Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
Types and Percentations of Parasitization Egg Parasitoids Spodoptera frugiper...AI Publications
Corn (Zea mays L) is the main commodity of agricultural crops in Indonesia. There are two groups of corn that are cultivated, namely ordinary corn (food corn) and sweet corn. Food corn is mainly used as a raw material for making food, which is used as a raw material for making animal feed raw materials and other industrial products. Easy cultivation, can grow in various conditions, stable selling prices and easy to market are the main driving force for high interest of the farming community to cultivate it. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae are polyphagous and attack many plant species. S. frugiperda larvae feed on more than 350 species of plants in 76 families. S. frugiperda is a typical migratory pest and this migratory behavior is an adjustment strategy to find a more profitable habitat. S. frugiperda is one of the most dangerous invasive pests due to its short life cycle. An adult female lays 900 – 1200 eggs in her life cycle. The purpose of the study was to inventory and analyze the egg parasitoid of S. frugiperda and the percentage of parasitization The analysis of the types of egg parasitoids of S. frugiperda was carried out through an inventory and identification process, while the percentage of parasitization was carried out using a randomized block design consisting of 5 treatment groups of eggs from 5 regions and three replications. The results of the inventory and identification contained two types of parasitoids, namely: Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. The highest percentage of total parasitization was from Manado City at 85% and the lowest was from Bolaang Mongondow at 5%. Telenomus sp. higher percentage of parasitization than Trichogramma sp. Parasitization percentage of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest came from Manado by 63% and the lowest came from Tomohon by 3%, while the percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. The highest came from Manado at 22%, and the lowest came from Bolaang Mongondow Regency at zero percent. In conclusion, there are 2 types of egg parasitoids in S. frugiperda eggs, namely the parasitoid Telenomus sp and the parasitoid Trichogramma sp., the percentage of parasitization of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest sample from Manado and the lowest sample from Tomohon. Percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. the highest sample of S. frugiperda eggs from Manado, and the lowest sample from Bolaang Mongondow.
Analysis of Land Use Efficiency among Women Cassava Farmers in South-West Nig...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the land use efficiency among women cassava farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. The study identified the determinants of access to land and land tenure security status of women cassava farmers and also compared farm level efficiencies of the land secured and non-land secured respondents. The study is carried out in Ogun and Ondo State of Nigeria. Primary data obtained from 300 respondents using multistage sampling procedure is analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Heckman Probit model reveals that farm size (0.000), primary occupation (P=0.002), income (P=0.003), number of dependants (P=0.035), proximity to processing industry (P=0.042) and social group (P=0.068) were positively significant to access to land while cassava output (P=0.000), access to extension (P=0.001), household size (P=0.019) and proximity to market (P=0.059) are negatively significant. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) shows that 12.8% of the land secured farmers are technically efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.55 apiece for Constant Return to Scale Technical Efficiency (CRSTE) and Scale Efficiency. The CRSTE and scale efficiency of non-land secured farmers shows that 3.74% of the respondents are both technically and scale efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.38 and 0.39 respectively. Result of paired t-test reveals that there is significant difference in the level of technical efficiency between land secured and non-land secured women cassava farmers (t=2.29).
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
Influence of Farmer Group Membership on the Practice of Improved Agricultural...paperpublications3
The study examined the influence of farmer group membership on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed. The analysed data was presented using tables. From the analysis 229(75.3%) of the farmers belonged to a farmer group while 75(24.7%) were not members of any farmer group. The results indicated that the relationship was significant at 0.005 and 0.006 for the practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination respectively. It can be concluded that membership in a farmer group increased the chance of a farmer practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination. The study recommends that government should facilitate the Farmer Groups to transform their organizations into cooperatives in order to gain legal identify to transact business, increase their bargaining power and intensify their collective voices in policy engagement.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
Types and Percentations of Parasitization Egg Parasitoids Spodoptera frugiper...AI Publications
Corn (Zea mays L) is the main commodity of agricultural crops in Indonesia. There are two groups of corn that are cultivated, namely ordinary corn (food corn) and sweet corn. Food corn is mainly used as a raw material for making food, which is used as a raw material for making animal feed raw materials and other industrial products. Easy cultivation, can grow in various conditions, stable selling prices and easy to market are the main driving force for high interest of the farming community to cultivate it. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae are polyphagous and attack many plant species. S. frugiperda larvae feed on more than 350 species of plants in 76 families. S. frugiperda is a typical migratory pest and this migratory behavior is an adjustment strategy to find a more profitable habitat. S. frugiperda is one of the most dangerous invasive pests due to its short life cycle. An adult female lays 900 – 1200 eggs in her life cycle. The purpose of the study was to inventory and analyze the egg parasitoid of S. frugiperda and the percentage of parasitization The analysis of the types of egg parasitoids of S. frugiperda was carried out through an inventory and identification process, while the percentage of parasitization was carried out using a randomized block design consisting of 5 treatment groups of eggs from 5 regions and three replications. The results of the inventory and identification contained two types of parasitoids, namely: Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. The highest percentage of total parasitization was from Manado City at 85% and the lowest was from Bolaang Mongondow at 5%. Telenomus sp. higher percentage of parasitization than Trichogramma sp. Parasitization percentage of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest came from Manado by 63% and the lowest came from Tomohon by 3%, while the percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. The highest came from Manado at 22%, and the lowest came from Bolaang Mongondow Regency at zero percent. In conclusion, there are 2 types of egg parasitoids in S. frugiperda eggs, namely the parasitoid Telenomus sp and the parasitoid Trichogramma sp., the percentage of parasitization of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest sample from Manado and the lowest sample from Tomohon. Percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. the highest sample of S. frugiperda eggs from Manado, and the lowest sample from Bolaang Mongondow.
Analysis of Land Use Efficiency among Women Cassava Farmers in South-West Nig...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the land use efficiency among women cassava farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. The study identified the determinants of access to land and land tenure security status of women cassava farmers and also compared farm level efficiencies of the land secured and non-land secured respondents. The study is carried out in Ogun and Ondo State of Nigeria. Primary data obtained from 300 respondents using multistage sampling procedure is analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Heckman Probit model reveals that farm size (0.000), primary occupation (P=0.002), income (P=0.003), number of dependants (P=0.035), proximity to processing industry (P=0.042) and social group (P=0.068) were positively significant to access to land while cassava output (P=0.000), access to extension (P=0.001), household size (P=0.019) and proximity to market (P=0.059) are negatively significant. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) shows that 12.8% of the land secured farmers are technically efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.55 apiece for Constant Return to Scale Technical Efficiency (CRSTE) and Scale Efficiency. The CRSTE and scale efficiency of non-land secured farmers shows that 3.74% of the respondents are both technically and scale efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.38 and 0.39 respectively. Result of paired t-test reveals that there is significant difference in the level of technical efficiency between land secured and non-land secured women cassava farmers (t=2.29).
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
Influence of Farmer Group Membership on the Practice of Improved Agricultural...paperpublications3
The study examined the influence of farmer group membership on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed. The analysed data was presented using tables. From the analysis 229(75.3%) of the farmers belonged to a farmer group while 75(24.7%) were not members of any farmer group. The results indicated that the relationship was significant at 0.005 and 0.006 for the practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination respectively. It can be concluded that membership in a farmer group increased the chance of a farmer practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination. The study recommends that government should facilitate the Farmer Groups to transform their organizations into cooperatives in order to gain legal identify to transact business, increase their bargaining power and intensify their collective voices in policy engagement.
The Conservation and Use of Crop Genetic Resources for Food SecurityColin Khoury
Presentation of PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, for the Hugo de Vries award by the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands (KNBV) for the best botany related thesis in the Netherlands in 2015, 11 April 2016, Lunteren, The Netherlands.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Enhancing rice production in sub-Saharan Africa: Characterization of rice bla...ILRI
Poster prepared by Samuel Mutiga, Felix Rotich, Veena Devi Ganeshan, Emmanuel Mgonja, David Mwongera, Jagger Harvey, Lusike Wasilwa, Ibrahima Ouedraogo, Drissa Silue, Bo Zhou, Tom Mitchell, Guo-Liang Wang, James Correll and Nick Talbot, February 2016
Reducing Food Loss and Waste through Innovative Food Preservation Technologie...Julius Huho
The goal of the study was to establish the innovative food processing and preservation technologies designed to reduce Food Loss and Waste that were applied by women in rural areas of Garissa and Machakos Counties in Kenya.
Ann Tutwiler, Director General, Bioversity International gave this presentation at the Eighth Biodiversity Conference, Trondheim on 31st May 2016.
Current agricultural intensification practices are the biggest threat to sustainability and a major force behind breaching multiple planetary boundaries (Steffen et al., 2015). Agriculture contributes to between 19 and 29% of total GHG emissions (US EPA 2011, Vermeulen et al. 2012), uses of 69% of freshwater resources (AQUASTAT 2014), and 34% of the terrestrial, icefree surface of the planet accounting for 31% of wild biodiversity loss (Ramankutty et al. 2008). It is the primary driver for the substantial breach of the planetary boundary for phosphorous, and nitrogen (Carpenter and Bennett 2011, Steffen et al. 2015). The foods we produce from these systems struggle to nourish a growing global population where nearly 2 billion suffer from nutrient deficiencies, and another 2 billion suffer from obesity.
In as much as agricultural practices are important parts of the problem, they are likely to be our best bet for novel solutions addressing both human and environmental health. Increasing and improved use of agricultural biodiversity has the capacity provide both food and nutritional security, providing the ingredients of healthy, culturally sensitive, and enjoyable meals.
Mounting evidence suggests that producing food for diversified diets is often complementary with improving agriculture’s sustainability record. Agricultural biodiversity provides the core ecosystem services that underpin sustainable agricultural intensification: pollination, pest control, and sustainably stored and sourced soil nutrients. Finally, as the planet’s largest ecosystem, sustainable intensification of agricultural ecosystems has the capacity to provide multiple ecosystem services converting agriculture from a net source, to net sink of green house gases; reigning in planetary boundaries on phosphorus, nitrogen, and water; and creating a safe space for wild biodiversity .
Achieving agricultural biodiversity’s potential however, requires stronger support of the
research and development community, better articulation of biodiversity’s contribution to
multiple sustainable development goals, and improved indicators and indices that facilitate impact and progress both environmental and human well-being targets.
Find out more about Bioversity International's research on productive and resilient farms, forests and landscapes:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/initiatives/farms-forests-landscapes/
Visit the official Trondheim 8th Biodiversity Conference page:
http://www.trondheimconference.org/
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
We Manage What We Measure: An Agrobiodiversity Index to Help Deliver SDGsBioversity International
Presentation delivered by M. Ann Tutwiler at the International Agrobiodiversity Congress 2016, held in Delhi, India, 6-9 November.
The presentation outlined a new Agrobiodiversity Index that will enable governments, private sector and other decision-makers to assess and track agrobiodiversity in food systems. Currently there is no consistent way to do this.
Find out more about the India Agrobiodiversity Congress:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/iac2016/
IAC 2016 gathered 850 delegates from over 40 countries across the world who presented the results and stories of progress of agrobiodiversity research they are involved in.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
Date of the webinar: 9th June 2021
Youtube link: https://youtu.be/Y1YP2EtVgvU
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Dr Matthew Reynolds, HeDWIC leader, Distinguished Scientist at the International Maize heatwaves and Wheat Improvement Centre, and GPC board member will share in this webinar the history of HeDWIC how the network came to be and funded, its aims and future projects.
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Climate change is creating hotter and drier environments, and our food crops are struggling to survive in these more extreme conditions. The number of extreme weather events – droughts and included – have tripled in fewer than 40 years (since 1980), causing huge damage or loss to entire crops.
The Heat and Drought Wheat Improvement Consortium (HeDWIC) is a network that facilitates global coordination of wheat research to adapt to a future with more severe weather extremes, specifically heat and drought. It delivers new technologies to wheat breeders worldwide via the International Wheat Improvement Network (IWIN), coordinated for more than half a century by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.
Website: https://hedwic.org/
What do we have to lose? Generating crop diversity and threat monitoring info...Bioversity International
Ehsan Dulloo, Bioversity International Conservation and Availability Programme Leader, presented at the international conference Enhanced genepool utilization - Capturing wild relative and landrace diversity for crop improvement, in Cambridge, UK, 16-20 June 2014.
It is said that “you can't manage what you don't measure”. The unprecedented global loss of agricultural species, varieties and associated traditional knowledge is of increasing concern, threatening the provisioning, regulatory, supporting and cultural ecosystem services of importance to the livelihoods of the poor as well as the welfare of broader society. Such services include such public goods as maintaining agroecosystem resilience and future option values.
Unfortunately, although many crop genetic resources (CGR) are widely recognized as being threatened, there is only limited information available regarding actual status. Only isolated efforts at monitoring have been undertaken. Conventional monitoring efforts, where they exist at all, have been subject to limitations due to ad hoc approaches that lack rigorous survey and sampling approaches, do not adequately account for search effort costs or systematically involve the participation of local-level actors, and are usually based on collections instead of direct observations in the field. Furthermore, the links between specific CGR conservation levels/configurations and the provision of specific ecosystem services are poorly understood.
There is thus an urgent need for the development of a systematic approach to the monitoring of CGR. This presentation draws on the outcome of a recent Bioversity International/CIP international expert workshop aimed at the development of such an approach. The proposed multi-scale approach builds on a wide range of existing monitoring experiences and a review of the literature related to agricultural biodiversity-relevant ecosystem services. A number of proposed indicators that could be used to assess CGR threat levels, be used for monitoring purposes and/or assist in evaluating ecosystem service public/private good trade-offs arising from agricultural intensification are presented, with a view to supporting the potential for prioritizing, designing and implementing on-farm/in situ conservation measures that actively involve farmers, support livelihoods, complement existing ex situ conservation efforts and facilitate access and benefit sharing.
Find out more about Bioversity International work on conserving crop diversity on the farm and in the wild http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/
Dietary Diversity Choices of Women: Evidence from Cassava Farming Households ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
In this study, we examined dietary diversity of women in cassava farming households of South-
West, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to collect data on 352 farming households comprising 212 women members (158 women of child-bearing age (20-49 years) and 54 women
above 49 years) between December 2019 and March 2020 in Oyo and Ogun States of South-
West, Nigeria. The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) questionnaire was adapted and used to obtain the dietary diversity scores (DDS) of women of child bearing age over a 24-hour recall period. The individual version of the Household dietary diversity questionnaire was adapted and used to obtain the DDS of women above 49 years. Separate logistic regression models were
fitted to determine the influence of selected variables on the dietary diversity of the two categories of women. Our results show that more than half of the women (55.1%) in the child-bearing
category (20-49 years) did not attain the minimum score of 5 out of 10 food groups. In the older
women category (> 49 years), more than half of the women (68.5%) met the required 4 or more food groups. In the child-bearing age category, the odds of attaining the minimum dietary diversity
level were 0.04% smaller with an additional increase in transport cost. Also, women who had
female household heads were approximately three times more likely to attain the minimum dietary diversity level than women who did not have female household heads. In the older women category, the odds of attaining the minimum dietary diversity level were 98.9% smaller for women
with good road condition than for women with poor road condition. These results are useful for
evidence-based decision making that can have positive impact on the lives of women in cassava
farming households.
The Conservation and Use of Crop Genetic Resources for Food SecurityColin Khoury
Presentation of PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, for the Hugo de Vries award by the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands (KNBV) for the best botany related thesis in the Netherlands in 2015, 11 April 2016, Lunteren, The Netherlands.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Enhancing rice production in sub-Saharan Africa: Characterization of rice bla...ILRI
Poster prepared by Samuel Mutiga, Felix Rotich, Veena Devi Ganeshan, Emmanuel Mgonja, David Mwongera, Jagger Harvey, Lusike Wasilwa, Ibrahima Ouedraogo, Drissa Silue, Bo Zhou, Tom Mitchell, Guo-Liang Wang, James Correll and Nick Talbot, February 2016
Reducing Food Loss and Waste through Innovative Food Preservation Technologie...Julius Huho
The goal of the study was to establish the innovative food processing and preservation technologies designed to reduce Food Loss and Waste that were applied by women in rural areas of Garissa and Machakos Counties in Kenya.
Ann Tutwiler, Director General, Bioversity International gave this presentation at the Eighth Biodiversity Conference, Trondheim on 31st May 2016.
Current agricultural intensification practices are the biggest threat to sustainability and a major force behind breaching multiple planetary boundaries (Steffen et al., 2015). Agriculture contributes to between 19 and 29% of total GHG emissions (US EPA 2011, Vermeulen et al. 2012), uses of 69% of freshwater resources (AQUASTAT 2014), and 34% of the terrestrial, icefree surface of the planet accounting for 31% of wild biodiversity loss (Ramankutty et al. 2008). It is the primary driver for the substantial breach of the planetary boundary for phosphorous, and nitrogen (Carpenter and Bennett 2011, Steffen et al. 2015). The foods we produce from these systems struggle to nourish a growing global population where nearly 2 billion suffer from nutrient deficiencies, and another 2 billion suffer from obesity.
In as much as agricultural practices are important parts of the problem, they are likely to be our best bet for novel solutions addressing both human and environmental health. Increasing and improved use of agricultural biodiversity has the capacity provide both food and nutritional security, providing the ingredients of healthy, culturally sensitive, and enjoyable meals.
Mounting evidence suggests that producing food for diversified diets is often complementary with improving agriculture’s sustainability record. Agricultural biodiversity provides the core ecosystem services that underpin sustainable agricultural intensification: pollination, pest control, and sustainably stored and sourced soil nutrients. Finally, as the planet’s largest ecosystem, sustainable intensification of agricultural ecosystems has the capacity to provide multiple ecosystem services converting agriculture from a net source, to net sink of green house gases; reigning in planetary boundaries on phosphorus, nitrogen, and water; and creating a safe space for wild biodiversity .
Achieving agricultural biodiversity’s potential however, requires stronger support of the
research and development community, better articulation of biodiversity’s contribution to
multiple sustainable development goals, and improved indicators and indices that facilitate impact and progress both environmental and human well-being targets.
Find out more about Bioversity International's research on productive and resilient farms, forests and landscapes:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/initiatives/farms-forests-landscapes/
Visit the official Trondheim 8th Biodiversity Conference page:
http://www.trondheimconference.org/
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
We Manage What We Measure: An Agrobiodiversity Index to Help Deliver SDGsBioversity International
Presentation delivered by M. Ann Tutwiler at the International Agrobiodiversity Congress 2016, held in Delhi, India, 6-9 November.
The presentation outlined a new Agrobiodiversity Index that will enable governments, private sector and other decision-makers to assess and track agrobiodiversity in food systems. Currently there is no consistent way to do this.
Find out more about the India Agrobiodiversity Congress:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/iac2016/
IAC 2016 gathered 850 delegates from over 40 countries across the world who presented the results and stories of progress of agrobiodiversity research they are involved in.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
Date of the webinar: 9th June 2021
Youtube link: https://youtu.be/Y1YP2EtVgvU
---
Dr Matthew Reynolds, HeDWIC leader, Distinguished Scientist at the International Maize heatwaves and Wheat Improvement Centre, and GPC board member will share in this webinar the history of HeDWIC how the network came to be and funded, its aims and future projects.
---
Climate change is creating hotter and drier environments, and our food crops are struggling to survive in these more extreme conditions. The number of extreme weather events – droughts and included – have tripled in fewer than 40 years (since 1980), causing huge damage or loss to entire crops.
The Heat and Drought Wheat Improvement Consortium (HeDWIC) is a network that facilitates global coordination of wheat research to adapt to a future with more severe weather extremes, specifically heat and drought. It delivers new technologies to wheat breeders worldwide via the International Wheat Improvement Network (IWIN), coordinated for more than half a century by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.
Website: https://hedwic.org/
What do we have to lose? Generating crop diversity and threat monitoring info...Bioversity International
Ehsan Dulloo, Bioversity International Conservation and Availability Programme Leader, presented at the international conference Enhanced genepool utilization - Capturing wild relative and landrace diversity for crop improvement, in Cambridge, UK, 16-20 June 2014.
It is said that “you can't manage what you don't measure”. The unprecedented global loss of agricultural species, varieties and associated traditional knowledge is of increasing concern, threatening the provisioning, regulatory, supporting and cultural ecosystem services of importance to the livelihoods of the poor as well as the welfare of broader society. Such services include such public goods as maintaining agroecosystem resilience and future option values.
Unfortunately, although many crop genetic resources (CGR) are widely recognized as being threatened, there is only limited information available regarding actual status. Only isolated efforts at monitoring have been undertaken. Conventional monitoring efforts, where they exist at all, have been subject to limitations due to ad hoc approaches that lack rigorous survey and sampling approaches, do not adequately account for search effort costs or systematically involve the participation of local-level actors, and are usually based on collections instead of direct observations in the field. Furthermore, the links between specific CGR conservation levels/configurations and the provision of specific ecosystem services are poorly understood.
There is thus an urgent need for the development of a systematic approach to the monitoring of CGR. This presentation draws on the outcome of a recent Bioversity International/CIP international expert workshop aimed at the development of such an approach. The proposed multi-scale approach builds on a wide range of existing monitoring experiences and a review of the literature related to agricultural biodiversity-relevant ecosystem services. A number of proposed indicators that could be used to assess CGR threat levels, be used for monitoring purposes and/or assist in evaluating ecosystem service public/private good trade-offs arising from agricultural intensification are presented, with a view to supporting the potential for prioritizing, designing and implementing on-farm/in situ conservation measures that actively involve farmers, support livelihoods, complement existing ex situ conservation efforts and facilitate access and benefit sharing.
Find out more about Bioversity International work on conserving crop diversity on the farm and in the wild http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/
Dietary Diversity Choices of Women: Evidence from Cassava Farming Households ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
In this study, we examined dietary diversity of women in cassava farming households of South-
West, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to collect data on 352 farming households comprising 212 women members (158 women of child-bearing age (20-49 years) and 54 women
above 49 years) between December 2019 and March 2020 in Oyo and Ogun States of South-
West, Nigeria. The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) questionnaire was adapted and used to obtain the dietary diversity scores (DDS) of women of child bearing age over a 24-hour recall period. The individual version of the Household dietary diversity questionnaire was adapted and used to obtain the DDS of women above 49 years. Separate logistic regression models were
fitted to determine the influence of selected variables on the dietary diversity of the two categories of women. Our results show that more than half of the women (55.1%) in the child-bearing
category (20-49 years) did not attain the minimum score of 5 out of 10 food groups. In the older
women category (> 49 years), more than half of the women (68.5%) met the required 4 or more food groups. In the child-bearing age category, the odds of attaining the minimum dietary diversity
level were 0.04% smaller with an additional increase in transport cost. Also, women who had
female household heads were approximately three times more likely to attain the minimum dietary diversity level than women who did not have female household heads. In the older women category, the odds of attaining the minimum dietary diversity level were 98.9% smaller for women
with good road condition than for women with poor road condition. These results are useful for
evidence-based decision making that can have positive impact on the lives of women in cassava
farming households.
Farmers perception on production constraints, trait preference and variety se...Innspub Net
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in Kenya is mainly practiced on a small scale and productivity per hectare is lower compared with the world average, despite its promotion in different regions. The chickpea adoption rate is also relatively slow, despite its benefits. This study investigated farmers’ production constraints, preferred traits, and selection criteria for specific varieties to generate information that can assist in the development of new varieties, which can be more readily adopted by farmers. A participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was conducted in Bomet and Embu counties of Kenya. The direct ranking was used to identify farmers’ constraints to chickpea production, preferred traits, and specific chickpea varieties based on preference. The collected data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Farmers’ responses indicated that the major production constraints were pests and disease infestations, drought, lack of early-maturing varieties, lack of market, and lack of information on chickpea production and utilization. The farmers reported that they preferred ICCV 97105, ICCV 92944, and ICCV 00108 due to high yielding, drought tolerant, early maturing, and pest and disease resistance. Farmers in both counties also had a higher preference for Desi than Kabuli chickpea types because of tolerance to drought and disease resistance and that its testa does not peel off when cooked. This study revealed farmer-preferred traits in varieties they would want to grow. Breeders should aim at developing varieties with multiple traits for increased chickpea adoption and production in Kenya.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
The study assessed factors limiting production of citrus among smallholder farmers in Benue state, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 120 respondents using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score and factor analysis. Results revealed that 80% males and 20% females were involved in citrus production in the study area, 95% were married with 74.17% having citrus farm size of 1-3 hectares. Site selection (93.3%), variety and rootstock selection (91.7%), irrigation (91.7%), disease control (91.7%), pest management (88.3%), fertilizer application (86.7%), wind breaks (83.3%), grafting/budding (81.7%) were major citrus management practices used by the respondents. Respondents’ activities in citrus production were constrained by infrastructural, fund-related and institutional factors. The study concluded that more males than females were involved in citrus production. It is recommended that research and extension agencies should target appropriate technologies that will improve productivity of citrus and increase income of smallholder farmers for economic empowerment.
Farmers’ Attitude towards Risk on Indigenous Chicken in Nyanza RegionPremier Publishers
Kenya has an estimate of 25.9 million indigenous chicken that support livelihood of over 21 million people in rural areas. Indigenous chicken production in Kenya is mainly under extensive and semi intensive systems which are characterized by high mortality rates resulting from disease outbreak, predation, poor feed quality and inbreeding. An understanding of the farmers’ attitude towards production risks is important for effective management of the risks. However, there is limited information on farmers’ behaviour towards risk on indigenous chicken.Therefore this study aimed at assessing the attitude of the farmers towards risk on indigenous chicken. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire. Multi stage sampling procedure was used to sample 240 indigenous chicken farmers from a target population of 598 indigenous chicken farmers in Nyanza region. Safety-first principle was used to estimate the farmers’ attitudes towards risk on indigenous chicken. Results revealed that cost of feeds was the most significant input in the indigenous chicken production. The study also found that all the indigenous chicken farmers exhibited intermediate risk aversion. Packages of technological and institutional practices should be tailored towards the risk attitude of the farmers for successful implementation of such development programmes. Appropriate agricultural policies should be developed to reduce risk such as agricultural insurance.
As we celebrate International Women's Day, it is important to recognize that there is an urgent need to better understand the role that gender plays in smallholder farming systems, and forest communities, in order to develop effective biodiversity conservation and use strategies for food security. Happy International Women's Day!
Read more about Bioversity International’s research-for-development portfolio and strategic priorities.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research/
Abstract— Production of vegetables is a key factor in ensuring a continuous supply of raw materials for the development of agribusiness in horticulture. It is often argued that vegetable production in Zanzibar has reasonable advantages but the information regarding the commercial potential of local farmers in producing and retailing vegetables is limited. The present work has assessed the situation of vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the necessary information, including interviewer administered questionnaires, informal group discussions, field observations and key informant interviews. The study revealed that about 59% of the farmer’s population produces vegetables commercially, though only 30% to 35% of their yields are sold in market. It was also observed that out of 16 types of vegetables that were found to dominate the market, only 9typeswereproduced profitably by the local farmers. In general, almost all vegetables encountered were imported from regional countries to fill the market demand gaps.It is recommended that both or (the) government and non-government organization should extend their supports to local vegetable farmers, through (by providing them with) information, technology, production inputs and credit as a means of improving the quality and the quantity of their yield.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
Pastoralists’ Perception of Resource-use Conflicts as a Challenge to Livestoc...BRNSS Publication Hub
One of the major but hidden challenges to livestock development and animal agriculture in the world
over is resource-use conflicts between crop farmers, pastoralists, and other land users. This is so because
during conflict situation, almost all human livelihood activities come to a standstill including livestock
farming. This study, therefore, sought to examine how conflicts involving different land users hinder
livestock production. Questionnaire and oral interview were used to obtain information from a total of
120 pastoralists in three selected states of Southeast (Abia, Enugu, and Imo). Data were analyzed using
percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The results showed that the mean age of pastoralists was 38,
and the mean household size was 10, mean herding experience was 18. The following were the causes
of resource-use conflicts – blocking of water sources by crop farmers with a mean (M) response of 3.30,
farming across cattle routes (M=2.95), burning of fields (M=3.30), and theft/stealing of cattle (M=3.40),
among others. The factors attracting the pastoralists to the study area were availability of special pasture
(M=2.37), availability of land for lease (M=2.52), and water availability (M=2.60) among other reasons.
Conflicts, therefore, affect livestock production in the following ways – unsafe field for grazing, poor
animal health, loss of human and animal lives, abandonment of herds for dear life, and many others
In Uganda, groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) the second most important legume after beans and is cultivated on nearly 260,000 ha, representing 24.6% of the total arable land. A combined approach including Marker Assisted Selection, agro-ecological testing using Breeding Management Systems (BMS) software shows some promising perspectives and efficacy to resolve the current constraints challenging the crop performance, read more in the poster.
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Challenges and opportunities in cassava production among the rural households in kilifi county in the coastal region of kenya
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
30
Challenges and Opportunities in Cassava Production among the
Rural Households in Kilifi County in the Coastal Region of Kenya
Mwango’mbe, A.W1
., Mbugua, S.K1
., Olubayo, F.O1
., Ngugi, E.K1
., Mwinga, R2
., Munga, T2
., Muiru, W.M1
*.
1
University of Nairobi, 2
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
*Corresponding author
Abstract
In Kenya, food security and poverty alleviation are some of the most important factors that the country must
address in order to achieve the vision 2030. Cassava has potential not only as food for humans, but also as feed
for livestock and as a substrate for biofuel production. Although various constraints have been reported to afflict
farmers in cassava production, a base line survey in the study sites (Kilifi and Kaloleni) was necessary to identify
specific constraints facing farmers in this region so as to identify areas of intervention in production and
utilization. Lack of disease free planting materials was identified as one of the major constraints since cassava
mosaic disease (CMD) and the cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) pose serious threats in yield losses. The
two diseases are transmitted by vectors and by diseased planting materials and almost all the farmers obtain their
planting materials from their neighbours thus aiding in disease dissemination and compounding the problem.
There is need to enable the community produce quality cassava seed and operate sustained cassava business,
integrate legumes into cassava cropping systems and create an innovative value addition chain for utilization of
cassava. Eighty percent of Kenya is marginal area and cassava being drought tolerant can enable the potential of
these areas to be tapped thus helping to deal with the persistent food insecurity which is a common feature in
these areas.
Key words: Cassava, cowpeas, cultivars, production constraints, utilization
Introduction
Cassava, Manihot esculenta Grantz (Euphorbiaceae), is an important perennial crop whose roots serve as an
important source of carbohydrates to over 800 million people in the World (Nassar et al., 2002; Mbanzibwa et al.,
2011). Cassava provides over 500 calories daily to over 70 million people (Westby, 2008). It is the third most
important source of carbohydrates in Africa and the second most important food crop after maize in the western
and coastal regions of Kenya (Karuri et al., 2001).
Cassava, is an important staple food crop of marginal and semi-arid areas of Kenya and it is grown on
approximately 77,502 ha with an annual production of 841,196 tons (FAO, 2001). It is cultivated mainly in the
semi arid regions and it has the potential to serve as a food security crop owing to its drought tolerance. Cassava
is able to withstand prolonged periods of drought and pest attacks by reducing biomass production and later re-
mobilizing photosynthate reserves in the stems and roots (Cock, 1979; Mbanzibwa et al., 2011). The young
leaves of the plants are an important source of proteins and vitamins. In addition, the roots and leaves are
available all year round (Ntawuruhunga et al., 2007), thus cassava is an important food security crop, especially
in drought-prone areas (Westby, 2008). The semi-arid agro-ecological zones of Kenya constitute 80% of the
country’s land mass and support 95% of the poor population.
In western and coastal regions of Kenya cassava is the second most important food crop after maize and it is an
important source of income and food security for many communities and has potential for use in animal feed,
starch and confectionery industries (Were et al., 2004). Cassava productivity in Kenya is 11 t ha-1
below the
potential yield of 90 t ha-1
due to low yield potential of popular varieties, susceptibility to pests and diseases
particularly mosaic disease (CMD) and brown streak disease (CBSD) and poor crop management practices
among other constraints (Mware et al., 2009). At the Kenyan coast, cassava is cultivated on small farms in
mixed cropping systems together with cereal crops such as maize or grain legumes such as cowpea, beans or
green-grams.
Despite the enormous potential of cassava as a food security crop, the production and utilization is far much low
and this study was conducted to establish the status of the crop in Kilifi county with a view of designing
intervention measures to promote production and utilization. The study focused on identifying the farmers’
knowledge on production systems, dietary habits, farmer resources, source of planting materials, land use trends,
constraints in production and status of cowpea which has the potential to be used in intercropping. Since lack of
clean planting materials has been one of the major constraints, this study aimed at looking at the existing
varieties and the farmers’ preferences to aid in decision making during the scaling up of production of disease
free planting materials.
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Materials and methods
Study area
The study was conducted in Kaloleni and Kilifi districts in Kilifi county. Both districts are in the coast province
of Kenya and they are characterized by warm temperatures over 250
C throughout the year with two seasons of
moderate rainfall (about 800-1000mm). The long rains start around March and last up to July, while the short
rains that start around October last until December. The study focused on seven women groups six from Kilifi
and one from Kaloleni district. These women groups are Amani Farmers Field School from Kaloleni, the other
six women groups namely Jaza ulole, Kaloleni, Jiuzeni, Sife moyo, Kuluhiro and Basi Mwangaza were all from
Kilifi district.
Baseline survey
A baseline survey tool (questionnaire) was developed in consultation with statistician/biometrician on the
techniques to be used to gather detailed information from the wider farming community in the two districts
(Kaloleni and Kilifi), on the current situation on production, utilization processing and marketing of cassava in
the project districts. Pre-testing of the questionnaire was done prior to administering and the questionnaires
revised accordingly to ensure accuracy of the information corrected. The questionnaire was administered to 200
farmers 100 from Kaloleni and 100 from Kilifi district.
Administering the questionnaires
In Kaloleni, out of the 100 farmers interviewed 42 farmers were from the women group whereas out of the 100
farmers interviewed from Kilifi 72 were from the women groups. The 58 and 28 respondents from Kaloleni and
Kilifi respectively who were interviewed and were not members of women groups were randomly picked from
cassava growing farmers in the two areas. The administration of the questionnaires was done by field assistants
with knowledge of the local language so that information was collected as accurately and precisely as possible.
Before visiting the farmers for the administering of the questionnaires, the group leaders had already informed
their members on the ongoing exercise. The field assistants only needed to book appointments with farmers
prior to the day of the interview to ensure that the farmers were available on the material day. In this respect, use
of mobile phones came in very handy since over 70% of the community members own mobile phones.
Focused group discussions
Focused groups’ discussion sessions were organized for a whole day for each of the two groups at Kaloleni and
Kilifi. Discussions involved over thirty farmers in both locations sampled purposively by invitation, and the
scientists from CAVS and KARI-Mtwapa (Pate 1). The discussions were carried out with help of structured
discussant questions, with the help of identified facilitators from attending scientists.
Plate 1: Focused group discussion sessions between the farmers and researchers from the University of Nairobi
and Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI).
Data analysis
The questionnaires were coded appropriately by the biometricians before inputting them into SPSS programme
Ver. 12 for the analysis.
Results
Majority of the respondents interviewed were women (69%) compared to men who comprised 31% of the
respondents. This is because women are the ones who are more involved in farming activities and men engage in
off farm employment and besides the study had targeted the women groups. Average age of the respondents was
41 and 49 years respectively for female and male respondents. Many relatively young people are engaging in
farming as chances of securing paid employment has been dwindling. Majority (52.5%) of the respondents had
not attained primary level of education, while 34.5% of the respondents had completed primary level of
education. The poverty level in these areas is quite high resulting to pupils dropping out of schools before
completion.
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Maize is the most popular crop in these areas with all farmers cultivating the crop. This was followed by
cowpeas and cassava at 95% and 68% respectively. This agrees with the focused group discussions where maize
was ranked first in importance followed by cassava and cowpeas. This explains why most of the land under
cultivation is under maize and cassava. These three crops i.e. maize, cowpeas and cassava also comprise the
greater part of the communities regular diet with utilization being at 100%, 95.5% and 68% respectively.
Although some farmers (16.5%) indicated reducing the area under cassava production, there was a net increase
in area under cassava production as 26.2% of the farmers indicated increasing area under cultivation. Lack of
planting materials was the major reason behind declining area under cassava cultivation as indicated by 64.7% of
the respondents.
Kibanda Meno and Tajirika were the most common cassava varieties grown by the farmers in the two districts.
Only 2% of the famers were growing the variety Shibe while Karembo is a bitter variety and it is used for
alcohol production. Kibanda Meno was the most popular with over 45.5% of the farmers cultivating the variety.
Figure 1, below shows the attributes that renders these two varieties to be the most popular.
Figure 1: Attributes of cassava that were major determinants in varietal selection
Various insect pests and diseases were reported to be a problem in cassava production for both Kibanda Meno
and Tajirika (Table 1). White flies was the major insect pest reported and only 5.2% of the farmers spray against
it while 87.9% of the farmers do not apply any management strategy. Failure of the farmers in correlating the
white flies to the cassava mosaic disease explains why most of the farmers don’t manage the pest. To the farmers
the perceived level of damage is low and therefore do not warrant any control. Majority of the farmers perceived
CMD to be a very important disease but 90.6% of the respondents do not do anything about the disease. This
could be explained by the lack of knowledge in the appropriate disease management strategies.
Table 1: Percentage of respondents on the incidence of pests and diseases on the cassava varieties
Insect pests Diseases
White flies
incidence
Perceived level of
damage
Cassava mosaic
disease incidence
Perceived level of
damage
Kibanda Meno 98.3 34.5 100 45.3
Tajirika 100 100 85.7 33.3
Over 79% of the respondents prepares the land for planting before the onset of the rains whereas the remaining
farmers prepares the land after the onset of the rains. Cowpea is the second most important crop after maize and
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Highyielding
Goodsaleprice
Goodcooking
Seedreadilyavailable
Lesspest
Earlymaturing
Suitablefor
intercropping
Percentagerespondents
Attributes of the variety/ies
Kibanda Meno
Tajirika
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farmers do intercrop cowpea with maize and cassava. Over 56% of the farmers intercrop cassava with cowpeas.
Majority (84%) of the famers cultivates local cowpea varieties since they are superior to new varieties in terms
of cooking qualities, yields, seeds availability, early maturing and suitability for intercropping. Although land
under cowpea production has remained unaffected as indicated by 71% of the respondents, 17.5% of them had
increased the area and 11.2% had reduced the acreage under the crop. Majority (52%) of those who had
increased area under cultivation was due to availability of high yielding varieties while 33% of those who had
reduced the area under cultivation was due to pests and diseases. Despite the numerous challenges facing these
farmers, 50% of them did not have an idea on how to address these constraints. Leaf borers was the most
common (95.7%) pest reported, however 78% of the farmers do not do anything about it while 14.3% spray
using insecticides. Leaf rust was reported to be the major disease on cowpeas by all the respondents interviewed.
Septoria leaf spot was also reported on cowpeas but at low incidence. Insect pests were reported to be the most
(84%) limiting constraint in production followed by unreliable rainfall (75%) (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Major constraints in cowpea production
Extension service and the NGOs were the main source of new agricultral technologies for the farmers in these
areas. World Vision was the main NGO operating in the area and they had introduced technologies on water
conservation, goat rearing and general crop husbandry practices. In addition, farmers also get to acquire
information on new technologies from their neighbours. For instance most (71.4%) of the farmers normally get
the information about new varieties from their neighbours with 81% of them acquiring planting materials from
their neighbours. This acquisition of planting materials from the neighbours has contributed to the spread of the
disease as most of these planting materials are diseased and disease indexing is not done.
The pests identified in cowpeas were whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), semi-lopper (Plusia orechalcea, bean flies
(Ophiomyia phaseoli), black bean aphids (Aphis fabae), leaf beetles (Medythia quarterna), bean webworm
(Lamprosema indica), systates weevil (Systates pollinos)
Discussion
The study identified the major factors that hinder cassava’s production potential to be unavailability of clean
disease free planting material, lack of a sustained seed propagation system, low soil fertility, inappropriate
cropping systems and lack of a viable functional value addition chain linking farmers to both local and
international markets. These findings are in consistent with those of several other researchers (Karuri et al., 2001;
Ntawuruhunga and Legg, 2007; Wesby, 2008).
Lack of clean planting materials and use of CSD and CBSD infected planting materials has been the major
constraints to cassava production in the area. The community needs also to be empowered to have a self
sustaining clean seed production system. As reported by Ntawuruhunga & Legg, (2007) most of the cassava
germplasm resistant to CMD has been found to be highly susceptible to CBSD and these are materials that were
being promoted for the management of the CMD pandemic.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Unreliable
rainfall
Insect pests Poor qulaity
seeds
Lack of labour Diseases Small farm
sizes
Percentagerespondents
Constraint/s to production
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Poor soil fertility which characterizes marginal areas due to overexploitation of soil resources without
replenishing nutrients calls for development of cassava/cowpeas intercropping aimed at taking advantage of the
proven integrated soil fertility management interventions (ISFM), by intercropping with legumes and application
of bio-inoculants in the improvement of cassava productivity as also reported by Howeler (1991).
Pests and diseases also came out strongly as a serious constraint in cassava production. Most farmers don’t
manage the pests since they dont know that some of the pests such as whiteflies transmit diseases like cassava
mosaic. This finding agrees with those of Mware et al., (2009). Farmers lack knowledge on pest identification
and were regarding any insect pest as “worms”. The study identified insect pests such as mealy bugs, cassava
green mites and white flies on cassava. A significant number of farmers could identify cassava mosaic disease
since the disease is endemic in the area and the extension staff had been training the farmers on identification
and management as also observed by Njenga et al., (2005). However, cassava brown streak disease is a recent
disease and farmers are unaware of the disease until the time of harvesting where farmers note the disease on
opening the tubers.
Due to the inability of the farmers in identifying the disease and susceptibility of the planting materials, the
disease is taking a big toll on the farmers cassava production thus threatening the gains achieved over the years.
These observations agrees with Alicai et al.,, (2007) who also reported that mosaic symptoms of CBSD are less
conspicuous and farmers are often unaware of the problem until the roots are harvested and the corky, yellow-
brown necrotic rot becomes evident. CBSD may be latent where some infected plants may be symptomless and
some varieties express symptoms in roots but not on leaves Ntawuruhunga & Legg, (2007). This makes the
detection of the disease on planting materials impossible resulting to distribution of such materials to
unsuspecting growers.
Cassava has many other uses for instance in animal feeds where it leads to increased milk production in dairy
cattle and reducing the cost of feeding animals as also reported by Westby (2008). However farmers should be
trained on the cassava use in animal feeds to avoid poisoning their animals as it happens when it is given in
excess especially cassava peels. Farmers were processing cassava and using it for crisps and chips, baking bread,
porridge, and making “mandazi and chapatis”. Processed cassava products usually have a longer shelf life as
compared to fresh cassava, which does not last long and spoils faster. Inappropriate storage facilities for both
raw and dried cassava products and lack of technological knowhow and equipments have been hampering their
efforts in cassava processing. These findings agree with those of Karuri et al., (2001).
The source of planting materials is critical as demonstrated by the Shibe variety that respondents rated highly in
terms of high yielding, resistance to pests and diseases and good cooking qualities but very few farmers were
planting it due to lack of planting materials since the source of planting materials was from the extension staff
through the Ministry of Agriculture. The other two popular varieties farmers were readily acquiring the planting
materials from their neighbours thus fueling the spread of the viral diseases also observed by Alicai et al., (2007).
Conclusions and recommendations
To deal with the issue of diseased planting materials which is responsible for significant reduction in cassava
production by the farmers in these areas, there is need to avail smallholder cassava farmers with disease-free
planting materials for purposes of improving productivity.
The study also identified the need of up-scaling the existing cassava value addition mechanisms through
processing of cassava products and fostering and strengthening linkages between cassava production by
smallholders on one hand and food markets.
To address the pest and disease problem, there is need to educate farmers on identification and proper
management of the same and avail or build capacity for them to produce clean planting materials. Breeders
should deploy genes for resistance to the pests and diseases while at the same time ensuring good agronomic
traits are retained in the new varieties.
Majority of the farmers prepares their land after the onset of the rains. Farmers should be advised to prepare the
land before the onset of the rains so that they can be able to plant immediately after the rains thereby be able to
maximize on the rains since these are marginal areas with inadequate rainfall.
Acknowledgements
National Council for Science and Technology is greatly acknowledged for funding the study.
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