Shanmugam Avadaiyappa, profile picture
Uploaded byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
3,472 views

ATMA GNANAM (Tamil)

1. The document discusses the history and culture of the Tamil people through various topics covered in 30 sections. 2. It explores Tamil traditions, literature, caste system, religious practices, and the role of women in Tamil society. 3. The overall purpose is to educate readers about the Tamil way of life through summarizing key aspects of their culture and history in each section.

Spiritual◦
In this document
Powered by AI

Introduction to fundamental topics with a focus on essential concepts and contextual elements that will be covered throughout the presentation.

Detailed breakdown of key points, including methodologies, approaches, and insights like statistics or significant details necessary for understanding the core theme.

Highlighting three major themes with their respective sub-points, emphasizing significance and relevant details to support audience understanding.

Discussion on strategies for implementation, practical applications, and critical considerations regarding the themes presented in prior slides.

Analysis of themes with specific applications discussed. It includes measurable outcomes and broader implications for understanding the presented material.

Final thoughts, summarizing the key takeaways from the discussion, including actionable points and implications for the audience.

Insightful recommendations based on presentation content, outlining actionable next steps or considerations for the audience.

Encapsulation of the key themes and thoughts presented, reinforcing crucial insights and encouraging reflection on the discussed material.

Concluding remarks that wrap up discussions of the presentation while inviting further exploration and engagement on the subject matter.

Embed presentation

Downloaded 202 times
1 / 110
2 / 110
Most read
3 / 110
4 / 110
5 / 110
6 / 110
7 / 110
8 / 110
9 / 110
10 / 110
11 / 110
12 / 110
13 / 110
14 / 110
15 / 110
16 / 110
17 / 110
18 / 110
19 / 110
20 / 110
21 / 110
22 / 110
23 / 110
24 / 110
25 / 110
26 / 110
27 / 110
28 / 110
29 / 110
30 / 110
31 / 110
32 / 110
33 / 110
34 / 110
35 / 110
36 / 110
37 / 110
38 / 110
39 / 110
40 / 110
41 / 110
42 / 110
43 / 110
44 / 110
45 / 110
46 / 110
47 / 110
48 / 110
49 / 110
50 / 110
51 / 110
52 / 110
53 / 110
54 / 110
55 / 110
56 / 110
57 / 110
58 / 110
59 / 110
60 / 110
61 / 110
62 / 110
63 / 110
64 / 110
65 / 110
66 / 110
67 / 110
68 / 110
69 / 110
70 / 110
71 / 110
72 / 110
73 / 110
74 / 110
75 / 110
76 / 110
77 / 110
78 / 110
79 / 110
80 / 110
81 / 110
82 / 110
83 / 110
84 / 110
85 / 110
86 / 110
87 / 110
88 / 110
89 / 110
90 / 110
91 / 110
92 / 110
93 / 110
94 / 110
95 / 110
96 / 110
97 / 110
98 / 110
99 / 110
100 / 110
101 / 110
102 / 110
103 / 110
104 / 110
105 / 110
106 / 110
107 / 110
108 / 110
109 / 110
110 / 110
Mj;k "hdk; kiepajs k_f j ;amof Fxjyaaf
Mj; k "hdk; wha:ygjf j lf 1. Md;kht[ k ; mjd; Mw;wYk; 2. ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;> 3. Mj;k "hdk: 4. $Ptd; 5. "hd thH;t[ 6. "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwfs; 7. Md;k mwpt[ bgw 8. ghpRj;j kdk; 9. me;jf;fhuzk; 10. kdpj Md;kh 11. czh;r;rp - czh;t[ - kdk; 12. kdk; vd;Dk; khaNl;Rkf;fUtp 13. nahfk; 14. bka;g;bghUs: 15. $Pthj;kh guhkhj;kh 16. Md;kPf thH;t[   2
17. jj;Jt tpsf;fk; 18. g";rg{j';fs; 19. mq gukhq kw;Wk; caph;njhw;wk; 20.xspa[ k ; btg;gKk; 21.g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk; 22.g";rg{j';fs; 23.g";r g{j';fspd; bray;ghLfs; 24.jd;khj;jpiufs: 25.gpug";r ghpzhkk; 26.caph;fspd; njhw;wk; 27.kuzk; 28.kdpj clYk; mjd; bray;ghLfSk; 29.,d;g[ w ;W thH cly; eyk; ngqjy; 30.Jwt[ thH;f;if 31.tp";"hd nehf;fpy; gpug";rk;   3
Mj; k "hdk; ,e;j cyfpy; thGk; midj;J caph;fSk; xd;nw xd;iwj;jhd; ikakhf bfhz;L Mdhy; mJ v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W bjupahky; njoj; njo Xahky; miyfpd;wd. mJjhd; ,d;gk; ,d;gk; ,d;gk;. Mk; ,d;gkhd thH;f;if. nkYk; nkYk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njo bghd; bghUs; nghd;wtw;iw nrh;g;gjd; nehf;fk; me;j ,d;gk; epiyahdjhf cz;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd;. ,J cz;ikapy; v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ> mij vg;go miltJ> bgWtJ> vd;gij tpsf;Ftnj ,e;j fl;Liuapd; nehf;fk;. ,jw;F Kjy; mog;gilahd njit bghd; bghUs; gzk; brhj;J kf;fs; my;y. mwpt[ xd;W jhd;. mwpt[ mjpYk; bjspe;j mwpt[ vd;w xd;nw xd;W nghJk; ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila ,d;g[w;W thH.   4
,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gk; ek;kplk; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ/ ,e;j cyfpy; ntW v';Fk; ,y;iy vd;w mwpt[ xd;nw nghJk;. ehk; ahh; vd;gij bjhpe;Jbfhz;lhny nghJk; ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila. ek;ikg;gw;wp bjhptJ vd;why; cz;ikapy; ehk; ahh;>;/ Md;kh vd;why; vd;d>/ mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vd;why; vd;d>/ Mj;k "hdk; vd;why; vd;d>/ kdk; bjspe;j kdk; kdj;jpd; ,af;fk;/ ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;>;/ mq gukhq/ g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk; ,af;fKk;/ cly;/ caph;/ cyfk; kw;Wk; gpug";rk; nghd;w ,itfs; vg;go njhd;wpd/ vg;go ,a';FfpwJ vd;w mwpt[/ cly; cWg;g[fs; Fwpj;j mwpt[ / cly; ,af;fk; / cly; eyk; gw;wpa mwpt[/ cly;/ kdk;/ g";rg{j jj;Jt';fs; gw;wpa bjspt[ ,itfisg;gw;wpa xl;Lbkhj;j mwpnt "hdk; my;yJ Mj;k "hdk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j Mj;k"hdj;jhy; fpilg;gnj cz;ikahd ,d;g thH;f;if. 1. Md;kht[ k ; mjd; Mw;wYk; vz;zpyh nfho mz;l';fs; nguz;l';fs; ,g;gpug";rk; njhd;Wtjw;F y fhuzkhf   5
tps';FtJ mog;gilahf ,Ug;gJ xU mqrf;jp. mijna rpj;jh;fs; "hdpfs; gukhq vd;W brhy;fpwhh;fs;. gukhq vd;;gJ gphpf;f Koahj mq vd;gJ bghUs;. me;jg; gukhqnt gue;J tphpe;J fp;lf;fpd;w mz;l nguz;l';fis ,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. mijna gukhj;kh vd;wdh;. mnj y mqtpd; Mw;wny xt;bthU $Ptuhrpfspd; ,af;f';fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf tps';Ftjhy; $Pthj;kh vd;wdh;. Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ msg;gwpa Mw;wy; kpf;fJ. me;j Mw;wy; ek;kplk; cs;sJ/ mJ cUtkw;wJ/ mjd; rf;jpia Mw;wiy czh;e;jth;fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW mw;g[j';fs; epfH;j;j Koa[k;. ek;kplk; cs;s kfj;Jtk; tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd; rf;jpia czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tJjhd; Mj;k"hdkhFk;. Mdhy; ehk; ek;kplk; cs;s Md;khtpd; Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J bfhs;shky; ek;kplk; cs;s Mw;wiy vg;go btspf;bfhzh;tJ vg;go ,af;FtJ vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky; thH:f;ifapy; gytpj my;yy;fSf;F Mshfpnwhk;. ,g;gog;gl;l my;yy;fspypUe;J   6
tpLjiy bgw Kad;W btw;wp fz;lth;fs;jhd; "hdpfSk; rpj;jh;fSk;. 2. ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;> vz;zpyh nfho mz;l nguz;l';fspd; ,af;fk; nfhlhd nfho mqf;fs; mqf;fspd; bjhFg;ghd $Ptuhrpfs; midj;jpYk; cs;S;k; g[wKk; nkYk; btspa[k; mJtjpy; caph;rf;jpahf tps';Fk; nguhw;wny ,iwtd;. ,ij ts;sy;yhh; bgUkhd; brhy;Yk;nghJ Fyt[ nguz;lg;gFjpnahh; mde;j nfho nfhofSk; M';fh';nf epytpa gpz;lg; gFjpfs; KGJk; epfH;e;j gw;gy bghUs; jpuSk; tpyFwhJ mfj;Jk; g[wj;Jk; nkyplj;Jk; bka;awp thde;jk; tps';f myFwhJ xHpahJ mJtjpy; tps';Fk; mUl; bghU";nrhjp vd; munr vd;W brhy;fpwhh;.   7
3. Mj;k "hdk:: ,e;j khbgUk; ,af;f rf;jpahd ,iwtd; kdk; vd;Dk; khaf;fUtpahy; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;fpd;w tiu ekJ clk;ig ,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhh;. ,e;j ,af;f rf;jp ekJ clypy; vg;gor; bray;gLfpwJ vd mwpe;J mnj ,af;f rf;jpia ehk; czh;e;J me;j rf;jpia ek;Kila cliya[k; capiua[k; ngzg;gad;gLj;Jk; tHptiffis bjhpe;J bfhs;tnj Mj;k "hdk;. Mj;k "hdk; bgw;why; ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; Jd;g';fs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epth;j;jp bra;J bfhz;L btw;wp fz;L epk;kjpahf thHyhk;. Kjypy; Mj;kh vd;why; vd;d/ gpd; "hdk; Kotpy;; Mj;k "hdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W ghh;g;nghk;. 3.1 Mj;kh Mj;kh vd;why; ek;Kila cliy capiu ,af;Ffpd;w vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sKoahj Nl;rkf; fUtp vd;W brhy;yyhk;. caph; ,y;iynay; cly; ,Uf;fhJ/ cliy itj;Jj;jhd; caph; cz;lh ,y;iyah vd;gij mwpa Koa[k;. Mfnt caph; cly;   8
,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J itf;fpd;w xg;gw;w fUtpna Mj;kh vdg;gLtJ. 3.2 "hdk; mqf;fs; njhd;wp mqf;fspd; ,izg;g[ ,af;f';fshy; mz;l nguz;lkhfp gpug";rkhfp cyfhfp caph;fs; gyt[khfp/ vj;jidnahnfho rPtuhrpfspy; ehDk; xUtd; vd;fpw bjspt[ bgWtnj "hdkhFk;. Koitg; gpoj;Jf; bfhz;Lnghdhy; bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. bjhlf;fj;ijg; gpoj;jhy; Koita[k; mwpayhk;. Mf gpwg;gpd; bjhlf;fj;ija[k; Koita[k; mwptnj “"hdk;”;. ,ijna jhd; mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ kfj;jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk; ,z';fpanjhh;me;ju';fkhd Nl;rk Vfhe;j Nl;rbkd;w fijiaf; nfS Fz';Ftpa Mjp me;jf; Fwpia ed;wha; - brs rh 113. nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; Mjp me;jf;Fwp bjhptJjhd; "hdk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.   9
"hdk; vd;whny mwpjy; mwptpd; bjspe;j epiy vd;W brhy;yyhk;. ,d;bdhU tif tpsf;fk; "hyj;ij mwpjy; vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk;. clypd; cs;ns caph;; rf;jpahdJ RHd;W ,a';Fk;nghJ me;je;j clypd; mqf;TWfSf;F Vw;g caphpd; rpwg;ghw;wyhf vGk; tpist[fns czh;r;rpfs;. ,e;j czh;r;rpfisj; Ja;j;J capuhdJ bgUk; cz;ikj; bjspt[ jhd; mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vdg;gLk;. Md;kh vd;gJ gukhj;khtpd; Mw;wy;. mwpt[ vd;gJ Md;khtpd; ,af;fr; rpwg;g[. $Pt Md;khnth jd; epiy kwe;J $k;g[yd;fspy; bray;fSf;F Ml;gl;L g[yd;fspd; fth;r;rpapy; rpf;fp ka';Ffpd;w kaf;f epiyna khia vdg;gLtJ/ jd;Dila jttypikahy; g[yd;fth;r;rpapy; ,Ue;J kPz;;L khiaia tpl;L tpyfp mwpit Md;khtpy; yapf;fr; bra;J mnjhL xd;whfp gpize;J yakhfpd;w epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wnghJjhd; me;j epiya[k; gpwHhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghJjhd; "hdk; vd;fpw tpHpg;g[ epiyapy; Md;kh vd;gJ ,af;f Mw;wyhft[k; cly; Md;khtpw;F fUtpahft[k; ,Uf;fpd;w epiya[k; czug;gLk;.   10
Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk; jtk; vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;. jtg;gapw;rp jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k; tpsf;fpa[k;; Tw Koa[k;/ "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;. 3.3 "hdnk flt[ s ; “mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk; Mjpgftd; Kjw;nw cyF”. vd;w ts;Sth; Fwpg;gpd;go cyfj;J caph;fs; Kjy; ,e;j cyfk; njhd;Wtjw;F yfh;j;jhthd gfthd; tiu ‘m’ vd;w xypahy; njhd;wpd. Mfnt mJnt Kjy; xypahd ‘m’ vd;gjhFk;. gpuhzpfs; Kjy; kdpjd; ,ae;jpuk; tiu thiaj;jpwf;fpd;w bjhl';Ffpd;w xyp ‘m’ vd;gjhFk;. Mfntjhd; ts;Stg;bgUkhd; nkw;fz;l Fwspd; yk; ‘m’ fuj;ij Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;j cyfj;jpy; cs;s caph;fs; vy;yhnk mwpt[ rPtd;fshf cs;sd. Mdhy; kdpjd; vd;w rPtDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. ,e;j rpwg;gwptpd; yk; bjspe;j   11
epiybgw;w bjspe;njhnu “"hdpfs;” vd miHf;fg;gLth;. Jhprw;w J}a mwpt[ tothd ,aw;ifapd; ey;y rf;jpfis epidj;J czh;e;J bjspt[ milahtpl;lhy; xUtd; vj;jid fw;wpUe;Jk; gad; ,y;iy. cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa fy;tp xd;W cz;L vd;why; mJnt “"hdf; fy;tp”. "hdnk flt[s;. Mj;k "hdk; mile;njhnu flt[s; Mthh;. ,aw;ifapy; ciufpd;w nguhw;wiyna ,iwtd; vd miHf;fpwhh;fs;. Mfnt ,aw;ifna ,iwtd;. mtd; ghj';fis tz';Ftnj rpwg;gwpt[ MFk;. mJnt "hdkhh;f;fj;jpd; jpwt[nfhy; vd;gij kwthjPh;fs;. Mj;k "hdk; vd;whny kdpjid mjw;Fj;jFjpahf;Fk; rpwg;gwpt[ vd;gJ bghUs;. rpwg;gwpt[ vd;d vd;fpw tpsf;fj;ijg; bgWtnj "hdk; MFk;. "hdpahf ntzL;k;/ "hdk; bgwntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf thH;f;ifia thH;f;ifj; Jizia mh;g;gzk; bra;aj;njitapy;iy. ,d;iwa kdpjd; thH;f;ifna ,ae;jpukak;/ ,d;iwa cyfk; tp";"hd cyfk;/ njitfs; kpFe;J ,ae;jpurhjd';fs; El;gkhd fUtpfs;   12
thH;f;iff;F njitahd bghUl;fspd; mjpfhpg;g[ ,it kpFe;J bfhz;nl nghfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l ,f;fhyj;jpy; vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgw Koa[kh vd;gJ vy;nyhh; kdjpYk; vGfpd;w kiyg;ghd nfs;tp/ kiyg;g[j; njit ,y;iy. vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgwKoa[k;. j';fs; j';fspd; flikfis flika[zh;nthL bra;J kfpH;nthL ,y;ywj;ija[k; brk;ikahf elj;jp ed;kf;fisg; bgw;W xGf;fj;jpYk; mwj;jpYk; rpwe;jth;fshf gapw;Wtpj;J mjd; yk; FLk;gk; Ch; ehL cyfk; vd;w mstpy; mikjpahft[[k; ,d;gkhft[k; thHyhk;. bjspe;j ePhpny ePhpd; MHj;jpny ,Uf;fpd;w fw;fis fhz;gJ nghy btspr;rj;jpny bghUs;fisf; fhz;gJ nghy xU tpahghhpahdtDf;F jd;Dila bghUis tpw;gid tpiyeph;zak; bra;tJ vspJ. fhuzk; bfhs;Kjy; tpiy bjhpe;jtd; tpw;gid tpiyia vspjhf eph;zak; bra;thd;. mijg;nghynt Mirapdhy; FLk;gKk; vz;z';fshy clYk; mwbewpahy; rKjhaKk; jj;Jt "hd tpsf;fj;jhy; "hdKk; rkhjhd thH;t[k; ek;ik Mf;ft[k; fhf;ft[k; cjt[fpd;wd.   13
Mfnt ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; ve;j mst[ "hdk; ,lk;bgWfpwnjh me;j msnt ekf;Fr; rpwg;ghd thH;t[ ,d;g[w;W thH;fpd;w epiy MH;e;j mikjp fpilf;Fk;. Mj;k "hdk; vd;gJ Rlh;tpl;L gpufhrpf;Fk; tpsf;F/ ,Uz;l thH;f;iff;F tHpfhl;o. Mfnt xt;bthUtUk; Mj;k "hdk; bgw Kayntz;Lk;. ,ayhjth;fs; "hdpfs; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp elf;f ntz;Lk;. J}a kdj;jhy; jhd; Mj;k "hdk; milaKoa[k;; vd;W typa[Wj;jpdh;. ehk; "hdk; bgw;whh; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp mtu; mwpit jd;kakhf itj;Jf; bfhz;L ehk; Kiwahft[k; rpwg;ghft[k; thHyhk;. vdnt Mj;k "hdk; kl;Lnk thH;tpw;F cah;t[k; ,d;gKk; mspf;Fk;. Mj;k "hdj;ij Mz;-bgz; ,UghyUk; milayhk;. mjpy; ve;jj; jila[k; ,y;iy/ ekf;F ntz;oaJ vy;yhk; 1. jplkhd kdk; (A STRONG WILL POWER) 2. MH;e;j ek;gpf;if (DEEP FAITH) 3. mfj;jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz ek;gpf;if itj;J mtdplk; ruziljy; (TOTAL SURRENDER) 4. ey;y vz;z';fs; - vy;nyhUk; ed;whf thHntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;; (GOOD THOUGHTS)   14
ehk; vg;nghJk; ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j kdk; ntz;Lkhdhy; ek; kdjpd; bray;ghLfis xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;. mjw;F Kjypy; $Ptd; my;yJ kdpjd; vg;go caph; vLf;fpwJ vd;gij g[hpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. 4. $Ptd; clypd; cs;ns caph;; rf;jpahdJ btl;l btspapny cs;s Mw;wy;fis gpuhztha[tpd; yk; r;Rf; fhw;why; clypd; cs;ns ,Gj;J nfhof;fzf;fhd ekJ cly; mqf;fSf;F Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J cliy ,af;f itf;fpwJ. ,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fshshd ,g;gpug";rj;jpy; ,Ue;J kdpj $Ptd; cw;gj;jp MfpwJ. Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F ykhdJ ,uz;L rf;jpjhd;. mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp vd;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt gukhqthFk;. mnj nghy kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L y mqf;fs; fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk; vd;fpd;w Mz; Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k; rf;jp vd;fpw bgz; Rnuhzpjg;g[Gt[k; ,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy; $Ptd; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.   15
,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd; RUf;fkhf caph;; rf;jp my;yJ $Ptd;; vd;fpnwhk;. ,e;j ,uz;Lk; mjhtJ clYk capUk; nrh;e;J bray;gLfpd;w xU bghUisj;jhd; $PPtd]; vd;fpnwhk;. cyfpy; cs;s xt;bthUtUk; jdJ $Ptdpd; r h p j ; j p u j ; i j f ; f z ; L b fh z ; l h y ; ; c y f p y ; v y ; y h k ; ,d;gk;jhd;. ,t;t[yfpy; vJt[k; ey;yJk; ,y;iy. ez;gd; giftd; fpilahJ. xt;bthU Md;kht[k; jd; Ra J}a mwpit mwpe;J tpl;lhy; vy;yhk; rkk;/ vy;yhk; ,d;gkak; MFk;. mJnt Mj;k"hdk; bgWtJ/ ,d;wpikahjJ. $Ptdpd; gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,wg;gpw;Fk; ,ilna eilbgWk; bjhlh;gaznk thH;f;ifahFk;. thHj;bjhpe;J thH:gth;fshd "hdpfis ek;gp mth;fisg; gpd;gw;wpa[k; thH;tnj "hd thH;t[ my;yJ "hd thH;f;ifahFk;. mJnt ,d;g thH;f;ifahFk;/ 5. "hd thH;t[ thH;f;if vd;gJ d;W mikg;gpny bray;gLfpwJ.   16
1. ,aw;if/ 2.rKjhak;/ 3. ,d;g Jd;g';fs;. ,k;d;Wk; kdpjd; thH;f;ifia eph;zapf;fpd;wd. Mfnt ,k;d;W gFjpfisa[k; bjspthf Muha;e;J mwptpny KGik bgw;W thH;tnj "hd thH;t[/ ,J jhd; ,d;g thH;t[/ kdk; jd;trkhf ,Ue;J Ml;og; gilj;jjhy; kdpjd; vd;W bgah; te;jJ. kdJ + jd; vd;gJ jhd; kdpjd;. mnjnghy; ehd; vd;w Mztk; nknyh';fp ,Ue;jtid eu + mfk; (eumfk;) bfhz;ljhy; eud; vd;Wk; bgah; cz;lhapw;W. ,d;bdhd;W eufk; vd;W Vd; bgah; cz;lhapw;W vd;why; ehd; vdJ vd; kf;fs; vd;bghUs; vd; M!;jp vd;W FWfpa tl;lj;jpw;Fs; rpf;Fz;L mtDila mwpthdJ bray;gLk;nghJ fhkk; Fnuhjk; nfhgk; nkhfk; kjk; khr;rh;ak; lk;gk; <h;ir nghd;w jPa Fz';fspd;; tpistha; gy;ntW Jd;g';fSf;F Mshf nehpLk;. ,ijna eufk; vd;gJ. jPik+ mfk; jPikahd mfj;jhy; vGk; bjhy;iyfisna eufk; vd;W Twpdhh;. Mfnt Kjypy; J}a;ikahd kdj;ij mfj;ijg; bgWtnj "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwahFk;.   17
6. "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwfs; Md;k mwpt[ bgwntz;Lk;.ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg; kdpjd; bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy; jFjp MFk;/ kdij ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; yk; "hdj;ijg; bgw Koa[k;/kdija[k; cliya[k; nahfj;jpd; yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;JtJ "hdk; bgw cfe;j tHpahFk;/ thH;f;ifapy; jpdrhp ehk; ekJ kdj;ij xU Kf;fpakhd fUtpahff; bfhz;L ey;yJ bfl;lJ ,uz;Lf;Fnk cgnahfg; gLj;jp tUfpnwhk;. kdk; ,a';fhky; vija[k; bray;gLj;j KoahJ. gytpjkhd rf;jpfs; gpug";rj;jpy; gutpf;fplf;fpd;wd. mjpy; Mf;fg{h;tkhd rf;jpfSk; mHpt[ rf;jpfSk; Mfhaj;jpy; Rw;wpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; rpy rf;jpfs; kpfgykhf ,a';Fk;/ rpy rf;jpfs; gytPdkhf ,a';Fk;/ ey;y rf;jp miyfs; gykhf ,a';Fk;nghJ ehk; vLj;j fhhpak; btw;wp bgWk;. ekJ thH;tpy; btw;wp njhy;tpfs; ,e;j ey;y bfl;l rf;jpfspd; Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy;jhd; eilbgWfpwJ vd;fpw cz;ikia czu ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; rpy ekJ vz;z';fspYk;/ rpy btspapy; Vw;gLk; rf;jpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jhYk; eilbgWk;. ekf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rf;jpapy;   18
rpf;fpf;bfhs;Sk;nghJ ehk; mjpypUe;J kPsKoahJ. ,e;j jPa rf;jpapypUe;J KGikahf tpLgl Md;k mwpt[ bgwntz;Lk;. 7. Md;k mwpt[ bgw 1. ehk; vg;nghJk; vy;nyhiua[k; md;g[ld; nerpj;J re;njhrj;Jld; kdk; tpl;Lg;ngrp gHfp tuntz;Lk;. 2. kdjhy; Tl xUtUf;Fk; jP';F bra;af;TlhJ. 3. ekJ guk vjphpf;Fk; Tl bfLjy; Vw;gLj;jf;TlhJ. ey;yijna bra; vdt[k; mtUf;Fk; ey;y vz;zj;ijf; bfhL vdt[k; ,iwtid ehk; ntz;of;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. 4. ve;jf;fhyj;jpYk; ve;j rkaj;jpYk; ahh; ek;ik fhzte;jhYk;; ehk; mtiu md;g[ld; tuntw;W cgrhpf;f ntz;Lk;. md;ghf ngrp mDg;g ntz;Lk;/ 5. ve;jf; fhuzj;ijf; bfhz;Lk; ahh; kPJk; nfhgg;gLtnjh jfhj thh;j;ijfshy; ittnjh TlhJ. 6. ntiyf;fhuh;fs; bghpath;fs; ekf;F nfhgk; cz;lhf;Fk;go ngRgth;fs; ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk; md;g[ld; ngrntz;Lk;. kdjpy; mth;fSf;F ey;y   19
vz;zj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk;go ,iwtid gpuhh;j;jpf;f ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg; kdpjd; bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy; jFjp MFk;/ ,e;j ghpRj;j kdk; mwk; jtk; $gk; jpahdk; Kjypa gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J te;jhy; jhd; bgw Koa[k;/ Kjypy; rpwe;j FUtplk; brd;W jd;id mog;gilapy; jpUj;jp mthplk; ey;yhrp bgw;W nkw;fz;l gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J tuntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Kjypy; kdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W bjhpe;J bfhs;sntz;Lk;. 8. ghpRj;j kdk; kdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLtJ. xd;W cs;kdk; ,d;bdhd;W g[wkdk; (btspkdk;) 8.1 btspkdk; btspkdkhdJ gytpj Mrhghr';fSf;F cl;gl;lJ. mjDila Jizth;fshd bka; tha; fz; fhJ f;F Mfpa Ie;J g[yd;fs; jhd; ek;Kila btspkdij Ml;og;gilf;Fk;. gytpjkhd Rf';fis mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;. ,jd; yk; gy   20
,d;dy;fs; neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk; jPz;ly; ,d;gk; nghd;wtw;iwj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. njfk; kdpjidj; jtwhd ghijapy; nghfr;bra;a[k;. ,jpypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpf;f ntz;Lk;. tha; ngRtjw;Fk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk; cjt[tJ. mnj rkak; bfl;ltw;iw ngRtjw;Fk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk J}z;LtJ. fz; ,J kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. kdpjDf;F kpfkpf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j fz; ghh;g;gJ vy;yhk; mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w Miriaj; J}z;LtJk; mwpit tsh;f;f gof;f cjt[tJk; ,f;fz;fns/ MH;kdija[k; ghh;itapy; ghh;j;J kdjpy; gjpaitf;Fk; kpfKf;fpakhd mitafkhFk;. fhJ ,d;dpiriaf; nfl;gJ kw;Wk; ngRtJ gy ey;yJ bfl;lJ nghd;w tptfhu';fis nfl;f cjt[tJ. f;F thridfis mDgtpg;gJld; kdfpsh;r;rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j cWg;g[ bray;gLk; .   21
,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf btspkdkhdJ murhl;rp bra;J kdpjid ey;yJ bfl;lJ ,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og; gilf;Fk;. Mfnt ,e;j btspkdk; ml';fpdhy;jhd; cs;kdk; jpwf;Fk;. 8.2 cs;kdk; cs;kdkhdJ vija[k; bra;af;ToaJ. mjw;F ey;yit bfl;lit bjhpahJ. btspkdk; vd;d brhy;fpwnjh mij mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L. cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy; mghukhdJ. ,jd; rf;jpfis vGj;jhy; mstpl;Lf;Tw KoahJ. gytpjkhd Mghr jPa vz;z';fis mfw;wp ekf;F vJ njitnah mij czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf cs; kdJf;Fj; bjhpag;gLj;jp tpl;lhy; cs;kdk; mij mg;gona epiwntw;wp tpLk; Mw;wy;gilj;jJ. Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og;gilf;Fk; btspkdij mlf;Ftjw;Fjhd r;Rgapw;rp jpahdk; ke;jpu';fs; ghuhaz';fs; Kjypad bra;antz;Lk;.   22
Kjypy; btspkdij xUepiyg; gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; btw;wp bgw;why; cs;kdjpy; ekJ ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ kpfr;Rygk;. kdjpw;Fk; Rthrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp ,y;yhj bjhlh;g[z;L. kdk; ve;j mst[ bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[ r;Rf; fhw;wpd; mst[k; bray;gLk;. btspkdij mlf;fr; rhd;nwhh;fs; ,uz;L cghaj;ijf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. 1. xd;W jj;Jt hPjpahf ,e;j vz;zk;; jPikahdJ vdnt ,ijj; js;sptpl ntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd rpe;jidapy; xt;bthU jPa vz;zjija[k; xJf;fp kdij jd;Dila mwptpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ. 2. ,d;bdhd;W r;Rf;fhw;W hPjpahf ml';fhj fhisia mlf;Ftjw;F bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy ml';fhj kdij mlf;f r;R gapw;rp bra;J r;Rf;fhw;iw mlf;fpj; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ. ,Jnt kdkl';fpdhy; r;R ml';Fk   23
r;rl';fpdhy; kdk; ml';Fk; vd;gjhFk;. 3. kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w gpizg;gpy; mfg;gl;Lf; bfhz;Ls;shd;. mtd; md;whlk; gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f ntz;oa NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp thGfpwhd;. Mfnt mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J kdij mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr; brYj;jp kdkl';fr; bra;tJ vspjhd fhhpakpy;iy. fhuzk; nahrpg;gjw;F fhyk; nghJtJ ,y;iy. Mfnt jw;fhy NH;epiyapy; r;Rg; gapw;rpapd; yk;jhd; kdij mlf;f ntz;oa fl;lha epiyapy; cs;shd;. kdjpd; bray; totk; Kd;ng ghu;j;njhk;. kdk; jj;Jtf;Tw;wpy; bray;gLtij ,g;nghJ ghu;g;nghk;. 9. me;jf;fhuzk;-4 kdk; g[j;jp mf';fhuk; rpj;jk; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. xU bghUis mwpa g[yd;fshd bka; tha; fz; f;F brtp vd;git g[wj;nj ,Ue;J bray;gLfpd;wd. mit jUk; tpra';fisg; gjpt[ bra;J mfk;; cs;ns ,Ue;J bray; gLfpd;wd. mfj;nj epd;W bray;gLk;   24
fUtp mff;fUtpfs; my;yJ me;jf;fuzk; MFk;. 9.1 kdk; VnjDk; xU bghwpthapyhf tUk; bghwpfspd; bra;jpfis me;jg;bghUspd; kPJ epWj;jp ,J ,d;djhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd epidj;J re;njf epiyapy; ,Ug;gnj kdk; vdg;gLk;/ 9.2 g[ j ;jp mJ ,Jjhd; vd epr;rapf;Fk;. 9.3 mf';fhuk; ,e;j epr;ra czh;t[ bray;totk; bgw fUtp fuzhjpfs; Cf;Ftpf;f vGk;g[k; epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk;/ 9.4 rpj;jk; ,e;j bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff; bfhz;L tUjy; rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;. Md;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf; bfhz;L czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[ gw;Wjy;   25
epr;rapj;jy; xUg;gl;L vGjy; rpe;;jpj;jy; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,dp xU bghUis ,d;dJ vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida gHf;fk; gw;wp mjd; tpidf;F <lhf mijj; jdf;F cwthfnth gifahfnth bghJthfnth czUk;. ,g;go czh;jyhy;; ,d;gk; Jd;gk; kaf;fk; vd d;W tpj Fz';fSs; xd;whf ghpzkpf;Fk;. ,t;thW ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk; g[j;jpia Md;kh ,J Jd;gk; ,J ,d;gk; ,J ,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J gpd; mf;Fzk; njhd;Wfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; ehd; ,d;g[w;nwd; Jd;g[w;wnd; ka';fpndd; vd czUk;. ,t;t[zh;t[fs;; fhl;rpfs; MFk;. g[wj;nja[s;s; fz;qf; fpdpabjhU bghUisf; fz;L ,d;g[Wk; nghJ Kd;dh; ,J njhd;whfhl;rpa[k; ,d;dbjd czUk; khdrf;fhl;rpa[k; ,J ,d;d ,d;gk; vd;Dk; jd;; czh;t[ fhl;rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf fhuz fhhpa Kiwapy; fly; miynghy; Md;khtpd; czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;. ,g;goahf Md;kjj;Jtk; 24-k; Md;kht[f;Fj; J}atotpy; neu; bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd. rpj;jh;fs; kdij ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; yk; "hdj;ijg; bgwKoa[k; vd;W czh;e;J bjhpe;J mjw;F m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;L tifahd gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;.   26
xUtd; j';f Mguzk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why; ciyapy; ,l;L fha;r;rp j';fj;ij jfLfshf;fp fk;gpfshf;fp gf;Ftkhf;fp Mguzk; bra;fpd;whnd. mJnghy kdija[k; cliya[k; nahfj;jpd; yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp "hdk; bgw cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. kf;fSf;Fk; gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E }y ; f s ; yk; vGjpitj;Js;shh;fs;. Mfnt jFe;j gapw;rpapd; yk; g[yd;fis btsp tptfhu';fspy; nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk; brYj;jtplhky; g[yd;fis bty;tjw;Fg; gapw;rp; Kiwfis fz;Lgpoj;jhh;fs;;. mjd; yk; Rthrk; jhdhff; fl;Lg;gLk;. Rthrk; fl;Lg;gLk;nghJ kdRk; fl;Lg;gLk;. kdk; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Uf;fpd;wth;fns rpwe;j nahfpfs;. mij mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brgpf;fntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia epWj;j ntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia cah;j;j ntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brk;ikahnk nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; kdj;jpwk; bfhz;lth;fSf;F vJt[k; ve;j gapw;rpa[k; njitapy;iy vd;W TWtjpypUe;J kdij   27
brk;ikahf itj;J thH gHfpf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. vJt[k; gHf;fkhfp gpd;g[ tHf;fkhf khWfpwJ. Mfnt ey;y tHf;fkhf ey;yth;fshf thH KaYnthk;. 10. kdpj Md;kh ,iwtd; cyfpy; gy $Ptuhrpfisg; gilj;jhh;. 84 yl;rk;; $Ptuhrpfs; vd;W TWth; rhd;nwhh;. Mdhy; ehk; mwpe;jJ vd;dnth xU E}W ,UE}W vd;whny mjpfk;. ,jpny kdpjdpd; gilg;g[ kpft[k; mhpa xd;W. mwpt[ KGikaile;j xd;W vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh; "hdpfs;. 7 tifgpwg;g[ 4tifj;njhw;wk; 84 yl;rk; $Ptuhrpfs; midj;Jnk Md;khf;fs; Tl;lk;jhd;. Mdhy; ,tw;wpy; kdpjDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. mijj;jhd; MwhtJ mwpt[ vd;W Md;nwhh;fs; TWfpd;wdh;. kdpjdhy; kl;Lnk jhd; ahh; vd;W mwpa[k; rpwg;ghw;wy; ,Ug;gjhy; kdpjd; kdpjdhfp g[dpjdhfp gpd; flt[s; Mfpd;w nguhw;wiyg; bgwKofpwJ. mjdhy; kdpjd; kpfr;rpwe;jtdhfg; nghw;wg; gLfpwhd;. fhuzfhhpa';fisf; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj mwpt[f;F kl;Lnk cz;L.   28
mjdhny jhd; cly; ,af;fk; vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F g[yd; ,af;fk; fhuzk;/ g[yd; ,af;fj;jpw;F vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F fhuzk; vz;zk;/ ,g;go xt;bthd;iwa[k; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj Md;kht[f;F cz;L. mjdhy;jhd; g[yd;fs; Ie;ija[k; fle;J mjw;F nky; brd;W xt;bthU epfH;r;rpf;Fk;/ njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; vd;d fhhpak; vJ vd;W fz;L gpof;Fk; Mw;wy; Md;khtpw;F cz;L/ g[yd;fs; fl;Lg;ghL eP';fpa Md;kh J}a Md;khthf khWfpwJ. me;j J}a Md;khthy;jhd; gpw caph;fs; bgWfpd;w Jd;g';ifs ,d;g';fis mtw;wpd; czh;r;rpfspd; mst[fis fzpj;J ,w';fp cjt[k; fUiza[s;sk; bgwKofpwJ. kdpjdpd; cly; fUtpfSf;Fj; njitahf Jizahf gytpjkhd Ma[j';fs; ,ae;jpu';fisf; fz;L gpoj;J gad;gLj;j jFjp bgw;wJk; kdpj Md;khjhd;. jd; ,dk; njhd;wp tHptHpahf gl;l mDgt';fspd; gpujpgypg;ghf kdpj thH;f;ifia tskhf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ,nj kdpj Md;khtpw;F cz;L. gynfho caphpd';fs; thGfpd;w ,e;j g{kpna cyfk;. ,e;j cyfj;ijg; nghd;W vj;jidnah cyfk; vj;jidnah nfhs:fs; mz;l nguz;l';fs; bfhz;l gpug";rkhf cs;sJ. ,e;jg; gpug";rj;jpy; kdpjd; vd;gtd; rpW mq   29
nghd;wtd; jhd;/ nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpy; kdpj Md;kh mqnghd;wJ. ,Ue;jhYk; kdpj Md;khjhd; ,e;j gpug";rj;ij mspf;fpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; xg;gw;w rf;jpfis fz;Lgpof;fpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; mirt[fisf;Tl fzf;fpl;Lf; Tw KofpwJ. nfhs;fspd; njhw;w';fisa[k;/ mjd; r";rhuj;ija[k; el;rj;jpuf;Tl;l';fisa[k; bray;ghLfisa[k; fzf;fpl KofpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;ly ,af;fj;jpd; Mw;wy;fis vy;yhk; kdpj Md;kh fzf;fpLk; Mw;wiyg; bgw;Ws;sJ vd;why; ,e;j kdpj Md;khtpw;F nghpaf;f kz;lyj;ijg; nghd;w khbgUk; Mw;wy; cs;sJ vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ. me;j Mw;wy; ,y;iybad;why; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis mwpa KoahJ. kdpj Md;kh kfj;jhd rf;jp bgw;wJ. rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. mjdhy; jhd; nfhs;fspy; eilbgWk; ,af;f';fisa[k; mjpy; fhqk; njhw;wf';isa[k;/ Fz';fisa[k;/ fz;lwpe;J rpwg;ghf Md;kh thH;fpwJ. mjd; rpwg;ig kdpj Md;kh kl;Lnk czh;fpwJ. mjdhy; jhd; kdpj Md;kh ,aw;ifg; gpug";rj;ij czh;e;J nghw;wp tHpgl;L mjpy; fyf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. kdpjd; xUtnd ,e;j ,aw;ifapd; nguhw;wy; cz;ikia czh;e;jtd;;. mwptpd; tsh;r;rp ghpzhkj;jpny kdpj mwpnt   30
Kothd cr;rkhd Koitj;jUfpwJ. kdpj mwptpnyjhd; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis mwpaKofpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; Kot[fs;Tl kdpj mwptpny r';fkkhfpwJ. mj;jifa mwpt[ clw;TW bgw;wtnd kdpjd;. mtd; jd; Md;khit czh;fpd;w J}a nguwpnt "hdk;. Md;kh jdJ jPa gjpt[fis ePf;fpg; guk;bghUis czh;e;J kPz;Lk; gpwthj tHp czh;e;J fiunawnt cliy fl;of; bfhz;lJ. mijf;fhj;Jk; tUfpwJ. g[yd;fshy; rpf;fpj; jtpj;J fl;Lz;L khia vd;fpw tpy';fpd; thapy; mfg;gl;L mwpt[ bjspt[ mw;w epiyapy; brayhw;Wk; mnj rkak; mJnt jd;Dila gl;lwpthy; bjspe;j mwpt[ bgw;W bjspe;j epiyapYk; brayhw;Wfpd;wJ. 11. czh;r;rp - czh;t[ - kdk; kdpj cliy czh;r;rp vd;w bray;ghL bghpJk; gPoj;Jf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. kdpj clypy; ,uj;jk; btg;gk; fhw;W mjdjd; ghijfspy; rPuhf bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. clypYs;s mqf;fs; Tl;lj;jpw;F mJnt Mnuhf;fpaj;ijf; bfhLf;fpwJ. ,it rPuhf Kiwahf bray;glhky; ,uj;jnkh fhw;nwh btg;gnkh khWgl;L bray;gLkhdhy; ve;j ,lj;jpy;   31
khWghlhfr; bray;gLfpwnjh me;j ,lj;jpy; cs;s mqf;Tl;lk; eypt[Wk;. mg;nghJ $Ptrf;jpahd capUf;Fj; Jd;gk; vd;fpw czh;itj;jUk;. ,j;jifa Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl VjhtJ xU tHpiaj;njLfpwJ. mJ xU brayhfnth bghUshfnth NH;epiyahfnth ,Uf;fyhk;/ ,e;j njlny ehl;lkhfpwJ/ Kaw;rpahfpwJ/ gpd;g[ brayhf;fk; bgWfpwJ. ,e;j njlypd; bjhlh;gaznk Jd;g czh;thft[k; njita[zh;thft[k; Kaw;rpahft[k; brayhft[k; ,d;gJd;g tpist[fshft[k; bjspthft[k; Kothft[k; tphpe;J bray;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf clnyhL bfhz;l bjhlh;ghy; capUf;F Vw;gLk; mDgt';fspd; bjhFg;ghf kdk vd;w Nl;Rkf;fUtp bray;gL:fpwJ. 12. kdk; vd;Dk; khaNl;Rkf;fUtp kdjpy; cjak; MFk; xU bray;ghl;il vz;zk; vd;W TWfpnwhk;. vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpd; xU rf;jp MFk;. btl;lbtsp btspa[yfpy; g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w fth;e;jpGf;Fk; <h;g;g[r; rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; me;j <h;g;g[r; rf;jpia vjphpilahf tpyf;fpj;js;Sk; tpfh;#z rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtif rf;jpahFk;. ,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w   32
Mw;wy; ml';fpa[s;sd. ,e;j ,aw;iff; fs";rpaj;jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w fUtpahdJ rpwpjst[ Mw;wiy fpufpj;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j me;j rf;jpia kdk; jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. gpwF me;jr; rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna brYj;JfpwJ. ,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd; yKk; Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd; yKk; tUfpwJ/ cztpd; yk; cly; ,af;fk; eilbgWtJnghy/ mnj cztpd; yk; Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk; cz;L gz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJ ehk; vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy; btspna js;SfpwJ. Mfnt kdk; vd;W brhy;yg;gLtJ mwpt[s;sjy;y vd;gij mwpfpnwhk;. Mdhy; mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy; njhd;WfpwJ. mt;tpjk; mJnjhd;Wtjw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd;why; mwpt[s;s Mj;kh mjd; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; Mj;kh xd;nw xd;W kl;Lk;jhd; mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ. kdk; vd;gJ btspa[yfj;ij Mj;kh gw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLk; fUtpahf kl;Lnk ,Uf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf ,e;jg;g[j;jfj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;. g[wj;jpy; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jg;bghUis   33
cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J bfhs;tjpy;iy. mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj ,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ kdijr;brd;W jhf;fp xU J}z;Ljiy mjhtJ miyfis cz;L gz;qfpd;wd. ,e;j J}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk; tifapy; kdk; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;ijg; bghUs;gLj;JfpwJ. ,t;tpjkhf jz;zPhpy; miyfs; cz;lhtijg;nghy kdjpy; vz;z miyfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpd;w cyfk; kdjpy; miyfs; njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. g[j;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh ahidapd; cUtnkh kdpjdpd; cUtnkh btsp cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. mjhtJ mtw;iwg;gw;wp btspapypUe;J tUk; J}z;LjYf;Fg; gjpyhf ekJ kdjpy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; gw;wp kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. g[wj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ kdjpy; ,r;rj;jpia cz;L gz;qtjw;F fhuzkhf kl;Lnk mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j cz;ikia tpsf;Ftjw;F xU Kj;Jr; rpg;gpia cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;. Kj;J vg;go cz;lhfpwJ vd;gJ vy;nyhUf;Fk; bjhpe;jnj. g[wj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpahf xU fpUkp Kj;Jr;rpg;gpapd; Xl;Lf;Fs; g[Fe;J mij cWj;JfpwJ. mjhtJ rpg;gpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; g{r;rpia mJ epdt[f;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j bjhe;jutpypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf rpg;gp   34
kpDkpDg;ghf xUtpj jputj;ij mjhtJ vdhky; giria ff;fp btspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gpwF rpg;gp jdf;F cgj;jputk; tpistpj;j fpUkpia Rw;wpYk; me;j vdhky; giriag; g{rp fpUkpia o kiwj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Kj;J cz;lhfpwJ. ekJ mDgtj;jpy; Kj;J cz;lhtjw;F xl;Lz;zp fpUkp fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJnghy btspcyfk; ekJ mDgtj;jpw;F mog;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. rpg;gpf;Fs; fpUkp g[FtJ nghy; Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf g[Fe;J gpug";rk; ekf;Fg; g[yg;gLfpwJ. rpg;gp vdhky; giria btspg;gLj;JtJ nghy ,e;j gpug";r braiy ehk; mwpfpnwhk;. ,t;tpjk; kdjpy; eilbgWk; braiy rhjhuz kdpjdhy; xUnghJk; mwpe;J bfhs;s KoahJ. Vbddpy; mt;tpjk; mtd; bjhpe;J bfhs;s Kaw;rp bra;a[k; mnjrkaj;jpy; jd; vdhky; giria btspna mDg;g[fpwhd;. gpwF jd;Dila me;j vdhky; g{r;irna ghh;f;fpwhd;. Mfnt kdk; cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj; jtpu ntW vija[k; kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s ,aYtjpy;iy. cz;ikahd Md;kh kdjpw;F gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; ifapy; cs;s fUtpahf kdk; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd kdpjdhfpa eP (Mj;kh) epw;Fk;nghJjhd; kdk; mwpt[ilajhfpwJ.   35
mg;nghJjhd; kdJf;F mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; jpwika[z;lhfpwJ. Mj;kh kdijf; iftpl;LtpLk;nghJ mJ J}s;Jshfr; rpjwpg;ngha; xd;Wnk ,y;yhky; btWik mile;J tpLfpwJ. ,g;nghJ kdk; vd;d vd;gijg; g[hpe;J bfhz;Oh;fs;. rpj;jk; kdk; vy;yhk; xU ,Ug;gplkhFk;. mjpy; vGfpd;w miyfSf;Fk; RHpfSf;Fnk tpUj;jp vd;w bgah;. ,e;j t p U j ; j p a p d ; y n k e k ; kh y ; m w p a g ; g L k ; c y f k ; ekf;F gpug";rkhf tps';FfpwJ. Md;kh kdk; vd;w epiyapy; tpUj;jp vd;w miyfshYk; RHpfshYk; ,d;g';fisa[k; Jd;g';fisa[k; mDgtpj;J mjpnyna MH;e;J yapj;J jdJ gpwtp nehf;fj;ij kwe;J kha cyfpy; thGk;nghJ mof;fo czh;r;rptrg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa czh;r;rptrg;gLk; Md;khjhd; nguhir rpdk; gw;W ghy;fth;r;rp cah;t[ jhH;t[ t";rk;nghd;w mWtif Fz';fshf khw;wk; bgWfp;wJ. Md;kh ,g;gog;gl;l Fz';fspd; vGfpd;w vGr;rpapd; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gHpr;bray;fs; bra;J jdf;Fk; gpwh;f;Fk; Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ. Mfnt gpug";r khiaapy; Md;kh cHd;W jtpg;gij jtph;j;J   36
khia kaf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl rpj;jh;fs; cz;lhf;fpa gapw;rpna nahfh my;yJ nahfk; vd;gjhFk;. 13. nahfk; nahfj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhf gad;gLk; fUtpna kdkhFk;. ,e;j kdkhdJ J}a;ikahf ,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ kdk; khR kUtw;w J}a;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ bjspthf ,Uf;Fk;. ePhpy; ePhpd; mokl;lj;ijf; fhz;gJnghy bjspe;j kdj;jhy; cz;ikg; bghUisf; fhz Koa[k;. me;j khR goe;j Jha;ikaw;w kdijg; gz;gLj;Jk; bewpna nahfk;. kdkhdJ mwpthfp Md;k czh;itg; bgw;W tpHpg;gpy; jd; yk; eho xL';Fk;nghJ jd;id bka;bghUshfnt czh;e;J bfhs;fpd;w ,e;j KGik ngw;wpid miltjw;Fj; njit nahfk;; vd;w clw;gapw;rpna MFk;. 14. bka;g;bghUs: btl;lbtspjhd; cz;ikahd bka;g;bghUs;. mg;bghUspny ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W czh;e;J btl;l btspapny njhd;wpa caphpd';fs; mj;jida[k; vd; cld;   37
gpwe;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[ gpwe;J ve;j caphpd';fSf;Fk; Jd;gk; mspf;ff;TlhJ. Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; kPJ fUiz fhl;o ,d;gj;Jld; thGk; thH;f;ifjhd; tPLngW MFk;. ,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd; Md;khthFk;. btl;lbtsp bgUbtspahfpa bka;g;bghUisna thdk; vd;Wk; thd; vd;Wk; TWth;. tPL ngW bgw;wth;fis (thd;+ mth;) thdth; vd;W TWth;/ njth; vd;Wk; TWth;. (jhd; + mth); jd;id mtuhff; fz;l fhuzj;jhy; jhdth; jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;. jdJ gue;j mwpthy; vg;bghGJk; btl;l btsp bka;bghUSld; ,izj;J rjhfhyk; epyt[k; braYkhf ,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf;F mth;fspd; cs;sj;jpd; epiy Rth;f;fk; (Rth; + mfk;). Rth; vd;why; nghpd;gk;. fLe;jtj;jpd; yk; Md;khthdJ jd;dpiy tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ/ mg;go tpsf;fk; bgWfpd;w J}a epiyiaj;jhd; "hdk; vd;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j KGik ngw;iwna rhd;nwhh;fs; tPLngW vd;Wk; TWfpd;wdh;. tPL vd;why; ,lk; my;yJ Mjhuk; vd;W bgah;. fhuzk; ,y;yhky; fhhpak; gpwg;;gjpy;iy. Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; Mnjak; gpwg;gjpy;iy. ve;j njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; xU Mjhuk;   38
,Ue;njahfntz;Lk;. mJnghy; Md;khtpw;Fk; Xh; Mjhuk; ,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;. mjw;F Mjhuk; (vJ) ,lk; Mf cs;sJ vd Muha;e;jhy; Kothf ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;yhj xU bghUns vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mjhukhft[k; ,lkhft[k; ,Ug;gJ czug;bgWk;. cjhuzkhf nfhapy;nky; fyrk; ,Uf;fpwJ. fyrj;jpw;F nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/ nfhg[uj;jpw;F g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ. g{kpf;F btl;lbtsp ,lkhf cs;sJ. btl;lbtspf;F Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iy. mjd; moKoiaf; fhzKoahJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt mfj;jpaUk; ghug;gh moKoa[e; njog;nghd gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud;W neug;gh ntj Kiuj;jpl;l bra;jp ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj;jpl;l bra;jp brsrh -118 btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt jpUkhy; gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J rptd; ghjj;ijf;fhzr; brd;whh; vd;t[k; gpuk;kh md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz nkny brd;whh; vdt[k fij yk; brhd;dhh;fs;. btl;lbtsp vd;why; mjw;bfd;W Mjhuk; ,y;iy. Mfnt mJ KjyhfpwJ. mjpypUe;Jjhd;njhw;wg;bghUs;   39
njhd;wpapUf;f ntz;Lk;. vdnt btl;l btspna MjpahdJ/ mjw;F ntW Mjhuk; ,y;yhjjhy; mJnt mehjpahdJ. btl;lbtsp vd;fpw tPl;od; ,af;f rf;jpahy; mfk;njhd;wp mfj;jhy; ,d;gk; njhd;wp; gpd;du; nghpd;g cs;sj;ijg; bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf thrpfs; vd;gjhFk;. btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; vd;gjw;F bka;g;bghUs; fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F fw;g';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F tPzhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; epj;jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F Kj;jpiu VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; je;jpukhd jye;jd;dpy; epw; nghhf;F ke;jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; Kj;jkpH; fw;W Ka';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F rj;j';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; cr;rpf;F nky; brd;W cah;btsp fhz;nghh;f;F ,r;rpg;gp';F VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f;F nkhfhe;jk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; rhfhky; jhz;o jdptHp nghnthh;f;F Vfhe;jk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; Mde;jk; bgh';fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F J}de;jhd; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;   40
rpj;jpuf; Tlj;ij jpdk; jpdk; fz;nlhh;f;F gj;jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; nrh;e;njhh;f;Fg; gpd;dhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; brj;jhiug; nghyj; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F ifj;jhsk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j "hdpfSf;F vJt[nk njitapy;iy vd;gij tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; tpsf;fp TWtijf; fhzyhk;. cz;ikahd bghUspd; tpsf;fj;ij Md;kh mwpa[k;nghJjhd; ek;Kila kaf;fkhd khia ek;ik tpl;L tpyFfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd; bghUshf ,Uf;Fk; xd;iw bghUshff; fUJk; bka;a[zh;t[k; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;nghJ bka;g;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; fpilj;Js;sJ. 15. $Pthj;kh guhkhj;kh v';nfnah btl;lbtspapy; njhd;wpa guhkhj;khtpy; njhd;wpaJjhd;; $Pthj;kh/ gukhj;khtpw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy. mijna ts;syhh;   41
jha; tapw;wpy; gpwthJ jhnd Kisj;jtu;f;F bjz;ldpl;nld; vd;W brhy;yo vd;w ghly; yk; bjhl;Lfhl;oaij mwpayhk;. $Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;. gukhj;khtpw;F vd;d Mw;wy; cz;nlh mnj Mw;wy; $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. gukhj;kh Xh; ,aw;if. mnjnghy gukhj;khtpy; njhd;wpa $Pthj;kht[k; ,aw;ifapd; TW. gukhj;khtpy; msg;gwpa Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mnjnghy $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. ,e;j $Pthj;khtpd; mg{h;t rf;jpia gad;gLj;Jtnj Mj;k "hdk; MFk;. ,ij mwpahky; ,f thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ Md;khit gy Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;/ mjdhy; jhd; Md;khit Jd;g[Wj;jy; TlhJ. Md;khit tijf;ff;TlhJ/ Mdhy; Md;kh gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ. mJ vg;go vd;why; 1. flt[isj;njo mila Kad;Wk; mtdhy; flt[isf;fhz Koahj epiy. 2. thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw   42
3. bra;fpd;wbray;fspd; tpist[fisg;gw;wp mwpahik. mwpe;Jk; myl;rpak; bra;fpd;w epiy/ mtkjpj;J mjdhy; Jd;gk; mDgtpf;Fk; epiy. 4. Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky; gpwh; kPJ mr;rKk; gif Jd;g[Wj;jy; nghd;wtw;why; my;yYWk; epiy/ nkw;fz;l Fiwfs; xd;nwhblhd;W ,ize;J thH;f;ifapy; gytpj rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshfp mtw;iw yFthfj; jPh;f;f Koahky; jtpj;J jhd; Jd;g[w;W gpwiuj; Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k; thH;fpwhd;. ,g;gog;gl;l rpf;fyhd ,f;fl;lhd NH;epiy tUfpwnghJ kdpjd; bjhpe;njh bjhpahknyh ,e;j ,f;fl;oypUe;J tpLjiy bgwntz;Lk; vd Kay;fpwhd;. xt;bthU $Pthj;khtplKk; Fiw eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk; jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjd; tpist[ rpe;jid Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ/ rpe;jpf;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rp bra;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rpapd; tpist[ bray;fspy; ,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k; bra;fpwhd;. mtd; braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf; fhz;fpwhd;. Mj;k "hdk; ,g;nghJ mtDf;F g[yg;gl Muk;gpf;fpwJ. kdpjdpd; beLe;J}ug; gazj;jpy; gyrpe;jid thjpfs; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; ty;Ydh;fs; rpj;jh;   43
bgUkf;fs; nghd;nwhh;fs; gyE}y;fs; vGjpa[k; nghjidfs; Twpa[k; kdpjd; FiwghLfis KGikahf ePf;f Koatpy;iy/ fhuzk; kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpw r';fypg; gpizg;gpy; thH;e;J bfhzL ,Ug;gjhy; jhd; FiwghLfs; vy;yhhplKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; mtdpd; njit gHf;fk; mwptpd; tsh;r;rp re;jh;g;g NH;epiyfs; ,tid Fiw cs;stdhf Mf;FfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j rpyh;kl;Lk; rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs.; fhuz fhhpa';fis gFj;J czUfpwhh;fs;. mjdhy; jd; mstpy; gapw;rp bgw;W jd;Dila Fiwia ePf;fpf; bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,iwtidf; fhzntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tj;jpy; jd; mwptpd; tpsf;fj;jhy; Fiwiag;nghf;fpf; bfhz;lth;fs; rpyh;. ,tw;iw czh;e;njhuhy; czh;j;jg;bgWfpwhh;fs; gyh;. ,g;go gyh; czh;e;Jk; cgnjrk; bgw;whYk; mth;fspy; gyngh; jh';fs; bgw;w tpsf;f';fSf;F Vw;g gHf;fj;ij khw;wpf;bfhs;Sk; mst[ Jzpt[ bgWtjpy;iy. xt;bthU kdpjDk; xd;iw kwe;JtpLfpwhd;. xt;bthU braYk; Md;khtpy; gjpg;gpf;fgg;LfpwJ. Mfnt ehk; gHpr;brhy; ,Hpthd bray; nghd;w gjpt[fis Rj;jg;gLj;jp J}a;ikahf;fp guk;bghUnshL ,uz;lwf; fyf;fnt ek; cly; xU fUtpahfr; bray;gLfpwJ vd;gij kwe;J cz;ikfis   44
czuhky; ,fthH;t[ khiaapy; cHd;W bfhz;L ,Uf;fnwhk;. Md;kh mwpt[ Kjph;e;J rpe;jidapy;; bjspt[ bgWk;nghJ jhd; bjspe;jth; Rl;of;fhl;o czh;j;Jk; nghJ jhd; mwpt[ tpHpg;g[ epiy milfpwJ. mijna ts;syhh; “grpj;jpU” “jdpj;jpU” “tpHpj;jpU” vd;W TWfpwhh;. “grpj;jpU” vd;why; vg;bghGJk; "hdg;grpnahL ,U vd;gjhFk;. “jdpj;jpU” vd;gJ khiaapy; g[yd;fis brYj;jhky; jdpj;jpUvd;gjhFk;/ “tpHpj;jpU” vd;gJ Md;kh khRglhky; tpHpg;nghL ,Ug;gJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j mwptpd; tpHpg;g[ epiy jhd; Md;kPf thH;thFk;. 16. Md;kPf thH;t[ kdpjdpd; thH;f;if fPH;fz;l epiyfspy; ,a';FfpwJ 1. ,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;fpw thH;t[ epiy. 2. ,aw;if tpjpj;j CH;tpid ,iwepiy/   45
3. rKjha mikg;g[ ePjp mwbewp. 4. murh';fk;. nkw;fz;l epiyfspy; kdpj Md;khthdJ gl;L bjsptila[k; bjspt[jhd; thH;it ca;tpf;fty;yJ. Jd;g';fis fise;J ,d;gj;ijf; ju ty;yJ. nkw;fz;l; e pi y f s p y btw;wp fhznt rhd;nwhh;fs; ey;y E}y;fis vGjp rpwg;ghf thH tHp tiffisr; Twpr; brd;whh;fs;. mtw;wpy; fij thapyhff; TWfpd;w E}y;fs; gftj;fPij nghd;wJ/ fw;gidahff;TWk; fijfs; rpy ,uhkhazk; nghd;w fhtpa';fs;. ,j;jifa E}y;fis gog;gjpd; yKk; thH;f;if; mDgt';fspd; yKk; gapd;W mwbewp gpwHhJ rj;jpak; jh;kk; ePjp vd;fpd;w xG';F Kiwapy; cWjpahd gHf;fj;ij filgpoj;J thH;e;jhy; kdpjDila thH;t[ rpwg;ghft[k; ,d;gkhft[k; mikjpahft[k; mika[k;. ,Jnt Md;kPf gazj;jpw;F jpwt[nfhyhf mika[k;. ,e;j cah; bewpna Md;kPf thH;t[ vd;W Twyhk;. Md;khtpd; epiyawpe;J mjd; ,ay;iga[k; czh;e;J vz;zk; brhy; bray; ,tw;why; mwbewp gpwHhJ thH;e;J tUtJ Md;kPf thH;thFk;. ,g;go mwbewp nghw;wp xGfp   46
thH;tjhy; Md;kh J}a;ik bgw;W KGik milfpwJ. ,J xU rpwg;ghd Md;kPfg; gazk; vd;W Twyhk;. jd;Dila mwptpd; bjspthy; ,g;go thH;f;if nkw;bfhs;tjhy; ,tw;iw xUtif Md;k "hdk; vd;W bfhs;syhk;. Md;kPf thH;t[ jhd; Md;k "hdj;ij jUk;/ ,jw;F jdpkdpj xGf;fk; kpf kpf Kf;fpak;/ jdpkdpj xGf;fk; Md;k "hdj;jhy; kl;Lnk bgw Koa[nk jtpu kw;w bray;ghLfshy; bgw KoahJ. jdpkdpj xGf;fnk xg;gw;w xGf;fkhd rKjhakhf khw cjt[k; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. mwtHp gpwHhJ thGk; bka;"hd tpsf;fj;jpd; ynk jdpkdpj xGf;fk; tsUk;. cyf kf;fs; eyk;ngz Koa[k;. bka;"hd tpsf;fk; vd;fpw Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk; jtk; vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;. jtg;gapw;rp jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k; t p s f; f p a [ k ; ; Tw Koa[k;/ "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;. 17. jj;Jt tpsf;fk; mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ clyhdJ 24 jj;Jt';fnshL To bray;gLfpwJ/   47
18. gr";g{j';fs; epyk; ePh; beUg;g[ fhw;W Mfhak; Mfpa Ie;J g{j';fspd; Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj kdpj cly;. nkw;fz;l Ik;g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; totk; Fzk; epwk; vGj;J cz;L vd;W "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sdh;. mJ gpd;tUkhW cs;sJ. g{jk; tot[ epwk; vGj; Fzk; bjhHpy; Fwp bja;tk fiy J ; kz; ehw bghd; y fodk; jh';fy; tr;rpfu mad; epth;j;j nfhz ik k; p k; ePh; gpiw btz;i t jd;ik ghjk; jhki jpUkhy gpujp#;i k bra;jy; u ; l jP Kf; brk;i u btk;i xd;W Rthjpf tpj;ij nfhz k k tpjpj;j k; k; y; fhw; mWnfh fUg; a gue;J rhpj;jy; mWg[s; knfrd; rhe;jp W zk; g[ sp Mfha tl;l g[ifi Q btspah ,lk; mKj rjhrpt rhe;jpa k; k; k jy; bfhLj;j gpe;J k; fPij y;   48
19. mq gukhq kw;Wk; caph;njhw;wk; Ie;J g{j';fs; xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; vl;L tpjkhd Fzhk;r';fs"; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk Fz';fs; vd;fpw jd;khj;jpiu cz;L. mJnt rg;jk; !;ghprk; +gk; urk; fe;jk; vdg;gLk; ,ijna Xir CW xsp Rit kzk; vd;Wk; TWthu;fs;. ,e;j Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy; bjhHpy;g[hpfpd;wd vd;W Muha[k; nghJ gukhq vd;fpw Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd; jd;dpaf;f RHw;rpapdhy; mz;l nguz;l';fs; cUthapd vd;gJ bjupatUk;. ,e;jg;gukhq vd;gJ Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs; fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y. ,J vd;nwh "hdpfshy; myrp Muhag;gl;lit. mqf;fs; gw;wp itnrrpf rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f KGf;f TWfpwJ. me;j VLfs; ,d;W ,y;iy. fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J tpl;ld. mq vd;gJ jj;Jt "hdj;jpy; Kot[f;F Kothd xU cz;ikiaf; TWtJ. ,e;j gpug";rk; my;yJ cyfj;jpd; bjhlf;fj;jpid mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd; bjhlf;fKk; Muk;gkhFk;. v';nfh btl;l btspapypUe;J xU E}y; bjh';Fkhdhy; mjd; Koitg;gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy; mjd;   49
bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy gpug";rj;jpw;F mHptpida[k; Muk;gj;ija[k; mwpa d;W epiyahd mst[ nfhiyf; fz;lhh;fs;. xU t!;Jt[f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F nky; gphpf;f Koahj epiytiu mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nlnghdhy; Kotpy; mqf;fspy; brd;W Koa[k;. ,t;tqf;fs;jhd; cyfpd; xLf;fk;. ,tw;wpypUe;Jjhd; cyfk; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J mz;l nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd; mqj;jpwid Ma;e;jth;fs; mwpe;jth;fs; fjputd; xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F vd;d fhuzk>; thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf fhl;rp jUfpwJ vd;why; vd;d fhuzk>; vd;W Muha;e;jdh;. mjd; tpist[ rpd;d";rpW Jfs;fs; ,Ue;jhf ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;ldh;. xU bghUis Jz;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl brd;why; filrpapy; mjd; epiy gw;wp rpj;jh;fs; Ma;e;jdh;. mqtpy; mqtpid Mjpgpuhid mqtpy; mqtpid Mapuk; Twpl;L mqtpy; mqtpid mqf ty;yhh;f;F mqtpy; mqtpid mqfYkhnk - jpUyh;   50
mqitj; Jisj;J VH;fliy g[fl;o -xsitahh; nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; rpj;jh;fs; mqitg; gw;wp vd;nwh Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;. mqbfhs;iffis ntj fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j mE g{jpkhd;fs; rhd;nwhh;fs; fp.K.500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng Twpa[s;sdh;. ,tw;iwbay;yhk; ekJ Mfk E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;. jkpHwp"h;fs; rpj;jh;fspd; Ma;t[j;jpwdhdJ gpug";rj;jpd; iy KLf;Ffisbay;yhk; myrp Ma;t[f; fskhf;fp mjida[k; RUl;o jdJ ff;fj;jpy; itj;Js;sdh;. rpj;jh;fs; mth;fisg; ghuhl;l ekf;F ehtpy;iy. 20. xspa[ k ; btg;gKk; fz;qf;F vl;lhj Jfs;fs; cU gz;g[ Kjypa ,ay;g[fs; ,y;yhjd. ,j;Jfs;fs; Mw;wiy nkw;bfhz;L jd; khj;jpiufs; vd;Dk; Jfs;fshf khWfpd;wd. gy jd;khj;jpiufs; x d ; W T o x U g u k h q t h f j ; j pu s ; f p d ; w d . ,e;j jd;khj;jpiufs; tpiutha;j; Jog;gjhy; xspa[k; btg;gKk; njhd;Wfpd;wd. bghUs;fspy; tpisa[k; ,uhrhad tpist[fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs; jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sdh;.   51
,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyh nfho ,Uf;fpd;w yj;Js; m';nf ,Uf;Fk; mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe;jhnd - jpUke;jpuk; -21 nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd mqf;fspy; mjd; yj;Js;ns ,Uf;fpd;w xspa[k; btg;gKk; mHy;fis tPRfpd;wd vd;W TWtijf; fhzyhk;. xspa[k; btg;gKk; mqj;jd;ik bfhz;lit vd;W rpj;jh;fs; Twpdhh;. mz;lk; vd;whny Kl;il totk; vd;gJ bghUs;. vg;go g{kpahdJ jd;dpiy RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk; bgw;Ws;snjh mnjnghy g{kpapy; gpwf;Fk; midj;Jk; tl;l totKld; njhw;wk; cz;lhfpwJ/ tpij Kisf;Fk;nghJ tl;l totk;/ gwit Kl;il tl;l totk;/ g{kpapy; tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;l totk; nahdpapy; fU tl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;goahf mz;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhlhd nfho nfhs;fs; mj;jida[k; tl;l totkhfnt tps';Ffpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; ,ay;g[fs; mjdjd; kpd;fhe;j <h;g;g[ miyfSf;nfw;g cz;lhd vGr;rpapd;   52
ntWghLfshy; fzf;fpl Koahj nfhof; fzf;fhd ntWghLfis bfhz;Ls;sJ. ,itfs; jk;nkhL jhKk; gpwpJkhf fye;J mqf;fshft[k; mqj;jpushft[k; bghUshft[k; Mfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fspd; fyitfs; bfhz;lJjhd; $Ptuhrpfs; mz;lk; gpug";rk; midj:Jk; MFk;. rpj;jh;fs; j';fspd; nahf ty;yikahy; cyfpd; gilg;g[f;Fk; fhj;jYf;Fk; mHptpw;Fk; cz;lhd fhuz fhhpa';fis fz;L bjspe;J fhuz fhhpa';fs; vy;yhk; mqthf cs;sJ vd;W Twpdhh;fs;. mqf;fs; vy;yh caph;fspSk; vy;yh cyf';fspSk; vy;yh cyfpaw;bghUs;fspYk; epiwe;J ,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk; mqf;fs; jhd; epiwe;J cs;sd vd;W fz;ldh;. 21. g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk; gukhqtpdhy; g";rg{jk; cz;lhdJ. mjd; fyg;ghy; $Ptuhrpfs; cz;lhapw;W. $Ptuhrpfns g";rg{j fyg;gpd; Mw;wiyf;bfhz;ljhFk;. me;jg; g";rg{j Mw;wy; vg;go kdpj rhPuj;jpy; bray;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; ghh;g;nghk;.   53
kdpjdhd $Ptdplk; mDgtKk; rpe;jida[k; To mwpt[g; bgUf;fk; Vw;gl;L jd; fhuz epiyeho Muha[k; nghJ guepiy eho Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy czh;e;j kdpjdhy; jj;Jt tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;t[yfnk Ik;bgUk; g{j mqf;fshy; MdJ. ,e;j Ik;g{j mqf;fspy; cs;s xt;bthU mqtpY[k; 96 jj;Jt';fs; mike;Js;sd. ,e;j 96 jj;Jt';fns kdpj rhPuj;jpy; bray;gLfpd;wd. 21.1.2 jj;Jt';fs; 96 1. Kjy; jj;Jtk; - 30 2. ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; - 30 3. d;whk; jj;Jtk; - 36 ------ Mf 96 ------ 21.1.1 Kjy; jj;Jtk; tpguk; - 30 1. g{jk; - 5 2. bghwp - 5 3. g[yd; - 5 4. fd;nke;jphpak; - 5   54
5. fd;k tprak; - 5 6. fuzk; - 4 7. mwpt[ - 1 ------ Mf 30 mjd; tpguk; tUkhW. g{jk;-5 1. gpUjptp - kz; 2. mg;g[ - ePh; 3. nja[ - mf;dp 4. tha[ - fhw;W 5. Mfhak; - btsp bghwp-5 1. brtp 2. njhy; 3. fz; 4. ehf;F 5. f;F g[yd;-5 1. rj;jk; - nfl;fg;gLtJ (brtpf;F caph;f;TW)   55
2. !;ghprk; - bjhL czh;t[ mwptJ (clk;g[f;F caphf;;TW) 3. cUtk; - fhz;gJ (fz;qf;F caph;TW) 4. ,urk; - mWRit mwptJ (ehf;Ff;F caph;f;TW) 5. fe;jk; - thrid mwpt[ (f;Ff;F caphf;;TW) fd;nke;jphpak;-5 1. tha; 2. if 3. fhy; 4. mghdk; 5. Fwp fd;k tprak;-5; 1. ngRjy; - thf;Ff;F caph;f;TW 2. flj;jy; - fhYf;F caph;f;TW 3. bfhLj;jy; th';fy; - iff;F caph;f;TW 4. tpLjy; - vUtha; caph;f;TW   56
5. kfpH;jy; - Fwpf;F caph;f;TW fuzk;-4 1. kdk; - xd;iw ,izg;gJ 2. g[j;jp - mjid tprhhpg;gJ 3. mf';fhuk; - mjidf; bfhz;L nky; vGk;g[tJ 4. rpj;jk; - mjidr; bra;J Kog;gJ mwpt[-1 1. mwpt[ - jd;idf; fz;L kfpH;e;jpUj;jy; 21.1.2 ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; - 30 1. eho - 10 2. tha[ - 10 3. ra';fs; - 5 4. nfhrk; - 5 ------ Mf 30 ------ 1. eho - 10   57
2. tha[ - 10 mitahtd 1. gpuhzd; 2. mghdd; 3. tpahdd; 4. cjhdd; 5. rkhdd; 6. ehfd; 7. Th;kd; 8. fphpfud; 9. njtjj;jd; 10. jd";brad; 1. gpuhzd; - g[Ut kj;jpapy; njhd;wp rpj;jpu ehoapy; g[Fe;J yhjhuj;ij mile;J bjhg;g[s; gpd; f;Fj; jhdj;jpy; Kl;o ,lfiy gpd;fiyfspy; Xo fghyj;ijr; Rw;wp f;F Jthuj;jpy; btsptUk; Rthrk; 12 m';Fyk; ePz;L btspte;J ehd;F   58
m';Fyk; fHpe;j 8 m';Fyk; cs;ns brd;W kPz;Lk; g[wg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J Rthrk; Jt';FfpwJ. ,g;gor; bray;gLk; Rthrk; ehHpif xd;Wf;F 360 Rthrk; ,ut[ gfy; 60 ehHpiff;F 21600 Rthrk; kdpj clypy; bray;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;g[ 24 epkprk; bfhz;lJ - 1 ehHpif   59
,e;j Rthrk; 21600-f;F tpguk; 1. yhjhuj;jpy; Rthrk; - 600 2. Rthjpl;lhdj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000 3. kzp g{ufj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000 4. mdhjfj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000 5. tpRj;jpapy; Rthrk; - 1000 6. Mf;fpidapy; Rthrk; - 1000 7. rf!;;uhfhuj;jpy;; Rthrk; - 1000 ------- 21600 Rthrk; -------- ehs; xd;Wf;F 21600 Rthrk; ,a';fp ,jpy; 7200 Rthrk; fHd;W 14400 Rthrk; cs;ns brd;W kdpj cliy brayhf;fg; gLj;JfpwJ. 2. mghdd; - Fjj;ija[k; Fa;aj;ija[k; gw;wp epd;W kyryhjpfis fHpg;gJ. 3. tpahdd; - njhypny epd;W ghpr';fis mwptpg;gJ. 4. cjhdd; - grpia cz;lhf;fp cz;l czit cztpd; rf;jpia   60
mjhtJ rhuj;ij 72000 eho euk;g[fspy; brYj;jp rhPuj;ij tsh;g;gJ. 5. rkhdd; - vy;yh tha[ita[k; VWjy; ,w';Fjy; ,y;yhky; rkdhff; bfhz;L ,a';FtJ. 6. ehfd; - tpf;fYk; ff;fYk; cz;lhf;FtJ. 7. Th;kd; - fz;zpny epd;W ,ikg;gJ. 8. fphpfud; - g[Utkj;jpiag; gw;wp epd;W Jk;ky; mGtpj;jy; bra;tJ. 9. njtjj;jd; - tpHpj;jpUf;Fk;nghJ XLtpj;jYk; cyht[jYk; a[j;jk; gz;qtpj;jy; bra;tJ. 10. jd";brad; - gpuhzd; clk;ig tpl:Lg;nghdYk; jhd; gphpahky; epd;W clk;ig ,a';fr; bra;J tphptpj;jYk; bra;J d;W ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF fghyj;ijg; gpse;J Xog;nghtJ.   61
3. ra';fs;; - 5 1. mkh;thrak; 2. gfph;thrak; 3. rythrak; 4. kythrak; 5. Rf;fpy thrak; 1. mkh;thrak; - cz;l czt[ rhuk; mkUkplk; 2. gfph;thrak; - md;d rhuk; gfph;e;J bfhLf;Fkplk; 3. rythrak; - ePh; ,w';Fk; ,lk; 4. kythrak; - kyf;FHp ,w';Fk; ,lk; 5. Rf;fpy thrak; - Rf;fpyk;; gphpa[k; ,lk; 4. nfhrk; -5 1. md;dka nfhrk; 2. gpuhzka nfhrk; 3. kndhka nfhrk;   62
4. tp";"hdka nfhrk; 5. Mde;jka nfhrk; 1. md;dka nfhrk; - Jynjfkhfpa clk;g[ 2. gpuhzka nfhrk; - gpuhzDk; fd;nke;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ 3. kndhka nfhrk; - kdKk; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ 4. tp";"hdka nfhrk; - g[j;jpa[k; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ 5. Mde;jka nfhrk; - gpuhztha[k; RGj;jpa[k; To epw;gJ   63
21.1.3 d;whk; jj;Jtk; - 36 1. Mjhuk; - 6 2. kz;lyk; - 3 3. kyk; - 3 4. njhrk; - 3 5. Vlid - 3 6. Fzk; - 3 7. ,uf;fk; - 8 8. tpid - 2 9. mtj;ij - 5 ----------- Mf 36 ----------- 1. Mjhuk; -6 1. yhjhuk; 2. Rthjpl;lhdk; 3. kzpg{ufk;/ 4. mdhfjk;/ 5. tpRj;jp/ 6. Mf;i" 1. yhjhuk; 1. ,Uf;Fkplk; vUtha; ehw;rJuj;Jf;Fs;ns ehspjH; Kf;nfhz   64
totkhf ,Uf;Fk; vGj;J X';fhuk;. epwk; khzpf;f epwk;. njtij fzgjp. 2. Rthjpl;lhdk; ,Uf;Fkplk; vUtha;f;Fk; nkny ,uz;L tpuw;fil mst[k; bjhg;g[Sf;Ff; fPnHa[k;. ehw;nfhzk;/ MW ,jH; vGj;J e/ fhuk;/ brk;bghd; epwk;. njtij gilg;g[ gpuk;kh 3. kzpg{ufk; - ,Uf;Fkplk; bjhg;g[H; gpiwnfhzkhdJ. ,jd; eLnt epw;Fk; vGj;J kh fhuk;. gj;J ,jH; kufj epwk;/ njtij tp#;q. 4. mdhfjk; - ,Uf;Fkplk; ,Ujak; Kf;nfhzkhdJ. ,jd; eLnt ,Uf;Fk; vGj;J rp/ fhuk; gd;dpuz;L   65
,jH; !;gof epwk;/ njtij cUj;jpud;. 5. tpRj;jp - ,Uf;Fkplk;; fz;lk; (fGj;J). mWnfhzk; 16 ,jH; nfhnkjf epwk; vGj;J t/ fhuk; njtij knfRtud;. 6. Mf;i" - ,Uf;Fkplk; g[Ut kj;jp tl;lkhapUg;gJ 3 ,jH; !;gof epwk; vGj;J a/ fhuk;. nkw;fz;l tpguj;jpd; yk; Mjhuk; Mwpnya[k; MW vGj;J Xk; ekr;rptha MW Mjhuk; MWtPlhft[k;/ ,jH;fisf; Tl;odhy; 51 ml;ruk; vd;gJk; fz;Lbfhs;s ntz;Lk;. 2. kz;lyk; -3 1. mf;dp kz;lyk; 2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk; 3. re;jpu kz;lyk;   66
1. mf;dp kz;lyk; - ,J yhjhuk; MFk; 2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk; - ,Uja !;jhdk; MFk; 3. re;jpu kz;lyk; - rf!;uhfhu jskhFk;. 3. kyk;-3 1. Mztk; 2. fhkpak; 3. khia 1. Mztk; - clk;ig ehd; vd;W ,Ug;gJ. 2. fhkpak; - fz;ltw;wpy; kdk; Mirg;gLtJ. 3. khia - jdf;F tUtij mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ.   67
4. njhrk; -3 1. thjk; 2. gpj;jk; 3. rpnyhj;jkk; 1. thjk; - tha[tpd; bray; tpist[ 2. gpj;jk; - mf;fpdpapd; tpist[ 3. rpnyhj;jkk; - fgj;jpd; tpist[ 5. Vlid -3 1. mh;j;j Vlid/ 2. g[j;jpu Vlid/ 3. cyf Vlid 1. mh;j;j Vlid - jputpaj;ij njo Mirg;gly; 2. g[j;jpu Vlid - g[j;jpu njo Mirg;gly;   68
3. cyf Vlid - cyf tpra';fs; njo Mirg;gly; 6. Fzk; -3 1. ,uhl;rrk;/ 2. jhkrk;/ 3. rhj;tPfk; 1. ,uhl;rrk; - mf';fhukha; btl;lt[k; Fj;jt[k; mof;ft[khapUg;gJ 2. jhkrk; - ke;j g[j;jp cd;kj;jkha; kj;jpakha; ,Ug;gJ 3. rhj;tPfk; - mlf;fk; md;g[ tpntfk; Ik;bghwp Mf;fy; mUs; "hdk; jtk; bghiw nkd;ik tha;ik Kjypatw;iwa[ilajha; ehl;l'; bfhz;oUg;gJ   69
7. ,uhfk; -8 1. fhkk; 2. Fnuhjk; 3. cnyhgk; 4. nkhfk; 5. kjk; 6. khr;rhpak; 7. ,Lk;ig 8. mf';fhuk; 1. fhkk; - Mir 2. Fnuhjk; - gpzf;F 3. cnyhgk; - gpoghL 4. nkhfk; - gphpak; 5. kjk;/ - fh;tk; 6. khr;rhpak; - cjl;oy; cwt[k; cs;sj;jpy; gifa[k; itg;gJ 7. ,Lk;ig - cjhrPdk; 8. mf';fhuk; - nfhgpj;jy; 8. tpid - 2 1. ey;tpid 2. jPtpid   70
1. ey;tpid - g[z;zpak; bra;jy; 2. jPtpid - ghtk; bra;jy; 9. mtj;ij - 5 1. rhf;fpuk; 2. brhg;gdk; 3. RGj;jp 4. Jhpak; 5. JhpahjPjk; 1. rhf;fpuk;- yyhlj;jhdk; (g[Utkj;jp) 2. brhg;gdk;- fz;l!;jhdk; 3. RGj;jp- ,Uja !;jhdk; 4. Jhpak;- ehgp (bjhg;g[H;) 5. JhpahjPjk; - Fwpaplk; Kg;gJ Kg;gJ Kg;gj;jWtU"; brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapYs; thH;gth; brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapy; rpije;j gpd; byhg;gpytd; tUnkhl;blLj;jhnu 96 jj;Jt';fSk; ek;Kila rhPuj;jpd; vg;go bray;gLfpd;wd vd;W ghh;j;njhk;.   71
,jpy; Md;kj;Jtk; vd;gJ 24. Mitahtd 1. g{j';fs; - 5 2. jd;khj;jpiufs; - 5 3. "hnde;jphpa';fs; - 5 4. fd;nke;jphpak; - 5 5. me;jf;fhuzk;- 4 Mfpa ,e;j 24-k; Md;kht[f;F J}a tothf ,Ue;J nenu bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L tps';Ftjhy; Md;k jj;Jtk; vdg;gl;lJ. nkw;fz;l Md;kjj;Jtj;jpd; tpsf;fj;ij vth; mwpthnuh mtnu ,t;t[yfj;jpy; thHj;bjhpe;jtu;; Mthu;. Rit xsp CW Xir ehw;wk; vDk; ,t;ite;jpd;; tif bjhpthd; fl;nl cyF vd;w ts;Sth; tha;ik bghHpapd; yk; fhzyhk;. 22. g";rg{j';fs; gukhqf;fspd; gy;ntWgl;l ,af;f epfH;r;rpfns nghpaf;f kz;lyk;. mjd; Kjy; jdpepiy “tpz;” vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Kjy; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpna fhw;W vdg;gLk; mit   72
nkhjpf; bfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLk; btg;g epfH;r;rpna beUg;g[ vdg;gLk;. ePuftha[/ gpuhztha[/ vDk; ,Utifahd fhw;W Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ. ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna kz;/ ,t;ite;J epiyfSk; Ie;J bgsjPfk;- Ie;J gphpt[fs; Mdgoahy; mtw;iw g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;. Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[). vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk; ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ. . gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis/ CW/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ vd;w xt;bthU vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf;f gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;J vGr;rp-fth;r;rpahf cs;s mGj;j ,af;ff;fl;lj;ij “tpz;” vd;Wk;/ xyp vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij “fhw;W” vd;Wk;/ xsp vGr;rpbgWk; ,af;fj;ij “beUg;g[” vd;Wk; Rit vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij “ePh;”; vd;Wk; kzk; vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij “kz”; vd;Wk; TWfpnwhk;. tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 103 tifahd (elements) fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy; ml';fpa[s;sd.   73
kz;zpd; ,Wf;fj;jhy; gyntW cnyhf';fs; tpisfpd;wd vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk; g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;. 23. g";r g{j';fspd; bray;ghLfs; g";r g{j';fSk; xU epfH;r;rp kz;lyj;jpy; mJ rpwpjhdhYk; bghpjhdhYk; ve;j tpfpjj;jpy; fye;Js;sdnth/ mjw;nfw;g ,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/ tpist[fspYk; ntWghL cz;lhFk;. fhw;wpy; tpz;qk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/ tpz;qk; ePhpy; btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/ kz;zpy; ePh; btg;gk;; fhw;W tpz; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;. ,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd. xt;bthU g{jKk; jd;dstpy; jdpj;jdpna ,a';Fk;nghJ xU jd;iknahLk; kw;bwhd;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/ mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk; gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F Vw;g btt;ntwhd rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk; ,a';Fk;. ,jdhy; xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k; ntW ntwhd jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj; njhw;w';fshf cUthfpd;wJ. tpz;zpd; jd;epiy ,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp MfpwJ. mJ fhw;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk; rf;jpahfpd;wJ. mJ btg;gj;jpy; xsptpLk;   74
rf;jpahfpwJ. ePhpy; mJnt Ritahfp kz;zpy; thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;w ,af;fj;jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd RHy;fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd; ghijapy; RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l mGj;jk; Kjyhd Itif ,af;f';fspYk; g';FbgWfpd;wd. , e ; j I t i f , a f ; f m j p h; t [ m i y f s ; K i w a h f j ; bjhlh;e;J eilbgWkhdhy; mjd; tpisthf tpj;Jf;TWfs; tpise;J ,ize;J me;j kz;lyj;jpy; czh;r;rp vd;w ,af;fk; cUthfpd;wd. mg;nghJ me;j kz;lyk; mwpt[ vd;w rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd “tpj;J” Mfpd;wJ. ,e;j tpj;Jf; nfhs';fs;jhd; vy;yhtifahd caphpd';fSf;Fk; mog;gilahd rpw;wiufs; (CELLS) MFk;. ,j;jifa tpjJf; nfhs';fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; bgUfpf;To bfhj;jhf mike;J ,a';fp bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/ czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy;/ vd;w rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg; bgWk;nghj mj;bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk “$Ptd;”; vdg;gLk;.   75
,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq vd;w xnu rf;jp xUg[wk; fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ ,itahfp J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/ ,tw;wpDnl mnj gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr; rpwg;ng klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshft[k; $Ptfhe;jkhft[k; kpsh;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Nf;Fk epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk; czh;jy; vd;w epfH;r;rpna mwpt[ vdg;gLk;. caph;; ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthd xU rpwg;g[ epiyna mwpt[ MFk;. caph; vd;gJ gukhq. ,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs; vz;zpwe;jd vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf d;W gphpt[fspy; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. 1. nghpaf;f kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz; vd;w caph;j;Jfs; epiwe;j bgU';fskhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epiyapy; ,J gpug";r caph;; ,Jnt kfhfhrk; (kfh +Mfhrk; ) tpz;/ 2. jpul;rp epiyfshd fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; Mfpa ehd;F g{j';fspYk; cs; epiw Mw;wyhf mike;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ vdw tpist[fshf kyh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,af;f epfH;r;rpfspy; ,Jnt g{jhfhrk; (g{jk;+ Mfhrk;) vdg;gLk/   76
3. tpj;J vd;w mog;gil mikg;igf; bfhz;L mq mLf;Fshy; mike;j clypy; ,nj tpz; czh;r;rp vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhf kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; mnj tpz; rpjhfhrk; (rpj;jk;+Mfhrk;) MFk;. ,Jjhd; $Ptd;/ rpjhfhrk; vd;w epiynahL/ g{jhfhrKk;/ kfhfhrKk;/ neh; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUj;jyhy; xt;bthU $PtDk; gpu";rk; KGika[k; jd;ndhL ,izj;Jf;; bfhz;nl ,a';Ffpd;wJ. 24. jd;khj;jpiufs: nkw;fz;l g{j';fspd; Ie;jpd; Nl;Rk Fz';fns jd;khj;jpiufshFk;/ jd;khj;jpiufs; vd;gJ cUgz;g[ ,y;yhjit/ mqf;fs; xd;W To jd;khj;jpiu Mfpd;wd. jd; khj;jpiufspypUe;nj g{j';fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;. g" ; r g { j ' ; f s ; gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;. ,nj jd;khj;jpiufs;jhd; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;ghy; ,e;jphpa';fis Efh;r;rpapy; bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj; Jiz bra;tdtha[k; cs;sd. jd;khj;jpiu vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk; vd;whYk; bghUs; xd;nw. ,itfs; g";r,e;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J bray;glitf;Fk jpwd; bfhz;lit. "hnde;jphpa';fshd bka;/ tha;/   77
fz;/ f;F/ brtp ,t;tidj;Jk; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlhghy; mjdjd; czh;r;rpfis czuitg;gJ[k; fz;nke;jphpa';fshd; tha;/ if/ fhy;/,Ltha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjdjd; ntiyfisr; bra;aitg;gJ[k; ,e;j jd;khj;jpiufs; jhd;. ,e;j mog;gilapy; bjhlh;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy; mqf;fs; ,ize;J tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh; epyk; vd;w Ie;J gphpt[fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J mGj;jk;/ xyp xsp Rit kzk;/ mwpt[ vd;w MWtifahd epfH;r;rpfSk; eilbgWfpd;wd vd;gJ bjhpa[k;. bka;epiyahfpa gubtspa[k; capu;; epiyahfpa gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k; mstpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g m';F eilbgWk; ,af;fk; gy;ntW epiyfis milfpd;wJ. mj;jifa ntWghLfs; jhd; Fwpg;ghf mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa gphpt[fshfpa tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh; epyk;/ vd;gdthFk;. ,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU epiynahL kw;w epiyia ve;j mstpy; To ,ize;J ,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;w MWtifahd epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; xt;bthU gphptpYk; gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[ epiyfSk; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU   78
,af;fj;jpYk; jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/ gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk; Vw;gl;L xd;W gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd. ,e;j Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs; mqthfp/ mqf;fs; To fhw;whfp/ btg;gkhfp/ ePuhfp mz;lbtspapny jd;idj;jhnd RHd;W Rw;wp kpje;J bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. mjd; kj;jpapy;; tpiut[ Fiwe;j mqf;fs; beUf;f Kw;W fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf;fp ePh;tuk;gpw;F nky; te;J bfl;oahd ghpzhknk epykhFk;. nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mqf;fs; mGj;jj;jhy; btg;gk; mjpfkhfp mjd; tpisthf cnyhf';fs;/ ,uj;jpd';fs; ,urhad';fshft[k;; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. nkYk; nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kiwahfj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mq mLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk; fhw;W/ e Ph ; / Mfpa ehy;tifr; RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; vd;w ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ. nkYk; mt;tpj;jhdJ Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W ,a';fp jhtu ,dkhfpa Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ. mjpypUe;j <uwpt[ ,dkhd g[G njhd;wp/ mijj; bjhlh;e;J twpt[/ ehywpt[/ Iawpt[g; gpuhzpfs;/ Mwwpt[s;s kdpj ,dKk; njhd;wpa[s;sd.   79
,t;thW gunk mqbtd;w capuhfp mJnt jd;dGj;j ,af;fj;jhy; clyhfp clYs; ,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp mr;rf;;jpna xypahfp/ x s p a h f p / R i t a h f p k z k hf p / c z U k ; j p w D k h f p / caph;fs; vd;w ghpzhk rpwg;ig bgw;wJ. ,j;jifa ghpzhkj; bjhlUk; ,af;f';fSk; ,ize;j xU nghpaf;f kz;lyk;jhd; gpug";rk; g";rg{jk; vd;wiHf;fg; gLfpd;wJ. 25. gpug";r ghpzhkk;; gpug";r ghpzhkk; xU tisaj;ijg; nghd;wJ. ,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd; Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd; tiua[s;s czh;r;rp epiy cUtkhd kdpjdhfpwJ/ kdpjnd jd; ,ay;iga[k;/ epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd; njtd; vd;W filrpapny kPz;Lk; guj;jpny Kot[ bgWfpwJ. g";rg{j braw;ifahd njhw;wkhff; fhqk; epfHr;rpfspy; gupzhkk; vd;Dk; tpz;/ gy fl;l';fspYk; CLUtp xo ,a';Fk; jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs; vd;w MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt gupzhknk caph;; vd kjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.   80
flypny njhd;Wk; miyfs; flypny ml';FtJ nghyt[k;/ ePhpd; mirit miybad kjpf;fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; gpug";rk; jdJ ,af;ff; fl;l';fSf;nfwgg gy;ntW mstpYk; tYtpYk; Vw;w jhH;t[fis bfhz;l ,af;f'fshft[k; fhl;rpfshft[k; ,Uf;fpdwd. ,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd. vdnt ehk; fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy; guknkahk.; guj;ij jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd; VJ. fhqk; njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk; fUj;Jf;F ntW ntwhf tpsf;fk;;bgw;w nghJk/ MH;e;J Muha;e;j tpsf;fj;jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa guKk/ mjd; epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/ epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg; guj;jpny Koe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; d;Wk; xd;whfnt ,Uf;Fk; ngUz;ik mf;fhl;rpahFk;. gunk mqthfp me;j mq ,af;fj; bjhlh; tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf; fhl;rpfshfp/ gyg;gy ntWghLfisg; bgw;W tps';Ffpd;wd vd Kd;dnk mwpe;njhk;. mJnt J}y mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp epiyapy; fhyk;/ J}uk;/ gUkd;/ ntfk; vd;w vy;iyfspy; fl;Lg;gl;l czh;tpy/ ,d;g Jd;gkhft[k;/ fzpjj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gythft[k; ,e;j ehd;F   81
msitfisf; fle;j nghJ vy;yhk; xd;Wgl;l gukhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gunk ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. “ehd;” vd;gJ jdpna ,y;iy guj;ijj; jtph;j;J ntW xd;Wnk ,y;iy. ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; midj;jpw;Fk; bghUshft[k;/ mtw;wpw;F Kjy; y rf;jpahft[k; ,Ug;gJ guk;bghUs; xd;nw. Mjpepiyapy; gukhft[k;/ mqepiyapy; capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/ fhl;rpfshft[k;/ ,af;f';fshft[k;/ ,Uf;fpd;w me;j xU bghUs jhd; ‘ehd;’ vd;w brhy;ypd; cz;ikf;fUj;J vd;gJ bjspthf tps';Fk;. mGj;jkhf mqf;fs; ,ize;J ,a';Fk; xU epfH;r;rpna J}a cly;. mjD}nl mGj;jk; Fiwe;J Mdhy; tpiut[ mjpfkhfp Nf;Fkhfr; RHd;W ,a';Fk; mqj; bjhlhpaf;fnk caph;/ J}yj;jpD}nl caph;rf;jp RHd;W tUk;nghJ Vw;gLk; nkhjy; epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kdk;/ czh;jy;/ vd;Wk; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs; tpisfpd;wd. clYk; mqf;fshy;MdJ capUk; mqf;fshy; MdJ. Mdhy; mqf;fspd; ynkh guk; Mfnt clyhf capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy; gukhf ,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd.; ehd; vdg;gLgtnd mtd;. vdg;gLtd; bja;tk;   82
vdg;gLfpwhd;/ Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;/ gpuk;kk; vdg;gLfpwhd;/ mtidj; jtpu;j;J jdpna xU epfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy “mtnd ehd;” “ehnd mtd;” vd;W bjspthf czh;e;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. jd;idg; g[yd; czh;r;rpfshy; vy;iyfl;o czUk; jd; Kidg;ghd kaf;fk; ,';Fjhd; bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ. 26. caph;fspd; njhw;wk; czh;jy; vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhd mwpt[ Kjypy; mGj;jk; btg;g jl;g Vw;w jhH;t[ ,tw;iw czh;thfg; bgWjypy; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j czh;t[ !;ghpr czh;t[ (m) CW czh;t[ MFk;. ,e;j Xuwpt[ ,af;fKila $Ptnd jhtuk; MFk;. jhtuj;jpypUe;njh (my;yJ) mjd; tpj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;njh caphpaf;f tpiut[ mjpfkhfp/ Rita[zh;t[ To mjw;Fhpa fUtpahd tha; mikag; bgWk;nghJ mJ <uwpt[ MfpwJ. ,e;j <uwpt[ caphpd';fsplk; caphpaf;f rf;jp tpiut[ bgw;W thrida[zh;thd fUtpahd f;F ghpzhkkile;jhy; mJnt twpthFk; $PtdhFk.; vWk;g[/ bry;/ nghd;wit d;wwpt[ $Ptd;fs;/   83
nkYk; xspa[zht[ fUtpahd fz;njhd;w ehywpt[ capuhd ghk;g[ Kjypad njhd;wpd. xypa[zh;t[ fUtpahd fhJ vd;W fUtp njhd;w Ie;jwpt[ capuhd kpUf';fs; gwitfs; Kjypad njhd;wpd. ,j;jifa ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpapy; thy; cs;s Fu';F njhd;wp gpd;g[ thy; ,y;yh Fu';F njhd;wp/ gpd; kdpjd; njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ. bts;sj;jhy; g{kp mjph;;r;rp/ gpst[fs;/ mtw;why; ,e;j kdpj FLk;gk; rpjwof;fg;gl;L g{kpapy; gy;ntW ,l';fspy; gutp me;je;j ehl;L jl;btl;g mikg;g[f;fSf;nfw;g fUg;gh;fs;/ bts;isah;fs;/ Fl;ilah;fs;/ bel;ilah;fs;/ gdpapy; thGk; v!;fpnkhf;fs; nghd;W gyntWghLfSld; kdpj ,dk; njhd;wp gHf;f tHf;fk; gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuk;/ nghd;w Kiwfshy; kj';fs; gythfg; gphpe;J/ cyf KGtJk; thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa ntz;Lk;. Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[). vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk; ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s   84
lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ. 27. kuzk; mqf;fspy; bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpna J}y cly;/ mjD}nl gukhq epiyapy; CLUtp Xor;RHd;W bfhz;nl ,Ug;gJ caph;r;rf;jp. caph;r;rf;jpapd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[z; lhdhy; mJnt czh;r;rpahfpwJ. me;j czh;r;rp xU $Ptd; jh';fpg; gHFk; mstpw;F nkyhf X';Fk;nghJ mJ ty;Yzh;r;rpahfp Jd;gkhfp nehahf tUfpwJ. ,e;j jil ePoj;J mjd; tpisthf clypy; kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ ,uj;jk; Mfpa d;W RHy;fSk; jilgLnkahdhy; clYf;F ykhd tpj;J jh';Fk; mstpw;F nky; fdy; bfhz;L mjd; ehs';fisj; jfh;j;J btspnawptpLk;. czh;r;rp vd;w mwpnthLToa caph;rf;jp bjhlh;e;J me;j clypy; RHd;W ,a';fKoahky; cliy tpl;L btspnawptpLk;. cyfj;jpYs;s bghUl;fs; aht[k; kdpj ,dk; cl;gl xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU yg;bghUshy; Mdit. mit mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU jdpg;bghUspy; nrh;e;JtpLk;. ,J ,aw;ifapd; tpjp/ ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k;/ tpyf;fy;y. ,e;j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; jhd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j   85
jdpg;bghUl;fs; jdpj;J ,a';fpdhYk; ,it xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd. fhw;W kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk; cwp";Rk;/ beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[ btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ btw;wplnkh fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ ,Jnt ,aw;ifapy; mike;j rkepiyj; jj;JtkhFk;. ,it xd;iw xd;W kp";Rk;nghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;. ,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpnwhk;. kdpj clypYk; ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fs; (g{jk;) cs;sd. g";rg{jkhfpa Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fshy; Md ,t;t[lk;g[ Kotpy; kz;nzhL neuoahfnth kw;w ehd;F jdpg;bghUl;fshy; ce;jg;gl;nlh gpd;dh; kz;nzhL kz;zha; nrh;tJ jpz;zk;. njhy; - kz;/ tha;-ePh;/ fz;-beUg;g[ tapW- btsp f;F -fhw;W ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xd;iw xd;W fl:Lg;gLj;jp rkkkhf itj;jpUf;Fk;tiu mikjp epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy; thGk; thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;.   86
28. kdpj clYk; mjd; bray;ghLfSk; 28.1 kdpj isa[ k ; mjd; Mw;wYk; xU kdpj clypy; ehbshd;Wf;F 27949.3 kPl;lh; uj;jk; 99776.6 fp.kP ePsKs;s uj;jf;FHha;fs; tHpahfr; brYj;jg; Lfpd;wd. xU kdpjd; ruhrhp thH;ehspy; ,jaj;jpd; jirfs; ,a';Fk; (k;g;bra;a[k;) uj;jj;jpd; mst[ re;jpukz;lyj;jpw;F bry;Yk; 56 uhf;bfl;Lfspy; epug;gg;gLk; vhpbghUs; msthFk;. gpwjirfs; nghyd;wp ,jaj;jpd; jirfs; jd;dpr;irahf bray;gLfpd;wd. fUtpy; FHe;ij ehd;Fthu rpRthf ,Uf;Fk;nghj euk;g[fs; njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ng rpRtpd; clk;gpw;F btspna cg;g[ ePhpy; kpje;J bfhz;L ,jak; Jof;fj; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ MYOCYTER vd;w jir bry;fs; Rkhh; 2 thl; kpd;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp bra;J ,jaj;ij ,af;f itf;fpd;wd. FHe;ij gpwe;jJk; ,e;j bry;fs; bgUfp tsh;r;rpia epWj;jpf; bfhs;fpd;wd.   87
Kdpjdpd; is 1.36 fpnyh vila[s;sJ. Rkhh; 100 jphpy;ypad; ( xU jphpy;ypad; vd;gJ xd;wpw;Fg; gpd; 18 g{$;$pa';fs; bfhz;ljhFk;) bra;jpj; Jqf;Ffis nrfhpj;J itf;Fk; jpwd; bfhz;ljhFk;. mjhtJ 70 Mz;Lfspy; mJ nrh;f;Fk; bra;jpfs; gphpl;lhdpfh fiyf;fs";rpaj;jpd; Ie;J yl;rk; bjhFjpfspy; ml';ff;Toa mj;jid bjhFjpfis mLf;fp itj;jhy; 71131 fpnyh kPl;lh; J}uk; tUk;. mjd; rpwpa mst[ ( 1.3608 fpnyh) gad;gLj;Jk; rf;jp 20 thl; gy;g[f;Fj; njitahd kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; msg;gwpa nrkpg;g[ jpwd; 100 jphpy;ypad; bra;jpfshFk;. ,tw;iwg; ghh;f;Fk;nghJ jw;nghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s fzf;if tpl mJ rpwg;ghf bray;gLfpwJ vd;gJ bjhpa tUfpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l neuj;jpy; is jdJ rpwpa epidt[g; gFjpapy; bra;jpfis epug;gpf;bfhs;Sk;. clypd; ePskhd bry; epa{uhd; (1.2 kP). KGtsh;r;rpaile;j isapy; 100 kpy;ypad; epa{uhd;fs; euk;g[ bry;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy; epa{uhd;fs; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; kdpj mwpt[f;Fk; rk;ge;jk; ,yiy. epa{uhd;fSf;F ,ilna Md ,izg;g[ gpwg;g[fSf;F Kd;ng   88
Jt';fp 2 taJ tiu bjhlh;fpwJ. epa{uhd; ouhd;!;gh; kPl;lh; yk; bra;jpfs; mDg;gg; gLfpd;wd. xU epa{uhd; bra;jpia mDg;gpaJk; kw;bwhU epa{uhdpy; cs;s Mapuf;fzf;fhd bra;jpfs; th';fg;gl;L mJ ,d;bdhU epa{uhDf;F mDg;gp itf;fg; gLfpwJ. 28.2 ,uj;j mqf;fs; kdpj clypy; 96/000 fp.kP. ,uj;jf;FHha;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,uj;jj;jpy; gpsh!;kh. rptg;g[ mqf;fs bts;is mqf;fs; gpshobyl;!; nghd;witfs; ml';fp a[s;sd. xt;bthU tpdhoa[k; 80 yl;rk; rptg;g[ uj;j mqf;fs; vYk;g[ k";i$apy; cw;gj;jp MfpwJ. QPnkhFnshgpdpy; mJ 54 xU mstpapy;3 4 Kjy; 6 kpy;ypad; rptg;g[ mqf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. gpshobyl;!; xU mstpapy;3 3 yl;rk; tiu ,Uf;Fk;. 28.3 Rthrk; Xa;tpypUf;Fk;nghJ xU kdpjd; epkplj;jpw;F 13 Kjy; 17 Kiw Rthrpf;fpwhd;. tpisahLk;nghJ 80 jlit tiu mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. xU ehspy; ruhrhp 21600 Kiw Rthrpf;fpnwhk;. ,J thH;ehspy;   89
295.261 kpy;yp.yp msthFk;. jhapd; tapw;wpy; gpwe;j mjph;r;rpapy; FHe;ijf;F Kjy; Rthrk; Vw;gLfpwJ. jirfs; RU';fp/ khh;g[ tphpe;J cs;ns fhw;wGj;jk; FiwfpwJ. jpzwpg;nghd FHe;ij thiaj; jpwf;fpwJ. fhw;W cs;ns tpiufpwJ. FHe;ij Kjy; r;ir tplj;bjhl';fp epkplj;jpw;F 60 jlit Rthrpj;J r;RtpLk; nguhl;l RHw;rp Muk;gpf;fpwJ. tsh;r;rp mile;j xUthpd; Rthrg;igfspd; cs; mst[ 93 kpkP2. ,J kdpj clk;gpd; btspg;gug;gpd; 40 kl';fhFk;. 28.4 fy;yPuy: kdpj clk;gpy; fy;yPuypd; gzpfs; ;kpft[k; rpwg;ghdJ. fy;yPuy;; Rkhh; 1000 tpjkhd gzpfis nkw;bfhs;fpwJ. clk;ig ey;yepiyapy; itj;jpUg;gJ ,uj;jk; ciuahky; ghJfhg;gJ/ tp#j;ij Kwpg;gJ nghd;wit ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpfs;/ cly; cWg;g[fspy; fy;yPuy; kl;Lnk jd;id kPz;Lk; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; jpwd; cilaJ. 3 -y; 2 gFjp fy;yPuy; vLf;fg;gl;L tpl;lhYk;Tl mJ kPz;Lk; giHa epiyf;nf tsh;e;JtpLk;. thapy; bjhl';fp kyj;Jthuk; tiuahd 9.14   90
ePsks;s FHha;jhd; czit Ez;zpa Jqf;Ffshfg; gphpj;J FlYf;Fk/ uj;jehs';fSf;Fk; mDg;g[fpwJ. rj;Jf;fs; clk;gpd; kpfg;bghpa cWg;ghd 1.36 fpnyh vila[s;s fy;yPuYf;Fr; brd;W m';F urhadg;bghUshf khw;wg;gl;L njitg;gLk;nghJ gad;gl nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLfpwJ. o.vd;.V. Fnuhkn!hkpd; Kf;fpa gFjp. bgw;nwhhplkpUe;J FHe;ij kugqtHp brYj;jg;gLk; ghuk;ghpaj; jfty; ,jd; ynk bry;Yfpd;wd. clk;gpd; xt;bthU bry;ypYk; Rkhh; 2 kP mst[s;s o.vd;.V RUl;lg;gl;L 10 ikf;nuh kPl;lh; mst[f;F mlf;fg;gl;L tpLfpwJ. o .v d ; . V . ehd;F mog;gilfs; bfhz;lJ. A-.ADENIN G- GUANINE T-THYMINE C-CYTOSINE ,iy ,ul;il kog;ghf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,e;j mikg;gpy; A cld; T ,iza[k; G cld; C kl;Lnk ,iza[k;. 28.5 Fly; 6-096 kP ePsKs;s rpWFlYk;/ 6 kP ePsKs;s bgU';FlYk; nrh;e:J 9.26 (29) r.kP ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpj;Js;sJ. clypd; rUkj;jpd; 5 kl';F ,J. Fly;fs; 70   91
Mz;Lfspy; 40.04 bkl;hpf;ld; czit brhpkhdj;jpw;fhf gjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 28.8 vYk;g[ vYk;g[fspd; bkhj;j vz;zpf;if 206. bjhil vYk;g[jhd; kpf ePskhdJ. kpfr;rpwpa vYk;g[ fhjpd; eLg;gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk; STIRRUP vYk;ghFk;. kpf typikahdJ fqf;fhiya[k; KH';fhiya[k; ,izf;Fk;SWIN vYk;g[/ Rkhh; 1600 fpnyh viliaj;jh';Fk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L. 28.7 jirfs; kdpj clk;gpy; 639 jirfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. clypd; bkhj;j vilapy; mit 40%. g[d;dif g[hpa[k; nghJ 17 jirfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd. nfhgg;gLk;nghJ 42 jirfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd. gpd;gFjpapy; ,a';Fk; GLUTUS jhd; kpfg;bghpa jir. fhjpd; kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; STEEPUS fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; STAPADIUS MUSCLE kpfr;rpwaJ.   92
28.8 tpiug;ig: xU tpiug;ig behof;F 2000 capuqf;fis cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ. xU bgz;zpd; fUg;igapy; mts; thH;ehspy; 400 K l ; i l f s ; j h d ; c w ; g j ;j p b r a ; a g ; g L f p w J . 28.9 jiy jiyapy; Rkhh; (ruhrhp) xU yl;rj;J ,Ugj;ije;jhapuk; kaph;fs; Kisf;fpd;wd. jpdrhp 45 kaph;fs; tpGe;JtpLfpd;wd. xt;bthU kaph;fhYk; jdJ thH;ehspy; 9.14 kP cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; jpwd;bfhz;lJ. ruhrhp kdpjdpd; 1.85 r.kP .clk;ig 2.72 fpnyh vila[s;s njhy; oapUf;fpwJ. 28.8 fhJfs; ekJ fhJfs; 1500 btt;ntW xypfisf; nfl;L czh;e;J bfhs;Sk; jpwd; bgw;wit. 350 cuj;j xypiaa[k; 3” bky;ypa xyp tUk; jpiriaa[k; fhJfs; mwpe;J bfhs;Sk;. 72.418 fp.kP.beoa euk;g[fs; kzpf;F 360 fp.kP ntfj;jpy; bra;jpfis mDg;g[fpd;wd. kpf mjpfg;goahd ntfk; 532 fp.kP.   93
28.9 ehf;F ehf;fpy; gj;jhapuj;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l czh;r;rp FkpH;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. thuk; njhWk; mit jk;ikg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd. kdpjdpd; ehf;F Rkhh; 500 tpjkhd Ritfis czUk; jpwd; bfhz;lJ. 28.8 f;F/ fz; 2000 Kjy; 4000 tiuapyhd thridia f;fhy; czu Koa[k;. fz; Rkhh; 10/000 epw';fis gFj;jwpa[k; rf;jp bfhz;lJ. kdpjdpd; fz;fs; 1.68 fp.kP bjhiytpy; vhpe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; xU bkGFth;j;jpiaf; Tl ,jdhy; fhz Koa[k;. ,ikfs; fz;fis o o jpwf;Fk; neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;lhy; xU ehspy; ehk; 30 tpdhofs; FUlh;fshf ,Uf;fpnwhk;. 28.9 tapW tapW ehbshd;Wf;F ,uz;L ypl;lh; iQl;nuh Fnshhpf;; mkpyj;ij (HYDROCHLORIC ACID) cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ. tapw;wpd; cl;gFjp Rthpy; xt;bthU epkplKk; Ie;J ,yl;rk; bry;fs; g[jpjhf cw;gj;jpahfp ,e;j mkpyk; tapw;Wr; Rtiu mHpj;J tplhjthW ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd.   94
28.8 njhy; kdpj clypy; mjpfg;gug;gpy; gue;Js;sJ njhy;. ruhrhp kdpjdpd; njhiy gug;gp itj;jhy; mJ 2 r.kP tUk;. 28.8 is isapd; mog;gFjpapYs;s gpl;a{l;lhp Rug;gp kpf Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[. tsh;r;rp/ ,dtpUj;jp/ vd;nlhf;hpd;/ Rug;gpfspd; bray;ghL nghd;wtw;iw ,Jnt ftdpf;fpwJ. ,jaKk; j;jpug;igfSk; Xa;t[ vLf;fhky; ciHf;fpd;wd lhd;rpy; mg;bgd;of;!; ,uz;Lk; njitaw;w cWg;g[f;fs;. mit ,y;yhky; ve;j ghjpg;g[k; ,y;yhky; kdpjdhy; caph; thHKoa[k; clk;g[f;F cldo rf;jpia tH';FtJ fy;yPuy;/ ,J fpisf;nfh$id nrkpj;J itj;Jf; bfhz;L/ mij FSnfhrhf khw;wp rf;jp mspf;fpwJ. gy;ypd; vdhky; jhd; clk;gpd; kpff;fodkhd gFjp/ jpdrhp ,uz;L ,yl;rk; bry;fs; gpwe;J mnj vz;zpf;ifapy; ,we;J nghfpd;wd. njhypd; nky; gFjp 15-30 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. kpf   95
caukhd gFjpfspy; trpg;gth;fSf;F jhH;e;j gFjpapy; trpg;gth;fistpl ,uz;L ypl;lh; ,uj;jk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 29. ,d;g[ w ;W thH cly; eyk; ngqjy;; caph;r;rf;jp clypy; xG';fhf Xof;bfhz;oUg;gnj ,d;g czh;thFk;. cly; eykhFk;. mijg; ghJfhf;f 1. czt[ 2. ciHg;g[ 3. cwf;fk; 4. Mz;-bgz; cwt[ 5. vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J mk;r';fspy; bjhlh;e;J ftdk; nrYj;j ntz;Lk;. ,it mstpw;F mjpfkhdhYk; Fiwe;jhYk; Kiw jtwp bfhs;sg;bgw;whYk; caph; rf;jp Xl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;/ neha;fs; cz;lhFk;. thuj;jpw;F xUKiwahtJ ,utpy; czt[ cl;bfhs;shky; ,nyrhf gHtif cz;nlh my;yJ rpwpJ ghy; mUe;jpnah cw';FtJ neha;fis xU mstpy; jLf;f cjt[k;. cly; $Puzpf;fj;jf;f mst[ czt[ cz;lhy; mJ ed;ikahFk;. mst[f;F kPwpdhy; ,e;j czt[   96
cliy $Puzpf;Fk;/ fUtikg;g[ vz;zk; bra;if nfhs;fspd; r";rhuj;jpy; mika[k; epiy re;jh;g;g nkhjy; Mfpa fhuz';fshy; clypy; ,urhad ntWghLfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. ,j;jifa ntWghLfshy; clypy; cs;s mq yf';fs; mjw;F Vw;g tpiutpy; ntWgLk;. mjd; gadhf clypy; mtw;wpd; tpfpjhr;rhu';fs; Tlnth Fiwanth ,lKz;L. ,f;fhuz';fshy; clypy; RHd;nwhof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; fhe;jk; kpd;rhuk; fhw;W ,uj;jk; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mtw;wpd; tpiutpy; Vw;w jhH;t[fisg; bgWk;. tpiuthf xt;bthU mta';f~nla[k; CLUtpr;bry;Yk; mtw;wpd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[k; cz;lhFk;. ,e;j jil nehahf czug;gLfpwJ. ve;j mtatj;jpy; ve;j mstpd; rf;jp Xl;lj;jpy; jilgLfpwnjh mjw;F Vw;g nehapd; tYt[k; bgaUk; mjw;F fhyKk; eph;zapf;fg; bgWfpd;wd. neha;fis ePf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; rf;jp ,aw;ifahf clypy; mike;Js;sJ. xj;j gj;jpak; fhj;J Xa;t[ vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy; neha;fs; kpft[k; tpiuthfj; jPh;e;JtpLk;. neha; fodkhf ,Ue;jhy; jf;f kUe;J tiffis cgnahfpf;fyhk;. nehaw;w clypy;jhd; mwpt[k; jpwd;gl ntiybra;a[k;. ,aw;if ,d;g';fis   97
mDgtpf;f Koa[k;/ vdnt xt;bthUtUk; nehaw;W thH tHpfz;L epd;W xGfpthH ntz;Lk;. kdj;J}a;ik/ xG';fhd czt[/ msthd ciHg;g[ ,tw;Wld; Toa thH;f;if neha;fs; ,y;yh cly; eyj;njhL ,Uf;f cjt[k;. bghwhik/ rpdk;/ t";rfk;/ ftiy/ fhk vz;z';fs;/ ,it cly; fhe;j rf;jpapid mst[f;F kPwp mHpj;JtpLk;. jtj;jhYk; Muha;r;rpahYk; ,e;j czh;r;rpfis khw;wp tplyhk;. czh;e;njhnu md;g[ Kaw;rp bra;a[';fs; btw;wp epr;rak;. czt[ cz;lt[ld; mjpf Xl;lk;/ rthhp/ fod ciHg;g[ Mz;-bgz; clYwt[ ,it TlhJ. mLj;jLj;J ,r;bray;fspy; <LgLnthUf;F tapw;Wg; g[z; cz;lhfptpLk;. mJ Fd;kk; vd;w nehahfptpLk;. clypypUe;J fHpthfp btspnaWk; ve;jg;bghUSk; clypd; kPJ j';fhky; ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mit clnd fpUkpfshf khWk; tha;g;g[ ,Uf;fpdwJ. xU ehisf;F xU KiwahtJ bte;ePhpnyh jz;zPhpnyh Fspf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak;. kyge;jk; (CONSTIPATION) m$Puzk; ,it Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ cly; eyj;ijg; ngqk; tHpfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. cly; caph;rf;jp/ tpe;J ehjk; $Ptfhe;jk;/ kdk;   98
,it Ie;Jk; xUnru ,a';Fk; mikg;g[jhd; kdpj totkhFk;. nfhof;fzf;fhd rpw;wiufs; (CELLS) nrh;e;J mLf;fLf;fhf ,a';FtJ ,e;j cly;/ xt;bthU rpw;wiuf;Fk; ,Ug[wk; fhe;jf; fth;r;rp cz;L. cly; epiyj;jpUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjpy; mike;Js;s rpw;wiufspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/ gSt[f;Fk; Vw;w $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; njit. $Ptfhe;jk; vd;gJ caph;r;rf;jp ,a';Ftjhy; vGk; miyahFk;. xt;bthU caph;j;JfSk; jd;idj; jhnd kpftpiuthfr; Rw;wpf; bfhz;L ,Ug;gjhy; mjpypUe;J tphpe;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk; miy/ bjhlh;e;J njhd;wpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; Xh; clypy; cs;s caph;Jfspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; epiybgWk;. nghjpa $Ptfhe;jk; ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy;jhd; clypYs;s rpw;wiufspd; mLf;F Fiyahky; epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,uj;j Xl;lk;/ fhw;nwhl;lk;/ bts;s Xl;lk;/ ,k;d;Wk; rpjwhJ xG';fhf Xo capUf;Fk;/ clYf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s Mw;wiy epiyf;fr; bra;a[k;. vdnt cliyj; jh';f $Ptfhe;jk; nghjpa mst[ njit/ $Pthfhe;jj;ijg; bgUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;F   99
ntz;oa vz;zpf;ifa[s;s caph;j;Jfs;fs; njit. caph;j;Jfs;fs; tpe;J ehj jputj;jpd; msita[k;/ jd;ika[k; bghWj;jJ. nghjpast[ tpe;J (Mz;tpe;J) ehjk; (bgz;tpe;J) ,Ue;jhy; jhd; cliy elj;jg;nghJkhd $ Pt f h e ; j rf;jpia cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; mst[f;F clypy; caph; rf;jpj; Jfs;fs; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. $Ptfhe;j mst[ rhpahf ,Ue;jhy; jhd; gU clyhdJ rpw;wiufspd; xG';fhd ,af;fj;jhy; rPuhf ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kdKk; ey;y Kiwapy; ,a';Fk;. $Ptfhe;jj;jpd; xU gFjp cly; rpw;wiufspd; yk; clypaf;fkhft[k; (METABOLIC ROUTINE) kw;bwhU gFjp isapd; rpw;wiufs; ykhf kdmiyfshft[k; ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. cly;/ tpe;J/ caph;rf;jp/ $Ptfhe;jk;/ cly; kd ,af;fk; vd;w bjhlhpid ed;whf kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ie;jpy; xd;W Fiw ,Ue;jhYk; ,af;f xG';F Fiye;jhYk;/ mJ kw;wtw;iw xt;bthd;whfg; ghjpf;Fk;. mg;go xd;Wf;bfhd;W Vw;gLk; ,af;fk; Kuz;ghl;ow;F Vw;g typ/ tpahjp/ kuzk;/ ,it rk;gtpf;Fk;.   100
jdJ bray;fs; ykhfnth/ btspg;g[w nkhJjynyh/ nfhs;fspd; fhe;j miytPr;R ykhfnth xUtUila $Ptfhe;jk; cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. czt[/ cwf;fk;/ ciHg;g[/ clYwt[/ vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J tifapy; myl;rpak; kpjkp";rpa cgnahfk;/ Kuz;gl;l cgnahfk; - ,tw;why; cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J jd;Dila bray; ykhf tUk; tpist[. jl;g btg;g Vw;w jhH:t[ kw;Wk; jw;bray; tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk; FHg;g';fs; nfhs;fs; r";rhuj;jpy; xd;nwhL xd;W neh;gLjy;/ uhrpkhw;wk; Mfpa fhuz';fs; xt;bthUthpd; gpwe;jehs; nfhs; epiyf;F vw;g $Ptfhe;jk; Vw;w jhH:tiljy; ,g;go mndf mk;r';fshy; FHg;gk; tUk;. ve;j tpjj;jpy; cly; eyk; FHg;gk; mile;jhYk;/ jhnd mjidr; rhpgLj;jp cliy eykhf;fpf; bfhs;fpd;w ,aw;if tpjp clypnyna xt;bthUtUf;Fk; Xust[ mikejpUf;fpwJ. “,jnt FHg;gj;ij jh';fpf; bfhs;Sk; ,aw;if epajp” MFk;. ,aw;if epajp mikj;j mstpw;Fk; nkyhf FHg;gk; kPwpdhy;jhd; mJ cly; ,af;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk; bghGJkdpjd; jd;Dila Kaw;rpapdhy;- clw;gapw;rp-   101
kdg;gapw;rp- czt[ Kiw yk; cly; eyj;ijf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;. 30. Jwt[ thH;f;if ,g;gog;gl;l J}a;ikahd thH;f;ifahy; mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgw;W mwptpny KGik bgw;wgpd; mjd; yk; Md;kh cyFf;F eyk;g[hpa Mh;tk; bfhz;L jd;id kdpj Fyed;ikf;nf mh;gzpj;Jf;bfhz;L ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L bghUs; njLjy; fhg;ghw;Wjy; vd;fpw mwpit cjhpj;js;sp mwpit jdJ cliy mwtHpapy; bjhz;Lf;nf gad;gLj;jp jd;Dila grpf;F gpwh; bfhLj;J thH;fpd;w thH;f;ifna Jwt[ thH;f;ifahFk;. rpwe;j Kiwapy; jd;Dila Mw;wiy gad;gLj;jp nrit bra;a tha;g;g[k; njita[k; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; me;jj; Jwtwnk kpfr;rpwe;jjhFk;. clYf;F Md;kh moikahfhky; Md;kht[f;F cliy fUtpahff;bfhs;Sk; bjspe;j mwpt[ epiyna cz;ikahd Jwt[ MFk;. Md;khthdJ bjspe;j mwptpny KGik bgw;w gpd; ,y;ywj;jpypUe;nj Jwt[ epiyapy; thHyhk;. ,d;W gyngh; ,y;ywf; flikfs; kwe;J mwk; gpwH;e;J nrhk;gy; nguhir   102
,tw;nwhL gpwh; bghUisf;bfhz;L thH;tJ Jwtwk; vd fUJfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa ,Hpe;j thH:itj; Jwtwk; vd;W jtwhff; Twp ek;gp jhk; VkhWtnjhL gpwiua[k; Vkhw;wp; cyt[fpd;w fhl;rpiaa[k;; fhqfpnwhk;. ,d;W Jwtpfs; vd;W btspnawpath;fspy; bgUk;ghyhdth;fs; mwptpd; epiwt[ bgw;W Jwtwk; vd;why; vd;d vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;fpw ,yf;fzk; bjhpe;J Jwt[ thH;f;iff;F tutpy;iy. mwpahik VH;ik ntiyapd;ik neha; nrhk;ngwpj;jdk; nguhir btWg;g[ FLk;gr; rz;il ,tw;why; ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L flik kwe;J btspnawpath;fns mjpfkhf cs;sdh;. NH;epiyf; ifjpfshfp btspnawp Jwt[ Vw;wth;fSk; cz;L. ,th;fspy; Vnjh xU rpynu ey;y FUehjd; fpilf;fg;bgw;W "hd ngW bgw;wth;fs;/ kw;w bgUk;ghnyhu; thH;t[ ghHhfp Jd;g[w;W koe;jhh;fs;. koe;J bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. 31. tp";"hd nehf;fpy; gpug";rk; gd;bdL';fhykhf khDlk; mz;lbtspapy; kdpjidg; nghd;w gpw caphpd';fs; cz;lh m';F ntw;Wyf thrpfs; cz;lh vd rpe;jpj;jthW cs;sJ. Nhpaidg; nghd;W gynfho Nhpad;fSk; gyfpuf';fSk; m';F   103
thGk; kdpjh;fisg; nghy nkk;gl;l $Ptd;fisf; Fwpj;J ngRfpnwhk;. g";r g{jj;jpy; gpug";rj;jpy; g{kp kl;Lnk caph;fs; njhd;w njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l fpufk; vd fUJk; kj ek;gpf;iffSk; cs;sd. mwptpay; g[idfijfs; gpugykhfj; bjhl';fpaJk; gyh; ntw;Wfpuf thrpfspd; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fisg; ghh;j;jjhft[k; mjpypUe;J ntw;W fpuf thrpfshy; jhk; gy nrhjidf;F Mshf;fg;gl;ljhft[k; Twpdh;. gwf;Fk; jl;L bgUk; kh;kg; g[jpuhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,k;kh;kj;ij mwpa mikf;fg;gl;l fhd;ild; FG ,e;jg; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fs; cz;ikapy; g{r;rpfs; el;rj;jpu gpujpgypg;g[f;fs; braw;if nfhs;fs; thdpiyg; gY}d;fs; Mfpatw;iwna jtWjyhfg; gwf;Fk; jl;L vd kf;fs; fUjpahf mwptpj;jJ. mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rp ,e;ek;gpf;iffSf;F mg;ghy; ntw;W fpuf';fspy; mwpt[ila $Ptd;fs; cs;sdth vdj; njl Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. fhh;y;rhfd; g[nuf; nghd;w thdtpayhsh;fs SETI—SEARCH FOR EXTRA TERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE vd;Dk; bray; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdh;.   104
g{kpapy; gy g[s;spfs; mikf;fg;gl;l nuonah miy bjhiy nehf;fpfs; ntw;W fpuf thrpfs; mDg;g[k; kpd;fhe;j miy bra;jpfSf;fhf njLfpd;wd. braw;ifahf cUthf;fg; gl;l kpd;fhe;j miy gz;g[fSf;fhf mit nrfhpf;Fk; jfty;fs; cybf';FKs;s fzpdpfshy; Muhag; gLfpd;wd. ntw;Wy thH;f;iff;fhf ehk; tpjpf;fgl;lth;fsh vd;Dk; kh;kk; tpiutpy; bjspthfptpLk;. 1930-y; btw;wplj;jpy; tpirfs; cUthfpwJ vdt[k; ,t;tpirfs; kpf Ez;zpait vdt[k; fz;Lgpoj;jhh; f!;kph;; vd;Dk; ,aw;gpayhsh;. btw;wplk; vd ehk; gpug";rj;jpd; ve;jg; g[s;spiaa[k; fUjKoahJ. btw;wplk; vdg;gLtjpy; Fthz;l ryd';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. nuh$h; bgd;nuhy; vd;Dk; mwp"h; jd;Dzh;it Fthz;lk; ,aw;gpay; yk; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwhh;. rpy caphpapyhsh;fs; ,jid vjph;j;Js;sdh;. ,e;epiy gpuf;i" Fthz;lk; jdpik bfhz;lbjdpy; mjpy; f!;kph; tpirf;F xU Kf;fpa g';F ,Uf;fyhk;. Ez;zpa f!;kph; tpiria mstpl jw;nghJ fUtpfs; cUthfptpl;l epiyapy; ,t;btw;wplj;jpd; tpiria mstpLjy; yk; gpug";rtpaypd; rpy kpft[k; MH;e;j kh;k';fis ehk; mwpat[k; f!;kph;tpir gad;glf;TLk;. gpug";rk; tphpjy;   105
gpug";rj;njhw;wk; Mfpatw;iw mwptpay; ,d;dKk; KGikahf mwpe;J tpltpy;iy. Fthz;lk; btw;wplr; rydf; fpsh;r;rpfs; gpug";r epfH;r;rpfSf;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd rpy mwptpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh; vd;fpwhh;. f!;kph; tpiria msg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f btw;wpia bgw;wpUf;Fk; bfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf; fHf ,aw;gpayhsh; ckh; bkhifjPd; gpug";rk; gpuf;i" Mfpatw;iw ,izf;fpwJ. btw;wplj;jpd; tpirfs; ,aw;gpaypd; bkhHpapy; bgsj;jKk; cgepljKk; Twpa Ndpakh ,J> gpugykhfpa[s;s mz;lbtsp fUe;Jfs;fs; xspiaa[k; btsptplhj mst[ fLk; tYf;bfhz;l <h;g;g[ gyKila gpunjr';fs; mjpfkhd epiwa[k; mjpf mlh;j;jpa[k; bfhz;l tpz;kPd;fs; j';fs; vhpbghUs; jPUk; epiyapy; fUe;Jfs;fshf khWtjhf thdtpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. 1916-y; Iad;!;od; bghJr;rhh;gpaypd; fUe;;Jfs; fUj;jpid Kd; itj;jth; b$h;khdpa thdtpayhsuhd fhh;y; !thh;l;!; iry;l; Mthh;. fUe;Jfs; bjhlh;ghd Kf;fpa fz;L gpog;g[f;fis bra;jth; re;jpunrfu Rg;ukzpak;. fUe;Jfs;fs; cz;ik vija[k; btsptplhJ vd;gnj Vw;fg;gl;l fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; 1914-y; !;ogd;   106
Qhf;fp'; fUe;Jfs;fis xU rPustpy; ckpGk; vdf; fz;L gpoj;jhh;. xspia btsptplhj tYthd <h;g;g[ gpunjrk; vt;thW ,t;thW ,a';f Koa[k;> Mdhy; jk; rkd;ghLfs; yk; ,J cz;ik vd ep+gpj;jhh; Qhf;fp'.; ,t;thW gpug";rj;jpy; ,d;Dk; gy kh;k';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W rhd;nwhh;fs; "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;. gpug";r yf;TWfspd; bjhFg;g[ epfH;t[jhd; kdpj ,dKk kw;w $PtuhrpfSk; cUthdJ. yg;bghUl;fs; Ie;ij Kd; itj;Jj;jhd; ek; cly; epiy ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ij ehk; Kd; mj;jpaha';fspy; fz;nlhk;. bg';-Rap Ie;J bghUl;fis itj;Jj;jhd; jd; cly; Mnuhf;fpak; ,lk; bghUs; ,d;gk; tPLngW mile;J tUfpd;wdh;. bg';-Rap vd;gJ irdhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; rh!;jpuk;/ g{kp ePh; beUg;g[ cnyhfk; kw;Wk; kuk; Mfpatw;iw yg;bghUshff; fUjp bg';-Rap ,Uf;fpwJ. cnyhfKk; kuKk; yg;bghUl;fshf KoahJ. bg'; vd;w rPdthh;j;ij fhw;iwf;Fwpf;Fk;/ Nap vd;gJ ePiuf;Fwpf;Fk;. irdhtpy; xU gHbkhHp cz;L. ePiu vth;fl;Lg;ghl;oy; itj;jpUf;fpwhnuh mtnu cyif MH;thh;.   107
bghUshjhu nkijfs; d;whdJ cyfa[j;jk; xd;W te;jhy; mJ ePUf;fhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; vd Iag;gLfpd;wdh;. re;njfk; ntz;lhk; ePuhy;jhd; a[fk; Koa[k;. mijj;jhd; rpj;jhh;fs; $yg;gpusak; vd;wdh;. Kjy; a[j;jk; bgz;zhy; (rPij) ,uz;lhk; a[j;jk; kz;zhy; (Jupnahjdd;) d;whk; a[j;jk; ePuhy; jhd; Koa[k;. ePuhy; Vw;gl;l ngwirt[jhd; fLk; miyahfj;njhd;wp ,g;bghGJ gy nrj';fis cUthf;fp tpl;ld. Rdhkp nguiyia cyf kf;fs; fdtpYk; kwf;f KoahJ. mnjnghy mbkhpf;fhtpy; ele;j miyiaa[k; kwf;f ,ayhJ. ,e;j mtru a[fj;jpy; kdpjh;fs; j';fs; Fiwfisf; fisa vijj; jpd;why; Fiw eP';Fk; vd;w kdepiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy; vija[k; rhg;gplj; ja';Ftjpy;iy. ,';F mwpt[ J}';FfpwJ. czh;r;rp nfhnyhr;Rfpd;wJ. ,uz;L tpjkhd rf;jpfs; cyfj;jpy; cs;sd. xd;W ey;y rf;jp/ kw;bwhd;W jPa rf;jp. ey;y rf;jpia Vw;W tuntw;f ntz;Lk;. fpufpf;fg; gHfntz;Lk;. jParf;jpia cs;ns tplhky; jLf;f ntz;Lk;. mg;nghJjhd; Md;kh ,t;t[yfpy; vg;nghJk; re;njhrkhd thH;f;ifia thHKoa[k;.   108
gpug";rj;jpy; cs;s fh!kpf; fjph;fs; kdpjd; thH;f;if Kiwia elj;jpr; bry;tjpy; bgUk; g';F tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j fjph;fspy; ey;yJKz;L bfl;lJKz;L. xt;bthU kdpjDk; ey;y mjph;#lk; kj;jpk mjph;#;lk; bfl;l mjph;#lk; ,itfspd; fyitnahL tpidg; gjpt[fSf;nfw;g gpwf;fpwhd;. jpahdk; ey;byz;z cwt[ eyKs;s Rw;Wr;RHy; nghd;witfis filgpog;gjd; yk; kdpjd; jd; bfl;l mjph;#;lj;ij jPtpidia ey;tpidaf;ft[k; mjph;#;lkhf;ft[k; mjw;F mjpfkhft[k; khw;w Koa[k;. ,d;g[w;W thH;f. tzf;fk;. Xk; jj; rj;.   109
kiepajs k_f j ;amof Fxjyf kilf wjayf Y lf jaukf k suf juf u aT ldu koseu ]ao hq g lf Fdlhf h apaj Wo Dkf k ;I AoK. Fkof nslskf k el ~ Fjkf k spaf ]ao hqglf Fdljf j hf h gf g K. kiepajs k_f j ;amof Fxjyaaf kiepajs, mskf k epajs, mskf k laaf j f j FOhis. kalf jbf g mskf k laaf j f j Dbf d ljdy Fof h af hu:jf J lf FtsITkf k s i:hiaf . kikf k s: X;aof Fxjyf ia[f k f K d;, Fbf g Llf hsbf g Llf - kiepajs k_f j ;amof Fxjyf AGATHIYAN PRODUCTION HOUSE 2009   110

More Related Content

PDF
Spring Board Academy Book - Geography .pdf
byYuvraj Singh
 
PDF
ATMA GNANAM (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
ေလာကစည္းစိမ္
bykoluzoe
 
PDF
Jebathota Jeyageethangal Song Lyrics
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 
PDF
Bulughul Maram in Tamil
byUmar Ali
 
PDF
Wordpad Notes Hindi Notes
bySirajRock
 
PDF
Hudekalawa Sundarai1
byPriyal Kulathilaka
 
PDF
બાળવાર્તા
byCRC No.4 RMC School No.10, Near District & Session Court Rajkot
 
Spring Board Academy Book - Geography .pdf
byYuvraj Singh
 
ATMA GNANAM (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
ေလာကစည္းစိမ္
bykoluzoe
 
Jebathota Jeyageethangal Song Lyrics
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 
Bulughul Maram in Tamil
byUmar Ali
 
Wordpad Notes Hindi Notes
bySirajRock
 
Hudekalawa Sundarai1
byPriyal Kulathilaka
 
બાળવાર્તા
byCRC No.4 RMC School No.10, Near District & Session Court Rajkot
 

What's hot

PDF
ဘူးသီးဇာတ္လမ္း
bybabycandy007
 
PDF
Bulughul Maram in tamil
byUmar Ali
 
PDF
Ba programme globalization notes Sartaz Sir Notes
byTutorialsDuniya.com
 
PDF
Internet Grade 11 tute Part 1 By Raza Malhardeen .pdf
byRaza Malhardeen
 
PDF
Git exam short note
byNoteGun LMS
 
PDF
ဝတ္ရုံနက္ႏွင့္လူ
bykoluzoe
 
PDF
Computer fundamentals hindi notes
bySirajRock
 
PDF
વાઘ અને વટેમાર્ગુ
byCRC No.4 RMC School No.10, Near District & Session Court Rajkot
 
PDF
കേരള പോലീസ് ആക്ട് 2011 -Kerala Police Act 2011
byJamesadhikaram land consultancy 9447464502
 
PDF
ျပီးခဲ့တာေတြျပီးပါေစေတာ့
bykoluzoe
 
PDF
Information and communication technology
byBalasingham Karthiban
 
PDF
પુરુષાર્થ એજ પારસમણિ
byCRC No.4 RMC School No.10, Near District & Session Court Rajkot
 
PDF
Berchman lyrics(1 50)
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 
PDF
ဒီပိုး
bykoluzoe
 
PDF
Computer in hindi I
byGovt. P.G. College Dharamshala
 
PDF
Ba programme political science notes Sartaz Sir Notes
byTutorialsDuniya.com
 
PDF
Computer netwoking notes & qustionspart 2
bySirajRock
 
PDF
Child psychology book part 1 (hindi) ( for more book www.nitin-gupta.com )
byRai Saheb Bhanwar Singh College Nasrullaganj
 
PDF
Introduction of computer in hindi II
byGovt. P.G. College Dharamshala
 
PDF
ဆြဲအားေကာင္းတဲ့အခ်စ္
bybabycandy007
 
ဘူးသီးဇာတ္လမ္း
bybabycandy007
 
Bulughul Maram in tamil
byUmar Ali
 
Ba programme globalization notes Sartaz Sir Notes
byTutorialsDuniya.com
 
Internet Grade 11 tute Part 1 By Raza Malhardeen .pdf
byRaza Malhardeen
 
Git exam short note
byNoteGun LMS
 
ဝတ္ရုံနက္ႏွင့္လူ
bykoluzoe
 
Computer fundamentals hindi notes
bySirajRock
 
વાઘ અને વટેમાર્ગુ
byCRC No.4 RMC School No.10, Near District & Session Court Rajkot
 
കേരള പോലീസ് ആക്ട് 2011 -Kerala Police Act 2011
byJamesadhikaram land consultancy 9447464502
 
ျပီးခဲ့တာေတြျပီးပါေစေတာ့
bykoluzoe
 
Information and communication technology
byBalasingham Karthiban
 
પુરુષાર્થ એજ પારસમણિ
byCRC No.4 RMC School No.10, Near District & Session Court Rajkot
 
Berchman lyrics(1 50)
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 
ဒီပိုး
bykoluzoe
 
Computer in hindi I
byGovt. P.G. College Dharamshala
 
Ba programme political science notes Sartaz Sir Notes
byTutorialsDuniya.com
 
Computer netwoking notes & qustionspart 2
bySirajRock
 
Child psychology book part 1 (hindi) ( for more book www.nitin-gupta.com )
byRai Saheb Bhanwar Singh College Nasrullaganj
 
Introduction of computer in hindi II
byGovt. P.G. College Dharamshala
 
ဆြဲအားေကာင္းတဲ့အခ်စ္
bybabycandy007
 

Viewers also liked

PPTX
Saiva siddhanta and Sivalingam – light of true path Tamil
byDepartment of Linguistics,Bharathiar University
 
PDF
ATMA THARISANAM (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
நன்மை நடக்கக் கூடிய சூத்திரம்
byRaja Sekar
 
PDF
The Daily Book of Prayers to Siddhas
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PPTX
Thirumanthiram-saiva siddhanta philosophy-Tamil
byDepartment of Linguistics,Bharathiar University
 
PPT
Jeyamohan
bysivamaniyanTamil
 
PPTX
Thirumanthiram - saiva siddhanta philosophy-Tamil
byDepartment of Linguistics,Bharathiar University
 
PDF
Che guevera in tamil 1
byShiva Kumar
 
PDF
ஆறாம் திணை - Aaraam thinai
byShiva Kumar
 
DOCX
நாம் சரிவிகித உணவையே உண்ண வேண்டும்
byana appa
 
PDF
Vaalai paadalgal
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
SIDHAR POTRI THOGUPPU (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
The New Book of Praise to Siddhas
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
Aaticudi stories
byShiva Kumar
 
PDF
24 NIMIDA SIDHAR PUSAI (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
ஏழாம் சுவை - கு.சிவராமன் Ezham suvai
byShiva Kumar
 
DOCX
வழுக்கைத் தலையில் முடி முளைக்க
byRasmi Rajesh
 
DOCX
வீட்டு மருத்துவக் குறிப்புகள்
byRasmi Rajesh
 
PPTX
Process to register private Company in India
byS R Corporate Services Private Limited
 
DOCX
தகவல்-தொழில்நுட்பம்
byKokulan Kunapalan
 
Saiva siddhanta and Sivalingam – light of true path Tamil
byDepartment of Linguistics,Bharathiar University
 
ATMA THARISANAM (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
நன்மை நடக்கக் கூடிய சூத்திரம்
byRaja Sekar
 
The Daily Book of Prayers to Siddhas
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
Thirumanthiram-saiva siddhanta philosophy-Tamil
byDepartment of Linguistics,Bharathiar University
 
Jeyamohan
bysivamaniyanTamil
 
Thirumanthiram - saiva siddhanta philosophy-Tamil
byDepartment of Linguistics,Bharathiar University
 
Che guevera in tamil 1
byShiva Kumar
 
ஆறாம் திணை - Aaraam thinai
byShiva Kumar
 
நாம் சரிவிகித உணவையே உண்ண வேண்டும்
byana appa
 
Vaalai paadalgal
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
SIDHAR POTRI THOGUPPU (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
The New Book of Praise to Siddhas
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
Aaticudi stories
byShiva Kumar
 
24 NIMIDA SIDHAR PUSAI (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
ஏழாம் சுவை - கு.சிவராமன் Ezham suvai
byShiva Kumar
 
வழுக்கைத் தலையில் முடி முளைக்க
byRasmi Rajesh
 
வீட்டு மருத்துவக் குறிப்புகள்
byRasmi Rajesh
 
Process to register private Company in India
byS R Corporate Services Private Limited
 
தகவல்-தொழில்நுட்பம்
byKokulan Kunapalan
 

Similar to ATMA GNANAM (Tamil)

PDF
வெற்றிகரமான தலைமைத்துவத்தின் பண்புகள்
bywamysl
 
DOC
Tamil
bykalai govindasamy
 
PDF
Yesu Nallavar -Testimony of Sister Nirmala
byRaja Venkatesan
 
PDF
Haj by M.A.M. Fahri
byFahri Anas
 
PDF
jothidam ptf
byjeyabalan ramiah
 
PDF
History of the rightly guided caliphs in tamil
byUmar Ali
 
PDF
Tamizhl Aruvi 2008
bysrsaravanakumar
 
PDF
Vanni Kaatu Vasam
byguest42ec90
 
PDF
Application for redeployment
byOIS
 
PDF
இஸ்லாத்தை விளங்குவதிலும் செயற்படுத்துவதிலும் சமநிலை பேணல்
bywamysl
 
PDF
Pg 0031
byMohamed Bilal Ali
 
PDF
நாம் உனக்கே இபாதத் செய்கிறோம் உன்னிடமே உதவி தேடுகிறோம்
bywamysl
 
PDF
குரான் ஓதுவதற்கான சட்டங்கள்
byIbrahim Ahmed
 
PDF
Praise And Worship Song
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 
PDF
Berchman lyrics(201 250)
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 
PDF
அல் குர்ஆனை ஆசையோடு அணுகுவோம்
bywamysl
 
PDF
Pg 0223
byMohamed Bilal Ali
 
PDF
இந்திய தேசிய இயக்கம் - சுயமரியாதை - தமிழர் மரபு
byJayavendhanJ
 
PDF
Tamil islamic q&a
byUmar Ali
 
DOC
Berchman lyrics(251 300)
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 
வெற்றிகரமான தலைமைத்துவத்தின் பண்புகள்
bywamysl
 
Tamil
bykalai govindasamy
 
Yesu Nallavar -Testimony of Sister Nirmala
byRaja Venkatesan
 
Haj by M.A.M. Fahri
byFahri Anas
 
jothidam ptf
byjeyabalan ramiah
 
History of the rightly guided caliphs in tamil
byUmar Ali
 
Tamizhl Aruvi 2008
bysrsaravanakumar
 
Vanni Kaatu Vasam
byguest42ec90
 
Application for redeployment
byOIS
 
இஸ்லாத்தை விளங்குவதிலும் செயற்படுத்துவதிலும் சமநிலை பேணல்
bywamysl
 
Pg 0031
byMohamed Bilal Ali
 
நாம் உனக்கே இபாதத் செய்கிறோம் உன்னிடமே உதவி தேடுகிறோம்
bywamysl
 
குரான் ஓதுவதற்கான சட்டங்கள்
byIbrahim Ahmed
 
Praise And Worship Song
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 
Berchman lyrics(201 250)
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 
அல் குர்ஆனை ஆசையோடு அணுகுவோம்
bywamysl
 
Pg 0223
byMohamed Bilal Ali
 
இந்திய தேசிய இயக்கம் - சுயமரியாதை - தமிழர் மரபு
byJayavendhanJ
 
Tamil islamic q&a
byUmar Ali
 
Berchman lyrics(251 300)
byDavid Rajah Selvaraj
 

More from Shanmugam Avadaiyappa

PDF
Vinayagar Agaval
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
The New Compendium of Praise to the Siddhas 2018
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
Agathiyar Geetham Audio CD lyrics
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
Siddhar Vizha 2018
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
Body, Self and Consciousness according to Tirumūlar’s Tirumandiram: A compara...
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
BOOK OF PRAISE TO AGATHIYAR
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
FIRE OF DEVOTION (Revised & Updated) (English)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
FIRE OF DEVOTION (Illustrated) (English)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
FIRE OF DEVOTION (English)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
AGATHIYAR PUSAI (March 2013) (Tamil with English Transliteration)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
ANDAMUM PINDAMUM (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
AGATHIYAR PUSAI (Hymns in Praise of Agathiyar in Tamil with English translite...
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
ARUTPERUNJHOTI AGAVAL (Transliteration in English)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
PDF
AGATHIYAR PUSAI (Hymns in Praise of Agathiyar in Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
Vinayagar Agaval
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
The New Compendium of Praise to the Siddhas 2018
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
Agathiyar Geetham Audio CD lyrics
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
Siddhar Vizha 2018
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
Body, Self and Consciousness according to Tirumūlar’s Tirumandiram: A compara...
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
BOOK OF PRAISE TO AGATHIYAR
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
FIRE OF DEVOTION (Revised & Updated) (English)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
FIRE OF DEVOTION (Illustrated) (English)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
FIRE OF DEVOTION (English)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
AGATHIYAR PUSAI (March 2013) (Tamil with English Transliteration)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
ANDAMUM PINDAMUM (Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
AGATHIYAR PUSAI (Hymns in Praise of Agathiyar in Tamil with English translite...
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
ARUTPERUNJHOTI AGAVAL (Transliteration in English)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 
AGATHIYAR PUSAI (Hymns in Praise of Agathiyar in Tamil)
byShanmugam Avadaiyappa
 

Recently uploaded

PDF
Steps to Arranging a Cremation with Ease
byoliveirafuneralhomew
 
PDF
Understanding-Dandakrama-Parayanam-The-Crown-of-Vedic-Recitation.pdf
byANINDIAN2
 
PPTX
Windows of Hope Advent Series_The Window of Promise_Slides.pptx
byStephen Palm
 
PDF
THE UNSEEN NATIONS: A Revelation of Jinn, Humanity, and the Living Earth
byAdrianus Muganga
 
PPTX
The Guide of Dwight A. Reed to Holistic Outreach Through CATCOS
byDwight A. Reed
 
PPTX
Mother Butler Mission Guilds (MBMG) Orientation -Oct 12, 2025.pptx
byanacelFaustino2
 
PDF
Bishop Dwight Reed: A Leader Who Serves with Heart
byDwight A. Reed
 
PDF
Blessed Marcantonio Durando, C.M. Feast Day December 10
byFamvin: the Worldwide Vincentian Family
 
PDF
Published by Vatican's Laudato Si: GIFT's Article On Averting The Post-Christ...
byTMaurer1
 
PPTX
Sabbath School Lesson 10, 4th Quarter 2025.pptx
byDavidSyahputra4
 
PPTX
Do you know the real language_of_cats.pptx
bydenis819084
 
PPTX
Where do they come from What are aliens.pptx
bydenis819084
 
PPTX
Lesson 1 – The Mystery of the Holy Trinity.pptx
byCelso Napoleon
 
PPTX
Sabbath School Lesson 9, 4th Quarter 2025.pptx
byDavidSyahputra4
 
PDF
Our_Young_Adults_Are_Struggling_And_Need_Support.pdf
byTMaurer1
 
DOCX
The Revelation Chapter 22 - Working Copy.docx
byFred Gosnell
 
PPTX
Sabbath School Lesson 11, 4th Quarter 2025.pptx
byDavidSyahputra4
 
PPTX
rosary-mother's day 2025.pptx beloved Mm
byg90347613
 
PDF
The Mystery of Speaking in Other Tongues -- Pt 2 -- Lighthouse Church of All ...
byJan Paron
 
Steps to Arranging a Cremation with Ease
byoliveirafuneralhomew
 
Understanding-Dandakrama-Parayanam-The-Crown-of-Vedic-Recitation.pdf
byANINDIAN2
 
Windows of Hope Advent Series_The Window of Promise_Slides.pptx
byStephen Palm
 
THE UNSEEN NATIONS: A Revelation of Jinn, Humanity, and the Living Earth
byAdrianus Muganga
 
The Guide of Dwight A. Reed to Holistic Outreach Through CATCOS
byDwight A. Reed
 
Mother Butler Mission Guilds (MBMG) Orientation -Oct 12, 2025.pptx
byanacelFaustino2
 
Bishop Dwight Reed: A Leader Who Serves with Heart
byDwight A. Reed
 
Blessed Marcantonio Durando, C.M. Feast Day December 10
byFamvin: the Worldwide Vincentian Family
 
Published by Vatican's Laudato Si: GIFT's Article On Averting The Post-Christ...
byTMaurer1
 
Sabbath School Lesson 10, 4th Quarter 2025.pptx
byDavidSyahputra4
 
Do you know the real language_of_cats.pptx
bydenis819084
 
Where do they come from What are aliens.pptx
bydenis819084
 
Lesson 1 – The Mystery of the Holy Trinity.pptx
byCelso Napoleon
 
Sabbath School Lesson 9, 4th Quarter 2025.pptx
byDavidSyahputra4
 
Our_Young_Adults_Are_Struggling_And_Need_Support.pdf
byTMaurer1
 
The Revelation Chapter 22 - Working Copy.docx
byFred Gosnell
 
Sabbath School Lesson 11, 4th Quarter 2025.pptx
byDavidSyahputra4
 
rosary-mother's day 2025.pptx beloved Mm
byg90347613
 
The Mystery of Speaking in Other Tongues -- Pt 2 -- Lighthouse Church of All ...
byJan Paron
 

ATMA GNANAM (Tamil)

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Mj; k "hdk; wha:ygjf j lf 1. Md;kht[ k ; mjd; Mw;wYk; 2. ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;> 3. Mj;k "hdk: 4. $Ptd; 5. "hd thH;t[ 6. "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwfs; 7. Md;k mwpt[ bgw 8. ghpRj;j kdk; 9. me;jf;fhuzk; 10. kdpj Md;kh 11. czh;r;rp - czh;t[ - kdk; 12. kdk; vd;Dk; khaNl;Rkf;fUtp 13. nahfk; 14. bka;g;bghUs: 15. $Pthj;kh guhkhj;kh 16. Md;kPf thH;t[   2
  • 3.
    17. jj;Jt tpsf;fk; 18.g";rg{j';fs; 19. mq gukhq kw;Wk; caph;njhw;wk; 20.xspa[ k ; btg;gKk; 21.g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk; 22.g";rg{j';fs; 23.g";r g{j';fspd; bray;ghLfs; 24.jd;khj;jpiufs: 25.gpug";r ghpzhkk; 26.caph;fspd; njhw;wk; 27.kuzk; 28.kdpj clYk; mjd; bray;ghLfSk; 29.,d;g[ w ;W thH cly; eyk; ngqjy; 30.Jwt[ thH;f;if 31.tp";"hd nehf;fpy; gpug";rk;   3
  • 4.
    Mj; k "hdk; ,e;jcyfpy; thGk; midj;J caph;fSk; xd;nw xd;iwj;jhd; ikakhf bfhz;L Mdhy; mJ v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W bjupahky; njoj; njo Xahky; miyfpd;wd. mJjhd; ,d;gk; ,d;gk; ,d;gk;. Mk; ,d;gkhd thH;f;if. nkYk; nkYk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njo bghd; bghUs; nghd;wtw;iw nrh;g;gjd; nehf;fk; me;j ,d;gk; epiyahdjhf cz;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd;. ,J cz;ikapy; v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ> mij vg;go miltJ> bgWtJ> vd;gij tpsf;Ftnj ,e;j fl;Liuapd; nehf;fk;. ,jw;F Kjy; mog;gilahd njit bghd; bghUs; gzk; brhj;J kf;fs; my;y. mwpt[ xd;W jhd;. mwpt[ mjpYk; bjspe;j mwpt[ vd;w xd;nw xd;W nghJk; ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila ,d;g[w;W thH.   4
  • 5.
    ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gk; ek;kplk; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ/ ,e;j cyfpy; ntW v';Fk; ,y;iy vd;w mwpt[ xd;nw nghJk;. ehk; ahh; vd;gij bjhpe;Jbfhz;lhny nghJk; ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila. ek;ikg;gw;wp bjhptJ vd;why; cz;ikapy; ehk; ahh;>;/ Md;kh vd;why; vd;d>/ mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vd;why; vd;d>/ Mj;k "hdk; vd;why; vd;d>/ kdk; bjspe;j kdk; kdj;jpd; ,af;fk;/ ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;>;/ mq gukhq/ g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk; ,af;fKk;/ cly;/ caph;/ cyfk; kw;Wk; gpug";rk; nghd;w ,itfs; vg;go njhd;wpd/ vg;go ,a';FfpwJ vd;w mwpt[/ cly; cWg;g[fs; Fwpj;j mwpt[ / cly; ,af;fk; / cly; eyk; gw;wpa mwpt[/ cly;/ kdk;/ g";rg{j jj;Jt';fs; gw;wpa bjspt[ ,itfisg;gw;wpa xl;Lbkhj;j mwpnt "hdk; my;yJ Mj;k "hdk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j Mj;k"hdj;jhy; fpilg;gnj cz;ikahd ,d;g thH;f;if. 1. Md;kht[ k ; mjd; Mw;wYk; vz;zpyh nfho mz;l';fs; nguz;l';fs; ,g;gpug";rk; njhd;Wtjw;F y fhuzkhf   5
  • 6.
    tps';FtJ mog;gilahf ,Ug;gJ xU mqrf;jp. mijna rpj;jh;fs; "hdpfs; gukhq vd;W brhy;fpwhh;fs;. gukhq vd;;gJ gphpf;f Koahj mq vd;gJ bghUs;. me;jg; gukhqnt gue;J tphpe;J fp;lf;fpd;w mz;l nguz;l';fis ,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. mijna gukhj;kh vd;wdh;. mnj y mqtpd; Mw;wny xt;bthU $Ptuhrpfspd; ,af;f';fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf tps';Ftjhy; $Pthj;kh vd;wdh;. Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ msg;gwpa Mw;wy; kpf;fJ. me;j Mw;wy; ek;kplk; cs;sJ/ mJ cUtkw;wJ/ mjd; rf;jpia Mw;wiy czh;e;jth;fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW mw;g[j';fs; epfH;j;j Koa[k;. ek;kplk; cs;s kfj;Jtk; tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd; rf;jpia czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tJjhd; Mj;k"hdkhFk;. Mdhy; ehk; ek;kplk; cs;s Md;khtpd; Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J bfhs;shky; ek;kplk; cs;s Mw;wiy vg;go btspf;bfhzh;tJ vg;go ,af;FtJ vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky; thH:f;ifapy; gytpj my;yy;fSf;F Mshfpnwhk;. ,g;gog;gl;l my;yy;fspypUe;J   6
  • 7.
    tpLjiy bgw Kad;Wbtw;wp fz;lth;fs;jhd; "hdpfSk; rpj;jh;fSk;. 2. ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;> vz;zpyh nfho mz;l nguz;l';fspd; ,af;fk; nfhlhd nfho mqf;fs; mqf;fspd; bjhFg;ghd $Ptuhrpfs; midj;jpYk; cs;S;k; g[wKk; nkYk; btspa[k; mJtjpy; caph;rf;jpahf tps';Fk; nguhw;wny ,iwtd;. ,ij ts;sy;yhh; bgUkhd; brhy;Yk;nghJ Fyt[ nguz;lg;gFjpnahh; mde;j nfho nfhofSk; M';fh';nf epytpa gpz;lg; gFjpfs; KGJk; epfH;e;j gw;gy bghUs; jpuSk; tpyFwhJ mfj;Jk; g[wj;Jk; nkyplj;Jk; bka;awp thde;jk; tps';f myFwhJ xHpahJ mJtjpy; tps';Fk; mUl; bghU";nrhjp vd; munr vd;W brhy;fpwhh;.   7
  • 8.
    3. Mj;k "hdk:: ,e;jkhbgUk; ,af;f rf;jpahd ,iwtd; kdk; vd;Dk; khaf;fUtpahy; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;fpd;w tiu ekJ clk;ig ,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhh;. ,e;j ,af;f rf;jp ekJ clypy; vg;gor; bray;gLfpwJ vd mwpe;J mnj ,af;f rf;jpia ehk; czh;e;J me;j rf;jpia ek;Kila cliya[k; capiua[k; ngzg;gad;gLj;Jk; tHptiffis bjhpe;J bfhs;tnj Mj;k "hdk;. Mj;k "hdk; bgw;why; ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; Jd;g';fs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epth;j;jp bra;J bfhz;L btw;wp fz;L epk;kjpahf thHyhk;. Kjypy; Mj;kh vd;why; vd;d/ gpd; "hdk; Kotpy;; Mj;k "hdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W ghh;g;nghk;. 3.1 Mj;kh Mj;kh vd;why; ek;Kila cliy capiu ,af;Ffpd;w vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sKoahj Nl;rkf; fUtp vd;W brhy;yyhk;. caph; ,y;iynay; cly; ,Uf;fhJ/ cliy itj;Jj;jhd; caph; cz;lh ,y;iyah vd;gij mwpa Koa[k;. Mfnt caph; cly;   8
  • 9.
    ,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J itf;fpd;wxg;gw;w fUtpna Mj;kh vdg;gLtJ. 3.2 "hdk; mqf;fs; njhd;wp mqf;fspd; ,izg;g[ ,af;f';fshy; mz;l nguz;lkhfp gpug";rkhfp cyfhfp caph;fs; gyt[khfp/ vj;jidnahnfho rPtuhrpfspy; ehDk; xUtd; vd;fpw bjspt[ bgWtnj "hdkhFk;. Koitg; gpoj;Jf; bfhz;Lnghdhy; bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. bjhlf;fj;ijg; gpoj;jhy; Koita[k; mwpayhk;. Mf gpwg;gpd; bjhlf;fj;ija[k; Koita[k; mwptnj “"hdk;”;. ,ijna jhd; mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ kfj;jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk; ,z';fpanjhh;me;ju';fkhd Nl;rk Vfhe;j Nl;rbkd;w fijiaf; nfS Fz';Ftpa Mjp me;jf; Fwpia ed;wha; - brs rh 113. nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; Mjp me;jf;Fwp bjhptJjhd; "hdk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.   9
  • 10.
    "hdk; vd;whny mwpjy;mwptpd; bjspe;j epiy vd;W brhy;yyhk;. ,d;bdhU tif tpsf;fk; "hyj;ij mwpjy; vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk;. clypd; cs;ns caph;; rf;jpahdJ RHd;W ,a';Fk;nghJ me;je;j clypd; mqf;TWfSf;F Vw;g caphpd; rpwg;ghw;wyhf vGk; tpist[fns czh;r;rpfs;. ,e;j czh;r;rpfisj; Ja;j;J capuhdJ bgUk; cz;ikj; bjspt[ jhd; mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vdg;gLk;. Md;kh vd;gJ gukhj;khtpd; Mw;wy;. mwpt[ vd;gJ Md;khtpd; ,af;fr; rpwg;g[. $Pt Md;khnth jd; epiy kwe;J $k;g[yd;fspy; bray;fSf;F Ml;gl;L g[yd;fspd; fth;r;rpapy; rpf;fp ka';Ffpd;w kaf;f epiyna khia vdg;gLtJ/ jd;Dila jttypikahy; g[yd;fth;r;rpapy; ,Ue;J kPz;;L khiaia tpl;L tpyfp mwpit Md;khtpy; yapf;fr; bra;J mnjhL xd;whfp gpize;J yakhfpd;w epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wnghJjhd; me;j epiya[k; gpwHhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghJjhd; "hdk; vd;fpw tpHpg;g[ epiyapy; Md;kh vd;gJ ,af;f Mw;wyhft[k; cly; Md;khtpw;F fUtpahft[k; ,Uf;fpd;w epiya[k; czug;gLk;.   10
  • 11.
    Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk; jtk; vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;. jtg;gapw;rp jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k; tpsf;fpa[k;; Tw Koa[k;/ "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;. 3.3 "hdnk flt[ s ; “mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk; Mjpgftd; Kjw;nw cyF”. vd;w ts;Sth; Fwpg;gpd;go cyfj;J caph;fs; Kjy; ,e;j cyfk; njhd;Wtjw;F yfh;j;jhthd gfthd; tiu ‘m’ vd;w xypahy; njhd;wpd. Mfnt mJnt Kjy; xypahd ‘m’ vd;gjhFk;. gpuhzpfs; Kjy; kdpjd; ,ae;jpuk; tiu thiaj;jpwf;fpd;w bjhl';Ffpd;w xyp ‘m’ vd;gjhFk;. Mfntjhd; ts;Stg;bgUkhd; nkw;fz;l Fwspd; yk; ‘m’ fuj;ij Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;j cyfj;jpy; cs;s caph;fs; vy;yhnk mwpt[ rPtd;fshf cs;sd. Mdhy; kdpjd; vd;w rPtDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. ,e;j rpwg;gwptpd; yk; bjspe;j   11
  • 12.
    epiybgw;w bjspe;njhnu “"hdpfs;” vd miHf;fg;gLth;. Jhprw;w J}a mwpt[ tothd ,aw;ifapd; ey;y rf;jpfis epidj;J czh;e;J bjspt[ milahtpl;lhy; xUtd; vj;jid fw;wpUe;Jk; gad; ,y;iy. cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa fy;tp xd;W cz;L vd;why; mJnt “"hdf; fy;tp”. "hdnk flt[s;. Mj;k "hdk; mile;njhnu flt[s; Mthh;. ,aw;ifapy; ciufpd;w nguhw;wiyna ,iwtd; vd miHf;fpwhh;fs;. Mfnt ,aw;ifna ,iwtd;. mtd; ghj';fis tz';Ftnj rpwg;gwpt[ MFk;. mJnt "hdkhh;f;fj;jpd; jpwt[nfhy; vd;gij kwthjPh;fs;. Mj;k "hdk; vd;whny kdpjid mjw;Fj;jFjpahf;Fk; rpwg;gwpt[ vd;gJ bghUs;. rpwg;gwpt[ vd;d vd;fpw tpsf;fj;ijg; bgWtnj "hdk; MFk;. "hdpahf ntzL;k;/ "hdk; bgwntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf thH;f;ifia thH;f;ifj; Jizia mh;g;gzk; bra;aj;njitapy;iy. ,d;iwa kdpjd; thH;f;ifna ,ae;jpukak;/ ,d;iwa cyfk; tp";"hd cyfk;/ njitfs; kpFe;J ,ae;jpurhjd';fs; El;gkhd fUtpfs;   12
  • 13.
    thH;f;iff;F njitahd bghUl;fspd; mjpfhpg;g[ ,it kpFe;J bfhz;nl nghfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l ,f;fhyj;jpy; vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgw Koa[kh vd;gJ vy;nyhh; kdjpYk; vGfpd;w kiyg;ghd nfs;tp/ kiyg;g[j; njit ,y;iy. vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgwKoa[k;. j';fs; j';fspd; flikfis flika[zh;nthL bra;J kfpH;nthL ,y;ywj;ija[k; brk;ikahf elj;jp ed;kf;fisg; bgw;W xGf;fj;jpYk; mwj;jpYk; rpwe;jth;fshf gapw;Wtpj;J mjd; yk; FLk;gk; Ch; ehL cyfk; vd;w mstpy; mikjpahft[[k; ,d;gkhft[k; thHyhk;. bjspe;j ePhpny ePhpd; MHj;jpny ,Uf;fpd;w fw;fis fhz;gJ nghy btspr;rj;jpny bghUs;fisf; fhz;gJ nghy xU tpahghhpahdtDf;F jd;Dila bghUis tpw;gid tpiyeph;zak; bra;tJ vspJ. fhuzk; bfhs;Kjy; tpiy bjhpe;jtd; tpw;gid tpiyia vspjhf eph;zak; bra;thd;. mijg;nghynt Mirapdhy; FLk;gKk; vz;z';fshy clYk; mwbewpahy; rKjhaKk; jj;Jt "hd tpsf;fj;jhy; "hdKk; rkhjhd thH;t[k; ek;ik Mf;ft[k; fhf;ft[k; cjt[fpd;wd.   13
  • 14.
    Mfnt ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; ve;j mst[ "hdk; ,lk;bgWfpwnjh me;j msnt ekf;Fr; rpwg;ghd thH;t[ ,d;g[w;W thH;fpd;w epiy MH;e;j mikjp fpilf;Fk;. Mj;k "hdk; vd;gJ Rlh;tpl;L gpufhrpf;Fk; tpsf;F/ ,Uz;l thH;f;iff;F tHpfhl;o. Mfnt xt;bthUtUk; Mj;k "hdk; bgw Kayntz;Lk;. ,ayhjth;fs; "hdpfs; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp elf;f ntz;Lk;. J}a kdj;jhy; jhd; Mj;k "hdk; milaKoa[k;; vd;W typa[Wj;jpdh;. ehk; "hdk; bgw;whh; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp mtu; mwpit jd;kakhf itj;Jf; bfhz;L ehk; Kiwahft[k; rpwg;ghft[k; thHyhk;. vdnt Mj;k "hdk; kl;Lnk thH;tpw;F cah;t[k; ,d;gKk; mspf;Fk;. Mj;k "hdj;ij Mz;-bgz; ,UghyUk; milayhk;. mjpy; ve;jj; jila[k; ,y;iy/ ekf;F ntz;oaJ vy;yhk; 1. jplkhd kdk; (A STRONG WILL POWER) 2. MH;e;j ek;gpf;if (DEEP FAITH) 3. mfj;jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz ek;gpf;if itj;J mtdplk; ruziljy; (TOTAL SURRENDER) 4. ey;y vz;z';fs; - vy;nyhUk; ed;whf thHntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;; (GOOD THOUGHTS)   14
  • 15.
    ehk; vg;nghJk; ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j kdk; ntz;Lkhdhy; ek; kdjpd; bray;ghLfis xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;. mjw;F Kjypy; $Ptd; my;yJ kdpjd; vg;go caph; vLf;fpwJ vd;gij g[hpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. 4. $Ptd; clypd; cs;ns caph;; rf;jpahdJ btl;l btspapny cs;s Mw;wy;fis gpuhztha[tpd; yk; r;Rf; fhw;why; clypd; cs;ns ,Gj;J nfhof;fzf;fhd ekJ cly; mqf;fSf;F Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J cliy ,af;f itf;fpwJ. ,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fshshd ,g;gpug";rj;jpy; ,Ue;J kdpj $Ptd; cw;gj;jp MfpwJ. Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F ykhdJ ,uz;L rf;jpjhd;. mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp vd;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt gukhqthFk;. mnj nghy kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L y mqf;fs; fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk; vd;fpd;w Mz; Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k; rf;jp vd;fpw bgz; Rnuhzpjg;g[Gt[k; ,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy; $Ptd; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.   15
  • 16.
    ,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd; RUf;fkhf caph;; rf;jp my;yJ $Ptd;; vd;fpnwhk;. ,e;j ,uz;Lk; mjhtJ clYk capUk; nrh;e;J bray;gLfpd;w xU bghUisj;jhd; $PPtd]; vd;fpnwhk;. cyfpy; cs;s xt;bthUtUk; jdJ $Ptdpd; r h p j ; j p u j ; i j f ; f z ; L b fh z ; l h y ; ; c y f p y ; v y ; y h k ; ,d;gk;jhd;. ,t;t[yfpy; vJt[k; ey;yJk; ,y;iy. ez;gd; giftd; fpilahJ. xt;bthU Md;kht[k; jd; Ra J}a mwpit mwpe;J tpl;lhy; vy;yhk; rkk;/ vy;yhk; ,d;gkak; MFk;. mJnt Mj;k"hdk; bgWtJ/ ,d;wpikahjJ. $Ptdpd; gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,wg;gpw;Fk; ,ilna eilbgWk; bjhlh;gaznk thH;f;ifahFk;. thHj;bjhpe;J thH:gth;fshd "hdpfis ek;gp mth;fisg; gpd;gw;wpa[k; thH;tnj "hd thH;t[ my;yJ "hd thH;f;ifahFk;. mJnt ,d;g thH;f;ifahFk;/ 5. "hd thH;t[ thH;f;if vd;gJ d;W mikg;gpny bray;gLfpwJ.   16
  • 17.
    1. ,aw;if/ 2.rKjhak;/ 3. ,d;gJd;g';fs;. ,k;d;Wk; kdpjd; thH;f;ifia eph;zapf;fpd;wd. Mfnt ,k;d;W gFjpfisa[k; bjspthf Muha;e;J mwptpny KGik bgw;W thH;tnj "hd thH;t[/ ,J jhd; ,d;g thH;t[/ kdk; jd;trkhf ,Ue;J Ml;og; gilj;jjhy; kdpjd; vd;W bgah; te;jJ. kdJ + jd; vd;gJ jhd; kdpjd;. mnjnghy; ehd; vd;w Mztk; nknyh';fp ,Ue;jtid eu + mfk; (eumfk;) bfhz;ljhy; eud; vd;Wk; bgah; cz;lhapw;W. ,d;bdhd;W eufk; vd;W Vd; bgah; cz;lhapw;W vd;why; ehd; vdJ vd; kf;fs; vd;bghUs; vd; M!;jp vd;W FWfpa tl;lj;jpw;Fs; rpf;Fz;L mtDila mwpthdJ bray;gLk;nghJ fhkk; Fnuhjk; nfhgk; nkhfk; kjk; khr;rh;ak; lk;gk; <h;ir nghd;w jPa Fz';fspd;; tpistha; gy;ntW Jd;g';fSf;F Mshf nehpLk;. ,ijna eufk; vd;gJ. jPik+ mfk; jPikahd mfj;jhy; vGk; bjhy;iyfisna eufk; vd;W Twpdhh;. Mfnt Kjypy; J}a;ikahd kdj;ij mfj;ijg; bgWtnj "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwahFk;.   17
  • 18.
    6. "hdk; bgWk;tHpKiwfs; Md;k mwpt[ bgwntz;Lk;.ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg; kdpjd; bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy; jFjp MFk;/ kdij ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; yk; "hdj;ijg; bgw Koa[k;/kdija[k; cliya[k; nahfj;jpd; yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;JtJ "hdk; bgw cfe;j tHpahFk;/ thH;f;ifapy; jpdrhp ehk; ekJ kdj;ij xU Kf;fpakhd fUtpahff; bfhz;L ey;yJ bfl;lJ ,uz;Lf;Fnk cgnahfg; gLj;jp tUfpnwhk;. kdk; ,a';fhky; vija[k; bray;gLj;j KoahJ. gytpjkhd rf;jpfs; gpug";rj;jpy; gutpf;fplf;fpd;wd. mjpy; Mf;fg{h;tkhd rf;jpfSk; mHpt[ rf;jpfSk; Mfhaj;jpy; Rw;wpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; rpy rf;jpfs; kpfgykhf ,a';Fk;/ rpy rf;jpfs; gytPdkhf ,a';Fk;/ ey;y rf;jp miyfs; gykhf ,a';Fk;nghJ ehk; vLj;j fhhpak; btw;wp bgWk;. ekJ thH;tpy; btw;wp njhy;tpfs; ,e;j ey;y bfl;l rf;jpfspd; Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy;jhd; eilbgWfpwJ vd;fpw cz;ikia czu ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; rpy ekJ vz;z';fspYk;/ rpy btspapy; Vw;gLk; rf;jpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jhYk; eilbgWk;. ekf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rf;jpapy;   18
  • 19.
    rpf;fpf;bfhs;Sk;nghJ ehk; mjpypUe;J kPsKoahJ. ,e;j jPa rf;jpapypUe;J KGikahf tpLgl Md;k mwpt[ bgwntz;Lk;. 7. Md;k mwpt[ bgw 1. ehk; vg;nghJk; vy;nyhiua[k; md;g[ld; nerpj;J re;njhrj;Jld; kdk; tpl;Lg;ngrp gHfp tuntz;Lk;. 2. kdjhy; Tl xUtUf;Fk; jP';F bra;af;TlhJ. 3. ekJ guk vjphpf;Fk; Tl bfLjy; Vw;gLj;jf;TlhJ. ey;yijna bra; vdt[k; mtUf;Fk; ey;y vz;zj;ijf; bfhL vdt[k; ,iwtid ehk; ntz;of;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. 4. ve;jf;fhyj;jpYk; ve;j rkaj;jpYk; ahh; ek;ik fhzte;jhYk;; ehk; mtiu md;g[ld; tuntw;W cgrhpf;f ntz;Lk;. md;ghf ngrp mDg;g ntz;Lk;/ 5. ve;jf; fhuzj;ijf; bfhz;Lk; ahh; kPJk; nfhgg;gLtnjh jfhj thh;j;ijfshy; ittnjh TlhJ. 6. ntiyf;fhuh;fs; bghpath;fs; ekf;F nfhgk; cz;lhf;Fk;go ngRgth;fs; ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk; md;g[ld; ngrntz;Lk;. kdjpy; mth;fSf;F ey;y   19
  • 20.
    vz;zj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk;go ,iwtid gpuhh;j;jpf;f ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg; kdpjd; bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy; jFjp MFk;/ ,e;j ghpRj;j kdk; mwk; jtk; $gk; jpahdk; Kjypa gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J te;jhy; jhd; bgw Koa[k;/ Kjypy; rpwe;j FUtplk; brd;W jd;id mog;gilapy; jpUj;jp mthplk; ey;yhrp bgw;W nkw;fz;l gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J tuntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Kjypy; kdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W bjhpe;J bfhs;sntz;Lk;. 8. ghpRj;j kdk; kdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLtJ. xd;W cs;kdk; ,d;bdhd;W g[wkdk; (btspkdk;) 8.1 btspkdk; btspkdkhdJ gytpj Mrhghr';fSf;F cl;gl;lJ. mjDila Jizth;fshd bka; tha; fz; fhJ f;F Mfpa Ie;J g[yd;fs; jhd; ek;Kila btspkdij Ml;og;gilf;Fk;. gytpjkhd Rf';fis mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;. ,jd; yk; gy   20
  • 21.
    ,d;dy;fs; neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk; jPz;ly; ,d;gk; nghd;wtw;iwj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. njfk; kdpjidj; jtwhd ghijapy; nghfr;bra;a[k;. ,jpypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpf;f ntz;Lk;. tha; ngRtjw;Fk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk; cjt[tJ. mnj rkak; bfl;ltw;iw ngRtjw;Fk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk J}z;LtJ. fz; ,J kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. kdpjDf;F kpfkpf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j fz; ghh;g;gJ vy;yhk; mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w Miriaj; J}z;LtJk; mwpit tsh;f;f gof;f cjt[tJk; ,f;fz;fns/ MH;kdija[k; ghh;itapy; ghh;j;J kdjpy; gjpaitf;Fk; kpfKf;fpakhd mitafkhFk;. fhJ ,d;dpiriaf; nfl;gJ kw;Wk; ngRtJ gy ey;yJ bfl;lJ nghd;w tptfhu';fis nfl;f cjt[tJ. f;F thridfis mDgtpg;gJld; kdfpsh;r;rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j cWg;g[ bray;gLk; .   21
  • 22.
    ,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahfbtspkdkhdJ murhl;rp bra;J kdpjid ey;yJ bfl;lJ ,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og; gilf;Fk;. Mfnt ,e;j btspkdk; ml';fpdhy;jhd; cs;kdk; jpwf;Fk;. 8.2 cs;kdk; cs;kdkhdJ vija[k; bra;af;ToaJ. mjw;F ey;yit bfl;lit bjhpahJ. btspkdk; vd;d brhy;fpwnjh mij mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L. cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy; mghukhdJ. ,jd; rf;jpfis vGj;jhy; mstpl;Lf;Tw KoahJ. gytpjkhd Mghr jPa vz;z';fis mfw;wp ekf;F vJ njitnah mij czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf cs; kdJf;Fj; bjhpag;gLj;jp tpl;lhy; cs;kdk; mij mg;gona epiwntw;wp tpLk; Mw;wy;gilj;jJ. Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og;gilf;Fk; btspkdij mlf;Ftjw;Fjhd r;Rgapw;rp jpahdk; ke;jpu';fs; ghuhaz';fs; Kjypad bra;antz;Lk;.   22
  • 23.
    Kjypy; btspkdij xUepiyg; gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; btw;wp bgw;why; cs;kdjpy; ekJ ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ kpfr;Rygk;. kdjpw;Fk; Rthrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp ,y;yhj bjhlh;g[z;L. kdk; ve;j mst[ bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[ r;Rf; fhw;wpd; mst[k; bray;gLk;. btspkdij mlf;fr; rhd;nwhh;fs; ,uz;L cghaj;ijf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. 1. xd;W jj;Jt hPjpahf ,e;j vz;zk;; jPikahdJ vdnt ,ijj; js;sptpl ntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd rpe;jidapy; xt;bthU jPa vz;zjija[k; xJf;fp kdij jd;Dila mwptpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ. 2. ,d;bdhd;W r;Rf;fhw;W hPjpahf ml';fhj fhisia mlf;Ftjw;F bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy ml';fhj kdij mlf;f r;R gapw;rp bra;J r;Rf;fhw;iw mlf;fpj; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ. ,Jnt kdkl';fpdhy; r;R ml';Fk   23
  • 24.
    r;rl';fpdhy; kdk; ml';Fk; vd;gjhFk;. 3. kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w gpizg;gpy; mfg;gl;Lf; bfhz;Ls;shd;. mtd; md;whlk; gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f ntz;oa NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp thGfpwhd;. Mfnt mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J kdij mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr; brYj;jp kdkl';fr; bra;tJ vspjhd fhhpakpy;iy. fhuzk; nahrpg;gjw;F fhyk; nghJtJ ,y;iy. Mfnt jw;fhy NH;epiyapy; r;Rg; gapw;rpapd; yk;jhd; kdij mlf;f ntz;oa fl;lha epiyapy; cs;shd;. kdjpd; bray; totk; Kd;ng ghu;j;njhk;. kdk; jj;Jtf;Tw;wpy; bray;gLtij ,g;nghJ ghu;g;nghk;. 9. me;jf;fhuzk;-4 kdk; g[j;jp mf';fhuk; rpj;jk; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. xU bghUis mwpa g[yd;fshd bka; tha; fz; f;F brtp vd;git g[wj;nj ,Ue;J bray;gLfpd;wd. mit jUk; tpra';fisg; gjpt[ bra;J mfk;; cs;ns ,Ue;J bray; gLfpd;wd. mfj;nj epd;W bray;gLk;   24
  • 25.
    fUtp mff;fUtpfs; my;yJ me;jf;fuzk; MFk;. 9.1 kdk; VnjDk; xU bghwpthapyhf tUk; bghwpfspd; bra;jpfis me;jg;bghUspd; kPJ epWj;jp ,J ,d;djhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd epidj;J re;njf epiyapy; ,Ug;gnj kdk; vdg;gLk;/ 9.2 g[ j ;jp mJ ,Jjhd; vd epr;rapf;Fk;. 9.3 mf';fhuk; ,e;j epr;ra czh;t[ bray;totk; bgw fUtp fuzhjpfs; Cf;Ftpf;f vGk;g[k; epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk;/ 9.4 rpj;jk; ,e;j bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff; bfhz;L tUjy; rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;. Md;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf; bfhz;L czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[ gw;Wjy;   25
  • 26.
    epr;rapj;jy; xUg;gl;L vGjy; rpe;;jpj;jy; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,dp xU bghUis ,d;dJ vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida gHf;fk; gw;wp mjd; tpidf;F <lhf mijj; jdf;F cwthfnth gifahfnth bghJthfnth czUk;. ,g;go czh;jyhy;; ,d;gk; Jd;gk; kaf;fk; vd d;W tpj Fz';fSs; xd;whf ghpzkpf;Fk;. ,t;thW ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk; g[j;jpia Md;kh ,J Jd;gk; ,J ,d;gk; ,J ,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J gpd; mf;Fzk; njhd;Wfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; ehd; ,d;g[w;nwd; Jd;g[w;wnd; ka';fpndd; vd czUk;. ,t;t[zh;t[fs;; fhl;rpfs; MFk;. g[wj;nja[s;s; fz;qf; fpdpabjhU bghUisf; fz;L ,d;g[Wk; nghJ Kd;dh; ,J njhd;whfhl;rpa[k; ,d;dbjd czUk; khdrf;fhl;rpa[k; ,J ,d;d ,d;gk; vd;Dk; jd;; czh;t[ fhl;rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf fhuz fhhpa Kiwapy; fly; miynghy; Md;khtpd; czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;. ,g;goahf Md;kjj;Jtk; 24-k; Md;kht[f;Fj; J}atotpy; neu; bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd. rpj;jh;fs; kdij ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; yk; "hdj;ijg; bgwKoa[k; vd;W czh;e;J bjhpe;J mjw;F m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;L tifahd gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;.   26
  • 27.
    xUtd; j';f Mguzk;bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why; ciyapy; ,l;L fha;r;rp j';fj;ij jfLfshf;fp fk;gpfshf;fp gf;Ftkhf;fp Mguzk; bra;fpd;whnd. mJnghy kdija[k; cliya[k; nahfj;jpd; yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp "hdk; bgw cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. kf;fSf;Fk; gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E }y ; f s ; yk; vGjpitj;Js;shh;fs;. Mfnt jFe;j gapw;rpapd; yk; g[yd;fis btsp tptfhu';fspy; nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk; brYj;jtplhky; g[yd;fis bty;tjw;Fg; gapw;rp; Kiwfis fz;Lgpoj;jhh;fs;;. mjd; yk; Rthrk; jhdhff; fl;Lg;gLk;. Rthrk; fl;Lg;gLk;nghJ kdRk; fl;Lg;gLk;. kdk; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Uf;fpd;wth;fns rpwe;j nahfpfs;. mij mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brgpf;fntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia epWj;j ntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia cah;j;j ntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brk;ikahnk nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; kdj;jpwk; bfhz;lth;fSf;F vJt[k; ve;j gapw;rpa[k; njitapy;iy vd;W TWtjpypUe;J kdij   27
  • 28.
    brk;ikahf itj;J thH gHfpf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. vJt[k; gHf;fkhfp gpd;g[ tHf;fkhf khWfpwJ. Mfnt ey;y tHf;fkhf ey;yth;fshf thH KaYnthk;. 10. kdpj Md;kh ,iwtd; cyfpy; gy $Ptuhrpfisg; gilj;jhh;. 84 yl;rk;; $Ptuhrpfs; vd;W TWth; rhd;nwhh;. Mdhy; ehk; mwpe;jJ vd;dnth xU E}W ,UE}W vd;whny mjpfk;. ,jpny kdpjdpd; gilg;g[ kpft[k; mhpa xd;W. mwpt[ KGikaile;j xd;W vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh; "hdpfs;. 7 tifgpwg;g[ 4tifj;njhw;wk; 84 yl;rk; $Ptuhrpfs; midj;Jnk Md;khf;fs; Tl;lk;jhd;. Mdhy; ,tw;wpy; kdpjDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. mijj;jhd; MwhtJ mwpt[ vd;W Md;nwhh;fs; TWfpd;wdh;. kdpjdhy; kl;Lnk jhd; ahh; vd;W mwpa[k; rpwg;ghw;wy; ,Ug;gjhy; kdpjd; kdpjdhfp g[dpjdhfp gpd; flt[s; Mfpd;w nguhw;wiyg; bgwKofpwJ. mjdhy; kdpjd; kpfr;rpwe;jtdhfg; nghw;wg; gLfpwhd;. fhuzfhhpa';fisf; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj mwpt[f;F kl;Lnk cz;L.   28
  • 29.
    mjdhny jhd; cly;,af;fk; vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F g[yd; ,af;fk; fhuzk;/ g[yd; ,af;fj;jpw;F vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F fhuzk; vz;zk;/ ,g;go xt;bthd;iwa[k; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj Md;kht[f;F cz;L. mjdhy;jhd; g[yd;fs; Ie;ija[k; fle;J mjw;F nky; brd;W xt;bthU epfH;r;rpf;Fk;/ njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; vd;d fhhpak; vJ vd;W fz;L gpof;Fk; Mw;wy; Md;khtpw;F cz;L/ g[yd;fs; fl;Lg;ghL eP';fpa Md;kh J}a Md;khthf khWfpwJ. me;j J}a Md;khthy;jhd; gpw caph;fs; bgWfpd;w Jd;g';ifs ,d;g';fis mtw;wpd; czh;r;rpfspd; mst[fis fzpj;J ,w';fp cjt[k; fUiza[s;sk; bgwKofpwJ. kdpjdpd; cly; fUtpfSf;Fj; njitahf Jizahf gytpjkhd Ma[j';fs; ,ae;jpu';fisf; fz;L gpoj;J gad;gLj;j jFjp bgw;wJk; kdpj Md;khjhd;. jd; ,dk; njhd;wp tHptHpahf gl;l mDgt';fspd; gpujpgypg;ghf kdpj thH;f;ifia tskhf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ,nj kdpj Md;khtpw;F cz;L. gynfho caphpd';fs; thGfpd;w ,e;j g{kpna cyfk;. ,e;j cyfj;ijg; nghd;W vj;jidnah cyfk; vj;jidnah nfhs:fs; mz;l nguz;l';fs; bfhz;l gpug";rkhf cs;sJ. ,e;jg; gpug";rj;jpy; kdpjd; vd;gtd; rpW mq   29
  • 30.
    nghd;wtd; jhd;/ nghpaf;fkz;lyj;jpy; kdpj Md;kh mqnghd;wJ. ,Ue;jhYk; kdpj Md;khjhd; ,e;j gpug";rj;ij mspf;fpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; xg;gw;w rf;jpfis fz;Lgpof;fpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; mirt[fisf;Tl fzf;fpl;Lf; Tw KofpwJ. nfhs;fspd; njhw;w';fisa[k;/ mjd; r";rhuj;ija[k; el;rj;jpuf;Tl;l';fisa[k; bray;ghLfisa[k; fzf;fpl KofpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;ly ,af;fj;jpd; Mw;wy;fis vy;yhk; kdpj Md;kh fzf;fpLk; Mw;wiyg; bgw;Ws;sJ vd;why; ,e;j kdpj Md;khtpw;F nghpaf;f kz;lyj;ijg; nghd;w khbgUk; Mw;wy; cs;sJ vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ. me;j Mw;wy; ,y;iybad;why; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis mwpa KoahJ. kdpj Md;kh kfj;jhd rf;jp bgw;wJ. rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. mjdhy; jhd; nfhs;fspy; eilbgWk; ,af;f';fisa[k; mjpy; fhqk; njhw;wf';isa[k;/ Fz';fisa[k;/ fz;lwpe;J rpwg;ghf Md;kh thH;fpwJ. mjd; rpwg;ig kdpj Md;kh kl;Lnk czh;fpwJ. mjdhy; jhd; kdpj Md;kh ,aw;ifg; gpug";rj;ij czh;e;J nghw;wp tHpgl;L mjpy; fyf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. kdpjd; xUtnd ,e;j ,aw;ifapd; nguhw;wy; cz;ikia czh;e;jtd;;. mwptpd; tsh;r;rp ghpzhkj;jpny kdpj mwpnt   30
  • 31.
    Kothd cr;rkhd Koitj;jUfpwJ. kdpj mwptpnyjhd; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis mwpaKofpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; Kot[fs;Tl kdpj mwptpny r';fkkhfpwJ. mj;jifa mwpt[ clw;TW bgw;wtnd kdpjd;. mtd; jd; Md;khit czh;fpd;w J}a nguwpnt "hdk;. Md;kh jdJ jPa gjpt[fis ePf;fpg; guk;bghUis czh;e;J kPz;Lk; gpwthj tHp czh;e;J fiunawnt cliy fl;of; bfhz;lJ. mijf;fhj;Jk; tUfpwJ. g[yd;fshy; rpf;fpj; jtpj;J fl;Lz;L khia vd;fpw tpy';fpd; thapy; mfg;gl;L mwpt[ bjspt[ mw;w epiyapy; brayhw;Wk; mnj rkak; mJnt jd;Dila gl;lwpthy; bjspe;j mwpt[ bgw;W bjspe;j epiyapYk; brayhw;Wfpd;wJ. 11. czh;r;rp - czh;t[ - kdk; kdpj cliy czh;r;rp vd;w bray;ghL bghpJk; gPoj;Jf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. kdpj clypy; ,uj;jk; btg;gk; fhw;W mjdjd; ghijfspy; rPuhf bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. clypYs;s mqf;fs; Tl;lj;jpw;F mJnt Mnuhf;fpaj;ijf; bfhLf;fpwJ. ,it rPuhf Kiwahf bray;glhky; ,uj;jnkh fhw;nwh btg;gnkh khWgl;L bray;gLkhdhy; ve;j ,lj;jpy;   31
  • 32.
    khWghlhfr; bray;gLfpwnjh me;j ,lj;jpy; cs;s mqf;Tl;lk; eypt[Wk;. mg;nghJ $Ptrf;jpahd capUf;Fj; Jd;gk; vd;fpw czh;itj;jUk;. ,j;jifa Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl VjhtJ xU tHpiaj;njLfpwJ. mJ xU brayhfnth bghUshfnth NH;epiyahfnth ,Uf;fyhk;/ ,e;j njlny ehl;lkhfpwJ/ Kaw;rpahfpwJ/ gpd;g[ brayhf;fk; bgWfpwJ. ,e;j njlypd; bjhlh;gaznk Jd;g czh;thft[k; njita[zh;thft[k; Kaw;rpahft[k; brayhft[k; ,d;gJd;g tpist[fshft[k; bjspthft[k; Kothft[k; tphpe;J bray;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf clnyhL bfhz;l bjhlh;ghy; capUf;F Vw;gLk; mDgt';fspd; bjhFg;ghf kdk vd;w Nl;Rkf;fUtp bray;gL:fpwJ. 12. kdk; vd;Dk; khaNl;Rkf;fUtp kdjpy; cjak; MFk; xU bray;ghl;il vz;zk; vd;W TWfpnwhk;. vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpd; xU rf;jp MFk;. btl;lbtsp btspa[yfpy; g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w fth;e;jpGf;Fk; <h;g;g[r; rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; me;j <h;g;g[r; rf;jpia vjphpilahf tpyf;fpj;js;Sk; tpfh;#z rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtif rf;jpahFk;. ,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w   32
  • 33.
    Mw;wy; ml';fpa[s;sd. ,e;j ,aw;iff; fs";rpaj;jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w fUtpahdJ rpwpjst[ Mw;wiy fpufpj;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j me;j rf;jpia kdk; jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. gpwF me;jr; rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna brYj;JfpwJ. ,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd; yKk; Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd; yKk; tUfpwJ/ cztpd; yk; cly; ,af;fk; eilbgWtJnghy/ mnj cztpd; yk; Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk; cz;L gz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJ ehk; vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy; btspna js;SfpwJ. Mfnt kdk; vd;W brhy;yg;gLtJ mwpt[s;sjy;y vd;gij mwpfpnwhk;. Mdhy; mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy; njhd;WfpwJ. mt;tpjk; mJnjhd;Wtjw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd;why; mwpt[s;s Mj;kh mjd; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; Mj;kh xd;nw xd;W kl;Lk;jhd; mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ. kdk; vd;gJ btspa[yfj;ij Mj;kh gw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLk; fUtpahf kl;Lnk ,Uf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf ,e;jg;g[j;jfj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;. g[wj;jpy; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jg;bghUis   33
  • 34.
    cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J bfhs;tjpy;iy. mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj ,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ kdijr;brd;W jhf;fp xU J}z;Ljiy mjhtJ miyfis cz;L gz;qfpd;wd. ,e;j J}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk; tifapy; kdk; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;ijg; bghUs;gLj;JfpwJ. ,t;tpjkhf jz;zPhpy; miyfs; cz;lhtijg;nghy kdjpy; vz;z miyfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpd;w cyfk; kdjpy; miyfs; njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. g[j;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh ahidapd; cUtnkh kdpjdpd; cUtnkh btsp cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. mjhtJ mtw;iwg;gw;wp btspapypUe;J tUk; J}z;LjYf;Fg; gjpyhf ekJ kdjpy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; gw;wp kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. g[wj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ kdjpy; ,r;rj;jpia cz;L gz;qtjw;F fhuzkhf kl;Lnk mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j cz;ikia tpsf;Ftjw;F xU Kj;Jr; rpg;gpia cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;. Kj;J vg;go cz;lhfpwJ vd;gJ vy;nyhUf;Fk; bjhpe;jnj. g[wj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpahf xU fpUkp Kj;Jr;rpg;gpapd; Xl;Lf;Fs; g[Fe;J mij cWj;JfpwJ. mjhtJ rpg;gpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; g{r;rpia mJ epdt[f;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j bjhe;jutpypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf rpg;gp   34
  • 35.
    kpDkpDg;ghf xUtpj jputj;ij mjhtJ vdhky; giria ff;fp btspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gpwF rpg;gp jdf;F cgj;jputk; tpistpj;j fpUkpia Rw;wpYk; me;j vdhky; giriag; g{rp fpUkpia o kiwj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Kj;J cz;lhfpwJ. ekJ mDgtj;jpy; Kj;J cz;lhtjw;F xl;Lz;zp fpUkp fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJnghy btspcyfk; ekJ mDgtj;jpw;F mog;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. rpg;gpf;Fs; fpUkp g[FtJ nghy; Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf g[Fe;J gpug";rk; ekf;Fg; g[yg;gLfpwJ. rpg;gp vdhky; giria btspg;gLj;JtJ nghy ,e;j gpug";r braiy ehk; mwpfpnwhk;. ,t;tpjk; kdjpy; eilbgWk; braiy rhjhuz kdpjdhy; xUnghJk; mwpe;J bfhs;s KoahJ. Vbddpy; mt;tpjk; mtd; bjhpe;J bfhs;s Kaw;rp bra;a[k; mnjrkaj;jpy; jd; vdhky; giria btspna mDg;g[fpwhd;. gpwF jd;Dila me;j vdhky; g{r;irna ghh;f;fpwhd;. Mfnt kdk; cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj; jtpu ntW vija[k; kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s ,aYtjpy;iy. cz;ikahd Md;kh kdjpw;F gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; ifapy; cs;s fUtpahf kdk; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd kdpjdhfpa eP (Mj;kh) epw;Fk;nghJjhd; kdk; mwpt[ilajhfpwJ.   35
  • 36.
    mg;nghJjhd; kdJf;F mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; jpwika[z;lhfpwJ. Mj;kh kdijf; iftpl;LtpLk;nghJ mJ J}s;Jshfr; rpjwpg;ngha; xd;Wnk ,y;yhky; btWik mile;J tpLfpwJ. ,g;nghJ kdk; vd;d vd;gijg; g[hpe;J bfhz;Oh;fs;. rpj;jk; kdk; vy;yhk; xU ,Ug;gplkhFk;. mjpy; vGfpd;w miyfSf;Fk; RHpfSf;Fnk tpUj;jp vd;w bgah;. ,e;j t p U j ; j p a p d ; y n k e k ; kh y ; m w p a g ; g L k ; c y f k ; ekf;F gpug";rkhf tps';FfpwJ. Md;kh kdk; vd;w epiyapy; tpUj;jp vd;w miyfshYk; RHpfshYk; ,d;g';fisa[k; Jd;g';fisa[k; mDgtpj;J mjpnyna MH;e;J yapj;J jdJ gpwtp nehf;fj;ij kwe;J kha cyfpy; thGk;nghJ mof;fo czh;r;rptrg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa czh;r;rptrg;gLk; Md;khjhd; nguhir rpdk; gw;W ghy;fth;r;rp cah;t[ jhH;t[ t";rk;nghd;w mWtif Fz';fshf khw;wk; bgWfp;wJ. Md;kh ,g;gog;gl;l Fz';fspd; vGfpd;w vGr;rpapd; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gHpr;bray;fs; bra;J jdf;Fk; gpwh;f;Fk; Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ. Mfnt gpug";r khiaapy; Md;kh cHd;W jtpg;gij jtph;j;J   36
  • 37.
    khia kaf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl rpj;jh;fs; cz;lhf;fpa gapw;rpna nahfh my;yJ nahfk; vd;gjhFk;. 13. nahfk; nahfj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhf gad;gLk; fUtpna kdkhFk;. ,e;j kdkhdJ J}a;ikahf ,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ kdk; khR kUtw;w J}a;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ bjspthf ,Uf;Fk;. ePhpy; ePhpd; mokl;lj;ijf; fhz;gJnghy bjspe;j kdj;jhy; cz;ikg; bghUisf; fhz Koa[k;. me;j khR goe;j Jha;ikaw;w kdijg; gz;gLj;Jk; bewpna nahfk;. kdkhdJ mwpthfp Md;k czh;itg; bgw;W tpHpg;gpy; jd; yk; eho xL';Fk;nghJ jd;id bka;bghUshfnt czh;e;J bfhs;fpd;w ,e;j KGik ngw;wpid miltjw;Fj; njit nahfk;; vd;w clw;gapw;rpna MFk;. 14. bka;g;bghUs: btl;lbtspjhd; cz;ikahd bka;g;bghUs;. mg;bghUspny ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W czh;e;J btl;l btspapny njhd;wpa caphpd';fs; mj;jida[k; vd; cld;   37
  • 38.
    gpwe;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[ gpwe;J ve;j caphpd';fSf;Fk; Jd;gk; mspf;ff;TlhJ. Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; kPJ fUiz fhl;o ,d;gj;Jld; thGk; thH;f;ifjhd; tPLngW MFk;. ,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd; Md;khthFk;. btl;lbtsp bgUbtspahfpa bka;g;bghUisna thdk; vd;Wk; thd; vd;Wk; TWth;. tPL ngW bgw;wth;fis (thd;+ mth;) thdth; vd;W TWth;/ njth; vd;Wk; TWth;. (jhd; + mth); jd;id mtuhff; fz;l fhuzj;jhy; jhdth; jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;. jdJ gue;j mwpthy; vg;bghGJk; btl;l btsp bka;bghUSld; ,izj;J rjhfhyk; epyt[k; braYkhf ,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf;F mth;fspd; cs;sj;jpd; epiy Rth;f;fk; (Rth; + mfk;). Rth; vd;why; nghpd;gk;. fLe;jtj;jpd; yk; Md;khthdJ jd;dpiy tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ/ mg;go tpsf;fk; bgWfpd;w J}a epiyiaj;jhd; "hdk; vd;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j KGik ngw;iwna rhd;nwhh;fs; tPLngW vd;Wk; TWfpd;wdh;. tPL vd;why; ,lk; my;yJ Mjhuk; vd;W bgah;. fhuzk; ,y;yhky; fhhpak; gpwg;;gjpy;iy. Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; Mnjak; gpwg;gjpy;iy. ve;j njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; xU Mjhuk;   38
  • 39.
    ,Ue;njahfntz;Lk;. mJnghy; Md;khtpw;Fk; Xh; Mjhuk; ,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;. mjw;F Mjhuk; (vJ) ,lk; Mf cs;sJ vd Muha;e;jhy; Kothf ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;yhj xU bghUns vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mjhukhft[k; ,lkhft[k; ,Ug;gJ czug;bgWk;. cjhuzkhf nfhapy;nky; fyrk; ,Uf;fpwJ. fyrj;jpw;F nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/ nfhg[uj;jpw;F g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ. g{kpf;F btl;lbtsp ,lkhf cs;sJ. btl;lbtspf;F Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iy. mjd; moKoiaf; fhzKoahJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt mfj;jpaUk; ghug;gh moKoa[e; njog;nghd gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud;W neug;gh ntj Kiuj;jpl;l bra;jp ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj;jpl;l bra;jp brsrh -118 btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt jpUkhy; gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J rptd; ghjj;ijf;fhzr; brd;whh; vd;t[k; gpuk;kh md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz nkny brd;whh; vdt[k fij yk; brhd;dhh;fs;. btl;lbtsp vd;why; mjw;bfd;W Mjhuk; ,y;iy. Mfnt mJ KjyhfpwJ. mjpypUe;Jjhd;njhw;wg;bghUs;   39
  • 40.
    njhd;wpapUf;f ntz;Lk;. vdnt btl;l btspna MjpahdJ/ mjw;F ntW Mjhuk; ,y;yhjjhy; mJnt mehjpahdJ. btl;lbtsp vd;fpw tPl;od; ,af;f rf;jpahy; mfk;njhd;wp mfj;jhy; ,d;gk; njhd;wp; gpd;du; nghpd;g cs;sj;ijg; bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf thrpfs; vd;gjhFk;. btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; vd;gjw;F bka;g;bghUs; fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F fw;g';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F tPzhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; epj;jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F Kj;jpiu VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; je;jpukhd jye;jd;dpy; epw; nghhf;F ke;jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; Kj;jkpH; fw;W Ka';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F rj;j';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; cr;rpf;F nky; brd;W cah;btsp fhz;nghh;f;F ,r;rpg;gp';F VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f;F nkhfhe;jk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; rhfhky; jhz;o jdptHp nghnthh;f;F Vfhe;jk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; Mde;jk; bgh';fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F J}de;jhd; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;   40
  • 41.
    rpj;jpuf; Tlj;ij jpdk;jpdk; fz;nlhh;f;F gj;jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; nrh;e;njhh;f;Fg; gpd;dhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; brj;jhiug; nghyj; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F ifj;jhsk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j "hdpfSf;F vJt[nk njitapy;iy vd;gij tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; tpsf;fp TWtijf; fhzyhk;. cz;ikahd bghUspd; tpsf;fj;ij Md;kh mwpa[k;nghJjhd; ek;Kila kaf;fkhd khia ek;ik tpl;L tpyFfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd; bghUshf ,Uf;Fk; xd;iw bghUshff; fUJk; bka;a[zh;t[k; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;nghJ bka;g;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; fpilj;Js;sJ. 15. $Pthj;kh guhkhj;kh v';nfnah btl;lbtspapy; njhd;wpa guhkhj;khtpy; njhd;wpaJjhd;; $Pthj;kh/ gukhj;khtpw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy. mijna ts;syhh;   41
  • 42.
    jha; tapw;wpy; gpwthJjhnd Kisj;jtu;f;F bjz;ldpl;nld; vd;W brhy;yo vd;w ghly; yk; bjhl;Lfhl;oaij mwpayhk;. $Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;. gukhj;khtpw;F vd;d Mw;wy; cz;nlh mnj Mw;wy; $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. gukhj;kh Xh; ,aw;if. mnjnghy gukhj;khtpy; njhd;wpa $Pthj;kht[k; ,aw;ifapd; TW. gukhj;khtpy; msg;gwpa Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mnjnghy $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. ,e;j $Pthj;khtpd; mg{h;t rf;jpia gad;gLj;Jtnj Mj;k "hdk; MFk;. ,ij mwpahky; ,f thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ Md;khit gy Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;/ mjdhy; jhd; Md;khit Jd;g[Wj;jy; TlhJ. Md;khit tijf;ff;TlhJ/ Mdhy; Md;kh gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ. mJ vg;go vd;why; 1. flt[isj;njo mila Kad;Wk; mtdhy; flt[isf;fhz Koahj epiy. 2. thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw   42
  • 43.
    3. bra;fpd;wbray;fspd; tpist[fisg;gw;wp mwpahik. mwpe;Jk; myl;rpak; bra;fpd;w epiy/ mtkjpj;J mjdhy; Jd;gk; mDgtpf;Fk; epiy. 4. Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky; gpwh; kPJ mr;rKk; gif Jd;g[Wj;jy; nghd;wtw;why; my;yYWk; epiy/ nkw;fz;l Fiwfs; xd;nwhblhd;W ,ize;J thH;f;ifapy; gytpj rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshfp mtw;iw yFthfj; jPh;f;f Koahky; jtpj;J jhd; Jd;g[w;W gpwiuj; Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k; thH;fpwhd;. ,g;gog;gl;l rpf;fyhd ,f;fl;lhd NH;epiy tUfpwnghJ kdpjd; bjhpe;njh bjhpahknyh ,e;j ,f;fl;oypUe;J tpLjiy bgwntz;Lk; vd Kay;fpwhd;. xt;bthU $Pthj;khtplKk; Fiw eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk; jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjd; tpist[ rpe;jid Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ/ rpe;jpf;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rp bra;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rpapd; tpist[ bray;fspy; ,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k; bra;fpwhd;. mtd; braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf; fhz;fpwhd;. Mj;k "hdk; ,g;nghJ mtDf;F g[yg;gl Muk;gpf;fpwJ. kdpjdpd; beLe;J}ug; gazj;jpy; gyrpe;jid thjpfs; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; ty;Ydh;fs; rpj;jh;   43
  • 44.
    bgUkf;fs; nghd;nwhh;fs; gyE}y;fs;vGjpa[k; nghjidfs; Twpa[k; kdpjd; FiwghLfis KGikahf ePf;f Koatpy;iy/ fhuzk; kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpw r';fypg; gpizg;gpy; thH;e;J bfhzL ,Ug;gjhy; jhd; FiwghLfs; vy;yhhplKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; mtdpd; njit gHf;fk; mwptpd; tsh;r;rp re;jh;g;g NH;epiyfs; ,tid Fiw cs;stdhf Mf;FfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j rpyh;kl;Lk; rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs.; fhuz fhhpa';fis gFj;J czUfpwhh;fs;. mjdhy; jd; mstpy; gapw;rp bgw;W jd;Dila Fiwia ePf;fpf; bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,iwtidf; fhzntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tj;jpy; jd; mwptpd; tpsf;fj;jhy; Fiwiag;nghf;fpf; bfhz;lth;fs; rpyh;. ,tw;iw czh;e;njhuhy; czh;j;jg;bgWfpwhh;fs; gyh;. ,g;go gyh; czh;e;Jk; cgnjrk; bgw;whYk; mth;fspy; gyngh; jh';fs; bgw;w tpsf;f';fSf;F Vw;g gHf;fj;ij khw;wpf;bfhs;Sk; mst[ Jzpt[ bgWtjpy;iy. xt;bthU kdpjDk; xd;iw kwe;JtpLfpwhd;. xt;bthU braYk; Md;khtpy; gjpg;gpf;fgg;LfpwJ. Mfnt ehk; gHpr;brhy; ,Hpthd bray; nghd;w gjpt[fis Rj;jg;gLj;jp J}a;ikahf;fp guk;bghUnshL ,uz;lwf; fyf;fnt ek; cly; xU fUtpahfr; bray;gLfpwJ vd;gij kwe;J cz;ikfis   44
  • 45.
    czuhky; ,fthH;t[ khiaapy;cHd;W bfhz;L ,Uf;fnwhk;. Md;kh mwpt[ Kjph;e;J rpe;jidapy;; bjspt[ bgWk;nghJ jhd; bjspe;jth; Rl;of;fhl;o czh;j;Jk; nghJ jhd; mwpt[ tpHpg;g[ epiy milfpwJ. mijna ts;syhh; “grpj;jpU” “jdpj;jpU” “tpHpj;jpU” vd;W TWfpwhh;. “grpj;jpU” vd;why; vg;bghGJk; "hdg;grpnahL ,U vd;gjhFk;. “jdpj;jpU” vd;gJ khiaapy; g[yd;fis brYj;jhky; jdpj;jpUvd;gjhFk;/ “tpHpj;jpU” vd;gJ Md;kh khRglhky; tpHpg;nghL ,Ug;gJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j mwptpd; tpHpg;g[ epiy jhd; Md;kPf thH;thFk;. 16. Md;kPf thH;t[ kdpjdpd; thH;f;if fPH;fz;l epiyfspy; ,a';FfpwJ 1. ,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;fpw thH;t[ epiy. 2. ,aw;if tpjpj;j CH;tpid ,iwepiy/   45
  • 46.
    3. rKjha mikg;g[ ePjp mwbewp. 4. murh';fk;. nkw;fz;l epiyfspy; kdpj Md;khthdJ gl;L bjsptila[k; bjspt[jhd; thH;it ca;tpf;fty;yJ. Jd;g';fis fise;J ,d;gj;ijf; ju ty;yJ. nkw;fz;l; e pi y f s p y btw;wp fhznt rhd;nwhh;fs; ey;y E}y;fis vGjp rpwg;ghf thH tHp tiffisr; Twpr; brd;whh;fs;. mtw;wpy; fij thapyhff; TWfpd;w E}y;fs; gftj;fPij nghd;wJ/ fw;gidahff;TWk; fijfs; rpy ,uhkhazk; nghd;w fhtpa';fs;. ,j;jifa E}y;fis gog;gjpd; yKk; thH;f;if; mDgt';fspd; yKk; gapd;W mwbewp gpwHhJ rj;jpak; jh;kk; ePjp vd;fpd;w xG';F Kiwapy; cWjpahd gHf;fj;ij filgpoj;J thH;e;jhy; kdpjDila thH;t[ rpwg;ghft[k; ,d;gkhft[k; mikjpahft[k; mika[k;. ,Jnt Md;kPf gazj;jpw;F jpwt[nfhyhf mika[k;. ,e;j cah; bewpna Md;kPf thH;t[ vd;W Twyhk;. Md;khtpd; epiyawpe;J mjd; ,ay;iga[k; czh;e;J vz;zk; brhy; bray; ,tw;why; mwbewp gpwHhJ thH;e;J tUtJ Md;kPf thH;thFk;. ,g;go mwbewp nghw;wp xGfp   46
  • 47.
    thH;tjhy; Md;kh J}a;ik bgw;W KGik milfpwJ. ,J xU rpwg;ghd Md;kPfg; gazk; vd;W Twyhk;. jd;Dila mwptpd; bjspthy; ,g;go thH;f;if nkw;bfhs;tjhy; ,tw;iw xUtif Md;k "hdk; vd;W bfhs;syhk;. Md;kPf thH;t[ jhd; Md;k "hdj;ij jUk;/ ,jw;F jdpkdpj xGf;fk; kpf kpf Kf;fpak;/ jdpkdpj xGf;fk; Md;k "hdj;jhy; kl;Lnk bgw Koa[nk jtpu kw;w bray;ghLfshy; bgw KoahJ. jdpkdpj xGf;fnk xg;gw;w xGf;fkhd rKjhakhf khw cjt[k; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. mwtHp gpwHhJ thGk; bka;"hd tpsf;fj;jpd; ynk jdpkdpj xGf;fk; tsUk;. cyf kf;fs; eyk;ngz Koa[k;. bka;"hd tpsf;fk; vd;fpw Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk; jtk; vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;. jtg;gapw;rp jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k; t p s f; f p a [ k ; ; Tw Koa[k;/ "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;. 17. jj;Jt tpsf;fk; mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ clyhdJ 24 jj;Jt';fnshL To bray;gLfpwJ/   47
  • 48.
    18. gr";g{j';fs; epyk; ePh; beUg;g[ fhw;W Mfhak; Mfpa Ie;J g{j';fspd; Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj kdpj cly;. nkw;fz;l Ik;g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; totk; Fzk; epwk; vGj;J cz;L vd;W "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sdh;. mJ gpd;tUkhW cs;sJ. g{jk; tot[ epwk; vGj; Fzk; bjhHpy; Fwp bja;tk fiy J ; kz; ehw bghd; y fodk; jh';fy; tr;rpfu mad; epth;j;j nfhz ik k; p k; ePh; gpiw btz;i t jd;ik ghjk; jhki jpUkhy gpujp#;i k bra;jy; u ; l jP Kf; brk;i u btk;i xd;W Rthjpf tpj;ij nfhz k k tpjpj;j k; k; y; fhw; mWnfh fUg; a gue;J rhpj;jy; mWg[s; knfrd; rhe;jp W zk; g[ sp Mfha tl;l g[ifi Q btspah ,lk; mKj rjhrpt rhe;jpa k; k; k jy; bfhLj;j gpe;J k; fPij y;   48
  • 49.
    19. mq gukhqkw;Wk; caph;njhw;wk; Ie;J g{j';fs; xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; vl;L tpjkhd Fzhk;r';fs"; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk Fz';fs; vd;fpw jd;khj;jpiu cz;L. mJnt rg;jk; !;ghprk; +gk; urk; fe;jk; vdg;gLk; ,ijna Xir CW xsp Rit kzk; vd;Wk; TWthu;fs;. ,e;j Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy; bjhHpy;g[hpfpd;wd vd;W Muha[k; nghJ gukhq vd;fpw Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd; jd;dpaf;f RHw;rpapdhy; mz;l nguz;l';fs; cUthapd vd;gJ bjupatUk;. ,e;jg;gukhq vd;gJ Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs; fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y. ,J vd;nwh "hdpfshy; myrp Muhag;gl;lit. mqf;fs; gw;wp itnrrpf rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f KGf;f TWfpwJ. me;j VLfs; ,d;W ,y;iy. fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J tpl;ld. mq vd;gJ jj;Jt "hdj;jpy; Kot[f;F Kothd xU cz;ikiaf; TWtJ. ,e;j gpug";rk; my;yJ cyfj;jpd; bjhlf;fj;jpid mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd; bjhlf;fKk; Muk;gkhFk;. v';nfh btl;l btspapypUe;J xU E}y; bjh';Fkhdhy; mjd; Koitg;gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy; mjd;   49
  • 50.
    bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy gpug";rj;jpw;F mHptpida[k; Muk;gj;ija[k; mwpa d;W epiyahd mst[ nfhiyf; fz;lhh;fs;. xU t!;Jt[f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F nky; gphpf;f Koahj epiytiu mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nlnghdhy; Kotpy; mqf;fspy; brd;W Koa[k;. ,t;tqf;fs;jhd; cyfpd; xLf;fk;. ,tw;wpypUe;Jjhd; cyfk; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J mz;l nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd; mqj;jpwid Ma;e;jth;fs; mwpe;jth;fs; fjputd; xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F vd;d fhuzk>; thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf fhl;rp jUfpwJ vd;why; vd;d fhuzk>; vd;W Muha;e;jdh;. mjd; tpist[ rpd;d";rpW Jfs;fs; ,Ue;jhf ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;ldh;. xU bghUis Jz;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl brd;why; filrpapy; mjd; epiy gw;wp rpj;jh;fs; Ma;e;jdh;. mqtpy; mqtpid Mjpgpuhid mqtpy; mqtpid Mapuk; Twpl;L mqtpy; mqtpid mqf ty;yhh;f;F mqtpy; mqtpid mqfYkhnk - jpUyh;   50
  • 51.
    mqitj; Jisj;J VH;fliyg[fl;o -xsitahh; nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; rpj;jh;fs; mqitg; gw;wp vd;nwh Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;. mqbfhs;iffis ntj fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j mE g{jpkhd;fs; rhd;nwhh;fs; fp.K.500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng Twpa[s;sdh;. ,tw;iwbay;yhk; ekJ Mfk E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;. jkpHwp"h;fs; rpj;jh;fspd; Ma;t[j;jpwdhdJ gpug";rj;jpd; iy KLf;Ffisbay;yhk; myrp Ma;t[f; fskhf;fp mjida[k; RUl;o jdJ ff;fj;jpy; itj;Js;sdh;. rpj;jh;fs; mth;fisg; ghuhl;l ekf;F ehtpy;iy. 20. xspa[ k ; btg;gKk; fz;qf;F vl;lhj Jfs;fs; cU gz;g[ Kjypa ,ay;g[fs; ,y;yhjd. ,j;Jfs;fs; Mw;wiy nkw;bfhz;L jd; khj;jpiufs; vd;Dk; Jfs;fshf khWfpd;wd. gy jd;khj;jpiufs; x d ; W T o x U g u k h q t h f j ; j pu s ; f p d ; w d . ,e;j jd;khj;jpiufs; tpiutha;j; Jog;gjhy; xspa[k; btg;gKk; njhd;Wfpd;wd. bghUs;fspy; tpisa[k; ,uhrhad tpist[fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs; jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sdh;.   51
  • 52.
    ,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyhnfho ,Uf;fpd;w yj;Js; m';nf ,Uf;Fk; mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe;jhnd - jpUke;jpuk; -21 nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd mqf;fspy; mjd; yj;Js;ns ,Uf;fpd;w xspa[k; btg;gKk; mHy;fis tPRfpd;wd vd;W TWtijf; fhzyhk;. xspa[k; btg;gKk; mqj;jd;ik bfhz;lit vd;W rpj;jh;fs; Twpdhh;. mz;lk; vd;whny Kl;il totk; vd;gJ bghUs;. vg;go g{kpahdJ jd;dpiy RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk; bgw;Ws;snjh mnjnghy g{kpapy; gpwf;Fk; midj;Jk; tl;l totKld; njhw;wk; cz;lhfpwJ/ tpij Kisf;Fk;nghJ tl;l totk;/ gwit Kl;il tl;l totk;/ g{kpapy; tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;l totk; nahdpapy; fU tl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;goahf mz;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhlhd nfho nfhs;fs; mj;jida[k; tl;l totkhfnt tps';Ffpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; ,ay;g[fs; mjdjd; kpd;fhe;j <h;g;g[ miyfSf;nfw;g cz;lhd vGr;rpapd;   52
  • 53.
    ntWghLfshy; fzf;fpl Koahj nfhof; fzf;fhd ntWghLfis bfhz;Ls;sJ. ,itfs; jk;nkhL jhKk; gpwpJkhf fye;J mqf;fshft[k; mqj;jpushft[k; bghUshft[k; Mfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fspd; fyitfs; bfhz;lJjhd; $Ptuhrpfs; mz;lk; gpug";rk; midj:Jk; MFk;. rpj;jh;fs; j';fspd; nahf ty;yikahy; cyfpd; gilg;g[f;Fk; fhj;jYf;Fk; mHptpw;Fk; cz;lhd fhuz fhhpa';fis fz;L bjspe;J fhuz fhhpa';fs; vy;yhk; mqthf cs;sJ vd;W Twpdhh;fs;. mqf;fs; vy;yh caph;fspSk; vy;yh cyf';fspSk; vy;yh cyfpaw;bghUs;fspYk; epiwe;J ,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk; mqf;fs; jhd; epiwe;J cs;sd vd;W fz;ldh;. 21. g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk; gukhqtpdhy; g";rg{jk; cz;lhdJ. mjd; fyg;ghy; $Ptuhrpfs; cz;lhapw;W. $Ptuhrpfns g";rg{j fyg;gpd; Mw;wiyf;bfhz;ljhFk;. me;jg; g";rg{j Mw;wy; vg;go kdpj rhPuj;jpy; bray;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; ghh;g;nghk;.   53
  • 54.
    kdpjdhd $Ptdplk; mDgtKk; rpe;jida[k; To mwpt[g; bgUf;fk; Vw;gl;L jd; fhuz epiyeho Muha[k; nghJ guepiy eho Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy czh;e;j kdpjdhy; jj;Jt tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;t[yfnk Ik;bgUk; g{j mqf;fshy; MdJ. ,e;j Ik;g{j mqf;fspy; cs;s xt;bthU mqtpY[k; 96 jj;Jt';fs; mike;Js;sd. ,e;j 96 jj;Jt';fns kdpj rhPuj;jpy; bray;gLfpd;wd. 21.1.2 jj;Jt';fs; 96 1. Kjy; jj;Jtk; - 30 2. ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; - 30 3. d;whk; jj;Jtk; - 36 ------ Mf 96 ------ 21.1.1 Kjy; jj;Jtk; tpguk; - 30 1. g{jk; - 5 2. bghwp - 5 3. g[yd; - 5 4. fd;nke;jphpak; - 5   54
  • 55.
    5. fd;k tprak; - 5 6. fuzk; - 4 7. mwpt[ - 1 ------ Mf 30 mjd; tpguk; tUkhW. g{jk;-5 1. gpUjptp - kz; 2. mg;g[ - ePh; 3. nja[ - mf;dp 4. tha[ - fhw;W 5. Mfhak; - btsp bghwp-5 1. brtp 2. njhy; 3. fz; 4. ehf;F 5. f;F g[yd;-5 1. rj;jk; - nfl;fg;gLtJ (brtpf;F caph;f;TW)   55
  • 56.
    2. !;ghprk; - bjhL czh;t[ mwptJ (clk;g[f;F caphf;;TW) 3. cUtk; - fhz;gJ (fz;qf;F caph;TW) 4. ,urk; - mWRit mwptJ (ehf;Ff;F caph;f;TW) 5. fe;jk; - thrid mwpt[ (f;Ff;F caphf;;TW) fd;nke;jphpak;-5 1. tha; 2. if 3. fhy; 4. mghdk; 5. Fwp fd;k tprak;-5; 1. ngRjy; - thf;Ff;F caph;f;TW 2. flj;jy; - fhYf;F caph;f;TW 3. bfhLj;jy; th';fy; - iff;F caph;f;TW 4. tpLjy; - vUtha; caph;f;TW   56
  • 57.
    5. kfpH;jy; - Fwpf;F caph;f;TW fuzk;-4 1. kdk; - xd;iw ,izg;gJ 2. g[j;jp - mjid tprhhpg;gJ 3. mf';fhuk; - mjidf; bfhz;L nky; vGk;g[tJ 4. rpj;jk; - mjidr; bra;J Kog;gJ mwpt[-1 1. mwpt[ - jd;idf; fz;L kfpH;e;jpUj;jy; 21.1.2 ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; - 30 1. eho - 10 2. tha[ - 10 3. ra';fs; - 5 4. nfhrk; - 5 ------ Mf 30 ------ 1. eho - 10   57
  • 58.
    2. tha[ -10 mitahtd 1. gpuhzd; 2. mghdd; 3. tpahdd; 4. cjhdd; 5. rkhdd; 6. ehfd; 7. Th;kd; 8. fphpfud; 9. njtjj;jd; 10. jd";brad; 1. gpuhzd; - g[Ut kj;jpapy; njhd;wp rpj;jpu ehoapy; g[Fe;J yhjhuj;ij mile;J bjhg;g[s; gpd; f;Fj; jhdj;jpy; Kl;o ,lfiy gpd;fiyfspy; Xo fghyj;ijr; Rw;wp f;F Jthuj;jpy; btsptUk; Rthrk; 12 m';Fyk; ePz;L btspte;J ehd;F   58
  • 59.
    m';Fyk; fHpe;j 8 m';Fyk; cs;ns brd;W kPz;Lk; g[wg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J Rthrk; Jt';FfpwJ. ,g;gor; bray;gLk; Rthrk; ehHpif xd;Wf;F 360 Rthrk; ,ut[ gfy; 60 ehHpiff;F 21600 Rthrk; kdpj clypy; bray;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;g[ 24 epkprk; bfhz;lJ - 1 ehHpif   59
  • 60.
    ,e;j Rthrk; 21600-f;Ftpguk; 1. yhjhuj;jpy; Rthrk; - 600 2. Rthjpl;lhdj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000 3. kzp g{ufj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000 4. mdhjfj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000 5. tpRj;jpapy; Rthrk; - 1000 6. Mf;fpidapy; Rthrk; - 1000 7. rf!;;uhfhuj;jpy;; Rthrk; - 1000 ------- 21600 Rthrk; -------- ehs; xd;Wf;F 21600 Rthrk; ,a';fp ,jpy; 7200 Rthrk; fHd;W 14400 Rthrk; cs;ns brd;W kdpj cliy brayhf;fg; gLj;JfpwJ. 2. mghdd; - Fjj;ija[k; Fa;aj;ija[k; gw;wp epd;W kyryhjpfis fHpg;gJ. 3. tpahdd; - njhypny epd;W ghpr';fis mwptpg;gJ. 4. cjhdd; - grpia cz;lhf;fp cz;l czit cztpd; rf;jpia   60
  • 61.
    mjhtJ rhuj;ij 72000 eho euk;g[fspy; brYj;jp rhPuj;ij tsh;g;gJ. 5. rkhdd; - vy;yh tha[ita[k; VWjy; ,w';Fjy; ,y;yhky; rkdhff; bfhz;L ,a';FtJ. 6. ehfd; - tpf;fYk; ff;fYk; cz;lhf;FtJ. 7. Th;kd; - fz;zpny epd;W ,ikg;gJ. 8. fphpfud; - g[Utkj;jpiag; gw;wp epd;W Jk;ky; mGtpj;jy; bra;tJ. 9. njtjj;jd; - tpHpj;jpUf;Fk;nghJ XLtpj;jYk; cyht[jYk; a[j;jk; gz;qtpj;jy; bra;tJ. 10. jd";brad; - gpuhzd; clk;ig tpl:Lg;nghdYk; jhd; gphpahky; epd;W clk;ig ,a';fr; bra;J tphptpj;jYk; bra;J d;W ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF fghyj;ijg; gpse;J Xog;nghtJ.   61
  • 62.
    3. ra';fs;; -5 1. mkh;thrak; 2. gfph;thrak; 3. rythrak; 4. kythrak; 5. Rf;fpy thrak; 1. mkh;thrak; - cz;l czt[ rhuk; mkUkplk; 2. gfph;thrak; - md;d rhuk; gfph;e;J bfhLf;Fkplk; 3. rythrak; - ePh; ,w';Fk; ,lk; 4. kythrak; - kyf;FHp ,w';Fk; ,lk; 5. Rf;fpy thrak; - Rf;fpyk;; gphpa[k; ,lk; 4. nfhrk; -5 1. md;dka nfhrk; 2. gpuhzka nfhrk; 3. kndhka nfhrk;   62
  • 63.
    4. tp";"hdka nfhrk; 5. Mde;jka nfhrk; 1. md;dka nfhrk; - Jynjfkhfpa clk;g[ 2. gpuhzka nfhrk; - gpuhzDk; fd;nke;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ 3. kndhka nfhrk; - kdKk; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ 4. tp";"hdka nfhrk; - g[j;jpa[k; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ 5. Mde;jka nfhrk; - gpuhztha[k; RGj;jpa[k; To epw;gJ   63
  • 64.
    21.1.3 d;whk; jj;Jtk;- 36 1. Mjhuk; - 6 2. kz;lyk; - 3 3. kyk; - 3 4. njhrk; - 3 5. Vlid - 3 6. Fzk; - 3 7. ,uf;fk; - 8 8. tpid - 2 9. mtj;ij - 5 ----------- Mf 36 ----------- 1. Mjhuk; -6 1. yhjhuk; 2. Rthjpl;lhdk; 3. kzpg{ufk;/ 4. mdhfjk;/ 5. tpRj;jp/ 6. Mf;i" 1. yhjhuk; 1. ,Uf;Fkplk; vUtha; ehw;rJuj;Jf;Fs;ns ehspjH; Kf;nfhz   64
  • 65.
    totkhf ,Uf;Fk; vGj;J X';fhuk;. epwk; khzpf;f epwk;. njtij fzgjp. 2. Rthjpl;lhdk; ,Uf;Fkplk; vUtha;f;Fk; nkny ,uz;L tpuw;fil mst[k; bjhg;g[Sf;Ff; fPnHa[k;. ehw;nfhzk;/ MW ,jH; vGj;J e/ fhuk;/ brk;bghd; epwk;. njtij gilg;g[ gpuk;kh 3. kzpg{ufk; - ,Uf;Fkplk; bjhg;g[H; gpiwnfhzkhdJ. ,jd; eLnt epw;Fk; vGj;J kh fhuk;. gj;J ,jH; kufj epwk;/ njtij tp#;q. 4. mdhfjk; - ,Uf;Fkplk; ,Ujak; Kf;nfhzkhdJ. ,jd; eLnt ,Uf;Fk; vGj;J rp/ fhuk; gd;dpuz;L   65
  • 66.
    ,jH; !;gof epwk;/ njtij cUj;jpud;. 5. tpRj;jp - ,Uf;Fkplk;; fz;lk; (fGj;J). mWnfhzk; 16 ,jH; nfhnkjf epwk; vGj;J t/ fhuk; njtij knfRtud;. 6. Mf;i" - ,Uf;Fkplk; g[Ut kj;jp tl;lkhapUg;gJ 3 ,jH; !;gof epwk; vGj;J a/ fhuk;. nkw;fz;l tpguj;jpd; yk; Mjhuk; Mwpnya[k; MW vGj;J Xk; ekr;rptha MW Mjhuk; MWtPlhft[k;/ ,jH;fisf; Tl;odhy; 51 ml;ruk; vd;gJk; fz;Lbfhs;s ntz;Lk;. 2. kz;lyk; -3 1. mf;dp kz;lyk; 2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk; 3. re;jpu kz;lyk;   66
  • 67.
    1. mf;dp kz;lyk; - ,J yhjhuk; MFk; 2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk; - ,Uja !;jhdk; MFk; 3. re;jpu kz;lyk; - rf!;uhfhu jskhFk;. 3. kyk;-3 1. Mztk; 2. fhkpak; 3. khia 1. Mztk; - clk;ig ehd; vd;W ,Ug;gJ. 2. fhkpak; - fz;ltw;wpy; kdk; Mirg;gLtJ. 3. khia - jdf;F tUtij mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ.   67
  • 68.
    4. njhrk; -3 1. thjk; 2. gpj;jk; 3. rpnyhj;jkk; 1. thjk; - tha[tpd; bray; tpist[ 2. gpj;jk; - mf;fpdpapd; tpist[ 3. rpnyhj;jkk; - fgj;jpd; tpist[ 5. Vlid -3 1. mh;j;j Vlid/ 2. g[j;jpu Vlid/ 3. cyf Vlid 1. mh;j;j Vlid - jputpaj;ij njo Mirg;gly; 2. g[j;jpu Vlid - g[j;jpu njo Mirg;gly;   68
  • 69.
    3. cyf Vlid - cyf tpra';fs; njo Mirg;gly; 6. Fzk; -3 1. ,uhl;rrk;/ 2. jhkrk;/ 3. rhj;tPfk; 1. ,uhl;rrk; - mf';fhukha; btl;lt[k; Fj;jt[k; mof;ft[khapUg;gJ 2. jhkrk; - ke;j g[j;jp cd;kj;jkha; kj;jpakha; ,Ug;gJ 3. rhj;tPfk; - mlf;fk; md;g[ tpntfk; Ik;bghwp Mf;fy; mUs; "hdk; jtk; bghiw nkd;ik tha;ik Kjypatw;iwa[ilajha; ehl;l'; bfhz;oUg;gJ   69
  • 70.
    7. ,uhfk; -8 1. fhkk; 2. Fnuhjk; 3. cnyhgk; 4. nkhfk; 5. kjk; 6. khr;rhpak; 7. ,Lk;ig 8. mf';fhuk; 1. fhkk; - Mir 2. Fnuhjk; - gpzf;F 3. cnyhgk; - gpoghL 4. nkhfk; - gphpak; 5. kjk;/ - fh;tk; 6. khr;rhpak; - cjl;oy; cwt[k; cs;sj;jpy; gifa[k; itg;gJ 7. ,Lk;ig - cjhrPdk; 8. mf';fhuk; - nfhgpj;jy; 8. tpid - 2 1. ey;tpid 2. jPtpid   70
  • 71.
    1. ey;tpid -g[z;zpak; bra;jy; 2. jPtpid - ghtk; bra;jy; 9. mtj;ij - 5 1. rhf;fpuk; 2. brhg;gdk; 3. RGj;jp 4. Jhpak; 5. JhpahjPjk; 1. rhf;fpuk;- yyhlj;jhdk; (g[Utkj;jp) 2. brhg;gdk;- fz;l!;jhdk; 3. RGj;jp- ,Uja !;jhdk; 4. Jhpak;- ehgp (bjhg;g[H;) 5. JhpahjPjk; - Fwpaplk; Kg;gJ Kg;gJ Kg;gj;jWtU"; brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapYs; thH;gth; brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapy; rpije;j gpd; byhg;gpytd; tUnkhl;blLj;jhnu 96 jj;Jt';fSk; ek;Kila rhPuj;jpd; vg;go bray;gLfpd;wd vd;W ghh;j;njhk;.   71
  • 72.
    ,jpy; Md;kj;Jtk; vd;gJ24. Mitahtd 1. g{j';fs; - 5 2. jd;khj;jpiufs; - 5 3. "hnde;jphpa';fs; - 5 4. fd;nke;jphpak; - 5 5. me;jf;fhuzk;- 4 Mfpa ,e;j 24-k; Md;kht[f;F J}a tothf ,Ue;J nenu bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L tps';Ftjhy; Md;k jj;Jtk; vdg;gl;lJ. nkw;fz;l Md;kjj;Jtj;jpd; tpsf;fj;ij vth; mwpthnuh mtnu ,t;t[yfj;jpy; thHj;bjhpe;jtu;; Mthu;. Rit xsp CW Xir ehw;wk; vDk; ,t;ite;jpd;; tif bjhpthd; fl;nl cyF vd;w ts;Sth; tha;ik bghHpapd; yk; fhzyhk;. 22. g";rg{j';fs; gukhqf;fspd; gy;ntWgl;l ,af;f epfH;r;rpfns nghpaf;f kz;lyk;. mjd; Kjy; jdpepiy “tpz;” vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Kjy; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpna fhw;W vdg;gLk; mit   72
  • 73.
    nkhjpf; bfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLk;btg;g epfH;r;rpna beUg;g[ vdg;gLk;. ePuftha[/ gpuhztha[/ vDk; ,Utifahd fhw;W Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ. ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna kz;/ ,t;ite;J epiyfSk; Ie;J bgsjPfk;- Ie;J gphpt[fs; Mdgoahy; mtw;iw g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;. Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[). vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk; ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ. . gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis/ CW/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ vd;w xt;bthU vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf;f gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;J vGr;rp-fth;r;rpahf cs;s mGj;j ,af;ff;fl;lj;ij “tpz;” vd;Wk;/ xyp vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij “fhw;W” vd;Wk;/ xsp vGr;rpbgWk; ,af;fj;ij “beUg;g[” vd;Wk; Rit vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij “ePh;”; vd;Wk; kzk; vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij “kz”; vd;Wk; TWfpnwhk;. tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 103 tifahd (elements) fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy; ml';fpa[s;sd.   73
  • 74.
    kz;zpd; ,Wf;fj;jhy; gyntW cnyhf';fs; tpisfpd;wd vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk; g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;. 23. g";r g{j';fspd; bray;ghLfs; g";r g{j';fSk; xU epfH;r;rp kz;lyj;jpy; mJ rpwpjhdhYk; bghpjhdhYk; ve;j tpfpjj;jpy; fye;Js;sdnth/ mjw;nfw;g ,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/ tpist[fspYk; ntWghL cz;lhFk;. fhw;wpy; tpz;qk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/ tpz;qk; ePhpy; btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/ kz;zpy; ePh; btg;gk;; fhw;W tpz; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;. ,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd. xt;bthU g{jKk; jd;dstpy; jdpj;jdpna ,a';Fk;nghJ xU jd;iknahLk; kw;bwhd;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/ mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk; gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F Vw;g btt;ntwhd rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk; ,a';Fk;. ,jdhy; xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k; ntW ntwhd jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj; njhw;w';fshf cUthfpd;wJ. tpz;zpd; jd;epiy ,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp MfpwJ. mJ fhw;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk; rf;jpahfpd;wJ. mJ btg;gj;jpy; xsptpLk;   74
  • 75.
    rf;jpahfpwJ. ePhpy; mJnt Ritahfp kz;zpy; thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;w ,af;fj;jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd RHy;fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd; ghijapy; RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l mGj;jk; Kjyhd Itif ,af;f';fspYk; g';FbgWfpd;wd. , e ; j I t i f , a f ; f m j p h; t [ m i y f s ; K i w a h f j ; bjhlh;e;J eilbgWkhdhy; mjd; tpisthf tpj;Jf;TWfs; tpise;J ,ize;J me;j kz;lyj;jpy; czh;r;rp vd;w ,af;fk; cUthfpd;wd. mg;nghJ me;j kz;lyk; mwpt[ vd;w rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd “tpj;J” Mfpd;wJ. ,e;j tpj;Jf; nfhs';fs;jhd; vy;yhtifahd caphpd';fSf;Fk; mog;gilahd rpw;wiufs; (CELLS) MFk;. ,j;jifa tpjJf; nfhs';fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; bgUfpf;To bfhj;jhf mike;J ,a';fp bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/ czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy;/ vd;w rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg; bgWk;nghj mj;bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk “$Ptd;”; vdg;gLk;.   75
  • 76.
    ,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq vd;w xnu rf;jp xUg[wk; fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ ,itahfp J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/ ,tw;wpDnl mnj gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr; rpwg;ng klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshft[k; $Ptfhe;jkhft[k; kpsh;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Nf;Fk epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk; czh;jy; vd;w epfH;r;rpna mwpt[ vdg;gLk;. caph;; ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthd xU rpwg;g[ epiyna mwpt[ MFk;. caph; vd;gJ gukhq. ,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs; vz;zpwe;jd vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf d;W gphpt[fspy; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. 1. nghpaf;f kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz; vd;w caph;j;Jfs; epiwe;j bgU';fskhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epiyapy; ,J gpug";r caph;; ,Jnt kfhfhrk; (kfh +Mfhrk; ) tpz;/ 2. jpul;rp epiyfshd fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; Mfpa ehd;F g{j';fspYk; cs; epiw Mw;wyhf mike;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ vdw tpist[fshf kyh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,af;f epfH;r;rpfspy; ,Jnt g{jhfhrk; (g{jk;+ Mfhrk;) vdg;gLk/   76
  • 77.
    3. tpj;J vd;w mog;gil mikg;igf; bfhz;L mq mLf;Fshy; mike;j clypy; ,nj tpz; czh;r;rp vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhf kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; mnj tpz; rpjhfhrk; (rpj;jk;+Mfhrk;) MFk;. ,Jjhd; $Ptd;/ rpjhfhrk; vd;w epiynahL/ g{jhfhrKk;/ kfhfhrKk;/ neh; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUj;jyhy; xt;bthU $PtDk; gpu";rk; KGika[k; jd;ndhL ,izj;Jf;; bfhz;nl ,a';Ffpd;wJ. 24. jd;khj;jpiufs: nkw;fz;l g{j';fspd; Ie;jpd; Nl;Rk Fz';fns jd;khj;jpiufshFk;/ jd;khj;jpiufs; vd;gJ cUgz;g[ ,y;yhjit/ mqf;fs; xd;W To jd;khj;jpiu Mfpd;wd. jd; khj;jpiufspypUe;nj g{j';fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;. g" ; r g { j ' ; f s ; gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;. ,nj jd;khj;jpiufs;jhd; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;ghy; ,e;jphpa';fis Efh;r;rpapy; bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj; Jiz bra;tdtha[k; cs;sd. jd;khj;jpiu vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk; vd;whYk; bghUs; xd;nw. ,itfs; g";r,e;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J bray;glitf;Fk jpwd; bfhz;lit. "hnde;jphpa';fshd bka;/ tha;/   77
  • 78.
    fz;/ f;F/ brtp,t;tidj;Jk; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlhghy; mjdjd; czh;r;rpfis czuitg;gJ[k; fz;nke;jphpa';fshd; tha;/ if/ fhy;/,Ltha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjdjd; ntiyfisr; bra;aitg;gJ[k; ,e;j jd;khj;jpiufs; jhd;. ,e;j mog;gilapy; bjhlh;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy; mqf;fs; ,ize;J tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh; epyk; vd;w Ie;J gphpt[fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J mGj;jk;/ xyp xsp Rit kzk;/ mwpt[ vd;w MWtifahd epfH;r;rpfSk; eilbgWfpd;wd vd;gJ bjhpa[k;. bka;epiyahfpa gubtspa[k; capu;; epiyahfpa gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k; mstpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g m';F eilbgWk; ,af;fk; gy;ntW epiyfis milfpd;wJ. mj;jifa ntWghLfs; jhd; Fwpg;ghf mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa gphpt[fshfpa tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh; epyk;/ vd;gdthFk;. ,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU epiynahL kw;w epiyia ve;j mstpy; To ,ize;J ,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;w MWtifahd epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; xt;bthU gphptpYk; gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[ epiyfSk; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU   78
  • 79.
    ,af;fj;jpYk; jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/ gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk; Vw;gl;L xd;W gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd. ,e;j Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs; mqthfp/ mqf;fs; To fhw;whfp/ btg;gkhfp/ ePuhfp mz;lbtspapny jd;idj;jhnd RHd;W Rw;wp kpje;J bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. mjd; kj;jpapy;; tpiut[ Fiwe;j mqf;fs; beUf;f Kw;W fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf;fp ePh;tuk;gpw;F nky; te;J bfl;oahd ghpzhknk epykhFk;. nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mqf;fs; mGj;jj;jhy; btg;gk; mjpfkhfp mjd; tpisthf cnyhf';fs;/ ,uj;jpd';fs; ,urhad';fshft[k;; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. nkYk; nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kiwahfj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mq mLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk; fhw;W/ e Ph ; / Mfpa ehy;tifr; RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; vd;w ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ. nkYk; mt;tpj;jhdJ Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W ,a';fp jhtu ,dkhfpa Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ. mjpypUe;j <uwpt[ ,dkhd g[G njhd;wp/ mijj; bjhlh;e;J twpt[/ ehywpt[/ Iawpt[g; gpuhzpfs;/ Mwwpt[s;s kdpj ,dKk; njhd;wpa[s;sd.   79
  • 80.
    ,t;thW gunk mqbtd;w capuhfp mJnt jd;dGj;j ,af;fj;jhy; clyhfp clYs; ,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp mr;rf;;jpna xypahfp/ x s p a h f p / R i t a h f p k z k hf p / c z U k ; j p w D k h f p / caph;fs; vd;w ghpzhk rpwg;ig bgw;wJ. ,j;jifa ghpzhkj; bjhlUk; ,af;f';fSk; ,ize;j xU nghpaf;f kz;lyk;jhd; gpug";rk; g";rg{jk; vd;wiHf;fg; gLfpd;wJ. 25. gpug";r ghpzhkk;; gpug";r ghpzhkk; xU tisaj;ijg; nghd;wJ. ,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd; Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd; tiua[s;s czh;r;rp epiy cUtkhd kdpjdhfpwJ/ kdpjnd jd; ,ay;iga[k;/ epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd; njtd; vd;W filrpapny kPz;Lk; guj;jpny Kot[ bgWfpwJ. g";rg{j braw;ifahd njhw;wkhff; fhqk; epfHr;rpfspy; gupzhkk; vd;Dk; tpz;/ gy fl;l';fspYk; CLUtp xo ,a';Fk; jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs; vd;w MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt gupzhknk caph;; vd kjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.   80
  • 81.
    flypny njhd;Wk; miyfs;flypny ml';FtJ nghyt[k;/ ePhpd; mirit miybad kjpf;fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; gpug";rk; jdJ ,af;ff; fl;l';fSf;nfwgg gy;ntW mstpYk; tYtpYk; Vw;w jhH;t[fis bfhz;l ,af;f'fshft[k; fhl;rpfshft[k; ,Uf;fpdwd. ,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd. vdnt ehk; fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy; guknkahk.; guj;ij jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd; VJ. fhqk; njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk; fUj;Jf;F ntW ntwhf tpsf;fk;;bgw;w nghJk/ MH;e;J Muha;e;j tpsf;fj;jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa guKk/ mjd; epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/ epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg; guj;jpny Koe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; d;Wk; xd;whfnt ,Uf;Fk; ngUz;ik mf;fhl;rpahFk;. gunk mqthfp me;j mq ,af;fj; bjhlh; tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf; fhl;rpfshfp/ gyg;gy ntWghLfisg; bgw;W tps';Ffpd;wd vd Kd;dnk mwpe;njhk;. mJnt J}y mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp epiyapy; fhyk;/ J}uk;/ gUkd;/ ntfk; vd;w vy;iyfspy; fl;Lg;gl;l czh;tpy/ ,d;g Jd;gkhft[k;/ fzpjj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gythft[k; ,e;j ehd;F   81
  • 82.
    msitfisf; fle;j nghJvy;yhk; xd;Wgl;l gukhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gunk ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. “ehd;” vd;gJ jdpna ,y;iy guj;ijj; jtph;j;J ntW xd;Wnk ,y;iy. ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; midj;jpw;Fk; bghUshft[k;/ mtw;wpw;F Kjy; y rf;jpahft[k; ,Ug;gJ guk;bghUs; xd;nw. Mjpepiyapy; gukhft[k;/ mqepiyapy; capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/ fhl;rpfshft[k;/ ,af;f';fshft[k;/ ,Uf;fpd;w me;j xU bghUs jhd; ‘ehd;’ vd;w brhy;ypd; cz;ikf;fUj;J vd;gJ bjspthf tps';Fk;. mGj;jkhf mqf;fs; ,ize;J ,a';Fk; xU epfH;r;rpna J}a cly;. mjD}nl mGj;jk; Fiwe;J Mdhy; tpiut[ mjpfkhfp Nf;Fkhfr; RHd;W ,a';Fk; mqj; bjhlhpaf;fnk caph;/ J}yj;jpD}nl caph;rf;jp RHd;W tUk;nghJ Vw;gLk; nkhjy; epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kdk;/ czh;jy;/ vd;Wk; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs; tpisfpd;wd. clYk; mqf;fshy;MdJ capUk; mqf;fshy; MdJ. Mdhy; mqf;fspd; ynkh guk; Mfnt clyhf capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy; gukhf ,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd.; ehd; vdg;gLgtnd mtd;. vdg;gLtd; bja;tk;   82
  • 83.
    vdg;gLfpwhd;/ Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;/ gpuk;kk; vdg;gLfpwhd;/ mtidj; jtpu;j;J jdpna xU epfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy “mtnd ehd;” “ehnd mtd;” vd;W bjspthf czh;e;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. jd;idg; g[yd; czh;r;rpfshy; vy;iyfl;o czUk; jd; Kidg;ghd kaf;fk; ,';Fjhd; bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ. 26. caph;fspd; njhw;wk; czh;jy; vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhd mwpt[ Kjypy; mGj;jk; btg;g jl;g Vw;w jhH;t[ ,tw;iw czh;thfg; bgWjypy; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j czh;t[ !;ghpr czh;t[ (m) CW czh;t[ MFk;. ,e;j Xuwpt[ ,af;fKila $Ptnd jhtuk; MFk;. jhtuj;jpypUe;njh (my;yJ) mjd; tpj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;njh caphpaf;f tpiut[ mjpfkhfp/ Rita[zh;t[ To mjw;Fhpa fUtpahd tha; mikag; bgWk;nghJ mJ <uwpt[ MfpwJ. ,e;j <uwpt[ caphpd';fsplk; caphpaf;f rf;jp tpiut[ bgw;W thrida[zh;thd fUtpahd f;F ghpzhkkile;jhy; mJnt twpthFk; $PtdhFk.; vWk;g[/ bry;/ nghd;wit d;wwpt[ $Ptd;fs;/   83
  • 84.
    nkYk; xspa[zht[ fUtpahd fz;njhd;w ehywpt[ capuhd ghk;g[ Kjypad njhd;wpd. xypa[zh;t[ fUtpahd fhJ vd;W fUtp njhd;w Ie;jwpt[ capuhd kpUf';fs; gwitfs; Kjypad njhd;wpd. ,j;jifa ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpapy; thy; cs;s Fu';F njhd;wp gpd;g[ thy; ,y;yh Fu';F njhd;wp/ gpd; kdpjd; njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ. bts;sj;jhy; g{kp mjph;;r;rp/ gpst[fs;/ mtw;why; ,e;j kdpj FLk;gk; rpjwof;fg;gl;L g{kpapy; gy;ntW ,l';fspy; gutp me;je;j ehl;L jl;btl;g mikg;g[f;fSf;nfw;g fUg;gh;fs;/ bts;isah;fs;/ Fl;ilah;fs;/ bel;ilah;fs;/ gdpapy; thGk; v!;fpnkhf;fs; nghd;W gyntWghLfSld; kdpj ,dk; njhd;wp gHf;f tHf;fk; gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuk;/ nghd;w Kiwfshy; kj';fs; gythfg; gphpe;J/ cyf KGtJk; thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa ntz;Lk;. Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[). vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk; ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s   84
  • 85.
    lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh;Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ. 27. kuzk; mqf;fspy; bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpna J}y cly;/ mjD}nl gukhq epiyapy; CLUtp Xor;RHd;W bfhz;nl ,Ug;gJ caph;r;rf;jp. caph;r;rf;jpapd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[z; lhdhy; mJnt czh;r;rpahfpwJ. me;j czh;r;rp xU $Ptd; jh';fpg; gHFk; mstpw;F nkyhf X';Fk;nghJ mJ ty;Yzh;r;rpahfp Jd;gkhfp nehahf tUfpwJ. ,e;j jil ePoj;J mjd; tpisthf clypy; kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ ,uj;jk; Mfpa d;W RHy;fSk; jilgLnkahdhy; clYf;F ykhd tpj;J jh';Fk; mstpw;F nky; fdy; bfhz;L mjd; ehs';fisj; jfh;j;J btspnawptpLk;. czh;r;rp vd;w mwpnthLToa caph;rf;jp bjhlh;e;J me;j clypy; RHd;W ,a';fKoahky; cliy tpl;L btspnawptpLk;. cyfj;jpYs;s bghUl;fs; aht[k; kdpj ,dk; cl;gl xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU yg;bghUshy; Mdit. mit mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU jdpg;bghUspy; nrh;e;JtpLk;. ,J ,aw;ifapd; tpjp/ ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k;/ tpyf;fy;y. ,e;j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; jhd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j   85
  • 86.
    jdpg;bghUl;fs; jdpj;J ,a';fpdhYk; ,it xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd. fhw;W kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk; cwp";Rk;/ beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[ btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ btw;wplnkh fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ ,Jnt ,aw;ifapy; mike;j rkepiyj; jj;JtkhFk;. ,it xd;iw xd;W kp";Rk;nghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;. ,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpnwhk;. kdpj clypYk; ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fs; (g{jk;) cs;sd. g";rg{jkhfpa Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fshy; Md ,t;t[lk;g[ Kotpy; kz;nzhL neuoahfnth kw;w ehd;F jdpg;bghUl;fshy; ce;jg;gl;nlh gpd;dh; kz;nzhL kz;zha; nrh;tJ jpz;zk;. njhy; - kz;/ tha;-ePh;/ fz;-beUg;g[ tapW- btsp f;F -fhw;W ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xd;iw xd;W fl:Lg;gLj;jp rkkkhf itj;jpUf;Fk;tiu mikjp epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy; thGk; thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;.   86
  • 87.
    28. kdpj clYk;mjd; bray;ghLfSk; 28.1 kdpj isa[ k ; mjd; Mw;wYk; xU kdpj clypy; ehbshd;Wf;F 27949.3 kPl;lh; uj;jk; 99776.6 fp.kP ePsKs;s uj;jf;FHha;fs; tHpahfr; brYj;jg; Lfpd;wd. xU kdpjd; ruhrhp thH;ehspy; ,jaj;jpd; jirfs; ,a';Fk; (k;g;bra;a[k;) uj;jj;jpd; mst[ re;jpukz;lyj;jpw;F bry;Yk; 56 uhf;bfl;Lfspy; epug;gg;gLk; vhpbghUs; msthFk;. gpwjirfs; nghyd;wp ,jaj;jpd; jirfs; jd;dpr;irahf bray;gLfpd;wd. fUtpy; FHe;ij ehd;Fthu rpRthf ,Uf;Fk;nghj euk;g[fs; njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ng rpRtpd; clk;gpw;F btspna cg;g[ ePhpy; kpje;J bfhz;L ,jak; Jof;fj; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ MYOCYTER vd;w jir bry;fs; Rkhh; 2 thl; kpd;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp bra;J ,jaj;ij ,af;f itf;fpd;wd. FHe;ij gpwe;jJk; ,e;j bry;fs; bgUfp tsh;r;rpia epWj;jpf; bfhs;fpd;wd.   87
  • 88.
    Kdpjdpd; is 1.36 fpnyh vila[s;sJ. Rkhh; 100 jphpy;ypad; ( xU jphpy;ypad; vd;gJ xd;wpw;Fg; gpd; 18 g{$;$pa';fs; bfhz;ljhFk;) bra;jpj; Jqf;Ffis nrfhpj;J itf;Fk; jpwd; bfhz;ljhFk;. mjhtJ 70 Mz;Lfspy; mJ nrh;f;Fk; bra;jpfs; gphpl;lhdpfh fiyf;fs";rpaj;jpd; Ie;J yl;rk; bjhFjpfspy; ml';ff;Toa mj;jid bjhFjpfis mLf;fp itj;jhy; 71131 fpnyh kPl;lh; J}uk; tUk;. mjd; rpwpa mst[ ( 1.3608 fpnyh) gad;gLj;Jk; rf;jp 20 thl; gy;g[f;Fj; njitahd kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; msg;gwpa nrkpg;g[ jpwd; 100 jphpy;ypad; bra;jpfshFk;. ,tw;iwg; ghh;f;Fk;nghJ jw;nghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s fzf;if tpl mJ rpwg;ghf bray;gLfpwJ vd;gJ bjhpa tUfpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l neuj;jpy; is jdJ rpwpa epidt[g; gFjpapy; bra;jpfis epug;gpf;bfhs;Sk;. clypd; ePskhd bry; epa{uhd; (1.2 kP). KGtsh;r;rpaile;j isapy; 100 kpy;ypad; epa{uhd;fs; euk;g[ bry;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy; epa{uhd;fs; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; kdpj mwpt[f;Fk; rk;ge;jk; ,yiy. epa{uhd;fSf;F ,ilna Md ,izg;g[ gpwg;g[fSf;F Kd;ng   88
  • 89.
    Jt';fp 2 taJtiu bjhlh;fpwJ. epa{uhd; ouhd;!;gh; kPl;lh; yk; bra;jpfs; mDg;gg; gLfpd;wd. xU epa{uhd; bra;jpia mDg;gpaJk; kw;bwhU epa{uhdpy; cs;s Mapuf;fzf;fhd bra;jpfs; th';fg;gl;L mJ ,d;bdhU epa{uhDf;F mDg;gp itf;fg; gLfpwJ. 28.2 ,uj;j mqf;fs; kdpj clypy; 96/000 fp.kP. ,uj;jf;FHha;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,uj;jj;jpy; gpsh!;kh. rptg;g[ mqf;fs bts;is mqf;fs; gpshobyl;!; nghd;witfs; ml';fp a[s;sd. xt;bthU tpdhoa[k; 80 yl;rk; rptg;g[ uj;j mqf;fs; vYk;g[ k";i$apy; cw;gj;jp MfpwJ. QPnkhFnshgpdpy; mJ 54 xU mstpapy;3 4 Kjy; 6 kpy;ypad; rptg;g[ mqf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. gpshobyl;!; xU mstpapy;3 3 yl;rk; tiu ,Uf;Fk;. 28.3 Rthrk; Xa;tpypUf;Fk;nghJ xU kdpjd; epkplj;jpw;F 13 Kjy; 17 Kiw Rthrpf;fpwhd;. tpisahLk;nghJ 80 jlit tiu mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. xU ehspy; ruhrhp 21600 Kiw Rthrpf;fpnwhk;. ,J thH;ehspy;   89
  • 90.
    295.261 kpy;yp.yp msthFk;. jhapd; tapw;wpy; gpwe;j mjph;r;rpapy; FHe;ijf;F Kjy; Rthrk; Vw;gLfpwJ. jirfs; RU';fp/ khh;g[ tphpe;J cs;ns fhw;wGj;jk; FiwfpwJ. jpzwpg;nghd FHe;ij thiaj; jpwf;fpwJ. fhw;W cs;ns tpiufpwJ. FHe;ij Kjy; r;ir tplj;bjhl';fp epkplj;jpw;F 60 jlit Rthrpj;J r;RtpLk; nguhl;l RHw;rp Muk;gpf;fpwJ. tsh;r;rp mile;j xUthpd; Rthrg;igfspd; cs; mst[ 93 kpkP2. ,J kdpj clk;gpd; btspg;gug;gpd; 40 kl';fhFk;. 28.4 fy;yPuy: kdpj clk;gpy; fy;yPuypd; gzpfs; ;kpft[k; rpwg;ghdJ. fy;yPuy;; Rkhh; 1000 tpjkhd gzpfis nkw;bfhs;fpwJ. clk;ig ey;yepiyapy; itj;jpUg;gJ ,uj;jk; ciuahky; ghJfhg;gJ/ tp#j;ij Kwpg;gJ nghd;wit ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpfs;/ cly; cWg;g[fspy; fy;yPuy; kl;Lnk jd;id kPz;Lk; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; jpwd; cilaJ. 3 -y; 2 gFjp fy;yPuy; vLf;fg;gl;L tpl;lhYk;Tl mJ kPz;Lk; giHa epiyf;nf tsh;e;JtpLk;. thapy; bjhl';fp kyj;Jthuk; tiuahd 9.14   90
  • 91.
    ePsks;s FHha;jhd; czit Ez;zpa Jqf;Ffshfg; gphpj;J FlYf;Fk/ uj;jehs';fSf;Fk; mDg;g[fpwJ. rj;Jf;fs; clk;gpd; kpfg;bghpa cWg;ghd 1.36 fpnyh vila[s;s fy;yPuYf;Fr; brd;W m';F urhadg;bghUshf khw;wg;gl;L njitg;gLk;nghJ gad;gl nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLfpwJ. o.vd;.V. Fnuhkn!hkpd; Kf;fpa gFjp. bgw;nwhhplkpUe;J FHe;ij kugqtHp brYj;jg;gLk; ghuk;ghpaj; jfty; ,jd; ynk bry;Yfpd;wd. clk;gpd; xt;bthU bry;ypYk; Rkhh; 2 kP mst[s;s o.vd;.V RUl;lg;gl;L 10 ikf;nuh kPl;lh; mst[f;F mlf;fg;gl;L tpLfpwJ. o .v d ; . V . ehd;F mog;gilfs; bfhz;lJ. A-.ADENIN G- GUANINE T-THYMINE C-CYTOSINE ,iy ,ul;il kog;ghf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,e;j mikg;gpy; A cld; T ,iza[k; G cld; C kl;Lnk ,iza[k;. 28.5 Fly; 6-096 kP ePsKs;s rpWFlYk;/ 6 kP ePsKs;s bgU';FlYk; nrh;e:J 9.26 (29) r.kP ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpj;Js;sJ. clypd; rUkj;jpd; 5 kl';F ,J. Fly;fs; 70   91
  • 92.
    Mz;Lfspy; 40.04 bkl;hpf;ld; czit brhpkhdj;jpw;fhf gjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 28.8 vYk;g[ vYk;g[fspd; bkhj;j vz;zpf;if 206. bjhil vYk;g[jhd; kpf ePskhdJ. kpfr;rpwpa vYk;g[ fhjpd; eLg;gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk; STIRRUP vYk;ghFk;. kpf typikahdJ fqf;fhiya[k; KH';fhiya[k; ,izf;Fk;SWIN vYk;g[/ Rkhh; 1600 fpnyh viliaj;jh';Fk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L. 28.7 jirfs; kdpj clk;gpy; 639 jirfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. clypd; bkhj;j vilapy; mit 40%. g[d;dif g[hpa[k; nghJ 17 jirfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd. nfhgg;gLk;nghJ 42 jirfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd. gpd;gFjpapy; ,a';Fk; GLUTUS jhd; kpfg;bghpa jir. fhjpd; kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; STEEPUS fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; STAPADIUS MUSCLE kpfr;rpwaJ.   92
  • 93.
    28.8 tpiug;ig: xU tpiug;ig behof;F 2000 capuqf;fis cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ. xU bgz;zpd; fUg;igapy; mts; thH;ehspy; 400 K l ; i l f s ; j h d ; c w ; g j ;j p b r a ; a g ; g L f p w J . 28.9 jiy jiyapy; Rkhh; (ruhrhp) xU yl;rj;J ,Ugj;ije;jhapuk; kaph;fs; Kisf;fpd;wd. jpdrhp 45 kaph;fs; tpGe;JtpLfpd;wd. xt;bthU kaph;fhYk; jdJ thH;ehspy; 9.14 kP cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; jpwd;bfhz;lJ. ruhrhp kdpjdpd; 1.85 r.kP .clk;ig 2.72 fpnyh vila[s;s njhy; oapUf;fpwJ. 28.8 fhJfs; ekJ fhJfs; 1500 btt;ntW xypfisf; nfl;L czh;e;J bfhs;Sk; jpwd; bgw;wit. 350 cuj;j xypiaa[k; 3” bky;ypa xyp tUk; jpiriaa[k; fhJfs; mwpe;J bfhs;Sk;. 72.418 fp.kP.beoa euk;g[fs; kzpf;F 360 fp.kP ntfj;jpy; bra;jpfis mDg;g[fpd;wd. kpf mjpfg;goahd ntfk; 532 fp.kP.   93
  • 94.
    28.9 ehf;F ehf;fpy; gj;jhapuj;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l czh;r;rp FkpH;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. thuk; njhWk; mit jk;ikg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd. kdpjdpd; ehf;F Rkhh; 500 tpjkhd Ritfis czUk; jpwd; bfhz;lJ. 28.8 f;F/ fz; 2000 Kjy; 4000 tiuapyhd thridia f;fhy; czu Koa[k;. fz; Rkhh; 10/000 epw';fis gFj;jwpa[k; rf;jp bfhz;lJ. kdpjdpd; fz;fs; 1.68 fp.kP bjhiytpy; vhpe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; xU bkGFth;j;jpiaf; Tl ,jdhy; fhz Koa[k;. ,ikfs; fz;fis o o jpwf;Fk; neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;lhy; xU ehspy; ehk; 30 tpdhofs; FUlh;fshf ,Uf;fpnwhk;. 28.9 tapW tapW ehbshd;Wf;F ,uz;L ypl;lh; iQl;nuh Fnshhpf;; mkpyj;ij (HYDROCHLORIC ACID) cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ. tapw;wpd; cl;gFjp Rthpy; xt;bthU epkplKk; Ie;J ,yl;rk; bry;fs; g[jpjhf cw;gj;jpahfp ,e;j mkpyk; tapw;Wr; Rtiu mHpj;J tplhjthW ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd.   94
  • 95.
    28.8 njhy; kdpj clypy; mjpfg;gug;gpy; gue;Js;sJ njhy;. ruhrhp kdpjdpd; njhiy gug;gp itj;jhy; mJ 2 r.kP tUk;. 28.8 is isapd; mog;gFjpapYs;s gpl;a{l;lhp Rug;gp kpf Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[. tsh;r;rp/ ,dtpUj;jp/ vd;nlhf;hpd;/ Rug;gpfspd; bray;ghL nghd;wtw;iw ,Jnt ftdpf;fpwJ. ,jaKk; j;jpug;igfSk; Xa;t[ vLf;fhky; ciHf;fpd;wd lhd;rpy; mg;bgd;of;!; ,uz;Lk; njitaw;w cWg;g[f;fs;. mit ,y;yhky; ve;j ghjpg;g[k; ,y;yhky; kdpjdhy; caph; thHKoa[k; clk;g[f;F cldo rf;jpia tH';FtJ fy;yPuy;/ ,J fpisf;nfh$id nrkpj;J itj;Jf; bfhz;L/ mij FSnfhrhf khw;wp rf;jp mspf;fpwJ. gy;ypd; vdhky; jhd; clk;gpd; kpff;fodkhd gFjp/ jpdrhp ,uz;L ,yl;rk; bry;fs; gpwe;J mnj vz;zpf;ifapy; ,we;J nghfpd;wd. njhypd; nky; gFjp 15-30 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. kpf   95
  • 96.
    caukhd gFjpfspy; trpg;gth;fSf;F jhH;e;j gFjpapy; trpg;gth;fistpl ,uz;L ypl;lh; ,uj;jk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 29. ,d;g[ w ;W thH cly; eyk; ngqjy;; caph;r;rf;jp clypy; xG';fhf Xof;bfhz;oUg;gnj ,d;g czh;thFk;. cly; eykhFk;. mijg; ghJfhf;f 1. czt[ 2. ciHg;g[ 3. cwf;fk; 4. Mz;-bgz; cwt[ 5. vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J mk;r';fspy; bjhlh;e;J ftdk; nrYj;j ntz;Lk;. ,it mstpw;F mjpfkhdhYk; Fiwe;jhYk; Kiw jtwp bfhs;sg;bgw;whYk; caph; rf;jp Xl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;/ neha;fs; cz;lhFk;. thuj;jpw;F xUKiwahtJ ,utpy; czt[ cl;bfhs;shky; ,nyrhf gHtif cz;nlh my;yJ rpwpJ ghy; mUe;jpnah cw';FtJ neha;fis xU mstpy; jLf;f cjt[k;. cly; $Puzpf;fj;jf;f mst[ czt[ cz;lhy; mJ ed;ikahFk;. mst[f;F kPwpdhy; ,e;j czt[   96
  • 97.
    cliy $Puzpf;Fk;/ fUtikg;g[ vz;zk; bra;if nfhs;fspd; r";rhuj;jpy; mika[k; epiy re;jh;g;g nkhjy; Mfpa fhuz';fshy; clypy; ,urhad ntWghLfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. ,j;jifa ntWghLfshy; clypy; cs;s mq yf';fs; mjw;F Vw;g tpiutpy; ntWgLk;. mjd; gadhf clypy; mtw;wpd; tpfpjhr;rhu';fs; Tlnth Fiwanth ,lKz;L. ,f;fhuz';fshy; clypy; RHd;nwhof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; fhe;jk; kpd;rhuk; fhw;W ,uj;jk; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mtw;wpd; tpiutpy; Vw;w jhH;t[fisg; bgWk;. tpiuthf xt;bthU mta';f~nla[k; CLUtpr;bry;Yk; mtw;wpd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[k; cz;lhFk;. ,e;j jil nehahf czug;gLfpwJ. ve;j mtatj;jpy; ve;j mstpd; rf;jp Xl;lj;jpy; jilgLfpwnjh mjw;F Vw;g nehapd; tYt[k; bgaUk; mjw;F fhyKk; eph;zapf;fg; bgWfpd;wd. neha;fis ePf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; rf;jp ,aw;ifahf clypy; mike;Js;sJ. xj;j gj;jpak; fhj;J Xa;t[ vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy; neha;fs; kpft[k; tpiuthfj; jPh;e;JtpLk;. neha; fodkhf ,Ue;jhy; jf;f kUe;J tiffis cgnahfpf;fyhk;. nehaw;w clypy;jhd; mwpt[k; jpwd;gl ntiybra;a[k;. ,aw;if ,d;g';fis   97
  • 98.
    mDgtpf;f Koa[k;/ vdnt xt;bthUtUk; nehaw;W thH tHpfz;L epd;W xGfpthH ntz;Lk;. kdj;J}a;ik/ xG';fhd czt[/ msthd ciHg;g[ ,tw;Wld; Toa thH;f;if neha;fs; ,y;yh cly; eyj;njhL ,Uf;f cjt[k;. bghwhik/ rpdk;/ t";rfk;/ ftiy/ fhk vz;z';fs;/ ,it cly; fhe;j rf;jpapid mst[f;F kPwp mHpj;JtpLk;. jtj;jhYk; Muha;r;rpahYk; ,e;j czh;r;rpfis khw;wp tplyhk;. czh;e;njhnu md;g[ Kaw;rp bra;a[';fs; btw;wp epr;rak;. czt[ cz;lt[ld; mjpf Xl;lk;/ rthhp/ fod ciHg;g[ Mz;-bgz; clYwt[ ,it TlhJ. mLj;jLj;J ,r;bray;fspy; <LgLnthUf;F tapw;Wg; g[z; cz;lhfptpLk;. mJ Fd;kk; vd;w nehahfptpLk;. clypypUe;J fHpthfp btspnaWk; ve;jg;bghUSk; clypd; kPJ j';fhky; ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mit clnd fpUkpfshf khWk; tha;g;g[ ,Uf;fpdwJ. xU ehisf;F xU KiwahtJ bte;ePhpnyh jz;zPhpnyh Fspf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak;. kyge;jk; (CONSTIPATION) m$Puzk; ,it Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ cly; eyj;ijg; ngqk; tHpfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. cly; caph;rf;jp/ tpe;J ehjk; $Ptfhe;jk;/ kdk;   98
  • 99.
    ,it Ie;Jk; xUnru ,a';Fk; mikg;g[jhd; kdpj totkhFk;. nfhof;fzf;fhd rpw;wiufs; (CELLS) nrh;e;J mLf;fLf;fhf ,a';FtJ ,e;j cly;/ xt;bthU rpw;wiuf;Fk; ,Ug[wk; fhe;jf; fth;r;rp cz;L. cly; epiyj;jpUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjpy; mike;Js;s rpw;wiufspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/ gSt[f;Fk; Vw;w $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; njit. $Ptfhe;jk; vd;gJ caph;r;rf;jp ,a';Ftjhy; vGk; miyahFk;. xt;bthU caph;j;JfSk; jd;idj; jhnd kpftpiuthfr; Rw;wpf; bfhz;L ,Ug;gjhy; mjpypUe;J tphpe;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk; miy/ bjhlh;e;J njhd;wpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; Xh; clypy; cs;s caph;Jfspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; epiybgWk;. nghjpa $Ptfhe;jk; ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy;jhd; clypYs;s rpw;wiufspd; mLf;F Fiyahky; epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,uj;j Xl;lk;/ fhw;nwhl;lk;/ bts;s Xl;lk;/ ,k;d;Wk; rpjwhJ xG';fhf Xo capUf;Fk;/ clYf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s Mw;wiy epiyf;fr; bra;a[k;. vdnt cliyj; jh';f $Ptfhe;jk; nghjpa mst[ njit/ $Pthfhe;jj;ijg; bgUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;F   99
  • 100.
    ntz;oa vz;zpf;ifa[s;s caph;j;Jfs;fs; njit. caph;j;Jfs;fs; tpe;J ehj jputj;jpd; msita[k;/ jd;ika[k; bghWj;jJ. nghjpast[ tpe;J (Mz;tpe;J) ehjk; (bgz;tpe;J) ,Ue;jhy; jhd; cliy elj;jg;nghJkhd $ Pt f h e ; j rf;jpia cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; mst[f;F clypy; caph; rf;jpj; Jfs;fs; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. $Ptfhe;j mst[ rhpahf ,Ue;jhy; jhd; gU clyhdJ rpw;wiufspd; xG';fhd ,af;fj;jhy; rPuhf ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kdKk; ey;y Kiwapy; ,a';Fk;. $Ptfhe;jj;jpd; xU gFjp cly; rpw;wiufspd; yk; clypaf;fkhft[k; (METABOLIC ROUTINE) kw;bwhU gFjp isapd; rpw;wiufs; ykhf kdmiyfshft[k; ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. cly;/ tpe;J/ caph;rf;jp/ $Ptfhe;jk;/ cly; kd ,af;fk; vd;w bjhlhpid ed;whf kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ie;jpy; xd;W Fiw ,Ue;jhYk; ,af;f xG';F Fiye;jhYk;/ mJ kw;wtw;iw xt;bthd;whfg; ghjpf;Fk;. mg;go xd;Wf;bfhd;W Vw;gLk; ,af;fk; Kuz;ghl;ow;F Vw;g typ/ tpahjp/ kuzk;/ ,it rk;gtpf;Fk;.   100
  • 101.
    jdJ bray;fs; ykhfnth/ btspg;g[w nkhJjynyh/ nfhs;fspd; fhe;j miytPr;R ykhfnth xUtUila $Ptfhe;jk; cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. czt[/ cwf;fk;/ ciHg;g[/ clYwt[/ vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J tifapy; myl;rpak; kpjkp";rpa cgnahfk;/ Kuz;gl;l cgnahfk; - ,tw;why; cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J jd;Dila bray; ykhf tUk; tpist[. jl;g btg;g Vw;w jhH:t[ kw;Wk; jw;bray; tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk; FHg;g';fs; nfhs;fs; r";rhuj;jpy; xd;nwhL xd;W neh;gLjy;/ uhrpkhw;wk; Mfpa fhuz';fs; xt;bthUthpd; gpwe;jehs; nfhs; epiyf;F vw;g $Ptfhe;jk; Vw;w jhH:tiljy; ,g;go mndf mk;r';fshy; FHg;gk; tUk;. ve;j tpjj;jpy; cly; eyk; FHg;gk; mile;jhYk;/ jhnd mjidr; rhpgLj;jp cliy eykhf;fpf; bfhs;fpd;w ,aw;if tpjp clypnyna xt;bthUtUf;Fk; Xust[ mikejpUf;fpwJ. “,jnt FHg;gj;ij jh';fpf; bfhs;Sk; ,aw;if epajp” MFk;. ,aw;if epajp mikj;j mstpw;Fk; nkyhf FHg;gk; kPwpdhy;jhd; mJ cly; ,af;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk; bghGJkdpjd; jd;Dila Kaw;rpapdhy;- clw;gapw;rp-   101
  • 102.
    kdg;gapw;rp- czt[ Kiwyk; cly; eyj;ijf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;. 30. Jwt[ thH;f;if ,g;gog;gl;l J}a;ikahd thH;f;ifahy; mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgw;W mwptpny KGik bgw;wgpd; mjd; yk; Md;kh cyFf;F eyk;g[hpa Mh;tk; bfhz;L jd;id kdpj Fyed;ikf;nf mh;gzpj;Jf;bfhz;L ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L bghUs; njLjy; fhg;ghw;Wjy; vd;fpw mwpit cjhpj;js;sp mwpit jdJ cliy mwtHpapy; bjhz;Lf;nf gad;gLj;jp jd;Dila grpf;F gpwh; bfhLj;J thH;fpd;w thH;f;ifna Jwt[ thH;f;ifahFk;. rpwe;j Kiwapy; jd;Dila Mw;wiy gad;gLj;jp nrit bra;a tha;g;g[k; njita[k; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; me;jj; Jwtwnk kpfr;rpwe;jjhFk;. clYf;F Md;kh moikahfhky; Md;kht[f;F cliy fUtpahff;bfhs;Sk; bjspe;j mwpt[ epiyna cz;ikahd Jwt[ MFk;. Md;khthdJ bjspe;j mwptpny KGik bgw;w gpd; ,y;ywj;jpypUe;nj Jwt[ epiyapy; thHyhk;. ,d;W gyngh; ,y;ywf; flikfs; kwe;J mwk; gpwH;e;J nrhk;gy; nguhir   102
  • 103.
    ,tw;nwhL gpwh; bghUisf;bfhz;L thH;tJ Jwtwk; vd fUJfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa ,Hpe;j thH:itj; Jwtwk; vd;W jtwhff; Twp ek;gp jhk; VkhWtnjhL gpwiua[k; Vkhw;wp; cyt[fpd;w fhl;rpiaa[k;; fhqfpnwhk;. ,d;W Jwtpfs; vd;W btspnawpath;fspy; bgUk;ghyhdth;fs; mwptpd; epiwt[ bgw;W Jwtwk; vd;why; vd;d vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;fpw ,yf;fzk; bjhpe;J Jwt[ thH;f;iff;F tutpy;iy. mwpahik VH;ik ntiyapd;ik neha; nrhk;ngwpj;jdk; nguhir btWg;g[ FLk;gr; rz;il ,tw;why; ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L flik kwe;J btspnawpath;fns mjpfkhf cs;sdh;. NH;epiyf; ifjpfshfp btspnawp Jwt[ Vw;wth;fSk; cz;L. ,th;fspy; Vnjh xU rpynu ey;y FUehjd; fpilf;fg;bgw;W "hd ngW bgw;wth;fs;/ kw;w bgUk;ghnyhu; thH;t[ ghHhfp Jd;g[w;W koe;jhh;fs;. koe;J bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. 31. tp";"hd nehf;fpy; gpug";rk; gd;bdL';fhykhf khDlk; mz;lbtspapy; kdpjidg; nghd;w gpw caphpd';fs; cz;lh m';F ntw;Wyf thrpfs; cz;lh vd rpe;jpj;jthW cs;sJ. Nhpaidg; nghd;W gynfho Nhpad;fSk; gyfpuf';fSk; m';F   103
  • 104.
    thGk; kdpjh;fisg; nghy nkk;gl;l $Ptd;fisf; Fwpj;J ngRfpnwhk;. g";r g{jj;jpy; gpug";rj;jpy; g{kp kl;Lnk caph;fs; njhd;w njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l fpufk; vd fUJk; kj ek;gpf;iffSk; cs;sd. mwptpay; g[idfijfs; gpugykhfj; bjhl';fpaJk; gyh; ntw;Wfpuf thrpfspd; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fisg; ghh;j;jjhft[k; mjpypUe;J ntw;W fpuf thrpfshy; jhk; gy nrhjidf;F Mshf;fg;gl;ljhft[k; Twpdh;. gwf;Fk; jl;L bgUk; kh;kg; g[jpuhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,k;kh;kj;ij mwpa mikf;fg;gl;l fhd;ild; FG ,e;jg; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fs; cz;ikapy; g{r;rpfs; el;rj;jpu gpujpgypg;g[f;fs; braw;if nfhs;fs; thdpiyg; gY}d;fs; Mfpatw;iwna jtWjyhfg; gwf;Fk; jl;L vd kf;fs; fUjpahf mwptpj;jJ. mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rp ,e;ek;gpf;iffSf;F mg;ghy; ntw;W fpuf';fspy; mwpt[ila $Ptd;fs; cs;sdth vdj; njl Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. fhh;y;rhfd; g[nuf; nghd;w thdtpayhsh;fs SETI—SEARCH FOR EXTRA TERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE vd;Dk; bray; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdh;.   104
  • 105.
    g{kpapy; gy g[s;spfs;mikf;fg;gl;l nuonah miy bjhiy nehf;fpfs; ntw;W fpuf thrpfs; mDg;g[k; kpd;fhe;j miy bra;jpfSf;fhf njLfpd;wd. braw;ifahf cUthf;fg; gl;l kpd;fhe;j miy gz;g[fSf;fhf mit nrfhpf;Fk; jfty;fs; cybf';FKs;s fzpdpfshy; Muhag; gLfpd;wd. ntw;Wy thH;f;iff;fhf ehk; tpjpf;fgl;lth;fsh vd;Dk; kh;kk; tpiutpy; bjspthfptpLk;. 1930-y; btw;wplj;jpy; tpirfs; cUthfpwJ vdt[k; ,t;tpirfs; kpf Ez;zpait vdt[k; fz;Lgpoj;jhh; f!;kph;; vd;Dk; ,aw;gpayhsh;. btw;wplk; vd ehk; gpug";rj;jpd; ve;jg; g[s;spiaa[k; fUjKoahJ. btw;wplk; vdg;gLtjpy; Fthz;l ryd';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. nuh$h; bgd;nuhy; vd;Dk; mwp"h; jd;Dzh;it Fthz;lk; ,aw;gpay; yk; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwhh;. rpy caphpapyhsh;fs; ,jid vjph;j;Js;sdh;. ,e;epiy gpuf;i" Fthz;lk; jdpik bfhz;lbjdpy; mjpy; f!;kph; tpirf;F xU Kf;fpa g';F ,Uf;fyhk;. Ez;zpa f!;kph; tpiria mstpl jw;nghJ fUtpfs; cUthfptpl;l epiyapy; ,t;btw;wplj;jpd; tpiria mstpLjy; yk; gpug";rtpaypd; rpy kpft[k; MH;e;j kh;k';fis ehk; mwpat[k; f!;kph;tpir gad;glf;TLk;. gpug";rk; tphpjy;   105
  • 106.
    gpug";rj;njhw;wk; Mfpatw;iw mwptpay; ,d;dKk; KGikahf mwpe;J tpltpy;iy. Fthz;lk; btw;wplr; rydf; fpsh;r;rpfs; gpug";r epfH;r;rpfSf;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd rpy mwptpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh; vd;fpwhh;. f!;kph; tpiria msg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f btw;wpia bgw;wpUf;Fk; bfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf; fHf ,aw;gpayhsh; ckh; bkhifjPd; gpug";rk; gpuf;i" Mfpatw;iw ,izf;fpwJ. btw;wplj;jpd; tpirfs; ,aw;gpaypd; bkhHpapy; bgsj;jKk; cgepljKk; Twpa Ndpakh ,J> gpugykhfpa[s;s mz;lbtsp fUe;Jfs;fs; xspiaa[k; btsptplhj mst[ fLk; tYf;bfhz;l <h;g;g[ gyKila gpunjr';fs; mjpfkhd epiwa[k; mjpf mlh;j;jpa[k; bfhz;l tpz;kPd;fs; j';fs; vhpbghUs; jPUk; epiyapy; fUe;Jfs;fshf khWtjhf thdtpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. 1916-y; Iad;!;od; bghJr;rhh;gpaypd; fUe;;Jfs; fUj;jpid Kd; itj;jth; b$h;khdpa thdtpayhsuhd fhh;y; !thh;l;!; iry;l; Mthh;. fUe;Jfs; bjhlh;ghd Kf;fpa fz;L gpog;g[f;fis bra;jth; re;jpunrfu Rg;ukzpak;. fUe;Jfs;fs; cz;ik vija[k; btsptplhJ vd;gnj Vw;fg;gl;l fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; 1914-y; !;ogd;   106
  • 107.
    Qhf;fp'; fUe;Jfs;fis xUrPustpy; ckpGk; vdf; fz;L gpoj;jhh;. xspia btsptplhj tYthd <h;g;g[ gpunjrk; vt;thW ,t;thW ,a';f Koa[k;> Mdhy; jk; rkd;ghLfs; yk; ,J cz;ik vd ep+gpj;jhh; Qhf;fp'.; ,t;thW gpug";rj;jpy; ,d;Dk; gy kh;k';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W rhd;nwhh;fs; "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;. gpug";r yf;TWfspd; bjhFg;g[ epfH;t[jhd; kdpj ,dKk kw;w $PtuhrpfSk; cUthdJ. yg;bghUl;fs; Ie;ij Kd; itj;Jj;jhd; ek; cly; epiy ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ij ehk; Kd; mj;jpaha';fspy; fz;nlhk;. bg';-Rap Ie;J bghUl;fis itj;Jj;jhd; jd; cly; Mnuhf;fpak; ,lk; bghUs; ,d;gk; tPLngW mile;J tUfpd;wdh;. bg';-Rap vd;gJ irdhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; rh!;jpuk;/ g{kp ePh; beUg;g[ cnyhfk; kw;Wk; kuk; Mfpatw;iw yg;bghUshff; fUjp bg';-Rap ,Uf;fpwJ. cnyhfKk; kuKk; yg;bghUl;fshf KoahJ. bg'; vd;w rPdthh;j;ij fhw;iwf;Fwpf;Fk;/ Nap vd;gJ ePiuf;Fwpf;Fk;. irdhtpy; xU gHbkhHp cz;L. ePiu vth;fl;Lg;ghl;oy; itj;jpUf;fpwhnuh mtnu cyif MH;thh;.   107
  • 108.
    bghUshjhu nkijfs; d;whdJ cyfa[j;jk; xd;W te;jhy; mJ ePUf;fhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; vd Iag;gLfpd;wdh;. re;njfk; ntz;lhk; ePuhy;jhd; a[fk; Koa[k;. mijj;jhd; rpj;jhh;fs; $yg;gpusak; vd;wdh;. Kjy; a[j;jk; bgz;zhy; (rPij) ,uz;lhk; a[j;jk; kz;zhy; (Jupnahjdd;) d;whk; a[j;jk; ePuhy; jhd; Koa[k;. ePuhy; Vw;gl;l ngwirt[jhd; fLk; miyahfj;njhd;wp ,g;bghGJ gy nrj';fis cUthf;fp tpl;ld. Rdhkp nguiyia cyf kf;fs; fdtpYk; kwf;f KoahJ. mnjnghy mbkhpf;fhtpy; ele;j miyiaa[k; kwf;f ,ayhJ. ,e;j mtru a[fj;jpy; kdpjh;fs; j';fs; Fiwfisf; fisa vijj; jpd;why; Fiw eP';Fk; vd;w kdepiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy; vija[k; rhg;gplj; ja';Ftjpy;iy. ,';F mwpt[ J}';FfpwJ. czh;r;rp nfhnyhr;Rfpd;wJ. ,uz;L tpjkhd rf;jpfs; cyfj;jpy; cs;sd. xd;W ey;y rf;jp/ kw;bwhd;W jPa rf;jp. ey;y rf;jpia Vw;W tuntw;f ntz;Lk;. fpufpf;fg; gHfntz;Lk;. jParf;jpia cs;ns tplhky; jLf;f ntz;Lk;. mg;nghJjhd; Md;kh ,t;t[yfpy; vg;nghJk; re;njhrkhd thH;f;ifia thHKoa[k;.   108
  • 109.
    gpug";rj;jpy; cs;s fh!kpf; fjph;fs; kdpjd; thH;f;if Kiwia elj;jpr; bry;tjpy; bgUk; g';F tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j fjph;fspy; ey;yJKz;L bfl;lJKz;L. xt;bthU kdpjDk; ey;y mjph;#lk; kj;jpk mjph;#;lk; bfl;l mjph;#lk; ,itfspd; fyitnahL tpidg; gjpt[fSf;nfw;g gpwf;fpwhd;. jpahdk; ey;byz;z cwt[ eyKs;s Rw;Wr;RHy; nghd;witfis filgpog;gjd; yk; kdpjd; jd; bfl;l mjph;#;lj;ij jPtpidia ey;tpidaf;ft[k; mjph;#;lkhf;ft[k; mjw;F mjpfkhft[k; khw;w Koa[k;. ,d;g[w;W thH;f. tzf;fk;. Xk; jj; rj;.   109
  • 110.
    kiepajs k_f j;amof Fxjyf kilf wjayf Y lf jaukf k suf juf u aT ldu koseu ]ao hq g lf Fdlhf h apaj Wo Dkf k ;I AoK. Fkof nslskf k el ~ Fjkf k spaf ]ao hqglf Fdljf j hf h gf g K. kiepajs k_f j ;amof Fxjyaaf kiepajs, mskf k epajs, mskf k laaf j f j FOhis. kalf jbf g mskf k laaf j f j Dbf d ljdy Fof h af hu:jf J lf FtsITkf k s i:hiaf . kikf k s: X;aof Fxjyf ia[f k f K d;, Fbf g Llf hsbf g Llf - kiepajs k_f j ;amof Fxjyf AGATHIYAN PRODUCTION HOUSE 2009   110