10th Science chapter 19, Animal Husbandry: Sasya mattu Pranigalalli tali abhi...Bheemappa N
10th Science chapter 19, Animal Husbandry: Sasya mattu Pranigalalli tali abhivruddhi, PPT in pdf format (kannada medium), useful for the teacher of high school level (karnataka)
10th Science chapter 19, Animal Husbandry: Sasya mattu Pranigalalli tali abhi...Bheemappa N
10th Science chapter 19, Animal Husbandry: Sasya mattu Pranigalalli tali abhivruddhi, PPT in pdf format (kannada medium), useful for the teacher of high school level (karnataka)
10th Science Chapter 18. Anilagala Varthane-ppt in pdf format (kannada medium)Bheemappa N
10th Science Chapter 18. anilagala varthane-ppt in pdf format (kannada medium), useful for the students and teachers of high school level in karnataka (kannada)
This document summarizes a talk on calculating properties of the LiYb molecule to aid in creating ultracold LiYb molecules via photoassociation spectroscopy. It describes:
1) Calculating potential energy curves and transition dipole moments of LiYb using relativistic methods to identify excited states for photoassociation.
2) Transition dipole moments between ground and excited states indicate possible routes for creating ultracold molecules.
3) Future work will calculate photoassociation intensities and spontaneous emission rates to transfer molecules to the ground or metastable excited states.
This document discusses various spectroscopy techniques including absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. It provides details on:
- Infrared spectroscopy is used to determine functional groups through molecular vibrations and rotations that can be stretching, bending, or compressing.
- Ultraviolet spectroscopy identifies conjugated double bonds through electron transitions.
- Visible spectroscopy determines color absorption in the visible light range.
- Mass spectroscopy identifies molecular formulas and masses by bombarding samples and analyzing mass-to-charge ratios of fragment ions.
10th Science Chapter 18. Anilagala Varthane-ppt in pdf format (kannada medium)Bheemappa N
10th Science Chapter 18. anilagala varthane-ppt in pdf format (kannada medium), useful for the students and teachers of high school level in karnataka (kannada)
This document summarizes a talk on calculating properties of the LiYb molecule to aid in creating ultracold LiYb molecules via photoassociation spectroscopy. It describes:
1) Calculating potential energy curves and transition dipole moments of LiYb using relativistic methods to identify excited states for photoassociation.
2) Transition dipole moments between ground and excited states indicate possible routes for creating ultracold molecules.
3) Future work will calculate photoassociation intensities and spontaneous emission rates to transfer molecules to the ground or metastable excited states.
This document discusses various spectroscopy techniques including absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. It provides details on:
- Infrared spectroscopy is used to determine functional groups through molecular vibrations and rotations that can be stretching, bending, or compressing.
- Ultraviolet spectroscopy identifies conjugated double bonds through electron transitions.
- Visible spectroscopy determines color absorption in the visible light range.
- Mass spectroscopy identifies molecular formulas and masses by bombarding samples and analyzing mass-to-charge ratios of fragment ions.
Industrial organic chem 2 , ನಿರವಯವ ರಾಸಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರKarnataka OER
The document summarizes the four main steps to produce common sugar from sugar beet or sugarcane: 1) Extraction of the juice by crushing the beet or cane, 2) Purification of the juice by making it alkaline and allowing impurities to settle out, 3) Concentration and crystallization of the juice by evaporation into a syrup, and 4) Separation and drying of the sugar crystals from the syrup. The byproduct bagasse can be used as fuel or to make cardboard.
Industrial organic chemistry, ನಿರವಯವ ರಾಸಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರKarnataka OER
This document discusses carbohydrates like sucrose and their classification. It explains that carbohydrates are macromolecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio. Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Sucrose is highlighted as a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose bonded together. The advantages of crystalline sugar over jaggery are discussed as crystalline sugar has a longer shelf life and acts as a better preservative.
This document discusses different spectroscopy techniques used to identify organic compounds, including ultraviolet/visible, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. These techniques study the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter by using spectrometers to produce spectra. Spectroscopy methods are based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by molecules and provide information about molecular structure by probing different energy states and levels.
Industrial organic chemistry 3 , ಈಥೆನಾಲ ತಯಾರಿಸುವುದು .Karnataka OER
The document discusses the preparation of ethanol from molasses through fermentation. Fermentation is a chemical decomposition by microbes that usually produces carbon dioxide and requires a suitable temperature range. To produce ethanol, molasses is diluted to about 10% sugar, yeast is added at a temperature of 30-35°C, and the mixture is fermented before distilling the resulting liquid to obtain ethanol.
Imaging, spectroscopy and manipulation of C60 molecule on semiconductor surf...Cristina Chiutu
Scanning probe microscopy techniques were employed to investigate C60 molecules adsorbed on Si(111)-(7x7) and Ag-Si(111)-(√3x√3)R30o using imaging, spectroscopy, and manipulation methods. First, dynamic scanning tunnelling microscopy revealed the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital features of C60 molecules adsorbed on Si(111)-(7x7) with extremely high resolution at 77 K. Experimental data were compared with Hückel molecular orbital theory simulations to determine the orientation of the molecules on these surfaces. Second, C60 molecules were imaged with a qPlus atomic force microscope, in the attractive force regime and appeared as bright spherical protrusions. The potential energy of interaction between the AFM tip and C60 molecules adsorbed on Si(111)-(7x7) was quantified by force spectroscopy.
Furthermore, a C60 molecule was transferred to the scanning probe microscope tip and used as molecular probe to image the Si(111)-(7x7) surface and other C60 molecules. The on-tip C60 molecule was imaged with high precision. Hückel molecular orbital theory calculations accurately predicted the shape and characteristics of molecular orbitals observed with dynamic scanning tunnelling microscopy, which were strongly dependent on molecular symmetry, orientation, and adsorption angle. Using qPlus atomic force microscopy, chemical reactivity was probed close to or at the carbon atom positions in the C60 cage. Density functional theory simulations showed that an (iono)covalent bond formed between a carbon atom and the underlying Si adatom was responsible for contrast formation.
The pair potential for two C60 molecules was also determined experimentally and found to be in very good agreement with the Girifalco potential (Girifalco, L.A., J. Phys. Chem., 1992. 96(2): p. 858). Using Hückel molecular orbital theory, the mutual orientation of a C60 molecule adsorbed on the STM/AFM tip and a C60 molecule adsorbed on the Si(111)-(7x7) surface was determined via comparison of simulated images to the experimental data. Individual C60 molecules were also manipulated with qPlus atomic force microscopy.
Manipulation of single C60 molecules was performed on the Ag-Si(111)-(√3x√3)R30o surface using scanning tunnelling microscopy at room temperature and at 100 K. The interaction was predominantly attractive. Due to weak molecule-substrate interaction, a short-range chemical force between the C60 molecule and the tip was considered to be responsible for the manipulation process.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds containing benzene rings. Benzene, the parent aromatic hydrocarbon, has six carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal ring with alternating single and double bonds between carbons. The stability of benzene is explained by resonance, where the double bond positions are continuously shifting so that the pi-electrons are delocalized across the whole ring. Key features of aromatic compounds include planar, conjugated ring structures with (4n+2) pi electrons that undergo substitution rather than addition reactions. Common aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene.
This document provides an overview of chemical thermodynamics, including:
- The first law of thermodynamics which states that change in internal energy equals heat added plus work done.
- The second law of thermodynamics which states that the entropy of the universe increases for spontaneous processes.
- How changes in entropy and free energy determine whether processes are spontaneous, with spontaneous processes favoring higher entropy and more negative free energy.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons that contain delocalized pi bonds. Benzene is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-carbon ring structure. The true structure of benzene involves delocalized pi electrons that can move around the ring rather than alternating single and double bonds. Naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene are examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that contain fused benzene rings. Some aromatic hydrocarbons like benzanthracene, dibenzanthracene, and benzpyrene are potent carcinogens that are formed during incomplete combustion and present in substances like tobacco smoke.
This document discusses molecular spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. It describes how a spectrophotometer works by measuring the intensity of light passing through a sample as a function of wavelength. Key components of a spectrophotometer include a light source, monochromator, cuvette containing the sample, and detector. The document also explains Beer's and Lambert's laws which relate absorbance to characteristics of the sample like concentration and path length. Colorimeters are also covered as devices that can determine concentration by measuring absorbance at specific wavelengths based on the Beer-Lambert law.
Here are some key points about the effects of multiple chromophores on absorption:
- Additional chromophores in the same molecule cause a bathochromic (red) shift, moving the absorption maximum to longer wavelengths. This is due to increased conjugation and delocalization of the π electrons.
- Absorption intensity (ε value) also increases with more chromophores, known as the hyperchromic effect. More π electrons means more efficient absorption.
- Conjugated chromophores, where the π systems are connected, exhibit significant bathochromic and hyperchromic effects. The π* orbitals are delocalized over the whole conjugated system, lowering the energy gap for π-π*
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a planar hexagonal ring structure. Each carbon atom in the ring forms four bonds - one with a hydrogen atom and three sigma bonds with the other carbon atoms in the ring. The sixth valence electron of each carbon is delocalized and shared among all six carbon atoms, giving benzene unusual stability and properties compared to other unsaturated hydrocarbons. Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring in their structure and include benzene itself along with methylbenzene and ethylbenzene. These aromatic hydrocarbons are liquids that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.
atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopyvanitha gopal
This document provides an overview of atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. It describes how atomic absorption spectroscopy can detect over 62 elements in samples by vaporizing the analyte and measuring light absorption. Mass spectrometry works by ionizing molecule fragments and separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio to determine molecular structure. Both techniques are used in applications like pharmaceutical analysis, environmental testing, and forensics.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It begins with introductions to spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The basic principles of mass spectrometry are that molecules are ionized, the ions are accelerated and passed through electric and magnetic fields based on their mass-to-charge ratio, and detected. Common ionization techniques include electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption techniques like fast atom bombardment. The document describes different types of ions detected, such as molecular, fragment, and rearrangement ions. It also covers various mass analyzers used to separate ions such as magnetic sector, double focusing, and quadrupole analyzers.
1. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes molecular vibrations and rotations that occur when molecules absorb infrared radiation.
2. Different types of molecular vibrations like stretching and bending occur at characteristic frequencies that can identify functional groups and molecular structure.
3. The document discusses various spectroscopic techniques like fluorescence, X-ray, UV-Vis, IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy and their applications in chemistry.
This document outlines a presentation on GMOs by Trixie Devine of GMO Free WV. The presentation defines GMOs and provides examples of genetically modified crops. It discusses potential health risks of GMOs like toxicity, mortality, growth defects, and infertility. Environmental risks mentioned include contaminating other crops, harming bees and other organisms, and creating "superweeds." The presentation recommends avoiding GMO ingredients and supporting companies working against GMOs. It shows a chart detailing company contributions against GMO labeling and concludes by taking questions.
Mass spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze molecules. It involves ionizing molecules using electrons, accelerating the ions, and separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio using electric or magnetic fields. The ions are then detected, producing a mass spectrum that is unique to each molecule and can be used to determine molecular structure. Mass spectroscopy requires only a small amount of sample and provides accurate molecular mass and elemental composition information. It is a destructive technique as the sample is consumed during ionization and fragmentation processes.
The document describes an experiment to determine the conditions required for iron rusting. Tubes containing iron samples were exposed to different combinations of air, water, and salt. Results showed rust only formed when samples had both air and water, and salt made rusting worse. Common ways to prevent rusting include coating metals with oil, paint, zinc, or alloys, electroplating with other metals, using sacrificial protection, or coating with plastic.
The endocrine system is a system that transfers information around the body via chemical messengers called hormones. It helps maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system contains several ductless glands that synthesize, store, and release hormones like insulin, glucagon, estrogen, testosterone, thyroid hormones, cortisol, and others. These hormones then travel through the bloodstream to target tissues and organs to regulate processes like metabolism, stress response, reproduction, and development.
1. Electrons in atoms are arranged in shells, subshells, and orbitals according to their quantum numbers. Each orbital can contain a maximum of two electrons with opposing spins.
2. Atoms experience an effective nuclear charge that increases across a period, leading to higher ionization energies and smaller atomic and ionic sizes as more protons are exposed.
3. Trends in properties like ionization energy, atomic size, and electron affinity are explained by the changing effective nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons.
SSA Telengana TOER Workshop Resource Book April , 2015 from IT for ChangeKarnataka OER
This document provides instructions and examples for using the DataPilot tool in LibreOffice Calc to analyze and summarize data. It begins with three examples of common use cases: (1) creating a sales volume overview, (2) analyzing sales by region, and (3) calculating averages and percentages. It then describes in more detail how to work with the results of the DataPilot, use multiple data fields, shortcuts, and functions like GETPIVOTDATA. The goal is to demonstrate the DataPilot's power for easily combining, comparing, and reporting on large datasets whether you are a beginner, intermediate, or advanced user.
SSA Telengana TOER Workshop Resource Book March 16, 2015 from IT for ChangeKarnataka OER
This document provides information about tools and techniques for creating open educational resources, including image editing, uploading images to repositories, creating and editing videos, and developing lesson plans using turtle art. It discusses how to use the GIMP image editing software to perform tasks like cropping, scaling, moving, and editing images. It also outlines how to create and export videos using OpenShot video editor and describes two sample lessons using the turtle art programming language. The document is intended as a resource for workshop participants on creating open educational resources for Telengana.
1. The document provides instructions and explanations for 6 hands-on experiments about vision and light. The experiments demonstrate principles like refraction, total internal reflection, and how these principles allow vision and the formation of rainbows.
2. Key experiments include using a glass of water to make a coin appear to "disappear" due to refraction, as well as using a water-filled bottle to demonstrate how total internal reflection allows light to travel along the stream of water, simulating fiber optics.
3. By setting up mirrors and a bowl of water, another experiment shows how refraction of sunlight through water can form a rainbow on a wall, simulating the optical properties of a prism. The hands-
The document contains a series of questions and multiple choice options related to geometry and calculating volumes, surface areas, radii, and other properties of shapes like spheres, cylinders, cones, and hemispheres. Formulas are provided to calculate volumes, surface areas, radii, and heights of various solids of revolution. The correct answers to each question are also included.