The document presents country profiles for 114 WHO Member States based on their responses to the second global survey on eHealth. It provides background on the survey methodology, highlights measures taken to assure quality, and defines key terminology. The profiles aim to describe current eHealth status and progress in areas like policy, use of ICT, and initiatives. Limitations in verifying all survey responses are noted.

1. eHealth
ATLAS country
profiles
Based on the findings of the
second global survey on eHealth
Global Observatory for
eHealth series - Volume 1 2010

2. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Atlas eHealth country profiles: based on the findings of the second global survey on eHealth.
(Global Observatory for eHealth Series, 1)
1.Medical informatics. 2.Information technology. 3.Technology transfer. 4.Data collection. 5.Health
policy. I.WHO Global Observatory for eHealth.
ISBN 978 92 4 156416 8 (NLM classification: W 26.5)
ISSN 2220-5462
© World Health Organization 2011
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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or
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Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.

3. eHealth
ATLAS country
profiles
Based on the findings of the
second global survey on eHealth
Global Observatory for
eHealth series - Volume 1 2010

4. Acknowledgments
This publication is part of a series of reports based on the second Global Observatory on
eHealth (GOe) Survey. The preparation of this report would not have been possible without
the input of hundreds of eHealth experts and the support of the numerous colleagues at
the World Health Organization headquarters, regional and country offices.
Our sincere gratitude goes to over 800 eHealth experts in 114 countries worldwide who
helped shape this report by sharing their knowledge through completing the survey. We
are also indebted to an extensive network of eHealth professionals and WHO staff who
assisted with the design and implementation of the survey. Names of contributors can be
found at http://www.who.int/goe
Special thanks to the many authors and reviewers who contributed their time and ideas
to this publication especially Titilola Falasinnu (Lola) who developed the template and
compiled the secondary data for each participating Member State. The document was
reviewed by colleagues Gael Kernen, Joan Dzenowagis and Ahmad Hosseinpoor.
Special appreciation to:
Messagio Studios and Jillian Reichenbach Ott for their design and layout, and Kai Lashley
for technical editing.
The global survey and this report were prepared by the WHO Global Observatory for eHealth:
Misha Kay, Jonathan Santos, and Marina Takane.

5. Table of contents
Background . . . . . . . ii
Methodological considerations . . . iii
Quality assurance . . . . . . iii
Terminology and interpretation . . . vi
Presentation of primary data . . . viii
Presentation of secondary data . . . ix
Country profiles . . . . . .1
i

6. 1 A guide to the
eHealth country
profiles
Background
This publication presents data on the 114 WHO Member States that participated in
the 2009 global survey on eHealth. Intended as a reference to the state of eHealth
development in Member States, the publication highlights selected indicators in the form
of country profiles.
The objectives of the country profiles are to:
describe the current status of the use of ICT for health in Member States; and
provide information concerning the progress of eHealth applications in these
countries.
Due to layout restrictions, additional information provided by Member States could not be
included in these profiles. The country survey tools may be downloaded from the following
web site: http://www.who.int/goe. All country profiles can be accessed at the same URL as
well as the full country data sets.
ii

7. Methodological considerations
A total of 114 countries (59% of WHO Member States, representing 81% of the world’s
population) completed at least one section of the survey (Figure 1). The survey responses
were based on self-reporting by a selected group of eHealth expert informants for
each participating country. Although national survey administrators were given detailed
instructions to maintain consistency, there was significant variation across participating
Member States in the quality and level of detail in the responses, particularly to
descriptive, open-ended questions. While survey responses were checked for consistency
and accuracy, it was not possible to verify all responses to every question.
The scope of the survey was broad; survey questions covered diverse areas of eHealth,
from policy issues and legal frameworks to specific types of eHealth initiatives being
conducted. While every effort was made to select the best national experts to complete
the instrument, it was not possible to determine whether they had the collective eHealth
knowledge to answer each question. Further, there is no guarantee that national experts
used the detailed instructions included with the survey when responding.
Quality assurance
Country profiles are intended to provide a ‘snapshot’ of the status of eHealth in WHO
Member States according to selected criteria. The Global Observatory for eHealth (GOe)
implemented a range of measures to assure their quality. The questionnaires received
from participating countries were reviewed for completeness. External sources of
information were used for validation of the data and to resolve inconsistencies. Data
were reviewed before entry and after layout for publication.
iii

8. Figure 1: Countries completing part or all of the global eHealth survey
Reponding Member State
Data not available
Not applicable
iv

9. v

10. Terminology and interpretation
The following terms and definitions were used in the survey and therefore apply to the
country profiles. The terms are listed in the order they appear in the country profiles.
National eGovernment policy: the vision and objectives for the use of information
and communication technologies (ICT) to exchange information, provide services,
and communicate with citizens, businesses, and other sectors.
National eHealth policy: the vision and objectives to promote the use of ICT
specifically for the health sector.
National ICT procurement policy: the principles for the acquisition of software,
hardware, and content for the health sector.
National multiculturalism policy: the vision and objectives to promote and respect
linguistic diversity, cultural identity, traditions, and religions within cultures.
Personal identifiable data: information which can specifically identify an individual.
This can include, but is not limited to, names, date of birth, addresses, telephone
numbers, occupations, photographs, fingerprints – regardless of the format or
medium in which it is held.
Health-related data: information recorded about an individual including their
illnesses and prescribed treatments. It generally includes details of prescribed
medication, and any medical or surgical procedures undertaken as well as
treatments received from other health-care providers.
eHealth: the use of ICT for health
Electronic Medical Records / Electronic Health Records (EMR/EHR): a real-time
longitudinal electronic record of an individual patient’s health information that
can assist health professionals with decision-making and treatment. Terms used
interchangeably in this survey.
Internet pharmacies: Internet sites selling pharmaceuticals and related products.
Funding: eHealth funding can come from a number of sources. Public funding
is support through financial resources provided by government be it national,
regional, or district level. Private funding is support through financial or in-kind
resources provided by the private or commercial sector. Donor/non-public funding
is support through financial or in-kind resources provided by development
agencies, banks, foundations or other non-public funding bodies. These can be
international, regional, or national bodies. Public-private partnerships are joint
ventures between public organizations and private sector companies to work
together to achieve a common goal.
vi

11. Capacity building: the development of the health work force through training. ICT
skills and knowledge are key elements in developing an information society. They
contribute to building capacity through their inclusion in education and training.
ICT continuing education: courses or programmes for health professionals (not
necessarily for formal accreditation) that bring participants up-to-date with ICT
knowledge or skills for health settings.
Telemedicine (or telehealth): involves the delivery of health services using ICT,
specifically where distance is a barrier to health care. It falls under the rubric of
eHealth.
mHealth (or mobile health): a term for medical and public health practice
supported by mobile devices, such as mobile phones, patient monitoring devices,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), and other wireless devices.
eLearning: the use of ICT for learning. It can be used to improve the quality of
education, to increase accessibility to education (for those geographically isolated
or those who have access to inadequate learning facilities), and to make new
and innovative forms of education available to more people.
vii

12. Presentation of primary data
Below is a sample of a typical table found in the country profiles. Descriptions follow,
which correspond to the boxed numbers.
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 30
1.
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No
o 7
No 2.
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 55
No 28 3.
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 16 4.
1. Country response is the country’s answer to “Yes/No/Do not know” questions in
the survey. It could also refer to the country’s selection of the options presented in
closed-ended questions. The country has instituted legislation to ensure privacy of
personally identifiable data of individuals irrespective of whether it is in analogue
or digital format. The global response is the percentage of participating Member
States responding “Yes” to questions. Alternatively, it also indicates the percentage
of countries selecting an option presented in closed-ended questions. Seventy per
cent of participating Member States responded that they have instituted legislation to
ensure privacy of personally identifiable data of individuals irrespective of whether it
is in analogue or digital format.
2.
The country has no legislation that either allows or prohibits Internet pharmacy
purchases from other countries. Globally, 6% of responding countries indicated that
they have legislation that allows Internet pharmacy purchases from other countries.
Twelve per cent have legislation that prohibits Internet pharmacy purchases from
other countries.
3.
The options in this section are listed in the order of global importance. Based on the
aggregated responses from all participating Member States, voluntary compliance
was the most cited answer (55%), while official approval through certification,
accreditation, or quality seals was the least cited.
4. The country does not utilize official approval through certification, accreditation, or
quality seals as a quality assurance approach to health-related Internet content.
In contrast, 16% of responding countries indicated that they have adopted official
approval through certification, accreditation, or quality seals as an approach to
health-related Internet content.
viii

13. Presentation of secondary data
The following socioeconomic indicators were selected for each country to complement
the country profile information. Indicators and their sources are included below.
1. Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: http://esa.un.org/unpp
2. Gross national income (GNI) per capita (international $). PPP int. $ = Purchasing Power
Parity at international dollar rate (2008). World Development Indicators Database, 2009.
Washington, DC, World Bank, 2009: http://www.worldbank.org/data
3. World Bank income category. divided among income groups according to 2008 gross
national income (GNI) per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. The
groups are: low income, US$ 975 or less; lower-middle income, US$ 976–3855; upper-
middle income, US$ 3856–11 905; and high income, US$ 11 906 or more. http://www.
worldbank.org
4. Country grouping by OECD and non-OECD membership. For more information, see the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: http://www.oecd.org
5. Life expectancy at birth in years (2007). WHO Global Atlas of the Health Workforce.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_
WHS09_Table1.pdf
6. Total health expenditure (% GDP). Total expenditure on health as percentage of
gross domestic product (2010). WHO National Health Accounts (NHA) Country health
expenditure database. Geneva, World Health Organization: http:www.who.int/nha/country
7. Per capita total health expenditure (PPP international $). PPP int. $ = Purchasing Power
Parity at international dollar rate (2010). WHO National Health Accounts (NHA) Country health
expenditure database. Geneva, World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/nha/country
8. Hospital bed density per 10 000 population (2008). WHO World Health Statistics.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_
WHS09_Table6.pdf
9. Physician density per 10 000 population (2007). WHO World Health Statistics. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 2009: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Table6.pdf
10. Nurse density per 10 000 population (2007): WHO World Health Statistics. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 2009: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Table6.pdf
11. ICT Development Index 2008. International Telecommunication Union ICT Statistics: http://
www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2010/Material/MIS_2010_Summary_E.pdf
12. ICT Development Index rank 2008. International Telecommunication Union ICT Statistics:
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2010/Material/MIS_2010_Summary_E.pdf
13. Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 population (2009). International Telecommunication
Union ICT Statistics: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Indicators/Indicators.aspx#
14. Internet users per 100 population (2009). International Telecommunication Union ICT
Statistics: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Indicators/Indicators.aspx#
15. Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100 000 population.
The sum of years of potential life lost due to premature mortality and the years of
productive life lost due to disability (2004). Department of Measurement and Health
Information, World Health Organization, 2008: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_
burden_disease/en/index.html
ix

14. 2 Country profiles
Afghanistan . . . . . 3 Czech Republic . . . . 61
Albania . . . . . . 5 Denmark . . . . . . 63
Argentina . . . . . . 7 Dominican Republic . . . 65
Armenia . . . . . . 9 Egypt. . . . . . . 67
Austria . . . . . . 11 El Salvador . . . . . 69
Azerbaijan . . . . . 13 Eritrea . . . . . . 71
Bangladesh . . . . . 15 Estonia . . . . . . 73
Belarus . . . . . . 17 Ethiopia . . . . . . 75
Belgium . . . . . . 19 Fiji . . . . . . . 77
Belize. . . . . . . 21 Finland . . . . . . 79
Benin. . . . . . . 23 France . . . . . . 81
Bhutan . . . . . . 25 Gambia . . . . . . 83
Botswana . . . . . . 27 Germany . . . . . . 85
Brazil . . . . . . . 29 Ghana . . . . . . 87
Brunei Darussalam. . . . 31 Greece . . . . . . 89
Bulgaria . . . . . . 33 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . 91
Burkina Faso . . . . . 35 Hungary . . . . . . 93
Burundi . . . . . . 37 Iceland . . . . . . 95
Cambodia . . . . . 39 India . . . . . . . 97
Cameroon . . . . . 41 Indonesia . . . . . . 99
Canada . . . . . . 43 Iran (Islamic Republic of ) . . 101
Cape Verde . . . . . 45 Israel . . . . . . . 103
Chad . . . . . . . 47 Jordan . . . . . . 105
China. . . . . . . 49 Kuwait . . . . . . 107
Colombia . . . . . . 51 Kyrgyzstan . . . . . 109
Comoros . . . . . . 53 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 111
Congo . . . . . . 55 Latvia. . . . . . . 113
Croatia . . . . . . 57 Lebanon . . . . . . 115
Cyprus . . . . . . 59 Lesotho . . . . . . 117
1

15. Liberia . . . . . . 119 Republic of Korea . . . . 177
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . . 121 Republic of Moldova . . . 179
Lithuania . . . . . . 123 Sao Tome and Principe . . . 181
Madagascar . . . . . 125 Senegal . . . . . . 183
Malaysia . . . . . . 127 Seychelles . . . . . 185
Maldives . . . . . . 129 Sierra Leone . . . . . 187
Mali . . . . . . . 131 Singapore. . . . . . 189
Malta . . . . . . . 133 Slovakia . . . . . . 191
Mauritania . . . . . 135 Slovenia . . . . . . 193
Mauritius . . . . . . 137 Spain . . . . . . . 195
Mexico . . . . . . 139 Sri Lanka . . . . . . 197
Mongolia . . . . . . 141 Sudan . . . . . . 199
Montenegro . . . . . 143 Swaziland . . . . . . 201
Morocco . . . . . . 145 Switzerland . . . . . 203
Mozambique . . . . . 147 Syrian Arab Republic . . . 205
Nepal. . . . . . . 149 Thailand . . . . . . 207
New Zealand . . . . . 151 Togo . . . . . . . 209
Niger . . . . . . . 153 Tonga. . . . . . . 211
Nigeria . . . . . . 155 Turkey . . . . . . 213
Norway . . . . . . 157 Turkmenistan . . . . . 215
Oman . . . . . . 159 United Kingdom . . . . 217
Pakistan . . . . . . 161 United States of America . . 219
Panama . . . . . . 163 Uzbekistan . . . . . 221
Paraguay . . . . . . 165 Viet Nam . . . . . . 223
Peru . . . . . . . 167 Yemen . . . . . . 225
Philippines . . . . . 169 Zambia . . . . . . 227
Poland . . . . . . 171 Zimbabwe . . . . . 229
Portugal . . . . . . 173
Qatar . . . . . . . 175
2

16. Afghanistan
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 27 208 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.3 —
indicators
Country
1 110 84 —
World Bank income group Low 4 42.63
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 2.0 3.55
42 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 5.0 61 622
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 — — 28
Software — 76 — 35 — 56 —
— — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
Afghanistan
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
3

17. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 4

18. Albania
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 3 143 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.8 3.12
indicators
Country
8 170 536 83
World Bank income group Lower-middle
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 11.5 41.20
73 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 40.3 16 106
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2004
Yes 55 Partly 2004
Yes 37 Yes 2007
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 No 56 —
No — 33 No 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
No 73
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Albania
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
5

19. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 6

20. Argentina
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.38
indicators
Country
14 120 1 385
World Bank income group Upper-middle 41 130.31
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 31.6 34.00
76 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 4.8 15 371
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2005
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 No 26 No 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Argentina
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
7

21. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 8

22. Armenia
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 3 077 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.8
indicators
Country
5 420 228 88
World Bank income group Lower-middle 41
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 37.0 6.75
70 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 48.7 18 411
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Do not know 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
Do not know 7
Do not know
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software No 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
No Yes 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 Yes — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Armenia
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
9

23. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 No 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 10

24. Austria
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 8 337 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 10.1 6.72
indicators
Country
38 550 3 836 17
World Bank income group 78 136.71
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 73.45
80 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 66.4 10 223
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2006
Yes 55 Partly 2006
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 No Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 No 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 No 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes No 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 Yes 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
No 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Austria
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
11

25. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 No 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 12

26. Azerbaijan
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 8 731 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.6 3.18
indicators
Country
316 81
World Bank income group Lower-middle 87.83
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 27.40
68 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 84.2 21 525
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2003
Yes 55 Partly 2005
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Azerbaijan
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
13

27. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 14

28. Bangladesh
WHO South-East A sia Region
Population (000s) 160 000 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.5 1.41
indicators
Country
1 580 47 137
World Bank income group Low 4 32.32
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 3.0 0.38
65 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 2.8 27 532
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2002
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly 2007
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Bangladesh
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
15

29. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO South-East Asia Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 16

30. Belarus
WHO European Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.5 4.07
indicators
Country
12 380 800 55
World Bank income group Upper-middle 112 100.55
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 48.7 27.43
70 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 125.6
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2003
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Do not know 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
No 7
No
Internet safety
Do not know 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Do not know 77
Do not know 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Belarus
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
17

31. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 18

32. Belgium
WHO European Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.36
indicators
Country
36 520 23
World Bank income group 53
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 42.3 76.20
80 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 5.3 10 750
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2000
Yes 55 Partly 2005
Yes 37 Yes 2003
Yes 30 Yes Before 2000
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
Yes 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 — No 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 — 56 No
Yes Yes 33 — 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes — 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Belgium
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
19

33. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 20

34. Belize
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) 301 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.0 —
indicators
Country
288 —
World Bank income group Lower-middle 12 52.74
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 10.5 11.73
72 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 12.6 21 180
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 No —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country Do not know 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes No 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes No 33 Yes 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships Yes 28 Yes 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Belize
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
21

35. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 Yes 71
— 52 Yes 56
Nursing — 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy — 45 No 37
Dentistry — No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 22

36. Benin
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 8 662 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.8 1.35
indicators
Country
1 510 72 141
World Bank income group Low 5 56.33
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 0.6 2.24
57 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 7.7 37 601
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2003
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Partly 2000
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
No No 33 No 51 No 28
Skills training No 61 No 26 Yes 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Benin
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
23

37. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 24

38. Bhutan
WHO South-East A sia Region
Population (000s) 687 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 1.62
indicators
Country
5 300 123
World Bank income group Lower-middle 17 48.60
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5 7.17
63 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 2.4 25 734
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2004
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 Yes — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Bhutan
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
25

39. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
WHO South-East Asia Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
No 68 No 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 26

40. Botswana
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.6 2.30
indicators
Country
12 860
World Bank income group Upper-middle 18
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 4.0 6.15
61 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 26.5
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2003
Yes 37 Yes Before 2000
Yes 30 Partly 2009
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Do not know 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
No Yes 33 Yes 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 Yes Yes 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Botswana
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
27

41. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
No 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 28

42. Brazil
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 8.4 3.81
indicators
Country
10 260 60
World Bank income group Upper-middle 24
No Physician density (per 10 000 population)
73 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 20 112
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2005
Do not know 55 — —
Do not know 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly Do not know
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Yes —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country Do not know 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
Do not know 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
No — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Brazil
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
29

43. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Yes —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No data 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 40
Organizational culture not supportive No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 38
Lack of policy frameworks No data 37
No data 37
No data 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No data 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 25
Lack of technical expertise No data 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 30

44. Brunei Darussalam
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 2.4 5.07
indicators
Country
42
World Bank income group 26 103.30
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 11.4 78.78
76 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 60.6 13 132
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2000
Yes 55 Partly 2001
Yes 37 Yes 2000
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 No 56 —
Yes — 33 No 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Do not know 77
Yes 75
Brunei Darussalam
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
31

45. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Do not know 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 64
Lack of policy framework No data 63
Lack of skilled course developers No data 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 46
Perceived costs too high No data 45
No data 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No data 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 32

46. Bulgaria
WHO European Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.3 4.87
indicators
Country
43
World Bank income group Upper-middle 64 140.18
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 36.7 45.00
73 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 46.8 15 218
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2002
Yes 55 Partly 2006
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c No data —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 No 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 Yes 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Bulgaria
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
33

47. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
No data —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 34

48. Burkina Faso
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 15 234 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.6
indicators
Country
1 170 155
World Bank income group Low 24.27
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 0.6 1.13
51 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 7.3 45 867
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2006
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Partly 2007
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No data 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Burkina Faso
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
35

49. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 — 71
Yes 52 — 56
Nursing Yes 50 — 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 — 37
Dentistry Yes — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 36

50. Burundi
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 8 074 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 13.6 —
indicators
Country
52 —
World Bank income group Low 7 10.10
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5
50 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 54 480
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2007
Yes 37 Partly 2007
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software No 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Burundi
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
37

51. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 No 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 38

52. Cambodia
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) 14 562 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.6 1.70
indicators
Country
1 850 138 120
World Bank income group Low — 42.34
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 1.6 0.53
62 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 8.5 36 720
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Do not know 85 — —
No 55 — —
Do not know 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Do not know 70
1
Do not know 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Do not know 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 — — 28
Software — 76 — 35 — 56 —
— — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
Cambodia
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
39

53. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 40

54. Cameroon
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.5 1.40
indicators
Country
2 200 121 138
World Bank income group Lower-middle 15 41.00
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 3.84
53 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 16.0 42 856
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2009
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Yes 2005
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 Yes Yes 28
Software — 76 — 35 Yes 56 No
— — 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 Yes 43 No 20
Ongoing support — 61 — Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Cameroon
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
41

55. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 42

56. Canada
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 10.3
indicators
Country
21
World Bank income group 34
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 80.30
81 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 100.5 10 321
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes Before 2000
Yes 55 Partly Before 2000
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Canada
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
43

57. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 Yes 37
Dentistry No Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 44

58. Cape Verde
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.3 2.62
indicators
Country
3 530 151 102
World Bank income group Lower-middle 21 57.48
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 5.7
71 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 13.2 18 788
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2005
Yes 55 Partly 2005
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Yes 2005
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes — 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No data 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Cape Verde
No 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
45

59. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
No 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 46

60. Chad
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP)
indicators
Country
1 230 72
World Bank income group Low 4 20.36
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5 1.50
46 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 2.8
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly Before 2000
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Do not know 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country Do not know 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 — — 28
Software — 76 — 35 — 56 —
— — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Chad
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
47

61. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Do not know
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 48

62. China
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.3 3.23
indicators
Country
6 770
World Bank income group Lower-middle 30 55.52
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 14.2
74 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 15 750
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2005
Yes 55 Partly 2003
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly 2004
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Allows
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — No 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 Yes
Yes — 33 — 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 — — 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
China
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
49

63. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 50

64. Colombia
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) 45 012 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.65
indicators
Country
8 500 518 63
World Bank income group Upper-middle 10
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 13.5
75 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 5.5
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2000
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes — 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 No 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — No 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Colombia
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
51

65. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 52

66. Comoros
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 661 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.3 1.46
indicators
Country
1 300 38 134
World Bank income group Low 22
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 1.5
60 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 7.4 24 622
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 No —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No data 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software — 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
— — 33 No 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Comoros
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
53

67. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 54

68. Congo
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 3 615 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 1.8 1.48
indicators
Country
70 132
World Bank income group Lower-middle 16
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 6.66
54 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 8.2
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 — 37 — No 28
Software No 76 — 35 — 56 No
Yes — 33 — 51 No 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 — — 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Congo
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
55

69. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 56

70. Croatia
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 4 423 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.8 5.53
indicators
Country
36
World Bank income group 53 136.66
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 50.58
76 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 55.8 13 176
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2009
Yes 55 Partly 2006
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Croatia
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
57

71. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 58

72. Cyprus
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 862 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.7 5.37
indicators
Country
28 050 3 312
World Bank income group 37 122.02
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 23.0
80 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 11 812
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2001
Yes 55 Partly 2005
Yes 37 Partly 2009
Yes 30 Do not know —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
No
Internet safety
Do not know 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Cyprus
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
59

73. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 — 71
No 52 — 56
Nursing Yes 50 — 55
Pharmacy No 45 — 37
Dentistry No — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 60

74. Czech Republic
WHO European Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.8 5.45
indicators
Country
23 610 1 684 37
World Bank income group 81 137.51
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 36.1 64.43
77 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 57 468
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly Before 2000
Yes 55 Partly 2008
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
Allows
No 7
Allows
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 No Yes 28
Software Yes 76 No 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 No 26 Yes 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Czech Republic
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
61

75. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 62

76. Denmark
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 5 458 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.53
indicators
Country
37 720 3 630 4
World Bank income group 35
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 31.6 86.84
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 11 286
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2008
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly 2008
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No data 47
No data 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 — 37 — — 28
Software No 76 — 35 — 56 —
No — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Denmark
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
63

77. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No data 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 40
Organizational culture not supportive No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 38
Lack of policy frameworks No data 37
No data 37
No data 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No data 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 25
Lack of technical expertise No data 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No data
No data 58
No data 52
No data 46
Legal and ethical No data 45
No data 40
Patients' perception No data 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
No 68 No 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 64

78. Dominican Republic
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.5
indicators
Country
8 100 446
World Bank income group Upper-middle 10 85.53
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 18.8 26.77
73 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 18.4
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2004
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Yes 2008
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes — 33 No 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — No 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Dominican Republic
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
65

79. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 66

80. Egypt
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 81 527 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.4 2.70
indicators
Country
333
World Bank income group Lower-middle 21
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 24.3 24.26
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 33.5 20 261
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2006
Yes 55 Partly 2006
Yes 37 Partly Do not know
No data 30 No data No data
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
Do not know 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes No 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 No 56 No
Yes — 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 No 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — No 35 Yes 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No data 77
No data 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
No data 73
Nursing No data 62
No data 60
Dentistry No data 54
Egypt
Pharmacy No data 54
§
1
ecords
67

81. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 68

82. El Salvador
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) 6 134 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.0 2.61
indicators
Country
6 360 410 103
World Bank income group Lower-middle 8 122.77
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 12.4 12.11
72 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 8.0
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Do not know 85 — —
Do not know 55 — —
Do not know 37 — —
Do not know 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Do not know 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country Do not know 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
No 7
Do not know
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 — — 28
Software — 76 — 35 — 56 —
— — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
El Salvador
No 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
69

83. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Do not know 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Do not know 72
Used in training health professionals Do not know
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 70

84. Eritrea
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.1 1.08
indicators
Country
640 152
World Bank income group Low 12 2.78
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 0.5 —
65 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 5.8 26 878
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 Yes — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Eritrea
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
71

85. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No data 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 40
Organizational culture not supportive No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 38
Lack of policy frameworks No data 37
No data 37
No data 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No data 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 25
Lack of technical expertise No data 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No data
No data 58
No data 52
No data 46
Legal and ethical No data 45
No data 40
Patients' perception No data 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals No data
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 No data 71
Yes 52 No data 56
Nursing Yes 50 No data 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No data 37
Dentistry Yes No data 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 72

86. Estonia
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 1 341 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.3 6.41
indicators
Country
1 103 22
World Bank income group 56
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 33.3 72.50
74 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 16 212
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes Before 2000
Yes 55 Yes 2003
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Yes —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes No 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Estonia
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
73

87. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Yes —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 74

88. Ethiopia
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 80 713 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.4 1.03
indicators
Country
30 154
World Bank income group Low 2
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5 0.54
58 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 2.4 42 306
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2009
No 55 — —
Do not know 37 — —
Yes 30 Yes 2004
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 Yes
No — 33 Yes 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
No 60
Ethiopia
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
75

89. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 76

90. Fiji
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) 844 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.8 2.81
indicators
Country
4 570 166
World Bank income group Upper-middle 21 75.36
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 4.5 13.45
70 Nurse density (per 10 000 population)
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2006
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Partly 2007
Do not know 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
Do not know
Internet safety
No 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
Fiji
§
1
ecords
77

91. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 78

92. Finland
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 5 304 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 8.4 7.02
indicators
Country
34 430 12
World Bank income group 68
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 33.2
80 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 11 347
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly Before 2000
Yes 55 Partly Before 2000
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly Before 2000
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Allows
Yes 7
Allows
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 No 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 — 56 —
Yes Yes 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Finland
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
79

93. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 80

94. France
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 62 036 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 11.1 6.55
indicators
Country
3 778 18
World Bank income group 72
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 37.4 71.58
81 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 10 644
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2008
Yes 55 Partly 2002
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly No data
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Do not know 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
No 60
Dentistry No 54
France
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
81

95. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry No Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 82

96. Gambia
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 1 660 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.3 1.62
indicators
Country
1 330 73 124
World Bank income group Low 11 84.04
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5 7.63
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 5.7 32 765
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2006
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software — 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
— — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Gambia
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
83

97. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 84

98. Germany
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 82 264 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 10.4
indicators
Country
13
World Bank income group 83
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 34.8
80 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 10 081
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly Before 2000
Yes 55 Partly 2003
Yes 37 Partly Before 2000
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Allows
Yes 7
Allows
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 Yes 37 — No 28
Software No 76 Yes 35 — 56 No
Yes Yes 33 — 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 No 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes — 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Germany
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
85

99. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 86

100. Ghana
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 23 351 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.8 1.75
indicators
Country
1 480 113 116
World Bank income group Low 63.38
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 1.1 5.44
62 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 33 285
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2003
Yes 55 Partly 2003
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No data 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes No 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 No
Yes — 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Ghana
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
87

101. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No data 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 40
Organizational culture not supportive No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 38
Lack of policy frameworks No data 37
No data 37
No data 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No data 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 25
Lack of technical expertise No data 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No data
No data 58
No data 52
No data 46
Legal and ethical No data 45
No data 40
Patients' perception No data 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 No 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 88

102. Greece
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 11 137 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.03
indicators
Country
28 440 2 852 30
World Bank income group 48
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 53.5 44.54
80 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 34.8
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2006
Yes 55 Partly 2007
Yes 37 Partly 2008
Yes 30 Yes Before 2000
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
Yes 7
Allows
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 — 56 —
Yes Yes 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes — 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Greece
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
89

103. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 90

104. Guinea-Bissau
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 1 575 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.8
indicators
Country
1 060 32 156
World Bank income group Low 10
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5 2.30
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 5.5
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software — 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
— — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Guinea-Bissau
Nursing Yes 62
No 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
91

105. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 92

106. Hungary
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 10 012 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.4 5.64
indicators
Country
18 570 34
World Bank income group 71 118.01
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 27.8 61.81
74 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 15 002
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2007
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country Do not know 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
Do not know 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 — No 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 — 56 No
Yes No 33 — 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No — 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
No 60
Hungary
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
93

107. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Do not know 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 94

108. Iceland
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 315 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 11.8 7.23
indicators
Country
4 310 6
World Bank income group 75 105.28
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 37.7
82 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 101.4
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly Before 2000
Yes 55 Partly Before 2000
Yes 37 Partly 2001
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c No —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — Yes 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 Yes
Yes — 33 — 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Iceland
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
95

109. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
No —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
No 68 No 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 96

110. India
WHO South-East A sia Region
Population (000s) 1 181 412 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.0 1.75
indicators
Country
3 260 116 117
World Bank income group Lower-middle 43.83
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 5.8 5.12
64 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 12.7 27 825
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2006
Yes 55 Partly 2006
Yes 37 Partly 2006
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
India
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
97

111. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO South-East Asia Region
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 98

112. Indonesia
WHO South-East A sia Region
Population (000s) 227 345 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 2.0 2.46
indicators
Country
4 060 82 107
World Bank income group Lower-middle 6
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 1.3 8.70
67 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 8.2 25 103
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2003
Yes 55 Yes 2007
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly No data
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 No 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 No 35 Yes 56 —
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 Yes — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Indonesia
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
99

113. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO South-East Asia Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 100

114. Iran (Islamic Republic of)
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 73 312 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.3 3.08
indicators
Country
722 84
World Bank income group Lower-middle 14 70.83
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 11.07
72 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 14.1
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly Do not know
Yes 55 Partly 2007
No data 37 No data No data
Yes 30 Partly 2006
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 No 37 — No 28
Software Yes 76 No 35 — 56 Yes
Yes No 33 — 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No — 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
101

115. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 Yes 71
— 52 Yes 56
Nursing — 50 No 55
Pharmacy — 45 No 37
Dentistry — Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 102

116. Israel
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 7 051 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 8.0
indicators
Country
27 040 2 288 27
World Bank income group 58 125.84
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 36.3 63.12
81 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 61.5
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2004
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Yes 2003
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
Yes 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Israel
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
103

117. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 104

118. Jordan
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 6 136 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 8.5 3.33
indicators
Country
5 840 432 74
World Bank income group Lower-middle 18
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 25.6 26.00
72 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 31.8 17 042
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
No 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 No 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Jordan
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
105

119. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No data 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 40
Organizational culture not supportive No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 38
Lack of policy frameworks No data 37
No data 37
No data 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No data 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 25
Lack of technical expertise No data 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No data
No data 58
No data 52
No data 46
Legal and ethical No data 45
No data 40
Patients' perception No data 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 Yes 71
— 52 No 56
Nursing — 50 No 55
Pharmacy — 45 No 37
Dentistry — No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 106

120. Kuwait
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 2.0 3.64
indicators
Country
65
World Bank income group 18
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 18.0 36.85
78 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 37.0
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2006
Yes 55 Partly Before 2000
Yes 37 Partly 2000
Yes 30 Yes No data
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c No —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Kuwait
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
107

121. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
No —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 108

122. Kyrgyzstan
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 5 414 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.6 2.65
indicators
Country
2 200 161
World Bank income group Low 51 81.85
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 23.0 40.03
66 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 56.6 25 257
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2002
Yes 55 Partly 2002
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software No 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Kyrgyzstan
No 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
109

123. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 110

124. Lao People's Democratic Republic
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) 6 205 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.0 1.74
indicators
Country
2 210 85 118
World Bank income group Low 12 51.18
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 3.5 4.75
62 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 31 175
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2008
No 55 — —
Yes 37 No —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 Yes No data 28
Software — 76 — 35 Yes 56 No data
— — 33 Yes 51 No data 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 Yes 43 No data 20
Ongoing support — 61 — No 35 No data 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 No No data 4
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
111

125. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 112

126. Latvia
WHO European Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.5 5.28
indicators
Country
16 510 1 112 41
World Bank income group Upper-middle 76 105.40
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 30.4 66.84
71 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 56.5 16 822
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2005
Yes 55 Partly 2007
Yes 37 Partly 2008
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c No —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Allows
Yes 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
No 60
Dentistry No 54
Latvia
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
113

127. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
No —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No data
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 No data 71
— 52 No data 56
Nursing — 50 No data 55
Pharmacy — 45 No data 37
Dentistry — No data 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 114

128. Lebanon
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 8.8 3.17
indicators
Country
13 230 1 000 82
World Bank income group Upper-middle 34
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 32.5 23.68
72 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 13.2 18 881
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly No data
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Do not know 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Do not know 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
No 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes No 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 No
Yes — 33 Yes 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Lebanon
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
115

129. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 116

130. Lesotho
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.4 1.46
indicators
Country
100 133
World Bank income group Lower-middle 13
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 0.5 3.72
47 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 6.2
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No data 37 No data No data
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No data 23
With health care entities in other countries No data 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 No data 37 Yes No data 28
Software Yes 76 No data 35 Yes 56 No data
No No data 33 No 51 No data 28
Skills training Yes 61 No data 26 Yes 43 No data 20
Ongoing support No 61 No data No 35 No data 18
Scholarships No 28 No data 8 No No data 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No data 77
No data 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
No data 73
Nursing No data 62
No data 60
Lesotho
Dentistry No data 54
Pharmacy No data 54
§
1
ecords
117

131. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 118

132. Liberia
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 11.7 —
indicators
Country
45 —
World Bank income group Low 7
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5 0.51
54 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 2.7
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
Do not know 37 — —
Do not know 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Do not know 70
1
Do not know 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country Do not know 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
Do not know 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Do not know 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 — — 28
Software — 76 — 35 — 56 —
— — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Do not know 77
Do not know 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Liberia
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
119

133. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No data 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 40
Organizational culture not supportive No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 38
Lack of policy frameworks No data 37
No data 37
No data 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No data 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 25
Lack of technical expertise No data 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No data
No data 58
No data 52
No data 46
Legal and ethical No data 45
No data 40
Patients' perception No data 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals Do not know
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 120

134. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 2.8 3.24
indicators
Country
16 430 401 78
World Bank income group Upper-middle 37
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 12.5 5.51
73 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 48.0 16 177
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
No — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
121

135. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Do not know 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 122

136. Lithuania
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 3 321 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.2 5.55
indicators
Country
16 740 1 178 35
World Bank income group Upper-middle 81
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 40.3
72 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 75.7 16 454
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2002
Yes 55 Partly 2007
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Lithuania
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
123

137. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Do not know 72
Used in training health professionals Do not know
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 124

138. Madagascar
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.5 1.31
indicators
Country
1 050 48 144
World Bank income group Low 10 32.02
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 1.6 1.63
60 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 3.2
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2007
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c No —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 — — 28
Software — 76 — 35 — 56 —
— — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Madagascar
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
125

139. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
No —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 126

140. Malaysia
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) 27 014 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.3
indicators
Country
13 530 620 56
World Bank income group Upper-middle 18
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 7.1
73 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 18.1 16 638
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes Before 2000
Yes 55 Yes Before 2000
Yes 37 Yes 2006
Yes 30 Yes Before 2000
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Yes —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 — No 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 — 56 Yes
No Yes 33 — 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 — 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No — 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Malaysia
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
127

141. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Yes —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No data
No data 58
No data 52
No data 46
Legal and ethical No data 45
No data 40
Patients' perception No data 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 128

142. Maldives
WHO South-East A sia Region
Population (000s) 305 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 11.2 3.54
indicators
Country
5 230 626 68
World Bank income group Lower-middle 26
No Physician density (per 10 000 population)
74 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 27.0 23 507
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2009
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 No 35 Yes 56 —
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 Yes 8 Yes — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Maldives
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
129

143. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
WHO South-East Asia Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
No 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 130

144. Mali
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 12 706 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.5
indicators
Country
62 147
World Bank income group Low 6 34.17
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 0.7
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 2.0 50 378
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2005
Yes 55 Partly No data
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Yes —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes No 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 No
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 No 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships Yes 28 Yes 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No data 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
Mali
§
1
ecords
131

145. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Yes —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry No Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 132

146. Malta
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 407 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.5 5.82
indicators
Country
22 640 31
World Bank income group 78 103.27
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 33.5 58.86
80 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 62.7
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly No data
Yes 55 No —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Malta
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
133

147. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 134

148. Mauritania
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 3 215 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 2.6 1.57
indicators
Country
53 126
World Bank income group Low 4 66.32
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 1.3 2.28
58 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 6.7
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2002
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Partly 2002
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c No —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 Yes — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Mauritania
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
135

149. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
No —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 Yes 71
— 52 Yes 56
Nursing — 50 No 55
Pharmacy — 45 Yes 37
Dentistry — No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 136

150. Mauritius
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 1 280 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.2 3.44
indicators
Country
13 270 531 72
World Bank income group Upper-middle 33 84.36
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 10.6 22.51
73 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 37.3 17 288
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2007
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Do not know 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No data 26
With different health care entities within the country No data 23
With health care entities in other countries No data 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No data 47
No data 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 No 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Mauritius
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
137

151. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry No Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 138

152. Mexico
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) 108 555 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.25
indicators
Country
14 110 77
World Bank income group Upper-middle 17 76.20
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 28.30
76 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 15 430
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Yes 2006
Yes 30 Yes 2004
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Yes —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 — — 28
Software — 76 — 35 — 56 —
— — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Do not know 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
No 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Mexico
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
139

153. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Yes —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 140

154. Mongolia
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) 2 641 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.8 2.71
indicators
Country
3 330 136
World Bank income group Lower-middle 60 84.20
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 26.3 —
68 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 34.5 23 523
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2006
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Yes 2008
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
No — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
No 73
Nursing No 62
No 60
Mongolia
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
141

155. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 Yes 71
— 52 Yes 56
Nursing — 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy — 45 Yes 37
Dentistry — Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 142

156. Montenegro
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 622 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.57
indicators
Country
13 130 47
World Bank income group Upper-middle 40 207.33
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 44.86
74 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 55.4 —
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2009
Yes 55 Partly 2009
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
Montenegro
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
143

157. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 144

158. Morocco
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 31 606 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.3 2.68
indicators
Country
4 450
World Bank income group Lower-middle 11
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 5.6 41.30
72 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 7.8 17 780
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2001
Yes 55 Partly 2004
Yes 37 Partly 2003
Yes 30 Yes Before 2000
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
No 60
Morocco
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
145

159. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
No 68 No 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 146

160. Mozambique
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 22 383 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.6 1.05
indicators
Country
880 47 153
World Bank income group Low 8 26.08
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5 2.68
51 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 3.1 44 407
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2000
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Do not know 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No data 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software — 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
— — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Mozambique
Nursing Yes 62
No 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
147

161. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Do not know 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 148

162. Nepal
WHO South-East A sia Region
Population (000s) 28 810 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 1.34
indicators
Country
1 180 54 142
World Bank income group Low 50
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 2.1
63 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 4.6
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly 2008
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
Allows
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
No Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Nepal
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
149

163. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO South-East Asia Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 150

164. New Zealand
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) 4 230 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.81
indicators
Country
26 430 2 465 16
World Bank income group 62 110.16
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 21.3
81 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 87.2 10 642
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2001
Yes 55 Partly 2005
Yes 37 Yes 2005
Do not know 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 — Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 — 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 — 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes — 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
New Zealand
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
151

165. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 152

166. Niger
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 14 704 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.0
indicators
Country
660 40 158
World Bank income group Low 3 17.00
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5 0.76
52 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 1.4
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2004
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 — 37 Yes Yes 28
Software No 76 — 35 Yes 56 Yes
No — 33 Yes 51 No 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support No 61 — No 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Niger
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
153

167. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 154

168. Nigeria
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 151 212 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.8 1.65
indicators
Country
134 122
World Bank income group Lower-middle 5 48.16
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 4.0 28.43
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 16.1 48 578
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2001
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Do not know 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Nigeria
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
155

169. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No data 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 No 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 156

170. Norway
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 4 767 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 8.6 7.11
indicators
Country
56 050
World Bank income group 111.38
Physician density (per 10 000 population)
81 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 163.3 10 351
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2007
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly 2005
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Allows
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 No 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 No 35 — 56 —
Yes Yes 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No — 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Norway
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
157

171. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 158

172. Oman
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 2 785 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 2.4 3.45
indicators
Country
24 370 71
World Bank income group 20
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 18.4 51.50
74 Nurse density (per 10 000 population)
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly No data
Yes 55 Partly Before 2000
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Yes Before 2000
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
No 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Oman
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
159

173. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Do not know
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 160

174. Pakistan
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 1.54
indicators
Country
2 710 71 128
World Bank income group Lower-middle 6 52.18
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 7.8 11.30
63 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 3.8
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly Do not know
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Do not know 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Pakistan
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
161

175. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 162

176. Panama
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.2 3.66
indicators
Country
12 530 62
World Bank income group Upper-middle 22 164.37
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 15.0
76 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 27.7 15 008
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2008
Yes 37 Yes 2008
Yes 30 Partly 2008
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — Yes 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 Yes
Yes — 33 — 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Panama
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
163

177. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 164

178. Paraguay
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) 6 238 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.3 2.75
indicators
Country
4 430
World Bank income group Lower-middle 13 88.50
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 11.1 17.40
74 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 17 782
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2008
Yes 37 Yes 2008
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Paraguay
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
165

179. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 166

180. Peru
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) 28 837 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.5 3.27
indicators
Country
8 140 385 75
World Bank income group Upper-middle 15
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) — 31.40
76 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) — 18 552
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2006
Yes 55 Partly 2005
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 No
Yes No 33 No 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 No 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 No Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 Yes 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
No 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Peru
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
167

181. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 168

182. Philippines
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.8 2.87
indicators
Country
3 540 135
World Bank income group Lower-middle 5 100.26
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 11.5
70 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 61.2 21 603
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2006
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Partly 2000
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No data 47
No data 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships Yes 28 Yes 8 Yes Yes 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Philippines
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
169

183. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 170

184. Poland
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 38 104 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.6
indicators
Country
18 440 1 162 40
World Bank income group Upper-middle 52 117.68
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 20.1
76 Nurse density (per 10 000 population)
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2008
Yes 55 Partly 2004
Yes 37 Partly 2007
Yes 30 Partly 2004
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Allows
No 7
Allows
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 — 56 —
Yes No 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Poland
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
171

185. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 Yes 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 172

186. Portugal
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 10 677 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 10.1 5.77
indicators
Country
22 870 2 334 32
World Bank income group 35 148.77
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 34.4 48.27
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 48.3
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly Before 2000
Yes 55 Partly 2008
Yes 37 Partly 2007
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c No —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country Do not know 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
Allows
Do not know 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Portugal
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
173

187. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
No —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Do not know 72
Used in training health professionals Do not know
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 174

188. Qatar
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 1 281 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.3 4.68
indicators
Country
— 2 837 45
World Bank income group 25 175.40
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 27.6 40.00
76 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 73.7
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2005
Yes 55 Partly 2007
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly 2003
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Do not know 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Qatar
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
175

189. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Do not know 72
Used in training health professionals Do not know
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 176

190. Republic of Korea
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) 48 152 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.6 7.68
indicators
Country
27 310 1 820 3
World Bank income group 86 100.70
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 17.1 81.52
80 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 12 248
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2007
Yes 37 Partly 2007
No data 30 No data No data
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No data 77
No data 75
Republic of Korea
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
No data 73
Nursing No data 62
No data 60
Dentistry No data 54
Pharmacy No data 54
§
1
ecords
177

191. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Do not know 72
Used in training health professionals Do not know
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 178

192. Republic of Moldova
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 3 633 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 10.7 3.37
indicators
Country
3 060 318 73
World Bank income group Lower-middle 61 77.28
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 26.7 37.00
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 66.5 20 105
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2005
Yes 55 Partly 2004
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
Yes No 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 No 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
Yes 75
Republic of Moldova
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
179

193. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 180

194. Sao Tome and Principe
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 160 Total health expenditure (%GDP) —
indicators
Country
1 850 167 —
World Bank income group Lower-middle 32
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 16.41
61 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 18.7 31 628
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software — 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
— — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 Yes — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Sao Tome and Principe
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
181

195. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 182

196. Senegal
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 12 211 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.7
indicators
Country
102 131
World Bank income group Low 3 55.06
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 0.6 14.50
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 4.2 35 224
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2001
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Partly 2006
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No data 25c No data —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 No 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 Yes 8 No Yes 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Senegal
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
183

197. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No data 25
No data —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 184

198. Seychelles
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 84 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.1 3.64
indicators
Country
16 820 66
World Bank income group Upper-middle 131.36
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 15.1 —
72 Nurse density (per 10 000 population)
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2005
Yes 55 Partly 2001
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 No
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 No 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No No 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
Seychelles
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
185

199. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 186

200. Sierra Leone
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 5 560 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.2 —
indicators
Country
32 —
World Bank income group Low 4 20.36
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) <0.5 0.26
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 1.7 66 278
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Do not know 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No data 30 No data No data
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Do not know 70
1
Do not know 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country No data 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
Do not know 7
Do not know
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
No Yes 33 No 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 Yes No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Sierra Leone
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
187

201. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 188

202. Singapore
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) 4 615 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.4
indicators
Country
1 757 14
World Bank income group 32 145.24
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 15.0
81 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 44.0 10 111
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes Before 2000
Yes 55 Yes 2003
Yes 37 Yes Before 2000
Do not know 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — No 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 No
Yes — 33 — 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Singapore
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
189

203. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 64
Lack of policy framework No data 63
Lack of skilled course developers No data 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 46
Perceived costs too high No data 45
No data 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No data 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 190

204. Slovakia
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 5 400 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.8 5.38
indicators
Country
21 600 1 717 38
World Bank income group 68 101.70
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 31.2 75.17
75 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 66.2 13 844
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2008
Yes 55 Partly 2009
Yes 37 Yes 2005
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
Yes — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Slovakia
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
191

205. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 192

206. Slovenia
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 2 015 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.8 6.26
indicators
Country
26 340 2 183 26
World Bank income group 47
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 24.2 64.28
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 78.1 11 636
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2007
Yes 37 Partly 2009
Yes 30 Partly 2007
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 Yes — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Slovenia
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
193

207. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 No 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 194

208. Spain
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 44 486 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 8.7 6.27
indicators
Country
31 630 25
World Bank income group 34 113.76
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 37.6 62.62
81 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 74.4
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Yes 2006
Yes 37 Partly 2006
Yes 30 No —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
No data 47
No data 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — No data 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 No data
Yes — 33 — 51 No data 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 No data 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — — 35 No data 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — No data 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Spain
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
195

209. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No data 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 64
Lack of policy framework No data 63
Lack of skilled course developers No data 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 46
Perceived costs too high No data 45
No data 42
Lack of demand No data 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 No 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 196

210. Sri Lanka
WHO South-East A sia Region
Population (000s) 20 061 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.0 2.51
indicators
Country
4 720 184 105
World Bank income group Lower-middle 31
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 5.5 8.78
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 17.4
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2003
No 55 — —
Yes 37 Yes 2004
Yes 30 Partly 2005
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes No 28
Software No 76 — 35 Yes 56 No
No — 33 Yes 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support No 61 — Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
Sri Lanka
No 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
197

211. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO South-East Asia Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 198

212. Sudan
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 41 348 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.6 1.57
indicators
Country
2 000 77 127
World Bank income group Lower-middle 7
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 3.0 —
57 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 38 563
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2005
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Do not know 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
Yes — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Sudan
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
199

213. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 200

214. Swaziland
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 1 168 Total health expenditure (%GDP)
indicators
Country
4 580 115
World Bank income group Lower-middle 21 55.36
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 1.6 7.60
48 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 63.1 55 883
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No data 85 No data No data
No data 55 No data No data
No data 37 No data No data
No data 30 No data No data
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No data 70
1
No data 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No data 26
With different health care entities within the country No data 23
With health care entities in other countries No data 11
Internet pharmacies
No data
No data 7
No data
Internet safety
No data 47
No data 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No data 78 No data 37 No data No data 28
Software No data 76 No data 35 No data 56 No data
No data No data 33 No data 51 No data 28
Skills training No data 61 No data 26 No data 43 No data 20
Ongoing support No data 61 No data No data 35 No data 18
Scholarships No data 28 No data 8 No data No data 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No data 77
No data 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
No data 73
Nursing No data 62
Swaziland
No data 60
Dentistry No data 54
Pharmacy No data 54
§
1
ecords
201

215. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No data 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
No 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 Yes 37
Dentistry No Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 202

216. Switzerland
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 7 541 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 10.5
indicators
Country
41 830 4 620 7
World Bank income group 55 122.30
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 81.30
82 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 110.4
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2007
Yes 55 Partly 2007
Yes 37 Partly 2006
Yes 30 No data No data
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 No 37 — Yes 28
Software No 76 No 35 — 56 Yes
No No 33 — 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 No 26 — 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No — 35 Yes 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 — Yes 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Do not know 77
Do not know 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
Switzerland
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
203

217. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Yes 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 204

218. Syrian Arab Republic
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 21 227 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.2 2.76
indicators
Country
4 620 143
World Bank income group Lower-middle 15 45.57
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 5.3 20.40
72 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 14.0 16 167
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2009
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 No 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 Yes 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Syrian Arab Republic
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
No 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
205

219. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 — 71
No 52 — 56
Nursing No 50 — 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 — 37
Dentistry Yes — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 206

220. Thailand
WHO South-East A sia Region
Population (000s) 67 386 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.0 3.27
indicators
Country
7 640 323 76
World Bank income group Lower-middle 22
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 3.1 25.80
70 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 13.6 20 216
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2002
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes No 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 Yes 56 No
Yes — 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 — Yes 35 No 18
Scholarships Yes 28 — 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Thailand
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
207

221. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO South-East Asia Region
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 208

222. Togo
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.4 1.36
indicators
Country
850 71 140
World Bank income group Low 33.05
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 0.5 5.38
Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 2.7 38 278
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No data 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 — — 28
Software — 76 — 35 — 56 —
— — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Togo
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
209

223. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 No 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 210

224. Tonga
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) 104 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.0 —
indicators
Country
4 580 152 —
World Bank income group Lower-middle 24
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 8.08
71 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 34.0 —
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2008
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
No No 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 No 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 No Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Tonga
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
211

225. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No data 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 40
Organizational culture not supportive No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 38
Lack of policy frameworks No data 37
No data 37
No data 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No data 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 25
Lack of technical expertise No data 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No data
No data 58
No data 52
No data 46
Legal and ethical No data 45
No data 40
Patients' perception No data 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No data 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 47
Lack of policy framework No data 44
No data 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No data 38
Perceived costs too high No data 37
Lack of demand No data
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 26
Lack of technical expertise No data 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 No 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 212

226. Turkey
WHO European Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.0
indicators
Country
13 730 57
World Bank income group Upper-middle 28
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 14.5 36.40
74 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 16 307
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2001
Yes 55 Partly 2003
Yes 37 Yes Before 2000
Yes 30 Yes 2008
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Yes —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries Yes 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
No 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software No 76 No 35 No 56 No
No No 33 No 51 No 28
Skills training No 61 No 26 No 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing No 62
No 60
Dentistry No 54
Turkey
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
213

227. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Yes —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
No 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing No 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy No 45 No 37
Dentistry No No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 214

228. Turkmenistan
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 5 044 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 1.8 2.38
indicators
Country
120 108
World Bank income group Lower-middle 41
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 24.4 1.57
63 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 45.2 28 344
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
Yes 55 Partly 2006
Do not know 37 — —
Yes 30 Yes 2006
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Yes —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
Do not know 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Do not know 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 — — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 — 56 —
No — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Turkmenistan
Nursing Yes 62
No 60
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
215

229. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Yes —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Do not know
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No data 64
Lack of policy framework No data 63
Lack of skilled course developers No data 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No data 46
Perceived costs too high No data 45
No data 42
Lack of demand No data 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 — 71
Yes 52 — 56
Nursing No 50 — 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 — 37
Dentistry Yes — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 216

230. United Kingdom
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 61 231 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.07
indicators
Country
37 360 3 230 10
World Bank income group 130.55
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 21.4 83.56
80 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 6.3 11 012
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes Before 2000
Yes 55 Yes 2002
Yes 37 Yes 2002
Yes 30 Partly 2008
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Yes —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
Yes 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 No 37 — No 28
Software Yes 76 No 35 — 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 — 51 No 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 — 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No — 35 Yes 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 — No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Do not know 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
United Kingdom
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
217

231. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Yes —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 218

232. United States of America
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) 311 666 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 16.0 6.54
indicators
Country
46 730 7 536
World Bank income group 31
Physician density (per 10 000 population) 26.7 78.00
78 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 12 844
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly No data
Yes 55 Partly 2006
Do not know 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
No 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Yes 26
With different health care entities within the country Yes 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Allows
Yes 7
Prohibits
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 No 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 Yes Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships Yes 28 Yes 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
United States of America
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
219

233. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
Do not know 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 220

234. Uzbekistan
WHO European Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 5.0 2.25
indicators
Country
134 110
World Bank income group Low 48
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 26.2 17.06
68 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 108.1 21 277
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Do not know 85 — —
Yes 55 Partly 2009
No 37 — —
Yes 30 Partly 2009
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
Yes 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software No 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 No 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Uzbekistan
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
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ecords
221

235. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 Yes 71
— 52 Yes 56
Nursing — 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy — 45 Yes 37
Dentistry — Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 222

236. Viet Nam
WHO Western Pacif ic Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.3 3.05
indicators
Country
2 850 201 86
World Bank income group Low 28 111.53
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 5.6 26.55
73 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 7.7 17 025
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2001
Yes 55 Partly 2004
Yes 37 Partly No data
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy Yes 25c Partly —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
Yes 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training Yes 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 Yes 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No Yes 35 Yes 18
Scholarships Yes 28 No 8 Yes No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Yes 60
Viet Nam
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
223

237. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy Yes 25
Partly —
Do not know 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
WHO Western Pacific Region
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 224

238. Yemen
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.7 1.52
indicators
Country
2 340 104
World Bank income group Low 7 35.25
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 3.3
64 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 6.6 32 541
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Yes 2002
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
Do not know
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software — 76 — 35 Yes 56 —
— — 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
No 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Yemen
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
225

239. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
No 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 No 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 226

240. Zambia
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 12 620 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.0 1.42
indicators
Country
1 280 81 136
World Bank income group Low 34.07
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 0.6 6.31
48 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 7.1 62 024
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No data 85 No data No data
No data 55 No data No data
No data 37 No data No data
No data 30 No data No data
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country Do not know 23
With health care entities in other countries Do not know 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations Yes 26
No 23
Yes 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No data 78 No data 37 No data No data 28
Software No data 76 No data 35 No data 56 No data
No data No data 33 No data 51 No data 28
Skills training No data 61 No data 26 No data 43 No data 20
Ongoing support No data 61 No data No data 35 No data 18
Scholarships No data 28 No data 8 No data No data 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No data 77
No data 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
No data 73
Nursing No data 62
No data 60
Zambia
Dentistry No data 54
Pharmacy No data 54
§
1
ecords
227

241. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No data 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 228

242. Zimbabwe
WHO Afr ican Region
Population (000s) 12 463 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 12.2 1.51
indicators
Country
— 20 130
World Bank income group Low 30 23.88
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 1.6 11.36
42 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 7.2 82 801
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 No —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
Yes 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training Yes 61 No 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support Yes 61 No Yes 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Zimbabwe
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
229

243. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
No 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
No 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO African Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 230

244. eHealth
ATLAS country
profiles
Based on the findings of the
second global survey on eHealth
2010