The document summarizes key aspects of race relations and identities in Bolivia, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic based on the film "Mirror of the Heart." It discusses how indigenous populations in each country suffered after European conquest, losing their lands, cultures, religions, and status. In Bolivia, the Spanish created a hacienda system that classified indigenous peoples as low-status "indios" working in near-slavery. Haiti's population is now mostly of African origin after the importation of slaves, and it struggles with poverty and corrupt governments. The Dominican Republic emphasizes its Spanish/European identity despite a mixed-race population and is antagonistic toward Haitians.

1. Tadd ManninoHistory 141, Spring 2011Palomar CollegeModern Latin America“The Americas” film series“Mirror of the Heart”Bolivia, Haiti and the Dominican Republic

2. Mirror of the HeartRace Relations in Latin AmericaRace/class/ethnic identity in:BoliviaHaitiDominican RepublicThe original cultures all conquered by SpainIndigenous people sufferedPopulation lossConquest, European disease, harsh livesLoss of IdentityCultures/religions destroyedLoss of StatusLowest classes of colonial society

3. Mirror of the HeartBoliviaPopulation, 55% indigenous, 30% mestizo, 15% whiteSpanish created “Hacienda” system classified ALL tribal people as “indios” whoLost landswere required to work in mines/haciendas as “pongos”Worked in near-slave servitudeIndependence from Spain – little change for “indios”1952 - Bolivian Revolution, 1st true changeHaciendas broken up, mines nationalizedMany move to citiesPeople struggle with identities – cultures, native and western; urban, rural; religion, customs, traditions

4. Mirror of the HeartHaiti, indigenous people die off, Spanish import large numbers of African slaves for work forceCurrent population 90% African origin1st independent black nation, 18042nd independent nation in AmericasPlagued by brutal/corrupt govt.sA small elite live in power and luxuryMajority are desperately poorBlending of African peoples creates Creole culture

5. Mirror of the HeartDominican RepublicShares island of Hispaniola with HaitiIdentifies itself with Spanish/European identityEven with 75% mulatto populationRacial attitudes very prevalentEven as racial appearance extremely mixedAntagonistic/racial view of HaitiansHaiti invades/occupies Dominican for 22 yearsAnimosity towards “inferior blacks” of HaitiHispanidad – emphasizes cultural connection with SpainNegritude – movement asserts common African roots

6. Second WorldThe End of the Monroe Doctrineby Parag Khanna1823 – U.S. proclaims European efforts to colonize/interfere in the Western Hemisphere would be seen as acts of aggression requiring U.S. actionParag Khanna states: U.S. hegemony in Latin America is based on outdated motives and is stifling the regionCooperation could lead to regional self-sufficiencyIndependence from turbulence of EurasiaKhanna feels U.S. policy toward Latin America is an anachronism from the Cold WarBased only on “not losing ground”Change in U.S. policy/attitude could benefit entire region

7. Second WorldChapter 14, “New Rules of the Game,” Parag Khanna states:In 21st century Latin America has three modes of response to U.S.Venezuelan : Hugo Chavez “belligerent rejection of American regional dominance and a vision of alternative, self-bootstrapping continent of socialist greatness”Kleptocracy based solely on oil revenue to pursue his political ends

8. Second WorldColumbian: “friendly relations with the U.S., built on common economic/security interests.”Strong institutions of Presidency, Courts, Central Bank“Arms have given you independence, but the law will give you Liberty.” Francisco SantanderBrazilian: “pragmatic and selective cooperation with America, complemented by greater assertiveness.”Continent’s natural leader“Our self perception involves …being the organizing principle of the continent – not displacing the U.S., as Venezuela would like, but along side it.” Sao Paulo diplomat

9. Second WorldConclusionParag Khanna states that Western Hemispheric shared energy, trade and self-sufficiency will not occur until the national pride that runs throughout Latin American politics is satisfied with a “balanced mutual recognition” with the U.S.A new alliance for Western Hemisphere nations but not U.S. centered, or Latin America may take its business elsewhere

10. On-line sourcehttp://xfinity.comcast.net/articles/news-world-latinamerica/20110511/LT.Drug.War.Mexico“Mexican Soldiers Capture Alleged Cartel Leader,”posted 5/13/2001Martin Beltran Colonel, leader of Sinaloa drug cartel arrested by Army personnel in Guadalajara. Previous leader Ignacio Colonel, his uncle, killed by troops 7/2010Govt. of Calderon has deployed tens of thousands of troops/federal police to challenge cartelsDrug violence at record levels, 36,000 dead since 2006Many mass graves foundMany victims likely gang membersMany may be civilians kidnapped or extortedMartin Beltran Colonel, center, presented to press

11. On-line sourceshttp://latinamericacurrentevents.com/mexican-government-begins-overhaul-corrupt-immigration-service“Mexican Government Begins Overhaul of Corrupt Immigration Service,” posted May 13, 2011 Mexico’s Instituto Nacional de Migration (INM) agency purge all personnel in seven states, 5/12/11Central American migrants rescued by Mexican Army allege INM agents kidnapped them and handed them over to organized-crime elementsAlso allege corruption by INM officials8/2010 – 72 migrants found dead in TamaulipasSuspected to be slain for refusing to work for drug cartelEst. 300,000 US-bound Central Americans cross Mexico each year