Assignment 7 - Modern Latin America
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The document summarizes key aspects of race relations and identities in Bolivia, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic based on the film "Mirror of the Heart." It discusses how indigenous populations in each country suffered after European conquest, losing their lands, cultures, religions, and status. In Bolivia, the Spanish created a hacienda system that classified indigenous peoples as low-status "indios" working in near-slavery. Haiti's population is now mostly of African origin after the importation of slaves, and it struggles with poverty and corrupt governments. The Dominican Republic emphasizes its Spanish/European identity despite a mixed-race population and is antagonistic toward Haitians.
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Modern latin america
This document provides background information on Latin America's wars of independence and the rise of caudillos in the early 19th century. It then discusses several specific conflicts, such as the Battle of Cepeda in 1820 between Unitarians and Federalists in Argentina and the ongoing civil war between these factions. Finally, it outlines brief biographies of Colombian actress Sofia Vergara and Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar.
Modern latin america
The document provides background information on wars in Latin America during the 19th century. It discusses reasons for conflicts such as caudilloism, disputes over resources, and interventions by other countries or groups. It also profiles Juan Manuel de Rosas, a dictator of Argentina, and the tensions between provincial and port-based groups in Argentina. The roles of caudillos and gauchos in Latin American conflicts are outlined.
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The document summarizes the history of oppression and civil war in El Salvador. It describes how nearly all the land was controlled by wealthy elites for decades, leading peasant farmers like Magdaleno to join the FMLN guerilla movement out of inability to feed their families. The civil war was sparked by violence at the funeral of Archbishop Romero, who had begged the US to stop supporting the military junta carrying out human rights abuses. During the war, US-trained paramilitary death squads committed atrocities like the El Mozote Massacre that killed over 800 civilians.
Modern latin america
Britain had economic and political interests in Latin America starting in the 19th century, establishing trade relationships and treaties first with Brazil. Throughout the 20th century, Latin American nations struggled with internal conflicts and unstable governments as the U.S. and other foreign powers increasingly influenced regional economies. By the late 20th century, many countries faced issues like poverty, inequality, corruption, and violence exacerbated by foreign economic interventions.
Modern Latin America
Modern Latin America Independence Movements
- In the late 1700s, Enlightenment ideas spread from Europe to Latin America, inspiring educated Latin Americans to fight for independence from colonial rule.
- The first Latin American colony to revolt was the French colony of Haiti in 1791, led by the former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture. Haiti declared independence in 1804 after defeating Napoleon's army.
- Simon Bolivar led independence movements against Spain in South America between 1810-1830, eventually winning independence for Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and helping liberate Argentina and Chile.
- Throughout Latin America in the 19th-20th centuries, many countries
Modern Latin America
The document summarizes Latin American history from independence movements in the early 19th century through the 20th century. It discusses the political and economic instability that followed independence, Britain's growing trade influence, and challenges faced by specific countries like Venezuela and Mexico in modern times. Key events included Spain losing control due to the Napoleonic Wars, Britain gaining trading partners, and oil booms and busts impacting Venezuela's economy and development.
Modern latin america
The document discusses several causes of wars in 19th century Latin America, including race wars stemming from the Haitian Revolution, ideology of independence influenced by the American and French Revolutions, debates over separation versus union of newly independent nations, boundary disputes due to poorly defined colonial borders, and wars of territorial conquest against indigenous groups. It also provides background on NAFTA, the Zapatista uprising in Mexico, and former Mexico City mayor Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador.
Modern latin america
1. Britain sought to expand its economic influence in Latin America after the wars of independence but faced difficulties breaking into established Spanish and Portuguese monopolies.
2. In the late 19th century, Britain's economic influence in Latin America peaked but then declined in the early 20th century as the US gained ground, particularly after World War I when Britain became a debtor nation.
3. By World War II, Britain had largely withdrawn from Latin America, selling off investments to pay war debts as the region no longer held significance.
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Modern latin america
This document provides background information on Latin America's wars of independence and the rise of caudillos in the early 19th century. It then discusses several specific conflicts, such as the Battle of Cepeda in 1820 between Unitarians and Federalists in Argentina and the ongoing civil war between these factions. Finally, it outlines brief biographies of Colombian actress Sofia Vergara and Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar.
Modern latin america
The document provides background information on wars in Latin America during the 19th century. It discusses reasons for conflicts such as caudilloism, disputes over resources, and interventions by other countries or groups. It also profiles Juan Manuel de Rosas, a dictator of Argentina, and the tensions between provincial and port-based groups in Argentina. The roles of caudillos and gauchos in Latin American conflicts are outlined.
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The document summarizes the history of oppression and civil war in El Salvador. It describes how nearly all the land was controlled by wealthy elites for decades, leading peasant farmers like Magdaleno to join the FMLN guerilla movement out of inability to feed their families. The civil war was sparked by violence at the funeral of Archbishop Romero, who had begged the US to stop supporting the military junta carrying out human rights abuses. During the war, US-trained paramilitary death squads committed atrocities like the El Mozote Massacre that killed over 800 civilians.
Modern latin america
Britain had economic and political interests in Latin America starting in the 19th century, establishing trade relationships and treaties first with Brazil. Throughout the 20th century, Latin American nations struggled with internal conflicts and unstable governments as the U.S. and other foreign powers increasingly influenced regional economies. By the late 20th century, many countries faced issues like poverty, inequality, corruption, and violence exacerbated by foreign economic interventions.
Modern Latin America
Modern Latin America Independence Movements
- In the late 1700s, Enlightenment ideas spread from Europe to Latin America, inspiring educated Latin Americans to fight for independence from colonial rule.
- The first Latin American colony to revolt was the French colony of Haiti in 1791, led by the former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture. Haiti declared independence in 1804 after defeating Napoleon's army.
- Simon Bolivar led independence movements against Spain in South America between 1810-1830, eventually winning independence for Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and helping liberate Argentina and Chile.
- Throughout Latin America in the 19th-20th centuries, many countries
Modern Latin America
The document summarizes Latin American history from independence movements in the early 19th century through the 20th century. It discusses the political and economic instability that followed independence, Britain's growing trade influence, and challenges faced by specific countries like Venezuela and Mexico in modern times. Key events included Spain losing control due to the Napoleonic Wars, Britain gaining trading partners, and oil booms and busts impacting Venezuela's economy and development.
Modern latin america
The document discusses several causes of wars in 19th century Latin America, including race wars stemming from the Haitian Revolution, ideology of independence influenced by the American and French Revolutions, debates over separation versus union of newly independent nations, boundary disputes due to poorly defined colonial borders, and wars of territorial conquest against indigenous groups. It also provides background on NAFTA, the Zapatista uprising in Mexico, and former Mexico City mayor Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador.
Modern latin america
1. Britain sought to expand its economic influence in Latin America after the wars of independence but faced difficulties breaking into established Spanish and Portuguese monopolies.
2. In the late 19th century, Britain's economic influence in Latin America peaked but then declined in the early 20th century as the US gained ground, particularly after World War I when Britain became a debtor nation.
3. By World War II, Britain had largely withdrawn from Latin America, selling off investments to pay war debts as the region no longer held significance.
Modern latin america
1. The document discusses Britain's historical economic and political interests in Latin America from the early 19th century, including investments, trade, and relations with countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Central American nations.
2. It also examines some of the major wars that took place in Latin America during the 19th century, including wars of independence against European powers and conflicts between countries over territory and political control.
3. Several chapters analyze the modern geopolitics and economies of key Latin American countries like Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, and their roles in the region.
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- Modern Latin America discusses Britain's historical influence over Latin America in the 19th century and how the U.S. gained control during World Wars I and II. It also describes wars, migration patterns, economic issues, political unrest, and prominent authors from the region.
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The document discusses several causes of war in Latin America following independence from Spain in the early 19th century. These included racial tensions from the Haitian revolution, the struggle between centralist and federalist political factions, boundary disputes between newly independent nations, conflicts over resources like nitrates in the War of the Pacific, the actions of authoritarian leaders known as caudillos who sought to consolidate power, and religious conflicts. European interventions were also a source of war as colonial powers sought to protect their commercial interests in the region.
Modern Latin America
Latin America is the region of the Americas where Romance languages are spoken, with a population of over 590 million people spread across 7.8 million square miles. Portuguese and Spanish rule ended in the 1820s as Mexico, Central America, and South America gained independence, bringing cultural and social changes while preserving old traditions. Britain played a role in Latin America's independence but also involved itself in the region except for politics. Independence wars plagued many countries and revolved around struggles for power and issues with the distribution of power. Mexico now relies heavily on trade with the US and Canada under NAFTA but faces issues of inequality, trafficking, and rising prices. Venezuela relies on oil exports and suffers under the power of Hugo
Modern Latin America
The document discusses the many causes of wars in Latin America during the 19th century, including race wars, independence ideologies, boundary disputes, resource wars, and foreign interventions. It also provides background on specific Latin American independence movements and wars, such as the Haitian war of independence and wars of independence across Latin America that stemmed from political, economic, and social frustrations under colonial rule. The document then briefly outlines current political and economic situations in several Latin American countries.
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1. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821 but was occupied by the United States from 1909 to 1933 due to American investments.
2. From 1930 to 1979, Nicaragua was controlled by the Somoza family dictatorship. The Somoza family amassed wealth through corruption and owned much of the Nicaraguan economy.
3. In 1979, the Sandinista National Liberation Front overthrew the Somoza government, ending the family's rule. The FSLN implemented social programs but faced opposition from U.S.-backed Contras during their time in power from 1979 to 1990.
Assignment 7 latin america
This document discusses several topics related to modern Latin America, including:
1) The reasons for wars in Latin America including issues of race, government, caudilloism, resources, and politics.
2) William Walker's filibustering in Nicaragua in the 1850s, where he established himself as president with 300 men before later being executed.
3) Mexico's La Reforma period in the 1850s-60s which restricted Catholic Church land ownership and led to revolution as the country was in disarray.
4) Brief overviews of several modern Latin American countries, including their economies, leaders, and key industries.
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The document provides an overview of several topics related to Latin America in the 19th century including:
1) Racial differences played a role in many wars, such as the Haitian War of Independence which ended with a black uprising against French colonists.
2) Following independence from Spain, new Latin American nations struggled with forming a unified national identity across diverse territories and populations, leading to civil wars and instability.
3) Territorial conquest was a cause of some wars between Latin American nations, such as the War of the Triple Alliance in which Paraguay lost territory and population.
4) European powers like the U.S. and Britain intervened in Latin America for economic and political reasons following
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The document discusses Simón Bolívar's legacy and role in Latin American independence movements. While Bolívar failed militarily and established authoritarian governments, he positioned himself as a hero and liberator in the cultural folklore. His vision of Latin American unity appealed to revolutionaries seeking to unite people against foreign imperialism. Despite his flaws, Bolívar became an iconic symbol of independence whose story was adapted to further political causes after his death.
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The document discusses Britain's historical economic and political influence in Latin America from the early 19th century until the mid-20th century. It notes that Britain sought to break the Spanish and Portuguese monopolies and advance its own commercial interests against rivals like France. By the late 19th century, Britain had significant economic interests in countries like Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Uruguay through public finance, shipping, exports, railways and other industries. However, its influence declined after World War 1 as the US gained ground economically and politically in the region at Britain's expense.
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The document discusses several topics related to Latin America's wars of independence from European colonial rule in the 19th century, including:
1) The Haitian War of Independence from 1791-1803 began as a struggle between white planters and mixed/black races and became a race war dominated by blacks.
2) Latin American wars for independence from 1810-1824 were driven by political, economic, and social grievances against European colonial powers like Spain and Portugal.
3) Internal conflicts in Latin America continued throughout the 19th century, driven by factors like ideology, territorial disputes, the rise of caudillos (strongmen), and foreign intervention.
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1. Franklin Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler both came to power in the 1930s during the Great Depression, appealing to people who were adrift in poverty and despair.
2. Neither leader solved the economic crisis, though Hitler was more successful at restoring employment; their confidence and propaganda kept people supportive.
3. The two regimes reacted to the depression in similar ways initially, though the Nazis handled monetary issues better and pursued imperial expansion more aggressively.
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1. Hispanic/Latino parishes emerged in the late 1960s as Catholic migrants mobilized to integrate into American society and address challenges like undocumented migration and lack of political representation.
2. U.S. foreign policy in Latin America, including military interventions and support for authoritarian regimes, contributed to economic instability and violence that drove Latin American migration to the U.S. in large numbers starting in the 1980s.
3. Hispanic/Latino parishes have created faith-based movements advocating for immigration reform, greater political influence, and social justice, drawing on Catholic social teaching and grassroots organizing models.
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From 1750 to the present, Latin America experienced both political changes and continuities. The region broke free from colonial rule in the early 1800s through independence revolutions, but instability and foreign influence remained as new authoritarian leaders came to power. Over time, liberal and conservative ideologies emerged seeking to reform government and society, yet democratic traditions were weak after centuries of monarchy, and instability persisted.
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Modern latin america
1. The document discusses Britain's historical economic and political interests in Latin America from the early 19th century, including investments, trade, and relations with countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Central American nations.
2. It also examines some of the major wars that took place in Latin America during the 19th century, including wars of independence against European powers and conflicts between countries over territory and political control.
3. Several chapters analyze the modern geopolitics and economies of key Latin American countries like Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, and their roles in the region.
Modern latin america
- Modern Latin America discusses Britain's historical influence over Latin America in the 19th century and how the U.S. gained control during World Wars I and II. It also describes wars, migration patterns, economic issues, political unrest, and prominent authors from the region.
Hist 141 modern latin america
The document discusses several causes of war in Latin America following independence from Spain in the early 19th century. These included racial tensions from the Haitian revolution, the struggle between centralist and federalist political factions, boundary disputes between newly independent nations, conflicts over resources like nitrates in the War of the Pacific, the actions of authoritarian leaders known as caudillos who sought to consolidate power, and religious conflicts. European interventions were also a source of war as colonial powers sought to protect their commercial interests in the region.
Modern Latin America
Latin America is the region of the Americas where Romance languages are spoken, with a population of over 590 million people spread across 7.8 million square miles. Portuguese and Spanish rule ended in the 1820s as Mexico, Central America, and South America gained independence, bringing cultural and social changes while preserving old traditions. Britain played a role in Latin America's independence but also involved itself in the region except for politics. Independence wars plagued many countries and revolved around struggles for power and issues with the distribution of power. Mexico now relies heavily on trade with the US and Canada under NAFTA but faces issues of inequality, trafficking, and rising prices. Venezuela relies on oil exports and suffers under the power of Hugo
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The document discusses the many causes of wars in Latin America during the 19th century, including race wars, independence ideologies, boundary disputes, resource wars, and foreign interventions. It also provides background on specific Latin American independence movements and wars, such as the Haitian war of independence and wars of independence across Latin America that stemmed from political, economic, and social frustrations under colonial rule. The document then briefly outlines current political and economic situations in several Latin American countries.
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1. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821 but was occupied by the United States from 1909 to 1933 due to American investments.
2. From 1930 to 1979, Nicaragua was controlled by the Somoza family dictatorship. The Somoza family amassed wealth through corruption and owned much of the Nicaraguan economy.
3. In 1979, the Sandinista National Liberation Front overthrew the Somoza government, ending the family's rule. The FSLN implemented social programs but faced opposition from U.S.-backed Contras during their time in power from 1979 to 1990.
Assignment 7 latin america
This document discusses several topics related to modern Latin America, including:
1) The reasons for wars in Latin America including issues of race, government, caudilloism, resources, and politics.
2) William Walker's filibustering in Nicaragua in the 1850s, where he established himself as president with 300 men before later being executed.
3) Mexico's La Reforma period in the 1850s-60s which restricted Catholic Church land ownership and led to revolution as the country was in disarray.
4) Brief overviews of several modern Latin American countries, including their economies, leaders, and key industries.
Modern Latin America
The document provides an overview of several topics related to Latin America in the 19th century including:
1) Racial differences played a role in many wars, such as the Haitian War of Independence which ended with a black uprising against French colonists.
2) Following independence from Spain, new Latin American nations struggled with forming a unified national identity across diverse territories and populations, leading to civil wars and instability.
3) Territorial conquest was a cause of some wars between Latin American nations, such as the War of the Triple Alliance in which Paraguay lost territory and population.
4) European powers like the U.S. and Britain intervened in Latin America for economic and political reasons following
Modernlatinamerica
The document summarizes key events and issues in modern Latin American history during the 19th century, including race wars during Haitian independence, debates over separation versus union of newly independent states, and boundary disputes over poorly defined borders. It also provides an overview of Brazil's role as a dominant economic and political power in South America in the modern era due to its large size and growing economy. Brief biographies of actresses Salma Hayek and Penelope Cruz are also included.
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The document discusses Simón Bolívar's legacy and role in Latin American independence movements. While Bolívar failed militarily and established authoritarian governments, he positioned himself as a hero and liberator in the cultural folklore. His vision of Latin American unity appealed to revolutionaries seeking to unite people against foreign imperialism. Despite his flaws, Bolívar became an iconic symbol of independence whose story was adapted to further political causes after his death.
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The document provides historical context about the Salvadoran Civil War that occurred from 1980-1992. It was a conflict between the military government of El Salvador and the FMLN, a coalition of five left-wing militias. Tensions had been growing for decades due to inequality and the concentration of wealth among a small elite. The war resulted in around 75,000 deaths before a peace deal was reached in 1992.
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The document summarizes major events and issues in the United States from the late 18th century through the first half of the 19th century. It discusses the development of the first political parties under Jefferson and Madison, territorial expansion and its impact on Native Americans, the War of 1812 and its division of the nation, the rise of Jacksonian democracy and popular politics, and the sectional issues like slavery, states' rights, and tariffs that increasingly divided the North and South.
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The document discusses Britain's historical economic and political influence in Latin America from the early 19th century until the mid-20th century. It notes that Britain sought to break the Spanish and Portuguese monopolies and advance its own commercial interests against rivals like France. By the late 19th century, Britain had significant economic interests in countries like Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Uruguay through public finance, shipping, exports, railways and other industries. However, its influence declined after World War 1 as the US gained ground economically and politically in the region at Britain's expense.
Assignment 9 Modern Latin America Andrew Elsey
The document discusses several topics related to Latin America's wars of independence from European colonial rule in the 19th century, including:
1) The Haitian War of Independence from 1791-1803 began as a struggle between white planters and mixed/black races and became a race war dominated by blacks.
2) Latin American wars for independence from 1810-1824 were driven by political, economic, and social grievances against European colonial powers like Spain and Portugal.
3) Internal conflicts in Latin America continued throughout the 19th century, driven by factors like ideology, territorial disputes, the rise of caudillos (strongmen), and foreign intervention.
America compared
1. Franklin Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler both came to power in the 1930s during the Great Depression, appealing to people who were adrift in poverty and despair.
2. Neither leader solved the economic crisis, though Hitler was more successful at restoring employment; their confidence and propaganda kept people supportive.
3. The two regimes reacted to the depression in similar ways initially, though the Nazis handled monetary issues better and pursued imperial expansion more aggressively.
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The document discusses the history and current state of Latin America and Venezuela. It describes how Britain and the US came to have economic and political influence in Latin America in the 19th century. It then explains that Venezuela has immense oil wealth but suffers from poverty, violence, and a repressive government under Hugo Chavez, who maintains power through propaganda instead of addressing the country's problems. Despite grounds for revolution, the people continue supporting their leader.
Brian Ghilliotti: Catatumbo Conflict
The document summarizes the conflict in the Catatumbo region of Colombia stemming from the 2016 peace accord between the government and the FARC rebel group. As stipulated in the accord, the FARC disarmed in the region but the new right-wing president failed to support alternative crop programs or regional development as promised. As a result, some farmers resumed cocoa production and joined other active rebel groups like the ELN, EPL, and Los Rastrojos fighting over control of the lucrative cocoa fields and trafficking routes.
Rev. William F. Hartigan Medal - Essay Submission
1. Hispanic/Latino parishes emerged in the late 1960s as Catholic migrants mobilized to integrate into American society and address challenges like undocumented migration and lack of political representation.
2. U.S. foreign policy in Latin America, including military interventions and support for authoritarian regimes, contributed to economic instability and violence that drove Latin American migration to the U.S. in large numbers starting in the 1980s.
3. Hispanic/Latino parishes have created faith-based movements advocating for immigration reform, greater political influence, and social justice, drawing on Catholic social teaching and grassroots organizing models.
Mexican revolution
The book "The Underdogs" by Mariano Azuela tells the story of Demetrio Macias, a peasant who joins the revolutionaries after being forced to flee his home. Demetrio and his small group of 21 men engage in battles with the federal soldiers, managing to kill all the soldiers despite being outnumbered, though Demetrio is wounded. The book depicts Demetrio as both a brave and intelligent revolutionary leader, but also as a human with flaws as he pursues a young woman while married. The character of Anastasio Montanez, Demetrio's loyal friend, provides comic relief through his intellectual conversations, while the arrival of medical student Luis Cervantes proves important for caring for
LatinAmericanCOT
From 1750 to the present, Latin America experienced both political changes and continuities. The region broke free from colonial rule in the early 1800s through independence revolutions, but instability and foreign influence remained as new authoritarian leaders came to power. Over time, liberal and conservative ideologies emerged seeking to reform government and society, yet democratic traditions were weak after centuries of monarchy, and instability persisted.
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Hist 141 theme 7
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Assignment 7 - Modern Latin America
- 1. Tadd Mannino History 141, Spring 2011 Palomar College Modern Latin America “The Americas” film series “Mirror of the Heart” Bolivia, Haiti and the Dominican Republic
- 2. Mirror of the HeartRace Relations in Latin America Race/class/ethnic identity in: Bolivia Haiti Dominican Republic The original cultures all conquered by Spain Indigenous people suffered Population loss Conquest, European disease, harsh lives Loss of Identity Cultures/religions destroyed Loss of Status Lowest classes of colonial society
- 3. Mirror of the Heart Bolivia Population, 55% indigenous, 30% mestizo, 15% white Spanish created “Hacienda” system classified ALL tribal people as “indios” who Lost lands were required to work in mines/haciendas as “pongos” Worked in near-slave servitude Independence from Spain – little change for “indios” 1952 - Bolivian Revolution, 1st true change Haciendas broken up, mines nationalized Many move to cities People struggle with identities – cultures, native and western; urban, rural; religion, customs, traditions
- 4. Mirror of the Heart Haiti, indigenous people die off, Spanish import large numbers of African slaves for work force Current population 90% African origin 1st independent black nation, 1804 2nd independent nation in Americas Plagued by brutal/corrupt govt.s A small elite live in power and luxury Majority are desperately poor Blending of African peoples creates Creole culture
- 5. Mirror of the Heart Dominican Republic Shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti Identifies itself with Spanish/European identity Even with 75% mulatto population Racial attitudes very prevalent Even as racial appearance extremely mixed Antagonistic/racial view of Haitians Haiti invades/occupies Dominican for 22 years Animosity towards “inferior blacks” of Haiti Hispanidad – emphasizes cultural connection with Spain Negritude – movement asserts common African roots
- 6. Second WorldThe End of the Monroe Doctrineby Parag Khanna 1823 – U.S. proclaims European efforts to colonize/interfere in the Western Hemisphere would be seen as acts of aggression requiring U.S. action Parag Khanna states: U.S. hegemony in Latin America is based on outdated motives and is stifling the region Cooperation could lead to regional self-sufficiency Independence from turbulence of Eurasia Khanna feels U.S. policy toward Latin America is an anachronism from the Cold War Based only on “not losing ground” Change in U.S. policy/attitude could benefit entire region
- 7. Second World Chapter 14, “New Rules of the Game,” Parag Khanna states: In 21st century Latin America has three modes of response to U.S. Venezuelan : Hugo Chavez “belligerent rejection of American regional dominance and a vision of alternative, self-bootstrapping continent of socialist greatness” Kleptocracy based solely on oil revenue to pursue his political ends
- 8. Second World Columbian: “friendly relations with the U.S., built on common economic/security interests.” Strong institutions of Presidency, Courts, Central Bank “Arms have given you independence, but the law will give you Liberty.” Francisco Santander Brazilian: “pragmatic and selective cooperation with America, complemented by greater assertiveness.” Continent’s natural leader “Our self perception involves …being the organizing principle of the continent – not displacing the U.S., as Venezuela would like, but along side it.” Sao Paulo diplomat
- 9. Second World Conclusion Parag Khanna states that Western Hemispheric shared energy, trade and self-sufficiency will not occur until the national pride that runs throughout Latin American politics is satisfied with a “balanced mutual recognition” with the U.S. A new alliance for Western Hemisphere nations but not U.S. centered, or Latin America may take its business elsewhere
- 10. On-line sourcehttp://xfinity.comcast.net/articles/news-world-latinamerica/20110511/LT.Drug.War.Mexico “Mexican Soldiers Capture Alleged Cartel Leader,” posted 5/13/2001 Martin Beltran Colonel, leader of Sinaloa drug cartel arrested by Army personnel in Guadalajara. Previous leader Ignacio Colonel, his uncle, killed by troops 7/2010 Govt. of Calderon has deployed tens of thousands of troops/federal police to challenge cartels Drug violence at record levels, 36,000 dead since 2006 Many mass graves found Many victims likely gang members Many may be civilians kidnapped or extorted Martin Beltran Colonel, center, presented to press
- 11. On-line sourceshttp://latinamericacurrentevents.com/mexican-government-begins-overhaul-corrupt-immigration-service “Mexican Government Begins Overhaul of Corrupt Immigration Service,” posted May 13, 2011 Mexico’s Instituto Nacional de Migration (INM) agency purge all personnel in seven states, 5/12/11 Central American migrants rescued by Mexican Army allege INM agents kidnapped them and handed them over to organized-crime elements Also allege corruption by INM officials 8/2010 – 72 migrants found dead in Tamaulipas Suspected to be slain for refusing to work for drug cartel Est. 300,000 US-bound Central Americans cross Mexico each year