This document discusses various methods for assessing growth and development, including craniometry, anthropometry, cephalometry, vital staining, implant radiology, and skeletal age assessment. It describes how craniometry and anthropometry involve direct measurements of the skull and body. Cephalometry uses radiographs to analyze skull growth. Vital staining and implant radiology track bone growth over time. Skeletal age assessment methods like the Bjork, Grave & Brown and Hagg & Taranger methods analyze handwrist radiographs. The cervical vertebrae maturity indicator also assesses skeletal maturity. Biochemical markers like growth hormone and IGF-1 provide indirect measures of growth. The document reviews these assessment methods and their application to understanding

1. ASSESSMENT OF
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
PRESENTED BY – Dr. KANGJAM SYLVIA
1ST YEAR POSTGRADUATE
1

2. CONTENTS
◦ INTRODUCTION
◦ METHODS OF GROWTH MEASUREMENT
- Craniometry
- Anthropometry
- Cephalometry
- vital staining
- Implants radiology
◦ SKELETAL AGE ASSESSMENT
- Bjork, Grave & Brown method
- Hagg & Taranger method
2

3. - Cervical Vertebrae Maturity Indicator
o BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS
o CONCLUSION
o REFERENCES
3

4. INTRODUCTION
4

5. METHODS OF STUDYING
GROWTH MEASUREMENTS
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 5
Measurement
approaches
Experimental
approaches Direct Indirect
Anthropometry
Craniometry
Cephalometric
radiology
3-D radiology
Vital staining
Radioactive tracer
Autoradiography
Implant radiology
Impression casts
Photography
Radioautographs
Radiographs
Anthropometry Vital staining Histology Histochemical implants

6. ANTHROPOMETRY
◦ Anthropology is the observation, measurement and explanation
of human variability in time & space.
Cultural Physical/Biological Archeology Linguistics
◦ Broca, Campor and Morton developed 4 branches i.e.
1. Craniometry
2. Osteometry
3. Cephalometry
4. Somatometry
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 6

7. ANTHROPOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS
1. Sliding caliper
2. Spreading caliper
3. Head spanner
4. Tape measure
5. Skin fold caliper
6. Weight scale 7. The maxillator
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 7

8. CRANIOMETRY
◦ It is defined as the art of measuring skulls of animals so as to
discover their specific differences.
Craniometry devised in 1902 Study of man’s head by Leonardo da vinci
Paul Topinard’s craniostat ( A- pedestal, B- skull
placed in shelf, C & R- portion to support maxilla,
D- graduated rule with sliding triangle)
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 8

9. CRANIOMETRIC LANDMARKS
b – Bregma
eu – Eurion
gn – Gnathion
go - Gonion
id – Infradentale
n – Nasion
pr – prosthion
zy – Zygion
cdl – Condylion laterale
g – Glabella
l – Lambda
ns – Nasospinale
op – opisthocranion
ba - Basion
Anatomical landmarks of the skull – anterior
view (From data collection procedures for
forensic sk examination by Peer H Moore Jansen,
Richard L Jantz, Stephen D Ousley, 1994)
Anatomical landmarks of the skull – lateral
view (after Moore-Jansen at al 1994)
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 9

10. CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL MEASUREMENTS
1. Max. cranial length (g-op)
2. Max. cranial breadth (eu-eu)
3. Bizygomatic diameter (zy-zy)
4. Basion-Bregma height (ba-b)
5. Cranial base length (ba-n)
6. Basion-Prosthion length(ba-pr)
7. Chin height (id-gn)
8. Bigonial width (go-go)
9. Bicondylar breadth (cdl-cdl)
Craniometric measurements in
norma lateralis
Craniometric measurements in
norma frontalis
Craniometric measurements in mandible
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 10

11. CRANIOMETRIC INDICES
1. Cephalic Index
◦ Head classification according
to the cephalic index
𝐶𝐼 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑘𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑘𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
× 100
Franco FCM, Araujo TM, Vogel CJ, Quintão CCA. Brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic: Is it appropriate
to describe the face using skull patterns?, 2013 11

12. 2. Facial index
𝐹𝐼 =
𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑛 − 𝑔𝑛)
𝐵𝑖𝑧𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ(𝑧𝑦 − 𝑧𝑦)
× 100
Franco FCM, Araujo TM, Vogel CJ, Quintão CCA. Brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic: Is it appropriate to
describe the face using skull patterns?, 2013 12

13. CEPHALOMETRICS AND GROWTH
◦ Broadbent in America and Hofrath in Germany in 1931
◦ X-ray were discovered by Roentgen in 1895
Mr.Zezo, Oral and Maxillofacial radiography, 2015 13

14. Application of cephalometrics in growth and development
Linear measurements
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 14

15. VITAL STAINING
The mandible of a growing rat that received 4 injections of alizarin.
Tetracycline staining
William R. Proffit, Contemporary Orthodontics, 6th edition 15

16. 3-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING
William R. Proffit, Contemporary Orthodontics, 6th edition 16

17. IMPLANT RADIOGRAPHY
The Use of Metallic Implants in the Study of Facial Growth in Children : Method and Application ARNE BJORK
Orthodontic Department, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark 17

18. 18
A case repersentating mean direction of growth at condyle
The Use of Metallic Implants in the Study of Facial Growth in Children : Method and Application ARNE BJORK
Orthodontic Department, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark

19. SKELETALAGE ASSESSMENT
19

20. BJORK, GRAVE AND BROWN METHOD
(1976)
1. PP2 stage
2. MP3 stage
3. Pisi, H1 and R stage
4. S and H2 stage
5. MP3 cap, PP1 cap and R
cap stage
6. DP3u stage
7. PP3u stage
8. MP3u stage
9. Ru stage
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 20

21. SKELETAL MATURITY INDICATION
METHOD
Hagg and Taranger method, 1982
Modified Hagg and Taranger method (2002)
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 21

22. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE MATURATION
Initiation
Acceleration
Transition
Deceleration
Maturation
Completion
22
Yuancheng Zhang, CVM stage as a supplementary indicator for the assessment of PHV in adolescent, 2020
Lamparski,1972 and Hassel & Farman, 1995

23. PUBERTAL GROWTH CURVE PLOT IN MALE &
FEMALE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SKELETAL ASSESSMENT
Edah Mardiati, Determination of Pubertal Growth Plot Using Hand-wrist and Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indices, Dental
Calcification, Peak Height Velocity, 2021 23

24. Edah Mardiati, Determination of Pubertal Growth Plot Using Hand-wrist and Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indices, Dental
Calcification, Peak Height Velocity, 2021 24

25. BIOCHEMICAL
MARKERS
Growth
Hormone
Insulin-Like
Growth Factor-I
Parathyroid
Hormone-Protein
Dehydroepiandrosterone
sulfate
Alkaline
phosphatase
Tripathi T, Gupta P, Rai P. Biochemical markers as skeletal maturity indicators. Int J Orthod Rehabil 2017 25

26. 26
SERUM PTHrP LEVELAS A BIOMARKER
IN ASSESSING SKELETAL MATURATION
Mohammed Zahid Hussain,Serum PTHrP level as a biomarker in assessing skeletal maturation during circumpubertal
development(Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:515-21)

27. 27
SERUM AND URINE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH
FACTOR-1 LEVEL
Mohita Sinha,Serum and urine insulin-like growth factor-1 as biochemical growth maturity indicator. (Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016;150:1020-7)

28. CONCLUSION
28

29. REFERENCES
◦ Sridhar Premkumar, textbook of craniofacial growth, 1st edition
◦ William R. Proffit, Contemporary orthodontics, 6th edition
◦ Determination of Pubertal Growth Plot Using Hand-wrist and Cervical Vertebrae
Maturation Indices, Dental Calcification, Peak Height Velocity, Edah Mardiati, Ira
Komara, Himawam Halim, Ani Melani Maskoen,TODENTJ-15-228,2021
◦ Age estimation of individuals aged 5–23 years based on dental development of the
Indonesian population Adisty Setyari Putri, Nurtami Soedarsono, Benindra Nehemia,
Djaja Surya Atmadja & Douglas H. Ubelaker,2021
◦ Franco FCM, Araujo TM, Vogel CJ, Quintão CCA. Brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and
mesocephalic: Is it appropriate to describe the face using skull patterns? Dental Press J
Orthod. 2013 May-June;18(3):159-63.
◦ Jan 12, 2015 mrzezo , Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
◦ Cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stage as a supplementary indicator for the
assessment of peak height velocity (PHV) in adolescent. Yuancheng Zhang, Shibin Shu,
Qi Gu, Zhen Liu, Zezhang Zhu, Yong Qiu, Hongda Bao Spine Surgery, Drum Tower
Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
◦ Tripathi T, Gupta P, Rai P. Biochemical markers as skeletal maturity indicators. Int J
Orthod Rehabil 2017;8:60-6
29

30. 30
o Serum PTHrP level as a biomarker in assessing skeletal maturation during
circumpubertal development Mohammed Zahid Hussain,a Ashok Kumar Talapaneni,b
Mandava Prasad,c and Ramalingam Krishnand Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India (Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:515-21)
o Serum and urine insulin-like growth factor-1 as biochemical growth maturity indicators
Mohita Sinha,a Tulika Tripathi,b Priyank Rai,c and Santosh Kumar Guptad New Delhi,
India(Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016;150:1020-7)
o The Use of Metallic Implants in the Study of Facial Growth in Children : Method and
Application ARNE BJORK Orthodontic Department, Royal Dental College,
Copenhagen, Denmark

31. ‘THANK YOU’
31