This document summarizes a client case study for a 45-year-old African American woman, Katherine, seeking counseling. Katherine has a history of childhood sexual abuse and is exhibiting signs of panic disorder, PTSD, anxiety, and risk of substance abuse. The counselor took an integrative therapeutic approach and recommends continuing Katherine's treatment beyond the initial period to provide further coping skills and prevent potential issues like self-medication.
- The document proposes a longitudinal study to examine the effects of parental behavior on child anxiety over time from ages 6 to 18.
- It reviews previous literature that found parental control to be consistently correlated with childhood anxiety, and parental acceptance to have a moderate effect in reducing anxiety.
- The proposed study would use measures from a previous study examining the relationship between parental and child anxious self-talk, and apply them longitudinally to assess effects of parental behaviors like acceptance, psychological control, and behavioral control on child anxiety over 12 years.
1) The document discusses empathy, its origins in evolution and biology, and how it develops through a child's environment. It explores the relationship between empathy and moral reasoning.
2) One study found that situations requiring "intended harm via personal force" elicited more emotional responses in participants, showing the link between empathy and morality.
3) Empathy arises from evolutionary adaptations like the autonomic nervous system and limbic system, but its development depends on one's environment as well as biological factors like certain brain regions and disorders. Understanding empathy could help address issues like criminal behavior.
Emotion Recognition in Social UnderstandingMehvish Khan
1) The document discusses research on emotion recognition and social understanding in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It notes inconsistencies in past research and suggests alexithymia as a potential explanation.
2) It conducted a study that found significant correlations between autistic traits, empathy, and alexithymia. However, alexithymia did not fully mediate the relationship between autistic traits and empathy.
3) This suggests that co-occurring alexithymia could help explain some emotional deficits in ASD. Clinicians should consider alexithymia in diagnosing and understanding ASD.
This study examined the relationships between psychological traits, psychiatric traits, and types of impulsivity. 84 participants completed surveys measuring the Big Five personality traits, personality disorders, and functional and dysfunctional impulsivity. Results showed functional impulsivity was related to aspects of Extraversion and Openness, while dysfunctional impulsivity correlated with Neuroticism and reports of various personality disorders. Aspects of Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness positively correlated with personality disorders, while Extraversion and Openness showed negative correlations. This provides insight into links between normal personality variation and maladaptive traits.
This study examined the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in improving emotional self-efficacy (ESE) and reducing anxiety in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) who also have anxiety disorders. Forty-four children were randomly assigned to either immediate CBT treatment or a waitlist condition. Results showed that ESE increased significantly more for the immediate treatment group than the waitlist group after treatment. Additionally, higher ESE scores correlated with lower anxiety scores. This suggests that modified CBT can effectively improve ESE in children with ASD and anxiety, and that increased ESE may help reduce anxiety levels.
This study examined the effects of age on the detection of emotional information. Young and older adults completed a visual search task to detect target images of different valence (positive, negative) and arousal (high, low) levels among arrays of distracting images. Response times were recorded and compared between age groups. The study aimed to test three competing hypotheses about how aging may impact the detection of emotional versus neutral information.
Psy 492 M7 A2 Review Paper Power Point Presentationfachiebella
The document is a literature review paper on the rehabilitation of pedophiles. It summarizes research finding that pedophiles can receive treatment like therapy and castration, but the effectiveness of treatment is unclear as recidivism is difficult to measure. While treatment may help reduce urges, experts say there is no cure for the underlying attraction to children. The paper calls for more research to better understand pedophilia and prevent child abuse.
This presentation discusses empathy research and its applications to technology. It defines empathy as having both cognitive and affective components, including perspective-taking and feeling another's emotions. Studies show empathy increases with familiarity, similarity, learning, past experience, and salience. However, online interventions to increase empathy have mixed results and may paradoxically increase bias when perspective-taking is forced. The presenter's own research found the distraction condition reduced bias most, while empathy interventions increased self-centeredness. Moving forward, the presenter advocates reducing narcissism, strengthening self-esteem, and using collaboration to expand self-interest and create a sense of common humanity when designing empathy interventions online.
- The document proposes a longitudinal study to examine the effects of parental behavior on child anxiety over time from ages 6 to 18.
- It reviews previous literature that found parental control to be consistently correlated with childhood anxiety, and parental acceptance to have a moderate effect in reducing anxiety.
- The proposed study would use measures from a previous study examining the relationship between parental and child anxious self-talk, and apply them longitudinally to assess effects of parental behaviors like acceptance, psychological control, and behavioral control on child anxiety over 12 years.
1) The document discusses empathy, its origins in evolution and biology, and how it develops through a child's environment. It explores the relationship between empathy and moral reasoning.
2) One study found that situations requiring "intended harm via personal force" elicited more emotional responses in participants, showing the link between empathy and morality.
3) Empathy arises from evolutionary adaptations like the autonomic nervous system and limbic system, but its development depends on one's environment as well as biological factors like certain brain regions and disorders. Understanding empathy could help address issues like criminal behavior.
Emotion Recognition in Social UnderstandingMehvish Khan
1) The document discusses research on emotion recognition and social understanding in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It notes inconsistencies in past research and suggests alexithymia as a potential explanation.
2) It conducted a study that found significant correlations between autistic traits, empathy, and alexithymia. However, alexithymia did not fully mediate the relationship between autistic traits and empathy.
3) This suggests that co-occurring alexithymia could help explain some emotional deficits in ASD. Clinicians should consider alexithymia in diagnosing and understanding ASD.
This study examined the relationships between psychological traits, psychiatric traits, and types of impulsivity. 84 participants completed surveys measuring the Big Five personality traits, personality disorders, and functional and dysfunctional impulsivity. Results showed functional impulsivity was related to aspects of Extraversion and Openness, while dysfunctional impulsivity correlated with Neuroticism and reports of various personality disorders. Aspects of Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness positively correlated with personality disorders, while Extraversion and Openness showed negative correlations. This provides insight into links between normal personality variation and maladaptive traits.
This study examined the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in improving emotional self-efficacy (ESE) and reducing anxiety in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) who also have anxiety disorders. Forty-four children were randomly assigned to either immediate CBT treatment or a waitlist condition. Results showed that ESE increased significantly more for the immediate treatment group than the waitlist group after treatment. Additionally, higher ESE scores correlated with lower anxiety scores. This suggests that modified CBT can effectively improve ESE in children with ASD and anxiety, and that increased ESE may help reduce anxiety levels.
This study examined the effects of age on the detection of emotional information. Young and older adults completed a visual search task to detect target images of different valence (positive, negative) and arousal (high, low) levels among arrays of distracting images. Response times were recorded and compared between age groups. The study aimed to test three competing hypotheses about how aging may impact the detection of emotional versus neutral information.
Psy 492 M7 A2 Review Paper Power Point Presentationfachiebella
The document is a literature review paper on the rehabilitation of pedophiles. It summarizes research finding that pedophiles can receive treatment like therapy and castration, but the effectiveness of treatment is unclear as recidivism is difficult to measure. While treatment may help reduce urges, experts say there is no cure for the underlying attraction to children. The paper calls for more research to better understand pedophilia and prevent child abuse.
This presentation discusses empathy research and its applications to technology. It defines empathy as having both cognitive and affective components, including perspective-taking and feeling another's emotions. Studies show empathy increases with familiarity, similarity, learning, past experience, and salience. However, online interventions to increase empathy have mixed results and may paradoxically increase bias when perspective-taking is forced. The presenter's own research found the distraction condition reduced bias most, while empathy interventions increased self-centeredness. Moving forward, the presenter advocates reducing narcissism, strengthening self-esteem, and using collaboration to expand self-interest and create a sense of common humanity when designing empathy interventions online.
Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disoreder a comparation with soc...EminesQ
This study aimed to examine emotion dysregulation in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) compared to those with social anxiety disorder and normal controls. The researchers found that individuals with GAD reported greater intensity of emotions, especially fear of depression, compared to those with social anxiety disorder and controls. Those with social anxiety disorder indicated being less expressive of positive emotions, paying less attention to emotions, and having more difficulty describing emotions than those with GAD or controls. Measures of emotion differentiated the three groups accurately. The findings provide support for theoretical models emphasizing difficulties with emotion regulation in GAD.
This document provides an overview of cognitive therapy. It discusses Aaron Beck, the founder of cognitive therapy, and his background and influences. Beck developed cognitive therapy in the 1960s as an alternative to psychoanalysis, focusing on how a person's thinking affects their feelings and behaviors. Cognitive therapy views psychological disorders as stemming from dysfunctional thought patterns and cognitive distortions, rather than underlying unconscious desires. The document outlines seven common cognitive distortions identified by Beck and discusses how cognitive therapy aims to identify and change faulty assumptions and core beliefs through restructuring distorted thinking.
Research Design Group paper.docmidnightGwen Knight
The study aimed to determine if positive or negative mood induced by video clips affected judgments of neutral objects. 56 undergraduate students viewed a positive or negative video and then rated their liking, willingness to buy, and amount willing to pay for neutral objects. Results showed the mood manipulations did not significantly impact these judgments, though they did predict different affective outcomes. The mood states did not significantly influence evaluations of the neutral objects.
This document discusses several key issues and debates in psychology research, including gender bias, cultural bias, free will vs determinism, nature vs nurture, holism vs reductionism, idiographic vs nomothetic approaches, and ethical implications. It provides an overview of each topic, definitions of key terms, and evaluations of the strengths and weaknesses of different perspectives within each debate.
Personality, Regulatory Focus, and Political Ideology PaperJennifer Burke
This study investigated the relationships between extroversion-introversion, regulatory focus (prevention vs. promotion focus), and political ideology. 98 college students completed surveys measuring these variables. Results showed that extroversion correlated with promotion focus, such that more extroverted participants also scored higher on promotion focus. Extroversion also correlated with stronger conservative ideologies. However, the correlation between regulatory focus and political ideology was not significant when controlling for personality type. This suggests personality influences regulatory focus and political views in a multidimensional way rather than a simple unidimensional relationship.
This document describes a study that examines how paired associate word learning is affected by the presence of a therapy dog, priming, and word imagery. College students were assigned to conditions involving the presence or absence of a therapy dog during the task, and whether or not they received priming by studying vocabulary words first. They then studied and were tested on their recall of word pairs that were either high or low in imagery. It is hypothesized that recall scores will be higher when a dog is present due to reduced stress and anxiety. Priming is also expected to improve recall by activating relevant memory representations. Consistent with prior research, higher imagery word pairs were expected to lead to better recall than lower imagery pairs. Interactions between the variables were
Self compassion and shame-proneness in five different mental disorders: Compa...Jan Benda
Background and objectives: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness may both be associated with a wide range of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of self-compassion and shame-proneness in samples of patients with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, alcohol-addiction and in healthy controls.
Methods: All five clinical groups and healthy controls were administered scales measuring self-compassion (SCS) and shame-proneness (TOSCA-3S). Differences in self-compassion and shame-proneness were analyzed and effect sizes were calculated.
Results: All five clinical groups were found to have significantly lower self-compassion and significantly higher shame-proneness than healthy controls. The magnitudes of difference in self-compassion and shame-proneness, between all clinical groups and healthy controls, were all large.
Discussion: We hypothesize, that the lack of self-compassion leads to increased shame-proneness, which causes various psychopathological symptoms. The lack of self-compassion may therefore be important underlying factor causing many different mental problems.
Conclusion: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness proved to be TRANSDIAGNOSTIC FACTORS in five different mental disorders. We assume, that clients suffering from all these disorders may benefit from treatments or particular interventions that facilitate the development of self-compassion or shame management.
In two experiments, the researchers examined how recalling positive and negative autobiographical memories affects later recall of related memories for people with high and low levels of dysphoria. In Experiment 1, regardless of dysphoria level, participants showed improved recall of practiced memories and forgetting of related unpracticed negative memories, but not positive memories. Differences in baseline recall explained this effect, as participants recalled more positive than negative baseline memories. Experiment 2 addressed these baseline differences and focused only on high dysphoric participants, finding the same pattern of results. Overall, retrieval practice had different outcomes for different memory valences that depended on individual memory biases and mood.
XXXIVth International Congress on Law and Mental Health. Vienna, 2015.
Perseveration – The Lens by Which Those Afflicted with FASD Interpret their Relationship and Environment
The Psychology of Thinking About the Past and FutureChris Martin
The document discusses recent research on how people think about the past and future. It covers immune neglect and affective forecasting, which are people's inability to accurately predict how much an event will affect them emotionally over time. It also discusses the planning fallacy, which is people's tendency to underestimate how long tasks will take them to complete. The presentation includes discussion questions on these topics.
This document summarizes the relationship between attachment, helplessness, panic, and schizophrenia. It discusses how attachment theory explains the occurrence of panic states due to feelings of helplessness caused by separation from an attachment figure. Feelings of helplessness can disrupt the development of self-consciousness and cause experiences of annihilation, derealization, and depersonalization. Disturbances in self-consciousness are central to schizophrenia and can also cause feelings of panic and helplessness. The document proposes that there is a two-way relationship between panic and imbalanced self-consciousness, with helplessness in between. This may help explain the high rates of panic disorder comorbidity in schizophrenia.
SHAME AS A CULTURAL INDEX OF ILLNESS AND RECOVERY FROM PSYCHOTIC ILLNESS IN JAVAUniversitasGadjahMada
Most studies of shame have focused on stigma as a form of social response and a socio-psychological consequence of mental illness. This study aims at exploring more complex Javanese meanings of shame in relation to psychotic illness. Six psychotic patients and their family members participated in this research. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Thematic analysis of the data showed that participants used shame in three different ways. First, as a cultural index of illness and recovery. Family members identified their member as being ill when they had lost their sense of shame. If a patient exhibited behavior that indicated the reemergence of shame, the family saw this as an indication of recovery. Second, as an indication of relapse. Third, as a barrier toward recovery. In conclusion, shame is used as a cultural index of illness and recovery because it associated with the moral-behavioral control. Shame may also be regarded as a form of consciousness associated with the emergence of insight. Further study with a larger group of sample is needed to explore shame as a ‘socio-cultural marker’ for psychotic illness in Java.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Valid Medical Condition or Cultural...worldwideww
This article challenges the definition of ADHD as a legitimate medical condition and argues it may instead be a culturally constructed myth. The author provides evidence that ADHD diagnoses have increased dramatically in the US without clear scientific evidence that it is a neurological disorder. No biological tests can confirm ADHD, and rates of diagnosis vary widely between countries. The author suggests economic and cultural factors may better explain the rise in ADHD diagnoses in America than it representing a real neurological condition.
Spiritual Transformation in Claimant Mediums / PA Presentation June 2016William Everist, PHD
This document discusses spiritually transformative experiences (STEs) and claimant mediums. It provides definitions of STEs, claimant mediums, and discarnate beings. The purpose and methodology of the study is to understand the initial and subsequent experiences of novice mediums and how they relate to spiritual transformation. The results found the STE of claimant mediums is a developmental process, with encounters with spiritual entities that may be considered guides. Acceptance of these experiences depended on social support systems and spiritual perspectives. Pursuing mediumship as a career depended on adjusting to initial experiences and available support.
This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding the origins of human behavior. It aims to understand the debate, describe studies supporting each side, identify relevant approaches, and evaluate the debate. The key points covered include: behavior being determined by genetics (nature) or environment (nurture); studies supporting nature like twin and adoption studies; studies supporting nurture like Little Albert and the Stanford Prison Experiment; and that behavior is often best explained by an interaction between the two.
This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding human behavior. It provides examples that support both nature and nurture influences. For nature, it discusses genetic influences on behaviors and conditions like language acquisition and schizophrenia. For nurture, it discusses studies showing environmental influences like Little Albert's learned fear response and the Stanford Prison Experiment. It also notes that behavior is often an interaction between innate traits and environmental responses, and provides applications of considering both nature and nurture in developing drug therapies or adapting environments.
The influence of heredity and environment on intelligenceAmit Ghosh
This slide is made by Amit (facebook.com/titanium009) for his class presentation..Sorry fellows and fellas some fonts are not working and creating malfunction... :(...Check fonts from dafont.com and make an awesome slide.. Drop me a mail if you want the exact presentation file (titanium009@gmail.com)
Au Psy492 E Portfolio Template For Slide Share Revisedcharmaine03
This case study analyzes Katherine, who is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Major depression is characterized by symptoms like sad mood and lack of interest that interfere with daily life for at least two weeks. Katherine displays many signs of depression, like sadness, crying easily, and lack of interest in activities. Treatment options discussed include cognitive behavioral therapy to change negative thought patterns, and antidepressant medication to improve mood and reduce anxiety. The case study considers ethical and cultural factors in Katherine's treatment, noting the importance of respecting a client's religious and spiritual beliefs.
1. Expressing strong family ties and prioritizing family needs over individual needs could be seen as abnormal in more individualistic cultures.
2. Maintaining traditional gender roles and expectations within the family that are less common now could be misinterpreted.
3. Certain religious/spiritual practices like communicating with deceased relatives that are accepted in some cultures may be seen as abnormal in others with different beliefs. Understanding cultural differences is important to avoid misinterpreting normal behaviors as pathological.
Bipolar depression is a debilitating mental illness that affects around 2.6% of adults in the United States. It involves alternating periods of mania and depression. If left untreated, bipolar depression can lead to suicidal thoughts or actions. Effective treatment involves therapy and medication to stabilize moods and prevent episodes. Proper diagnosis is also important and involves assessing symptoms over time according to standardized diagnostic criteria.
Panic disorder is characterized by reoccurring panic attacks with physical symptoms. Patients are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians but may be better served through referral to therapists who can help treat the underlying causes of anxiety in addition to medication. Therapy can help patients gain more control over their situation and potentially overcome their disorder, whereas medication alone risks long-term dependence. Experiments show those with panic disorder experience more anxiety during unpredictable versus predictable stressful events. Effective treatment combines both medication and therapy.
Au psy492 e_portfolio template for slideshare[1]sheilaolson
Sheila Olson describes several formative life experiences that shaped her personality development according to different psychological theories. As a child, she experienced trauma from being left alone crying for long periods, which influenced her inborn temperament. Growing up on a farm, she learned hard work and toughness by helping her father, demonstrating social learning. Witnessing her father's injury at a young age taught her to be a caregiver. Experiences with her abusive grandmother and cousin led her to feel unworthy and influenced her values. Later life struggles with relationships, addiction, and losing custody of her children provided motivation to change her life path and find purpose in counseling work. These experiences collectively molded her personality and sense of self.
Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disoreder a comparation with soc...EminesQ
This study aimed to examine emotion dysregulation in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) compared to those with social anxiety disorder and normal controls. The researchers found that individuals with GAD reported greater intensity of emotions, especially fear of depression, compared to those with social anxiety disorder and controls. Those with social anxiety disorder indicated being less expressive of positive emotions, paying less attention to emotions, and having more difficulty describing emotions than those with GAD or controls. Measures of emotion differentiated the three groups accurately. The findings provide support for theoretical models emphasizing difficulties with emotion regulation in GAD.
This document provides an overview of cognitive therapy. It discusses Aaron Beck, the founder of cognitive therapy, and his background and influences. Beck developed cognitive therapy in the 1960s as an alternative to psychoanalysis, focusing on how a person's thinking affects their feelings and behaviors. Cognitive therapy views psychological disorders as stemming from dysfunctional thought patterns and cognitive distortions, rather than underlying unconscious desires. The document outlines seven common cognitive distortions identified by Beck and discusses how cognitive therapy aims to identify and change faulty assumptions and core beliefs through restructuring distorted thinking.
Research Design Group paper.docmidnightGwen Knight
The study aimed to determine if positive or negative mood induced by video clips affected judgments of neutral objects. 56 undergraduate students viewed a positive or negative video and then rated their liking, willingness to buy, and amount willing to pay for neutral objects. Results showed the mood manipulations did not significantly impact these judgments, though they did predict different affective outcomes. The mood states did not significantly influence evaluations of the neutral objects.
This document discusses several key issues and debates in psychology research, including gender bias, cultural bias, free will vs determinism, nature vs nurture, holism vs reductionism, idiographic vs nomothetic approaches, and ethical implications. It provides an overview of each topic, definitions of key terms, and evaluations of the strengths and weaknesses of different perspectives within each debate.
Personality, Regulatory Focus, and Political Ideology PaperJennifer Burke
This study investigated the relationships between extroversion-introversion, regulatory focus (prevention vs. promotion focus), and political ideology. 98 college students completed surveys measuring these variables. Results showed that extroversion correlated with promotion focus, such that more extroverted participants also scored higher on promotion focus. Extroversion also correlated with stronger conservative ideologies. However, the correlation between regulatory focus and political ideology was not significant when controlling for personality type. This suggests personality influences regulatory focus and political views in a multidimensional way rather than a simple unidimensional relationship.
This document describes a study that examines how paired associate word learning is affected by the presence of a therapy dog, priming, and word imagery. College students were assigned to conditions involving the presence or absence of a therapy dog during the task, and whether or not they received priming by studying vocabulary words first. They then studied and were tested on their recall of word pairs that were either high or low in imagery. It is hypothesized that recall scores will be higher when a dog is present due to reduced stress and anxiety. Priming is also expected to improve recall by activating relevant memory representations. Consistent with prior research, higher imagery word pairs were expected to lead to better recall than lower imagery pairs. Interactions between the variables were
Self compassion and shame-proneness in five different mental disorders: Compa...Jan Benda
Background and objectives: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness may both be associated with a wide range of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of self-compassion and shame-proneness in samples of patients with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, alcohol-addiction and in healthy controls.
Methods: All five clinical groups and healthy controls were administered scales measuring self-compassion (SCS) and shame-proneness (TOSCA-3S). Differences in self-compassion and shame-proneness were analyzed and effect sizes were calculated.
Results: All five clinical groups were found to have significantly lower self-compassion and significantly higher shame-proneness than healthy controls. The magnitudes of difference in self-compassion and shame-proneness, between all clinical groups and healthy controls, were all large.
Discussion: We hypothesize, that the lack of self-compassion leads to increased shame-proneness, which causes various psychopathological symptoms. The lack of self-compassion may therefore be important underlying factor causing many different mental problems.
Conclusion: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness proved to be TRANSDIAGNOSTIC FACTORS in five different mental disorders. We assume, that clients suffering from all these disorders may benefit from treatments or particular interventions that facilitate the development of self-compassion or shame management.
In two experiments, the researchers examined how recalling positive and negative autobiographical memories affects later recall of related memories for people with high and low levels of dysphoria. In Experiment 1, regardless of dysphoria level, participants showed improved recall of practiced memories and forgetting of related unpracticed negative memories, but not positive memories. Differences in baseline recall explained this effect, as participants recalled more positive than negative baseline memories. Experiment 2 addressed these baseline differences and focused only on high dysphoric participants, finding the same pattern of results. Overall, retrieval practice had different outcomes for different memory valences that depended on individual memory biases and mood.
XXXIVth International Congress on Law and Mental Health. Vienna, 2015.
Perseveration – The Lens by Which Those Afflicted with FASD Interpret their Relationship and Environment
The Psychology of Thinking About the Past and FutureChris Martin
The document discusses recent research on how people think about the past and future. It covers immune neglect and affective forecasting, which are people's inability to accurately predict how much an event will affect them emotionally over time. It also discusses the planning fallacy, which is people's tendency to underestimate how long tasks will take them to complete. The presentation includes discussion questions on these topics.
This document summarizes the relationship between attachment, helplessness, panic, and schizophrenia. It discusses how attachment theory explains the occurrence of panic states due to feelings of helplessness caused by separation from an attachment figure. Feelings of helplessness can disrupt the development of self-consciousness and cause experiences of annihilation, derealization, and depersonalization. Disturbances in self-consciousness are central to schizophrenia and can also cause feelings of panic and helplessness. The document proposes that there is a two-way relationship between panic and imbalanced self-consciousness, with helplessness in between. This may help explain the high rates of panic disorder comorbidity in schizophrenia.
SHAME AS A CULTURAL INDEX OF ILLNESS AND RECOVERY FROM PSYCHOTIC ILLNESS IN JAVAUniversitasGadjahMada
Most studies of shame have focused on stigma as a form of social response and a socio-psychological consequence of mental illness. This study aims at exploring more complex Javanese meanings of shame in relation to psychotic illness. Six psychotic patients and their family members participated in this research. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Thematic analysis of the data showed that participants used shame in three different ways. First, as a cultural index of illness and recovery. Family members identified their member as being ill when they had lost their sense of shame. If a patient exhibited behavior that indicated the reemergence of shame, the family saw this as an indication of recovery. Second, as an indication of relapse. Third, as a barrier toward recovery. In conclusion, shame is used as a cultural index of illness and recovery because it associated with the moral-behavioral control. Shame may also be regarded as a form of consciousness associated with the emergence of insight. Further study with a larger group of sample is needed to explore shame as a ‘socio-cultural marker’ for psychotic illness in Java.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Valid Medical Condition or Cultural...worldwideww
This article challenges the definition of ADHD as a legitimate medical condition and argues it may instead be a culturally constructed myth. The author provides evidence that ADHD diagnoses have increased dramatically in the US without clear scientific evidence that it is a neurological disorder. No biological tests can confirm ADHD, and rates of diagnosis vary widely between countries. The author suggests economic and cultural factors may better explain the rise in ADHD diagnoses in America than it representing a real neurological condition.
Spiritual Transformation in Claimant Mediums / PA Presentation June 2016William Everist, PHD
This document discusses spiritually transformative experiences (STEs) and claimant mediums. It provides definitions of STEs, claimant mediums, and discarnate beings. The purpose and methodology of the study is to understand the initial and subsequent experiences of novice mediums and how they relate to spiritual transformation. The results found the STE of claimant mediums is a developmental process, with encounters with spiritual entities that may be considered guides. Acceptance of these experiences depended on social support systems and spiritual perspectives. Pursuing mediumship as a career depended on adjusting to initial experiences and available support.
This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding the origins of human behavior. It aims to understand the debate, describe studies supporting each side, identify relevant approaches, and evaluate the debate. The key points covered include: behavior being determined by genetics (nature) or environment (nurture); studies supporting nature like twin and adoption studies; studies supporting nurture like Little Albert and the Stanford Prison Experiment; and that behavior is often best explained by an interaction between the two.
This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding human behavior. It provides examples that support both nature and nurture influences. For nature, it discusses genetic influences on behaviors and conditions like language acquisition and schizophrenia. For nurture, it discusses studies showing environmental influences like Little Albert's learned fear response and the Stanford Prison Experiment. It also notes that behavior is often an interaction between innate traits and environmental responses, and provides applications of considering both nature and nurture in developing drug therapies or adapting environments.
The influence of heredity and environment on intelligenceAmit Ghosh
This slide is made by Amit (facebook.com/titanium009) for his class presentation..Sorry fellows and fellas some fonts are not working and creating malfunction... :(...Check fonts from dafont.com and make an awesome slide.. Drop me a mail if you want the exact presentation file (titanium009@gmail.com)
Au Psy492 E Portfolio Template For Slide Share Revisedcharmaine03
This case study analyzes Katherine, who is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Major depression is characterized by symptoms like sad mood and lack of interest that interfere with daily life for at least two weeks. Katherine displays many signs of depression, like sadness, crying easily, and lack of interest in activities. Treatment options discussed include cognitive behavioral therapy to change negative thought patterns, and antidepressant medication to improve mood and reduce anxiety. The case study considers ethical and cultural factors in Katherine's treatment, noting the importance of respecting a client's religious and spiritual beliefs.
1. Expressing strong family ties and prioritizing family needs over individual needs could be seen as abnormal in more individualistic cultures.
2. Maintaining traditional gender roles and expectations within the family that are less common now could be misinterpreted.
3. Certain religious/spiritual practices like communicating with deceased relatives that are accepted in some cultures may be seen as abnormal in others with different beliefs. Understanding cultural differences is important to avoid misinterpreting normal behaviors as pathological.
Bipolar depression is a debilitating mental illness that affects around 2.6% of adults in the United States. It involves alternating periods of mania and depression. If left untreated, bipolar depression can lead to suicidal thoughts or actions. Effective treatment involves therapy and medication to stabilize moods and prevent episodes. Proper diagnosis is also important and involves assessing symptoms over time according to standardized diagnostic criteria.
Panic disorder is characterized by reoccurring panic attacks with physical symptoms. Patients are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians but may be better served through referral to therapists who can help treat the underlying causes of anxiety in addition to medication. Therapy can help patients gain more control over their situation and potentially overcome their disorder, whereas medication alone risks long-term dependence. Experiments show those with panic disorder experience more anxiety during unpredictable versus predictable stressful events. Effective treatment combines both medication and therapy.
Au psy492 e_portfolio template for slideshare[1]sheilaolson
Sheila Olson describes several formative life experiences that shaped her personality development according to different psychological theories. As a child, she experienced trauma from being left alone crying for long periods, which influenced her inborn temperament. Growing up on a farm, she learned hard work and toughness by helping her father, demonstrating social learning. Witnessing her father's injury at a young age taught her to be a caregiver. Experiences with her abusive grandmother and cousin led her to feel unworthy and influenced her values. Later life struggles with relationships, addiction, and losing custody of her children provided motivation to change her life path and find purpose in counseling work. These experiences collectively molded her personality and sense of self.
The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is a widely used personality test to assess psychopathology. The original MMPI was developed in 1943 and revised versions were created in 1989 (MMPI-2) and 2008 (MMPI-2 RF) to address limitations. It uses a self-report format and criterion-keyed approach to assign test items to clinical scales. The MMPI can be administered on paper, audio, or computer and is available in several languages. Scoring uses validity and clinical scales, and interpretation is done through scale-by-scale, configural, or computerized methods. The MMPI has proven effective in diagnosing mental illness and other assessment purposes.
Bipolar depression is a debilitating mental illness that affects approximately 5.7 million adults in the United States. It involves extreme shifts in mood from excessive highs to severe lows. If left untreated, bipolar depression can lead to suicidal thoughts or actions. Effective treatment requires a combination of medication and psychotherapy to manage symptoms and prevent mood episodes.
The document provides a comparison of the Rorschach and MMPI personality tests. It notes that the tests differ in their purpose, methodology, validity, and susceptibility to manipulation. Specifically, the MMPI aims to provide clinical diagnoses, uses a forced-choice true/false format, has high validity, and is difficult to manipulate. In contrast, the Rorschach is a projective test open to interpretation, has questionable validity, and can be easily manipulated. The document analyzes these differences through examples from psychological research.
This document discusses optimizing ADHD treatment when comorbid conditions are present. It summarizes research showing that comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), anxiety disorders, and major depression are common in individuals with ADHD. The document outlines treatment approaches for each comorbidity, noting that stimulant medications and behavioral parent training can help reduce ODD and CD symptoms. For anxiety disorders, behavioral therapies may be most effective, while depression requires careful evaluation and family counseling may help. Overall, the document advocates considering comorbidities to derive clinically useful subtypes for improving ADHD treatment outcomes.
The document is a research article that examines ethnic differences in parental beliefs about the causes and treatments of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It surveys ethnically diverse parents with and without children diagnosed with ADHD. The study finds no significant ethnic differences in beliefs about the biological or psychological causes of ADHD. However, ethnic minority parents rated behavioral treatments more positively than Caucasian parents. Beliefs about biological causes predicted preferences for medication treatment and combined treatment. The researchers conclude disseminating information on evidence-based ADHD treatments should consider how beliefs influence treatment decisions among different ethnic groups.
Diagnosis And Treatment Of Mental Disorders In Correctional Facilitiessaragardner
The document discusses two main issues regarding the treatment of mentally ill inmates in prisons: 1) accurate diagnosis of inmates' mental health issues upon entering the prison system, and 2) providing ongoing treatment programs for inmates with long-term mental disorders. Regarding accurate diagnosis, the document notes screening tools may be invalid and prison staff lack time and training. For ongoing treatment, the document argues current conditions like solitary confinement exacerbate issues, and most inmates lack access to mental healthcare and trained staff while incarcerated. Overall, the document calls for reforms to improve diagnosis and treatment of mental illness among prison populations.
This document discusses the ePortfolio and its role as a tool for individuals. An ePortfolio is a collection of an individual's work and achievements that can be used to demonstrate skills and competencies. ePortfolios provide tools and spaces for people to develop their work over time by overcoming obstacles, articulating their experiences, and engaging in dialogue. They also allow for collaboration and connection with others to support lifelong learning.
The document provides details about the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), a widely used psychological assessment. It describes the origins and development of the MMPI from its original version in the 1930s to the current MMPI-2. Key aspects summarized include the clinical scales and validity scales used to measure psychopathology and detect untruthful responses. Examples of specific scales are provided.
ADD/ADHD is a biological brain-based condition characterized by inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity and impulsivity. While the exact causes are unknown, it is thought to have genetic components. ADHD is diagnosed through evaluations of behaviors in multiple environments. Stimulant medications are commonly used to treat core symptoms, while behavioral therapies can help develop coping strategies. Effective treatment involves a combination of medication and psychosocial support tailored to individual needs.
This document provides an overview of major events and developments in the United States from 1989 to 2001, including the end of the Cold War, George H.W. Bush's "New World Order," the Gulf War, the Clinton presidency and impeachment, and the early days of the George W. Bush administration. Key topics covered include the fall of the Berlin Wall, the rise of global capitalism and digital revolution, immigration trends, racial divisions, and major domestic policies and debates around health care and taxes.
Este documento proporciona información sobre el software Hot Potatoes y su uso para crear ejercicios interactivos en línea. Explica qué es Hot Potatoes, cómo instalarlo y registrarlo, y describe las seis herramientas que contiene para crear diferentes tipos de ejercicios como JQuiz, JCloze y JMix. También cubre las novedades de la versión 6 como soporte para múltiples idiomas, la capacidad de mezclar tipos de preguntas, y la inclusión de un temporizador y sistema de puntuación mejorado.
Este documento discute el uso de redes colaborativas y monedas sociales como estrategias para apoyar el autoempleo y reconstruir ecosistemas sociales. Presenta varios proyectos como TERRAE y TREDAR que promueven la soberanía alimentaria a través de la agroecología y las cadenas cortas de suministro de alimentos. También analiza el uso de monedas sociales complementarias para fomentar el intercambio local y apoyar el autoempleo emergente.
Un servidor es un programa o dispositivo que provee servicios a otros dispositivos llamados clientes. Existen varios tipos de servidores como servidores web que almacenan páginas web, servidores de correo que almacenan y envían correo electrónico, y servidores de archivos que almacenan y distribuyen archivos. Los servidores funcionan mediante direcciones IP, puertos y protocolos para comunicarse con clientes a través de Internet.
- Pheromones are chemicals secreted by animals that allow members of the same species to recognize and interact with each other. They can trigger physiological and behavioral responses, including boosting sexual attraction.
- While there is evidence that pheromones influence sexual behavior in animals and insects, the idea that human sexual behavior can be affected by pheromones is controversial among researchers.
- Four substances - androstenone, androstenol, androstadienone, and estratetraenol - have been proposed as potential human pheromones, but their effects on human sexual behavior remain unclear.
This document summarizes recent research on positive emotions and cognition from developmental, neuroscience, and health perspectives. It discusses how the field of positive psychology has grown to study human thriving, happiness, and resilience, rather than just focusing on problems and dysfunction. Research suggests positive emotions may have evolutionary benefits by signaling safety and increasing social bonds. Developmentally, secure early attachments are linked to more positive emotions and behaviors in infants. Neuroscience research on rats indicates high maternal care can permanently alter brain regions involved in emotion regulation and stress responses. This suggests childhood experiences of love and trust are important for well-being, while neglect and abuse raise risks of later issues.
The document discusses several theories of juvenile delinquency, including strain theory, social learning theory, control theory, labeling theory, and life course theory. It provides definitions and explanations of each theory, comparing them and analyzing which may be most applicable to juvenile delinquency. Strain theory involves an individual's inability to achieve culturally prescribed goals or experiencing negative stimuli, which can increase the likelihood of criminal behavior.
Attachment theory examines how infants form emotional bonds with their caregivers, and how these early attachments influence children's social and emotional development. Through experiments like the Strange Situation test, researchers have identified different attachment styles that can impact relationships and psychological well-being. However, some argue that attachment theory does not adequately account for cultural differences in child-rearing and overemphasizes the mother-child bond.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Symbolic Interactionism Theory - PHDessay.com. (PDF) Symbolic Interactionism. Symbolic Interactionism In Sociology Pdf - slide share. Symbolic Interactionism | PDF | Sociology | Gender. Compare and contrast two of the following: functionalism, conflict .... Symbolic Interactionism as a Tool for Conveying Ideas: Dissecting the .... 10 Symbolic Interactionism Examples (And Easy Definition).
1. Student Self-Appraisal of Learning<br />Michelene Cain<br />Advanced General Psychology<br />Professor Mary Viventi<br />August 10, 2010<br />Cognitive Abilities<br />Challenges faced by immigrant women seeking medical treatment<br />There are a variety of barriers that may affect an immigrant woman’s desire or ability to seek medical treatment. They may be afraid, uneducated, embarrassed, speak poor English, and lack insurance or a legal immigration status (SFSU, 2001). Some of these women have risked their lives to get into the United States and are terrified of being deported. Women who emigrated from a different country are less likely to understand the laws and social services designed to help them as compared to women who were born here (SFSU, 2001). Others may be very traditional and will tend to the needs of their family and home before they take care of themselves.<br />I also found information stating that women who are illegal immigrants are at a greater risk for domestic violence, unfair working conditions, and many other offenses of human decency (American Immigration Council, 2010). These women are often used and abused by their husbands, illegal traffickers, or greedy bosses and are controlled by the fear of being deported or losing their children (American Immigration Council, 2010). <br />Research Skills<br />The role of the hippocampus in memory formation<br />Lacanilao, Lehmann, and Sutherland (2007) examined the effects of partial or complete damage to the hippocampus on long-term retention of a Pavlovian conditioned fear response to the context (foot shock). They found a significant negative correlation between the amount of conditioned freezing and the damage to the hippocampal region. Barrientos, O'Reilly, & Rudy, (2002) provided information that rats with hippocampal damage show significantly less conditioned freezing than rats who had not undergone the procedure. LeDoux and Phillips (1992) found the hippocampus is involved in fear conditioning situations involving complex, polymodal events; damage to the hippocampus interfered with complex contextual fear memories. Bohenek, Fanselow, and Young (1994) studied the effect of hippocampal lesions in rats. The legions produced both retrograde and anterograde amnesia of contextual fear conditioning. <br />The results of the four studies were analyzed with attention to streamlining the data. Each of the studies used a differing amount of time to measure the rats conditioned freezing. The numbers were calculated to all be based on the average amount of conditioned freezing that occurred within one minute. I achieved this by either multiplying or dividing the final results in order to make them equivalent to one minute of testing. All data was taken from day seven of the experiments because this was the only concurrent day of testing for all four studies. <br />Communication Skills<br />Interview with Ann Cahouet regarding Equestrian Assisted Psychotherapy<br />It was very generous of Ann to grant me a telephone interview on such short notice. I find her kindness to be another inspiring aspect of her personality. In her answers she included a lot of good information about her background, current career, and aspirations. I did not have to drag information out of her in any way. I occasionally asked follow-up questions to clarify and confirm my understanding of her answers.<br />I was intrigued to see that Ann faced many of the same problems I did when I chose to look into equestrian therapy. In my past dreams of being a veterinarian or a doctor, it was easy to find someone to talk to about their chosen field of practice. I was very glad to have talked with Ann about equestrian therapy. It is a passion we share.<br />Ethics and Diversity Awareness<br />Respecting Diversity<br />It is part of a therapist's job to investigate cultural norms and customs when a situation with a client arises. “Counselors with an increased knowledge base of cultural factors and the ability to work from a variety of cultural backgrounds are more likely to meet the demands of a multicultural and diverse client population (Argosy, 2009, Multicultural Counseling: side note).” <br />“Culturally competent counselors are accurately aware of culturally learned assumptions by themselves and their clients, comprehend the culturally relevant facts and information about a client' culture and are able to intervene skillfully to bring about positive change through counseling (Pedersen, 2002).” A focus on diversity, particularly in relation to the exploration of one's own attitudes, beliefs, and biases, is critical to the preparation of competent counselors whether their intended work setting is on college campuses, community agencies, private practice, career counseling centers, or schools. Although more limited definitions of diversity are restricted to discussions of race/ethnicity, counselors must be knowledgeable about and sensitive to issues surrounding a number of equally important factors that also come under the quot;
diversity umbrellaquot;
(e.g., gender, sexual orientation, disabilities, religion, age, class, etc.) and recognize patterns that are common to all areas of prejudice. <br />Knowledge of Foundations of the Field<br />Piaget’s theory of cognitive development<br />Piaget theory of cognitive development includes four stages. The sensorimotor stage ranges from birth to 2 years of age, the preoperational stage covers 2 to 7 years of age, the concrete operational stage is from 7 to 11 years of age, and the formal operational stage is from 11 years of age through adulthood (Santrock, 2008). The sensorimotor stage is where an infant begins to make sense of the world through coordinating sensory experiences of touch, hearing, smelling, tasting, and seeing (Santrock, 2008). The preoperational stage goes beyond connecting this sensory information and begins to connect it with physical action. Children in this stage are beginning to understand their world with words, images, and drawings (Santrock, 2008). In the concrete operational stage children learn to reason logically with concrete examples. A child in this stage of Piaget’s theory can consider several characteristics of an object instead one (Santrock, 2008). A good example would be to show a child two identical balls of clay. One ball will be rolled or changed in some drastic way. When asked which object contains more clay, the child should be able to reason that both objects still contain the same amount of clay. The formal operational stage brings about abstract thinking, such as the ability to solve algebraic equations. This ability to envision hypothetical situations brings about more logical reasoning skills.<br />As a parent, teacher, or judge, these stages are important to consider when a child has acted on something inappropriate. A baby (sensorimotor stage) does not yet understand the rules and morals of society. Babies can only assimilate their sensory information and process limited feedback on their actions. Children in the preoperational stage are beginning to understand right and wrong but are unable to process any abstract ideas. They also do not have the thought process to think more than a few brief steps ahead of their current actions. When a child reaches the concrete operational stage they can reason logically with concrete or physical examples. They normally have a good sense of obvious moral rights and wrongs but are still incapable of abstract thought or hypothetical reasoning (Santrock, 2008). It is only when a child reaches the formal operational stage that they are capable of working through hypothetical situations and should be able to better predict the outcome of their actions. All of these factors are important to consideration when a child has committed a crime or other heinous act. <br />Applied Psychology<br />Client cast study<br />This is paper is being written to provide referral notes on the behavior of a client, Katherine. Katherine is a 45-year-old African-American woman with a history of childhood sexual abuse. I planned to recommend continuation of Katherine's treatment beyond the initial treatment period. It is very evident, given her current behavior, that she needs further counseling and coping skills. I believe Katherine is at risk of self-medicating through substance abuse and that her therapy progress may be stifled by her attachment to me (Cleveland Clinic, 2009)(Primary Psychology, 2009). When Katherine arrived for our last session she was jumpy and anxious because she drank two pots of coffee the night before. Caffeine alters mood, behavior, and can result in physical dependence (Payne, 2009). I do not have enough information at this time to determine if Katherine is abusing caffeine but I am concerned that she is at risk for substance abuse.<br />I had chosen to go with the integrative approach to Karen's case. I feel this approach is the most similar to what is emulated in equestrian assisted psychotherapy (EAP). Integrative theorists are often called eclectic, taking the strengths from each model and using them in a combination (Argosy, 2009). This has allowed me to examine the interactions of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences on Katherine's diagnosis (Argosy, 2009). <br />There is considerable evidence that many children who are sexually abused will grow up to experience difficulties as adults, including symptoms of depression, suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts, anxiety, dissociative disorders, and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)(Cott, Gold, & Lucenko, 2000). Katherine is suffering from a panic disorder, is having panic attacks, and suffers from PTSD. She meets the DSM criteria for a panic disorder. Once, when was not in any real danger driving in the car to see her parents, her anxiety became so overwhelming that it caused the manifestation of physical symptoms. Psychiatric characteristics of PTSD are nightmares, flashbacks, hypervigilance, intrusive memories, and avoidance. Katerine is suffering from all of these symptoms.<br />Interpersonal Effectiveness<br />Science of abuse <br />Strengths and Weaknesses<br />My time at Argosy University has prepared me for graduate school. I am confident and competent in APA writing style and the online format of the University has done wonders for my writing abilities. I have learned to communicate and respectfully share ideas in a group format and learned teamwork during group projects. It has been a while since I took a standardized test and I am a little worried that my studying skills may be a bit rusty. However, my overall experience at Argosy University was highly positive and really helped me to blossom academically. <br />Being a Lifelong Learner<br />I truly enjoy reading, researching, and the acquisition of new knowledge. This trait has been present in my personality for as long as I can remember. I was always asking questions and solving puzzles when I was a little girl. Luckily for me, my thirst for knowledge has only grown with my level of education and I aspire to make a difference by helping people as a counselor. Being a counselor requires up-to-date knowledge and a constant capacity to seek out new information and ways to help clients. I am truly looking forward to being a psychologist because it is a job that allows me to embrace my curious nature and my love of helping people. <br />References<br />American Immigration Council. (2010). Reforming America’s Immigration Laws: A woman’s struggle. Retrieved July 19, 2010, from: http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/special-reports/reforming-americas-immigration-laws-womans-struggle<br />Argosy University. (2009). PSY 410: Module 7. Retrieved August 12, 2009. From:http://myeclassonline.com/ec/crs/default.learn?CourseID=3500475&Survey=1&47=4903796&ClientNodeID=404511&coursenav=2&bhcp=1<br />Argosy University. (2009). PSY 430: Module 6. Retrieved December 9, 2009. From: http://myeclassonline.com/re/DotNextLaunch.asp?courseid=3746176<br />Barrientos, R., O'Reilly, R., & Rudy, J. (2002, August). Hippocampal formation supports conditioning to memory of a context. Behavioral Neuroscience, 116(4), 530-538. Retrieved July 19, 2010, doi:10.1037/0735-7044.116.4.530 <br />Bohenek, D., Fanselow, M., & Young, S. (1994, February). NMDA processes mediate anterograde amnesia of contextual fear conditioning induced by hippocampal damage: Immunization against amnesia by context preexposure. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108(1), 19-29. Retrieved July 19, 2010, doi:10.1037/0735-7044.108.1.19 <br />Cleveland Clinic. (2009). Dependent personality disorder. Retrieved August 12, 2009. From: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/Personality_Disorders/hic_Dependent_Personality_Disorder.aspx<br />Cott, M., Gold, S., & Lucenko, B. (2000, June). Relationship to perpetrator and posttraumatic symptomatology among sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Family Violence, 15(2), 169-179. Retrieved July 10, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database. <br />Lacanilao, S., Lehmann, H., & Sutherland, R. (2007, March). Complete or partial hippocampal damage produces equivalent retrograde amnesia for remote contextual fear memories. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25(5), 1278-1286. Retrieved July 19, 2010, doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05374.x <br />LeDoux, J., & Phillips, R. (1992, April). Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106(2), 274-285. Retrieved July 19, 2010, doi:10.1037/0735-7044.106.2.274 <br />Payne, January. (2009). 6 signs of caffeine addiction. Retrieved August 12, 2009. From: http://health.usnews.com/articles/health/diet-fitness/2009/06/25/6-signs-of-caffeine-<br />Primary Psychiatry. (2009, January). Researchers determine rates of self-medication in mood disorder patients. Primary Psychiatry, 16(1), 19-19. Retrieved August 12, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database. <br />San Francisco State University. (2001). New study shows low-income immigrant pregnant women still afraid to seek health care. Retrieved July 19, 2001, from: http://www.sfsu.edu/news/prsrelea/fy00/079.htm<br />Santrock, John. (2008). Life-span development. 11th Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.<br />Pedersen, P. B. (2002). The making of a culturally competent counselor. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 10, Chapter 2), (http://www.wwu.edu/~culture), Center for Cross-Cultural research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA. <br />