Auditing involves independently examining a company's accounting and financial records to determine if its operations comply with laws and accounting principles. It aims to certify that a company's financial statements accurately represent its financial position. An audit is conducted by a qualified independent auditor, not employed by the company. The document outlines key differences between auditing and accountancy, types of audits, objectives of auditing, and features of the auditing process.
This is a theoretical presentation describes the history of audit and assurance, definition, process of auditing, objectives, responsibilities, expectation gap, audit evidence and how to report the audit paper. This is mainly the vast knowledge about how an auditor performs audit and how the reporting of audit is done.
Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in ...Dr. Soheli Ghose Banerjee
This presentation is an overview of SA 200 (R).
Prepared with Prof. S. Sircar.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
BCom Auditing and Corporate Governance Notes-1.pdfMystatus4
In this Slides we have Provided BCom Auditing and Corporate Governance most important Questions and Answers with some important Points and notes which helps you to score good marks.
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This is a theoretical presentation describes the history of audit and assurance, definition, process of auditing, objectives, responsibilities, expectation gap, audit evidence and how to report the audit paper. This is mainly the vast knowledge about how an auditor performs audit and how the reporting of audit is done.
Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in ...Dr. Soheli Ghose Banerjee
This presentation is an overview of SA 200 (R).
Prepared with Prof. S. Sircar.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
BCom Auditing and Corporate Governance Notes-1.pdfMystatus4
In this Slides we have Provided BCom Auditing and Corporate Governance most important Questions and Answers with some important Points and notes which helps you to score good marks.
If you want more information regarding this topic then please visit our sites https://www.thetreasurenotes.in and https://www.proedunotes.in
ELEMENTS OF AUDITING
AUDIT AND INVESTIGATION
Definition
AUDIT
- Is the formal examination, correction, and official endorsing of financial account, especially those of a business undertaken annually by an accountant
- Inspection and verification of the accuracy of financial records and statements. Also involves systematic check or assessment especially efficient or effectiveness of an organization
AUDITING
- Is the examination of certain statement covering the transaction over certain period and financial position of an organization
- Is the examination financial statement covering over a period and ascertaining the financial position of organization on a certain date
AUDITOR
Is the an independent person appointed by company or an enterprise to examine its books of account
QUALITIES OF AN AUDITOR
I. Accounting knowledge.
An auditor should necessary have an academic qualification in accounting. This enable him to make evaluation and passing judgment of the financial records
II. Business knowledge.
Auditing is the process of verifying the validity of a company's various financial statements. Many renowned experts have defined auditing from their own perspectives. Below are the thoughts of some of the authors who commented on their respective opinions.
Planning: Auditors gain insights into an organization and sector, pinpoint major areas of audit risk, and create an audit strategy to deal with these risks.
Internal controls are checked by the independent auditor in the organization's financial reporting. Controls over the approval, recording, and communication of financial transactions fall under this category.
Substantive Procedures: In order to acquire data pertaining to disclosures made in the audited financial statements, the auditor does tests on transactions and balance details.
Evaluation and Reporting:To establish whether the accounts receivable are free of major misstatements, auditors analyze audit evidence. They publish audit reports which include the results of their financial statements.
The decision of the auditor may be disqualifying (clear), qualified (with limitations), favorable (the report fails to accurately reflect the financial status), or disclaimer (the auditor is not authorized to make an opinion).
What are the major steps in a financial statement audit.pdfsarikabangimatam
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FUNCTIONS OF AUDIT - Following are the most important functions o.pdfanupamele
FUNCTIONS OF AUDIT :-
Following are the most important functions of an audit.
1. Study The Accounting System :-It is the basic function of auditing. In order to determine the
nature, timing and extent of the audit procedures auditor should study the accounting system.
2. Internal Control System :-
It is a process which determines that management policies are carried out according the
accounting principles. This system is very useful to safeguard the interest of the enterprise. The
auditor determines the effectiveness of this system. Our company uses to ensure the proper
accounting principles are followed by doing auditing.
3. Vouching :-
This function is essential to determine the accuracy of accounting record. This checking the
vouchers with supporting documents which support and prove the business transactions. All
entries in books of accounts are made on the basis of relevant vouchers.
4. Verification Of Assets :-
It is the function of auditing that it should verify the assets of the business. It is concerned with
the determination of value, ownership and possession of business asset. The auditor can check
the existence of asset.
5. Legal Requirement :-
It is the function of auditing to verify that statements are prepared under the legal requirements
or not. There are various laws like company andincome tax ordinance which are introduced by
the govt.
6. Liabilities Verification :-
The liabilities of the business can be verified from the books of accounts. The auditor can write
a letter to the creditors for the verification of liabilities. The auditor must receive the certificate
from the management in this regard.
7. Capital And Revenue :-
Auditing should make difference between capital and revenue items. The capital items are
compared to note the financial position of the business. The revenue items are compared to
determine the income. The income and expenses related to many years can be divided in current
and coming year.
8. Valuation Of Liabilities :-
Through auditing value of liabilities can be checked from the books of accounts and other
papers. The auditor can also confirm the value from outside sources. The value of liabilities is
given in the balance sheet by the management but it is the function of auditing which confirms
this value.
9. Valuation Of Assets :-
The management gives the value of assets and auditor can apply the accounting principles to
assess the value of assets. The auditor critically examines and takes help from the expert.
10. Reporting :-
Auditing important function is reporting. Auditor is an independent person and it is his duty to
submit his report in writing. If he is satisfied he can present clean report otherwise he can give
qualified report.
Elements of the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)
The generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS) are the standards you use for auditing private
companies. There are 3 elements of GAAS.
General Standards: The first three GAAS are general standards which ad.
Corporate Accounting: its Meaning, Importance and Process | Academy Tax4wealthAcademy Tax4wealth
The main objective of corporate accounting is to ensure that companies comply with statutory and regulatory requirements, while also providing accurate and reliable financial information to stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, and regulatory bodies. Corporate Accounting is considered a special branch of accounting dealing with the accounting for companies.
For more information, visit us at:-
https://academy.tax4wealth.com/public/blog/corporate-accounting
Corporate Accounting: its Meaning, Importance and Process | Academy Tax4wealthAcademy Tax4wealth
The main objective of corporate accounting is to ensure that companies comply with statutory and regulatory requirements, while also providing accurate and reliable financial information to stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, and regulatory bodies. Corporate Accounting is considered a special branch of accounting dealing with the accounting for companies.
For more information, visit us at:-
https://academy.tax4wealth.com/public/blog/corporate-accounting
What are the major steps in a financial statement audit.pdfRathnakarReddy17
A financial statement audit is a formal examination of a company's financial statements. Its goal is to assess whether financial statements fairly and substantially accurately depict business operations and financial situation in compliance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) published by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The income statement, balance sheet, statement of Cash Flow Budgeting and Forecasting in Washington, and other supporting disclosures are all specifically examined by the auditor for accuracy.A financial statement audit must be performed in accordance with GAAP by an impartial external auditor.
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Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Auditing is a part of the accounting world. It is an examination
of accounting and financial records that is undertaken independently.
This is done to determine if the company or the business undertaking has
conformed its operations to the laws and the generally
accepted accounting principles.
3. DIFFERENCE B/W AUDITING AND
ACCOUNTANCY
AUDITING
It is the process of examining books
of accounts and reporting on the
financial statements.
Its main objective is to examine the
correctness of the accounts and
financial statements and certify that
whether the company exhibits a true
and fair view of state of affairs of the
concern.
An auditor is an independent person
and is not an employee of the
organisation.
ACCOUNTANCY
it is the process of recording,
classifying, summarising and
interpreting all the financial
transactions.
Its main objective is to find out
profit earned or loss suffered by a
company and to show the financial
position of the company for a
particular period.
An accountant is a permanent
employee of the organisation.
4. CONTINUATION
AUDITING
An auditor should be a qualified
chartered accountant certified by the
Institute of Chartered Accountants of
India.
Auditor should submit the report
certifying the truth and fairness of
the financial statements.
An auditor is remunerated in the
form of professional fees.
Auditing starts where Accountancy
ends.
ACCOUNTANCY
An accountant does not require
any formal qualification.
Accountant is not required to
submit the report on the financial
statements prepared by him.
An accountant is remunerated in
the form of salary.
Accountancy starts where Book-
keeping ends.
5. TYPES OF AUDIT:-
1. Internal audit- Internal audits evaluate a company’s internal controls,
including its corporate governance and accounting processes. These
audits ensure compliance with laws and regulations and help to
maintain accurate and timely financial reporting and data collection.
Internal audits also provide management with the tools necessary to
attain operational efficiency by identifying problems and correcting
lapses before they are discovered in an external audit.
2. External audit- An external audit is an examination that is conducted by
an independent accountant. This type of audit is most commonly
intended to result in a certification of the financial statements of an
entity. This certification is required by certain investors and lenders, and
for all publicly-held businesses.
6. Continuation
1. IRS tax audit- An IRS audit is a review/examination of an organization's or
individual's accounts and financial information to ensure information is reported
correctly according to the tax laws and to verify the reported amount of tax is
correct.
2. Financial audit- A financial audit is an objective examination and evaluation of
the financial statements of an organization to make sure that the financial
records are a fair and accurate representation of the transactions they claim to
represent.
3. Operational audit- An operational audit is an examination of the manner in
which an organization conducts business, with the objective of pointing out
improvements that will increase its efficiency and effectiveness
7. Continuation
1. Compliance audit- A compliance audit is a comprehensive review of an
organization's adherence to regulatory guidelines. Audit reports evaluate the strength
and thoroughness of compliance preparations, security policies, user access controls
and risk management procedures over the course of a compliance audit.
2. Information system audit- The effectiveness of an information system’s controls is
evaluated through an information systems audit. An audit aims to establish whether
information systems are safeguarding corporate assets, maintaining the integrity of
stored and communicated data, supporting corporate objectives effectively, and
operating efficiently.
3. Payroll audit and pay audit- A payroll audit is an analysis of a company’s payroll
processes to ensure accuracy. Payroll audits examine things like the business’s active
employees, pay rates, wages, and tax withholdings. You should conduct a payroll
audit at least once per year to verify your process is up-to-date and legally compliant.
8. OBJECTIVES OF AUDITING:
Primary Objectives of audit:-
Examining the system of internal check.
Checking arithmetical accuracy of books of accounts,
verifying posting, casting, balancing, etc.
Verifying the authenticity and validity of transactions.
Checking the proper distinction between capital and revenue
nature of transactions.
Confirming the existence and value of assets and liabilities.
9. Cont…
Subsidiary Objectives of audit:-
Detection and prevention of errors.
Detection and prevention of frauds.
Under or over evaluation of stock.
10. FEATURES OF AUDIT:-
• Systematic process.
• Three-party relationship.
• Subject matter.
• Evidence.
• Established criteria.
• Opinion.
11. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, auditing is explained as part of the managing a
business organization, it isthe independent examination of
the company financial reports, this is to assure that the
financialinformation of the business organization shows true
and fair view of the company. The auditopinion is a relevant
element of audit report as presented by the external auditor.
Some aspectsaffect the independence of an external auditor,
these aspects comprise multiple referrals, size ofthe firm and
advising threat.