundamentally change the way people work. It bridges the digital and physical worlds, providing value across the enterprise. When coupled with IoT data, AR applications become truly transformative experiences, driving many enterprises to completely re-imagine how they manufacture, sell, operate and service their products.
http://AugmentedWorldExpo.com
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.embedded-vision.com/platinum-members/8tree/embedded-vision-training/videos/pages/feb-2017-member-meeting
For more information about embedded vision, please visit:
http://www.embedded-vision.com
Arun Chhabra of 8tree delivers the presentation "Designing Vision Systems for Human Operators and Workflows" at the February 2017 Embedded Vision Alliance Member Meeting. Chhabra explains how his company is deploying computer vision to enhance existing workflows in industries such as aircraft maintenance.
This paper examines the concept of Augmented reality and its various applications in civil engineering. The concept envisages reducing, or rather eliminating errors that creep in during construction process due to human and other technical errors. The concept of AR helps in recreating the architectural and structural drawings in actual scale on the field. This uses the techniques of holographic projections and other mobile applications to create a 3D image of the drawing. The Concept is to create an image of the structure as envisaged on the basis of calculations and compare it in real time with the actual construction, which can help in identifying errors quickly and efficiently.
The "Unproductive Bubble:" Unprofitable startups, small markets for new digit...Jeffrey Funk
This article will show that the current bubble has produced few profitable startups and involved few if any new digital technologies, nor technologies involving recent scientific advances, and thus it is unlikely that much that is productive will be left once the dust settles. There is a growth in old technologies such as e-commerce but little in new technologies such as AI. The startup losses are also much larger than in the past suggesting that fewer of today’s startups will still exist in a few years than those of 20 years ago.
Commercialization of Science: What has changed and what can be done to revit...Jeffrey Funk
This paper several changes that I believe may have reduced America’s ability to develop science-based technologies. I make no claims about the completeness. I begin with the growth of university research and then cover several changes it engendered, including an obsession with papers, hyper-specialization of researchers, and huge bureaucracies, also using the words of Nobel Laureates and other scientists to make my points.
2000, 2008, 2022: It is hard to avoid the parallels How Big Will the 2022 S...Jeffrey Funk
These slides summarize the recent share price declines for new startups, declines that are driven by huge annual and cumulative losses and it contrasts today's bubble with those of 2000 and 2008. It shows that today's bubble involves bigger startup losses than those of the 2000 bubble and that the markets of new technologies have not grown to the extent that those of past decades did. Many hedge funds, VCs, and pension funds are heavily invested in these startups. Some of them are also highly leveraged.
The Slow Growth of AI: The State of AI and Its ApplicationsJeffrey Funk
The failure of IBM Watson, disappointments of self-driving vehicles, slow diffusion of medical imaging, small markets for AI software, and scorching criticisms of Google’s research papers provide evidence for hype and disappointment in AI, which is consistent with negative social impact of Big Data and AI algorithms. There are some successes, but they are much smaller than the predictions, with virtual applications (advertising, news, retail sales, finance and e-commerce) having the largest success, building from previous Big Data usage in the past. Looking forward, AI will augment not replace workers just as past technologies did on farms, factories, and offices. Robotic process automation and natural language processing are likely to play important roles in this augmentation with RPA automating repetitive work, natural language processing summarizing information, and RPA also putting the information in the right bins for engineers, accountants, researchers, journalists, and lawyers. Big challenges include reductions in training time depending on faster computers, exponentially rising demands on computers for high accuracies in image recognition, a slowdown in supercomputer improvements, datasets riddled with errors, and reproducibility problems.
Behind the Slow Growth of AI: Failed Moonshots, Unprofitable Startups, Error...Jeffrey Funk
Smaller than expected markets, money-losing startups, failure of Watson, slow-diffusion of self-driving vehicles and medical imaging, and scorching criticisms of Google’s research papers are some of the examples used to characterize the hype of AI. There are some successes, but they are much smaller than the predictions, with advertising, news, and e-commerce having the biggest success stories. Looking forward, #AI will augment not replace workers just as past technologies did on farms, factories, and offices. Robotic process automation and natural language processing are likely to play important roles in this augmentation with #RPA automating repetitive work, natural language processing categorizing information, and RPA also putting the information in the right bins for engineers, accountants, researchers, journalists, and lawyers. The big challenges include exponentially rising demands on computers for high accuracies in images, a slowdown in supercomputer improvements, datasets riddled with errors, and reproducibility problems. See either this podcast or my slides, whose URL is shown in comments. #technolgy #innovation #venturecapital #ipo #artificialintelligence
The Troubled Future of Startups and Innovation: Webinar for London FuturistsJeffrey Funk
These slides show how the most successful startups of today (Unicorns) are not doing as well as the most successful of 20 to 50 years ago. Today's startups are doing worse in terms of time to profitability and time to top 100 market capitalization status. Only one Unicorn founded since 2000 has achieved top 100 market capitalization status while six, nine, and eight from the 70s, 80s, and 90s did so. It is also unlikely that few or any of today's Unicorns will achieve this status because their market capitalizations are too low, share prices increases since IPO are too small, and profits remain elusive. Only 14 of 45 had share price increases greater than the Nasdaq and only 6 of 45 had profits in 2019. The reasons for the worse performance of today's Unicorns than those of 20 to 50 years ago include no breakthrough technologies, hyper-growth strategies, and the targeting of regulated industries. The slides conclude with speculations on why few breakthrough technologies, including science-based technologies from universities are emerging. We need to think back to the division of labor that existed a half a century ago.
Where are the Next Googles and Amazons? They should be here by nowJeffrey Funk
Great startups aren’t being founded like they were in the 1970s (Microsoft, Apple, Oracle, Genentech, Home Depot, EMC), 1980s (Cisco, Dell, Adobe, Qualcomm, Amgen, Gilead Sciences), and 1990s (Amazon, Google, Netflix, Salesforce.com, PayPal). All of these startups reached the top 100 for market capitalization, but Facebook is the only startup founded since 2000 which has entered the top 100. Tesla and Uber are often discussed as highly successful but they have many times higher cumulative losses than did Amazon at its time of peak losses and neither has had a profitable year despite being older than Amazon was when it achieved profits. Furthermore, few of the recent Unicorn IPOs have experienced shareprice increases greater than those of the Nasdaq (14 of 45), only 3 of these 14 have profits, and only six of them have a
market capitalization over $30 (Zoom), $20 (Square), and $10 billion (Twilio, DocuSign, Okta). America’s venture capital system isn’t working as well as it once did, and the coronavirus will make things worse before the VC system gets better.
Start-up losses are mounting and innovation is slowing, but venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, consultants, university researchers, and business schools are hyping new technologies more than ever before. This hype is facilitated by changes in online media, including the rise of social media. This paper describes how the professional incentives of experts and the changes in online media have increased hype and how this hype makes it harder for policy makers, managers, scientists, engineers, professors, and students to understand new technologies and make good decisions. We need less hype and more level-headed economic analysis and this paper describes how this economic analysis can be done. Here is a link to the journal, Issues in Science & Technology: www.issues.org
Irrational Exuberance: A Tech Crash is ComingJeffrey Funk
These slides apply Nobel Laureate Robert Schiller's concept of irrational exuberance (and a book) title to the current speculative bubble of 2019. Over investments in startups and a lack of profitability in them are finally starting to catch up with the venture capital industry and the tech sector that relies on it. Investments by US venture capitalists have risen about six times since 2001 causing the total invested in 2018 to exceed by 40% the peak of 2000, the last big year of the dotcom bubble. But the number of IPOs has never returned to the peak years of 1993 to 2000; only about 250 were carried out between 2015 and 2017 vs. about 1,200 between 1995 and 1997.
The reason is simple: startups are taking longer to go public because they are not profitable. Consider the data. The median time to IPO has risen from 2.8 years in 1998 to 7.7 years in 2016 and the ones going public are less profitable than they were in the past. Although only 22% of startups going public in 1980 were unprofitable, 82% were unprofitable in 2018. The same high percentages of unprofitability have only been achieved twice before, in 1998 and 1999 right before the dotcom bubble burst. Furthermore, startups that have recently done high profile IPOs such as Snap, Dropbox, Blue Apron, Fitbit, Trivago, Box, and Cloudera are still not profitable.
Ride Sharing, Congestion, and the Need for Real SharingJeffrey Funk
Current ride sharing services are not financially sustainable. Although they provide more convenience than do taxi services, they are experiencing massive losses because they have the same cost structure as do taxis and thus must compete through subsidies and lower wages. After all, they use the same vehicles, roads, and drivers, and only GPS algorithms and phones are new.
They also increase congestion. Just as more private vehicles or taxis on the road will increase congestion, more ride sharing vehicles also increase congestion.
These slides describe new ways to use the technologies of ride sharing to reduce congestion along with costs while at the same time keeping travel time low. This can be done through changing public transportation systems or allowing private companies to offer competing services. For instance, current bus services, whether they are private or public, need to use the algorithms, GPS, phones and other technologies of ride sharing to revise routes, schedules and the premises that currently underpin public transportation. There is no reason a bus should be certain size, stop every 200 meters, or follow the same route all day. Algorithms and phones enable new types of routes in which designers simultaneously minimize time travel and maximize number of passengers transported per vehicle.hour.
Using the percent of top managers in IPOs (initial public offering) as a proxy for an industry’s/technology’s scientific intensity, this paper shows that the percentage of IPOs and of venture capital financing for science-based technologies has been declining for decades. Second, the percentage of PhDs among the top managers in science intensive industries is also declining, suggesting that their scientific intensities are falling. Third, the age of these top managers rose during the same period suggesting that the importance of experiential knowledge has increased even as the importance of PhDs and thus educational knowledge has decreased. Fourth, the numbers of IPOs and of venture capital funding are not increasing for newer science-based industries such as superconductors, solar cells, nanotechnology, and GMOs. Fifth, there are extreme diseconomies of scale in the universities that produce the PhD-holding top managers, suggesting that universities are far less effective at doing research than are companies. These results provide a new understanding of science and technology, and they offer new prescriptions for reversing slowing productivity growth.
This paper addresses the types of knowledge that are needed in entrepreneurial firms using a unique data base of executives and directors for all IPOs filed between 1990 and 2010. Using highest educational degrees as a proxy for educational knowledge, it shows that 85% of those with PhDs are concentrated in the life sciences and ICT (information and communication technology) industries and second, that those in the ICT industries are concentrated at lower layers in a “digital stack” of industries, ranging from semiconductors and other electronics at the bottom layer to computing and Internet infrastructure at the middle layer and Internet content, commerce, and services in the top layer. Third, industries with fewer PhDs have more bachelor’s and MBA degrees suggesting that PhDs are being replaced by them and not M.S. degrees. Fourth, age is higher for industries with the most PhDs thus suggesting a greater need for experiential knowledge in industries with greater needs for educational knowledge. Fifth, the number of Nobel Prizes tracks industries with high fractions of PhDs.
beyond patents:scholars of innovation use patenting as an indicator of innova...Jeffrey Funk
This paper discusses the problems with using patents as a measure of innovation and papers as a measure of science. It also uses data to show the problems. for example, the number of patent applications and awards have grown by six times since 1984 while productivity growth has slowed.
These slides discuss how to put context back into learning. Farm and other work at home once provided a context for learning, but this context has become much weaker as work at home as mostly disappeared Students once learned mostly from parents because they worked on farms, fixed things at home, and prepared meals. These activities provided a "context" for school learning, a context that has been mostly lost. These slides discuss how this context can be put back into learning and the implications for the types of people best suited for teaching and the way to train them.
Technology Change, Creative Destruction, and Economic FeasibiltyJeffrey Funk
After showing that the costs of most electronic products are from electronic components, these slides show how the iPhone and iPad became economically feasible through improvements in microprocessors, flash memory, and displays.
These slides show that the demand for most professions is growing steadily in spite of continued improvements in productivity enhancing tools for them. They also show that AI will have a largely incremental effect on the professions, in combination with Moore's Law, cloud computing, and Big Data. They do this accounting, legal, architects, journalists, and engineers.
Solow's Computer Paradox and the Impact of AIJeffrey Funk
These slides show why IT has not delivered large improvements in productivity and why new forms of IT like AI will also not deliver large improvements, except in selected sectors. The main reason is that the improvements in AI are over-hyped and because most sectors do not have large inefficiencies in the organization of people, machinery, and materials.
What does innovation today tell us about tomorrow?Jeffrey Funk
This paper was published in Issues in Science and Technology. It distinguished between the Silicon Valley and science-based process of technology change. It shows that more new products and services are emerging from the latter than the former.
Creative destrution, Economic Feasibility, and Creative Destruction: The Case...Jeffrey Funk
This paper shows how new forms of electronic products and services such as smart phones, tablet computers and ride sharing become economically feasible and thus candidates for commercialization and creative destruction as improvements in standard electronic components such as microprocessors, memory, and displays occur. Unlike the predominant viewpoint in which commercialization is reached as advances in science facilitate design changes that enable improvements in performance and cost, most new forms of electronic products and services are not invented in a scientific sense and the cost and performance of them are primarily driven by improvements in standard components. They become candidates for commercialization as the cost and performance of standard components reach the levels necessary for the final products and services to have the required levels of performance and cost. This suggests that when managers, policy makers, engineers, and entrepreneurs consider the choice and timing of commercializing new electronic products and services, they should understand the composition of new technologies, the impact of components on a technology's cost, performance and design, and the rates of improvement in the components.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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Augmented reality applications in manufacturing and maintenance
1. Augmented Reality:
Applications in Manufacturing and
Maintenance
SUN Jing (A0120104J)
Aela GOURLAOUEN (A0146994L)
QIU Zhi (A0077961R)
Francois LEROY (A0148144H)
Rostislav DOGANOV (A0107966U)
Thomas Joseph Traviño SEVILLA (A0079294N)
2. Outline
• Introduction
• AR in Manufacturing
• AR in Product Design
• Production Planning and Spatial Organization
• AR in Assembly
• AR in Maintenance
• Improvements in Maintenance
• First steps and applications in AR for maintenance
• Future trends in AR application in Manufacturing and Maintenance
• Technological Challenges and Developments
• Algorithms and Processing
• Transparent displays
• Novel content development
• Conclusion: Drivers, Bottlenecks and Opportunities
2
3. Introduction
What is Augmented Reality (AR) ?
“The basic goal of an AR system is to enhance the user’s perception of and interaction with the real world
through supplementing the real world with 3D virtual objects that appear to coexist in the same space as
the real world.” [1]
Augmented Reality vs Virtual Reality
[1] R. Azuma, “Recent Advances in Augmented Reality”, Computers and Graphics, November 2001 3
4. Realizations of AR
Smart glasses for training
and hands-free work
iPhone/iPad-based
applications providing live
data
Head-mounted displays Handheld displays Spatial displays
Project virtual items in the
environment to plan a
plant’ layout, to design,...
4
6. Evolution of Manufacturing
• Limitation of current computer-aided system:
– Not easy to fully and accurately model the actual working environment
6
7. Evolution of Manufacturing
• The advantages of AR now and in the future:
– provide a natural approach for modelling the actual working environment instead of modelling the real world
– enhances an existing environment rather than replacing it
– Reduce cost and avoid time-consuming
7
8. AR applications in Manufacturing
8
Product Design &
Prototyping
Production
Planning & Spatial
Organization
Training &
Assembly
• AR can be applied to all parts of the value chain:
9. Product Design and Prototyping
• Developed by Volkswagen, 2013.
• Virtual technologies
– reduce time & costs
– Problem: data is scaled down in size
and not an accurate reflection; data
skewed
• Spatial AR
– Ensure the data is visualized with
actual proportions and size
– Assess data more effectively by the
designer
– Shows virtual data on a real model
http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/content/en/innovation/Virtual_technologies/
Use_of_spatial_augmented_reality_in_the_automotive_industry.html 9 9
10. Product Design and Prototyping
• Advantage:
– Analyze the virtual data straight away in reality in a familiar environment
MARTA spatial AR system developed by Volkswagen
http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/content/en/innovation/Virtual_technologies/Use_of_spatial_augmented_reality_in_the_automotive_industry.html
Projector
Life-sized
Dashboard
Platform
Panel
Final design
10
11. Production Planning
and Spatial Organization
• Previous Issues
Manual assembly design and planning is a complex and time-consuming process as besides
technical and economic factors, human factors have to be considered
• With spatial AR
• a physically existing production environment can be superimposed with virtual planning objects
and planning tasks can thus be validated without modelling the surrounding
• highly immersive and intuitive environment to evaluate the virtual prototypes of new product
designs or the assembly sequence
• reduce re-designing and re-planning activities
Source: http://www.intechopen.com/books/augmented-reality/using-augmented-reality-to-cognitively-facilitate-product-assembly-process 11
12. AR In Training and Assembly
• Previous issues:
• Time spent in forming the workers
• Possibility of making errors
12
• With AR:
- Reduce formation time and cost as direct
information can be provided on the field
- Real-time data reduces errors
- Devices like smart glasses enable hands-free
work
Example: Augmented reality helmet developed by Miller, 2013.
“Time spent per aircraft (...) is divided by six with an error rate reduced to zero” in cabins
assembly at Airbus
Jets assembly goes “30% faster” during trials at Lockheed Martin’s using smart glasses
13. Training and Assembly - Welding
Applied by Miller, 2013
• Old Mask
– Keep flip up and down, really time consuming
• Current Mask:
– Automatically dim a panel in front of the user’s
eyes with sensors
– Do not work well caused by low contrast ratio
of human eye
• AR Mask
– Identify welding apparatus, the weld point,
and the molten metal
– Assist-display help the welder keep the joint in
view using temperatures and best-fit scenarios
to make sure that it welds properly
Old Masks
Modern Marks
Welding mask with AR
Source: http://www.roadtovr.com/augmented-reality-welding-mask/
Visualization of the Welder
13
14. Training and Assembly - “Duplo Blocks” Case Study
14Tang, A., et al. Performance Evaluation of Augmented Reality for Directed Assembly. Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Manufacturing, ed. by Ong and Nee. 2004.
Subjects were asked to complete an assembly task of arranging 56 Duplo blocks
using:
1. Printed manual
2. Computer assisted instruction (CAI) on an LCD monitor
3. CAI on head mounted device
4. Spatially registered AR on head mounted device
15. Training and Assembly - “Duplo Blocks” Case Study
15Tang, A., et al. Performance Evaluation of Augmented Reality for Directed Assembly. Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Manufacturing, ed. by Ong and Nee. 2004.
Use of AR decreases task completion time and reduces errors.
Figure 16.6 illustrates the mean time of the completion for the assembly task. The graph indicates that treatment 4 had the shortest time of
completion and treatment 1 had the longest time of completion.
Figure 16.7 indicates the average number of errors for the task. The descriptive statistics reveal that treatment 4 has significantly lower error rates in
all categories. They also indicated that the majority of errors in treatment 4 are independent errors, whereas treats 1,2 and 3 exhibition a majority
proportion of dependent errors.
16. Training and Assembly - “Duplo Blocks” Case Study
Use of AR reduces the mental load on the worker
• The NASA Task Load Index (TLX) for each task performed was measured for both AR
and non-AR set-ups.
16Tang, A., et al. Performance Evaluation of Augmented Reality for Directed Assembly. Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Manufacturing, ed. by Ong and Nee. 2004.
The table 16.1 indicates the mean rating of the NASA TLX. The statistics show that subjects in
treatment 1 have the highest mental workload, whereas subjects in treatment 4 have the lowest
mental workload.
18. Types of Maintenance Activities
● Preventive (Planned)
○ Routine tasks, sequential steps
● Corrective (Unplanned)
○ Tasks range from simple & sequential types to complex ones.
○ Require expert on-site → Costly Solution
18
19. Current Maintenance Practices
● Hundred billions are spent annually in maintenance around the world. Companies
want to achieve maximum availability at minimum cost.
● The process to fully train a maintenance staff takes a long time.
Courses (theoretical+hands-on) → On the Job Training → Fully Training
3 months + 3 months = 6 months
19
20. 1. From Paperback Manual to AR Assisted Maintenance
Primitive Form Ultimate Form
20
Currently Available
21. 2. Improvement In Efficiency and Effectiveness
1. F. LAMBERTI, F. MANURI, A. SANNA, G. PARAVATI, P. PEZZOLLA,, P.MONTUSCHI Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Trends of Emerging Techniques for Augmented Reality-Based
Maintenance IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EMERGING TOPICS IN COMPUTING,Vol. 2, No. 4, DECEMBER 2014
2. A. Sanna, F. Manuri, F. Lamberti, G. Paravati, P. Pezzolla Using Handheld Devices to Support Augmented Reality-based Maintenance and Assembly Tasks IEEE International Conference on
Consumer Electronics, 2015
Assemble/ Disassemble Computer Parts
Type of Participants Parameters Paperback Manual AR with Pre-set Instruction
Experienced
Time 1 50%
Error 1 30%
Standard Deviation
Poor Knowledged
Time 1 94%
Error 1 37.5%
Standard Deviation 1 0.6
Assemble/ Disassemble Computer Parts (Poor Knowledged)
Parameters Video/Text (Tele-com) AR with Remote Audio
Time 1 83%
Error 1 1
Standard Deviation 1 0.85
21
22. 3. Financial Impact
Displaying useful information such as
Part, Status, Working Hours, etc. to
find and fix problem more effectively
and accurately.
SGD 180 Million/Night
in Saving
Maintenance Worker’s Hour Rate =
SGD 30
Engineering Hour = 4 hours/ night AR
→ saves 50% of Time = 2 hours/night
22
Teardown Cost of Google Glass at
150 SGD.
Breakeven in 5 days!
23. First steps in Augmented Reality for Maintenance And Repair
ARMAR project (2005)
Experimentation of a prototype to be used for maintenance aiding on military equipment both during training
and in the field.
Scope: How real time computer graphics overlaid with the equipment being maintained, can significantly
increase the productivity, accuracy and safety of maintenance personnel?
Use of head-mounted displays (HMDs) showing a set of virtual instructions (computer graphics overlaid on the
real view of the system to repair)
• Augment a mechanic’s natural view with text, arrows and animated sequences
• Labelling of components
• Real time diagnostic data
• Gesture tracking
• Safety warnings
• Allows off-site collaboration
Research from Steve Feiner, Professor of Computer Science at Columbia University and his team, in collaboration with US army.
23
Research from Steve Feiner, Professor of Computer Science at Columbia University and his team, in collaboration
with US army.
24. Comparison between a fixed flat panel display (LCD) and see-
through head-worn display to complete some common tasks.
Benefits for task localization and performance: ability for the mechanics to spot the components and the task, and
improve the psychomotor aspects of the assembly task
Tasks are located 47% quicker
37% less overall head movements
More intuitive
Challenges and limits:
Take into consideration the environment.
● Constraints in freedom of motion
and interferent luminosity
● Avoid interferences with others
devices (electromagnetic,
ultrasonic echoes)
24
● Both hands are always free
● Greater accuracy
● Provide dynamic, prescriptive and overlaid
instructions
25. ● Assessing airframe damage resulting from combat or environmental hazards to prolong
equipment life and maximize the aircraft’s operational availability
● Replace the cumbersome method of using a transparent film over the damaged area to
measure the distance of a hole from supporting structures or the depth of a scratch and then
cross-referencing it with a database to see the impact of the damage
● Use of a powerful 3D volumetric rendering engine: voxels (3D pixels)
■ Provide accuracy within 1/10th of an inch
■ Visualize and represent aircraft damage on a 3D model
Preventive Maintenance
Virtual Damage Assessment & Repair Tracking for F-35 and F-22 Aircraft
25
26. 26
1. Increase Operational Availability of Equipment
Reduce the maintenance time-to-flight hour ratio
2. Work More Efficiently with Fewer Personnel
Better documentation and access to historical damage and repair data for each aircraft
3. Capture Data More Accurately
3D model closer to reality, reducing the probability of maintainers making mistakes
27. Maintenance becomes accessible to everyone
● No specific knowledge or skills needed, replace the
user manual
● By simply owning an iPad and downloading the right
application, beginners or DIY lovers would be able to
repair their own car, smartphone, washing machine
by following step-by-step audio and visual instructions,
thus diminishing the costs of a professional
intervention.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUmNbNa3RYY
● In case of difficulties, an expert can remotely help solving
the problem. 27
28. Future Trends and Challenges of AR
Application in Manufacturing and
Maintenance
28
29. 29
Applications* per types of AR devices
*includes tests and implementations
Future trends in AR applications in Manufacturing and
Maintenance
➔ Head-Mounted devices will be the leading AR device:
- No problem of social acceptance in the framework
- Currently used at 64% in Assembly, 36% in Maintenance
- Being tested by pioneering company
- High expected growth in the use of mobile devices (Global Heads Up Display
Market in 2014 $1.76 billion -> $7.05 billion in 2022)
- The development of HMD will could from the research in the automotive,
aviation and military industries for drivers assistance
➔ Still a long way to go?
- Experts expect the glasses to have taken off within 2025...
- … but so far, no communication on the tests performed in the companies
HMD are at an early stage -> being tested
- Handheld devices are currently more functional, but their use is of restricted
interest
Companies testing HMDs
30. Challenges of AR Application in Manufacturing and
Maintenance
30
• Reliability
• Interactive in Real time (rapidity in processing, comparing, gathering the data)
High bandwidth, connection to the cloud, compression of data
• Ability to detect defaults in the shape, the size, the color, the temperature…
• Scalability
• Recognition of the parts of a system and ability to memorize new components
• Ability to learn new way to repair by recording the mechanics movement
• Adaptive level of detail (Components -> Sub-components)
• Import and deploy content and data of all kinds with a user-friendly graphic interface (pictures, data, sheets..)
• Scaling it to a large business, using multiple devices and hardware
• User-friendliness
• Head Mounted Device Versus Handheld Device
• End of the user manual “dictionary sized”
• Available for almost everyone through portable devices: tablets, phones...
32. Required improvements for Mainstream AR
32
1. Highly-efficient tracking and registration → CRUCIAL
2. High-resolution transparent displays → VITAL for glasses
3. Efficient and user-friendly AR content development → CRUCIAL
33. Kato, Zoltan. Linear and Nonlinear Shape Alignment without Correspondences. Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics: 7th International Joint Conference,
VISIGRAPP 2012. Rome, Italy, February 2012. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 2013 33
1 - Tracking and Registration
Main obstacles to accurate and reliable AR:
1. Instant object tracking and image registration.
2. This requires high-end graphic processing on a wearable device.
Enabled by:
1. Improvements in computer vision algorithms. → DEV UNDER WAY
(registration, 3D sensing, tracking, feature detection, etc.)
2. Improvements in processing power of of mobile devices. → DEV UNDER WAY
3. Leverage on cloud computing. → NOT TOO FAR AWAY
34. Object Registration
• In order to work effectively, the AR device
must recognize and register objects
immediately.s.
Tracking and Occlusion
• The device must be able to recognize and
track objects even as the user moves and
superimpose virtual content on a moving
background.
3D depth sensing
• 3D depth sensing is required to accurately
superimpose content
[1] Kato, Zoltan. Linear and Nonlinear Shape Alignment without Correspondences. Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics: 7th International Joint Conference, VISIGRAPP 2012. Rome, Italy, February 2012. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 2013
[2] Kalkofen, D. et al.. Visualization Techniques for Augmented Reality. Handbook of Augmented Reality. Edited by Borko Furht. eBook. Springer: 2011
[3] Ko, Dong-Ik, and Agarwal, Gaurav. Gesture recognition: Enabling natural interactions with electronics. White Paper, Texas Instruments. Texas Instruments: 2012. Available from http://www.ti.com/lit/wp/spry199/spry199.pdf.
[4] Handa, A., et al. Real-Time Camera Tracking: When is High Frame Rate Best? Department of Computing, Imperial College London, U.K. 2012: 12th European Conference on Computer Vision.
34
1 - Tracking and Registration Algorithms
35. 1 - Hardware processing improvements
• Improvements in mobile processors performance (Are mobile units going to catch
up with high-power processors?).
• Integrated graphic performance has increased 75x in about 8 years!
[1] Limer, Eric. May 1, 2013. Intel Iris: Integrated Graphics Are Finally Awesome. Gizmodo. Available from: http://gizmodo.com/intel-iris-integrated-graphics-are-finally-awesome-486483980.
[2] Shimpi, Anand Lal. July 17, 2013. The ARM Diaries Part 2: Understanding the Cortex AI2. ANANDTECH. Available from: http://www.anandtech.com/show/7126/the-arm-diaries-part-2-understanding-the-
cortex-a12.
[3] Anand Lal Shimpi et al. “The iPhone 5 review” Available at: http://www.anandtech.com/show/6330/the-iphone-5-review/9
35
36. 1 - Software processing improvements
Open CV:
• Developments in computer vision and AI lead to improvements in image
processing algorithms.
• OpenCV- open source project by Intel for advanced programming
functions aimed at real-time computer vision.
[1] Coombs, Joseph, and Prabhu, Rahul. OpenCV on TI’s DSP+ARM platforms: Mitigating the challenges of of porting OpenCV to embedded platforms. Texas Instruments. Available from:
http://www.ti.com/lit/wp/spry175/spry175.pdf.
[2] Kartoshkin, Vadim. Performance promise of OpenCV 3.0 and Intel INDE OpenCV. Intel Developer Zone. Available from: https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/performance-promise-of-opencv-30-and-
intel-inde-opencv.
36
37. Kato, Zoltan. Linear and Nonlinear Shape Alignment without Correspondences. Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics: 7th International Joint Conference,
VISIGRAPP 2012. Rome, Italy, February 2012. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 2013 37
2 - High Resolution Transparent Displays
Main obstacles to realistic and reliable AR glasses:
1. The resolution and brightness of current see-through displays is insufficient.
2. Transparent display technology is still at an early stage.
Enabled by:
1. Improvements in transparent LCD displays. → DEV UNDER WAY
2. Improvements in transparent OLED displays → EARLY DEV STAGES
38. 2 - Transparent Display Technology
Improvements in transparent display technology are key to the
realization of head-mounted AR devices:
•High resolution
•High brightness and contrast
•Transparent and lightweight
Burns, Chris. Jan 12, 2012. Lumus DK-32 wearable display hands-on. Slash Gear. Available from http://www.slashgear.com/lumus-dk-32-wearable-display-hands-on-12208896/.
SGI News. April 09 2015. The Future of Home Display Made Possible By Transparent Display. Available from http://www.news-sgi.globalprintmonitor.org/en/news/industry-news/digital-signage/27995-the-future-of-home-display-made-possible-by-transparent-
display.
Dedezade, Ezat. This stunning smartwatch blends traditional mechanical innards with a transparent OLED display. Stuff.tv. Available from http://www.stuff.tv/news/stunning-smartwatch-blends-traditional-mechanical-innards-transparent-oled-display.
38
39. 2 - Transparent displays projection
Projected transparent display market.
• Transparent displays are expected to overtake opaque displays.
• LCD technology to dominate the early stages. -> BLU problem
[1] Displaybank “Transparent Display Market to Reach $87.2 Bln in 2025”. Available from http://www.displaybank.com/_eng/share/press_view.html?id=218792&
[2] Mertens, Ron. Oct. 22, 2014. Nanomarkets: LCD to dominate transparent display market in the next few years, but OLED adoption will rapidly pick up. OLED-info. Available from:
http://oleds6.rssing.com/browser.php?indx=9721861&item=44.
39
40. Kato, Zoltan. Linear and Nonlinear Shape Alignment without Correspondences. Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics: 7th International Joint Conference,
VISIGRAPP 2012. Rome, Italy, February 2012. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 2013 40
3 - Efficient and User-Friendly AR Content
Development
Main obstacles to the widespread use of AR:
1. Conceptually new software development, which involves reality.
2. Difficulty of AR content development.
Enabled by:
1. Development of novel user-friendly AR Authoring tools. → NOT TOO FAR AWAY
41. 3- Novel AR Authoring Tools
• Augmented Reality authoring
tools, such as SUGAR, are
currently developed for people
without programming skills to
create their own AR guides for
industrial purposes.
• These can be used to create
prototype AR models to aid in
assembly, design and
manufacturing.
Gimeno, et al. An Easy-to-Use AR Authoring Tool for Industrial Applications. Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics: 7th International Joint Conference,
VISIGRAPP 2012. Rome, Italy, February 2012. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 2013
41
42. 3 - Novel AR Authoring Tools - Case Study
PROC 1 - Replacement of the cut heading within a lathe machine (metal machining area)
PROC 2 - Computer assembly starting from basic components
PROC 3 - Repair of the admission system in a mobile lighting tower
PROC 4 - Review of the spark plugs and the ignition coils on a BMW M3 E92 (420CV)
S1 - Printed manual
S2 - Computer-Assisted Instructions (CAI) using a TabletPC display
S3 - CAI using a Head-Mounted Display (HMD)
[1] Gimeno, et al. An Easy-to-Use AR Authoring Tool for Industrial Applications. Computer
Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics: 7th International Joint Conference, VISIGRAPP 2012. Rome,
Italy, February 2012. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 2013
SUGAR was used to create AR guides using HMDs and a TabletPC for 4
processes, and their efficiency was tested using four tasks.
42
43. 3 - Novel AR Authoring Tools - Case Study
Team 1 - used the classic AR development approach for developing AR tools
Team 2 - used SUGAR for developing AR tools for the four processes
Parameters: SLOC - number of Source Lines Of Code produced
FPS - frame rate in Frames Per Second
CT - Coding Time in working days
DT - Debugging Time in working days
TT - Total Time for development, in working days
Gimeno, et al. An Easy-to-Use AR Authoring Tool for Industrial Applications. Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics: 7th International Joint Conference, VISIGRAPP 2012.
Rome, Italy, February 2012. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 2013
The use of SUGAR greatly decreased the development time of AR guides for
different tasks.
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44. 3 - Novel AR Authoring Tools
Other tools for AR development in mobile apps.
44
Product Company License Supported Platforms
ARPA SDKs Arpa
Solutions
Commercial* Android, iOS (ARPA SDKs), Google Glass (ARPA GLASS SDK), Android, iOS, Windows PC
(ARPA Unity Plugin)
ARLab SDKs ARLab Commercial Android, iOS
DroidAR – Free and Commercial Android
Metaio SDK Metaio Free and Commercial Android, iOS, Windows PC, Google Glass, Epson Moverio BT-200, Vuzix M-100, Unity
Vuforia SDK Qualcomm Free and Commercial Android, iOS, Unity
Wikitude SDK Wikitude
GmbH
Commercial* Android, iOS, Google Glass, Epson Moverio, Vuzix M-100, Optinvent ORA1, PhoneGap,
Titanium, Xamarin
[1] Katerina Roukounaki “Top 5 Tools for Augmented Reality in Mobile Apps”. Available at: http://www.developereconomics.com/top-5-tools-for-augmented-reality-in-mobile-apps/
46. AR in Maintenance and Manufacturing -
drivers and bottlenecks
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Visualization during design and planning.
Reduction in completion time for complex tasks.
Reduction in human errors.
Reduction in workers’ mental load.
Technical assistance during maintenance.
Reduction in training time for new tasks/personnel.
Intrinsically complex algorithms and processes.
Sophisticated processing on a mobile device.
Limits to currently achievable speed and accuracy.
Transparent display technology not mature yet.
Challenging content development.
Drivers: Bottlenecks:
47. AR in Maintenance and Manufacturing -
Opportunities
47
AR software platforms and apps for hand-held devices.
AR glasses - product design & components assembly.
Transparent displays for AR glasses.
AR software for glasses and head-mounted displays.
48. Strategic Market Position Map
Increase of Efficiency for User
48
System
Adaptability
ARMAR*
2012 2011
2005
2003, acquired by Apple in 2015
2008
2013
2007
2010
49. AR - projections
49
[1] Tractica, “Installed Base of Mobile Augmented Reality Apps to Reach 2.2 Billion by 2019”. Available at: https://www.tractica.com/newsroom/press-releases/installed-base-of-mobile-augmented-reality-
apps-to-reach-2-2-billion-by-2019/
[2] Tractica, “Smart Augmented Reality Glasses Shipments to Surpass 12 Million Units between 2015 and 2020” May 2015. Available at: https://www.tractica.com/newsroom/press-releases/smart-
augmented-reality-glasses-shipments-to-surpass-12-million-units-between-2015-and-2020/
50. Response from Prof Andrew. Y.C. Nee, ME Dept. NUS
• What do you think would be the most important potential benefits of using AR in
manufacturing and maintenance applications?
o Realistic simulation and guidance in situ with display of text, animation and graphics.
o Bi-directional interaction and authoring with experts located remotely.
• What do you think are the biggest technological obstacles to mainstream use of AR in
manufacturing/maintenance at the present time?
o Hands-free light weight high resolution display tools. Google glass resolution insufficient.
o Highly efficient tracking and registration algorithms to provide real-time information
display.
o Efficient and clear content development for manufacturing applications rather time-
consuming.
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51. Response from Prof Andrew. Y.C. Nee, ME Dept. NUS
• In your opinion, what emerging technologies are being developed to address these
technological obstacles and to improve AR products?
o Next generation Google glass.
o Better client-server communication and leverage of cloud.
• Given the improvements in AR and its component technologies, when do you think AR will
become widely used in manufacturing and maintenance?
o Acceptance by the workforce is important. They need to be trained and to overcome
the inconvenience of wearing headsets.
o AR wearables should be light, non-intrusive, and conducive to use.
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53. References
Handa, A., et al. Real-Time Camera Tracking: When is High Frame Rate Best? Department of Computing,
Imperial College London, U.K. 2012: 12th European Conference on Computer Vision.
Herold, Rigo; Vogel, Uwe; Richter, B.; Kreye, D.; Reckziegel, S.; Scholles, M.; Lakner, H., "OLED-on-CMOS
integration for augmented-reality systems," in Photonics and Microsystems, 2008 International Students and
Young Scientists Workshop - , vol., no., pp.19-22, 20-22 June 2008. doi: 10.1109/STYSW.2008.5164134.
Available from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=5164134.
Gimeno, et al. An Easy-to-Use AR Authoring Tool for Industrial Applications. Computer Vision, Imaging
and Computer Graphics: 7th International Joint Conference, VISIGRAPP 2012. Rome, Italy, February 2012.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 2013
Kalkofen, D. et al.. Visualization Techniques for Augmented Reality. Handbook of Augmented Reality. Edited
by Borko Furht. eBook. Springer: 2011.
F. LAMBERTI, F. MANURI, A. SANNA, G. PARAVATI, P. PEZZOLLA,, P.MONTUSCHI Challenges, Opportunities,
and Future Trends of Emerging Techniques for Augmented Reality-Based Maintenance IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
EMERGING TOPICS IN COMPUTING,Vol. 2, No. 4, DECEMBER 2014
A. Sanna, F. Manuri, F. Lamberti, G. Paravati, P. Pezzolla Using Handheld Devices to Support Augmented
Reality-based Maintenance and Assembly Tasks IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2015
53
54. References
Kato, Zoltan. Linear and Nonlinear Shape Alignment without Correspondences. Computer Vision, Imaging and
Computer Graphics: 7th International Joint Conference, VISIGRAPP 2012. Rome, Italy, February 2012. Springer-
Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 2013
Ko, Dong-Ik, and Agarwal, Gaurav. Gesture recognition: Enabling natural interactions with electronics. White
Paper, Texas Instruments. Texas Instruments: 2012. Available from
http://www.ti.com/lit/wp/spry199/spry199.pdf.
Panasonic. PanaCIM. Brochure. Available from
https://www.panasonicfa.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/MaintenanceAR_Panasonic.pdf. Logo from
https://www.panasonicfa.com/content/maintenance-augmented-reality-panacim%C2%AE-enterprise-edition.
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