The document discusses various types of artificial lighting and photographic accessories. It covers 4 types of artificial lighting sources: incandescent, LED, studio strobe, and fluorescent. It also discusses different types of flashguns, studio lighting, and the effect of lighting. It then covers various mounting accessories for lighting like softboxes, okto boxes, umbrellas, stripboxes, beauty dishes, snoots, and barn doors. Finally, it discusses color and special effect filters, long exposures, tripods, monopods, and other accessories like reflectors and memory storage devices.
This project is a teaching module of my own design. Its purpose is to introduce non-major theatre students to a stage lighting instrument's parts, maintenance, safety protocols, and use. All verbiage, photographs, and drawings are my own unless otherwise noted. I have used my own theatrical projects as the primary examples in this presentation.
This presentation is given in my Theatre Appreciation classes. Like all teaching modules in my courses, it is given in cooperation with an interactive lecture and online quiz. It is posted on Blackboard as a Powerpoint file, for my students' continual reference and review.
This presentation has also been made available to fellow faculty and administrators, as basic instructions for the maintenance and repair of stage lighting equipment in campus auditoriums.
This project is a teaching module of my own design. Its purpose is to introduce non-major theatre students to a stage lighting instrument's parts, maintenance, safety protocols, and use. All verbiage, photographs, and drawings are my own unless otherwise noted. I have used my own theatrical projects as the primary examples in this presentation.
This presentation is given in my Theatre Appreciation classes. Like all teaching modules in my courses, it is given in cooperation with an interactive lecture and online quiz. It is posted on Blackboard as a Powerpoint file, for my students' continual reference and review.
This presentation has also been made available to fellow faculty and administrators, as basic instructions for the maintenance and repair of stage lighting equipment in campus auditoriums.
Lighting Techniques in Photography
Natural Lights Vs Artificial Lights
Lighting Concepts
Three Point Lighting Techniques
Use of Three Points Lighting
Essentials rules of Lights in Photography
Importance of Light in Photography
Square Inverse Law
Basic Lighting in Photography: Tips for Indoor Photography Cameta Camera
If you want to improve your photography, you've got to know how to master light. In this presentation, we offer a lesson on basic lighting in photography. Get tips for enhancing natural light and using your flash, and learn about other options for lighting your scenes - for perfectly lit photos, every time.
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject: photography
Lesson 7 : Studio Lighting
Faculty Name: Partha Pratim Samanta
Just started with flash photography? No idea how to carry on? Here are a few slides on the basics of lighting in photography. Full guide - http://xlightphotography.com/photography-lighting-basics/
Lighting Techniques in Photography
Natural Lights Vs Artificial Lights
Lighting Concepts
Three Point Lighting Techniques
Use of Three Points Lighting
Essentials rules of Lights in Photography
Importance of Light in Photography
Square Inverse Law
Basic Lighting in Photography: Tips for Indoor Photography Cameta Camera
If you want to improve your photography, you've got to know how to master light. In this presentation, we offer a lesson on basic lighting in photography. Get tips for enhancing natural light and using your flash, and learn about other options for lighting your scenes - for perfectly lit photos, every time.
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject: photography
Lesson 7 : Studio Lighting
Faculty Name: Partha Pratim Samanta
Just started with flash photography? No idea how to carry on? Here are a few slides on the basics of lighting in photography. Full guide - http://xlightphotography.com/photography-lighting-basics/
Picking the best photography lighting equipment is important to perform your photo shooting task smoothly. There is a lot of modest lighting kits made by great legitimate producers. But it is difficult to select the best item. That is the reason we’ve assembled this handy guide for the best photographic lighting packs.
Dr Dwivedi ended his presentation with a series of tips for taking better photos, based on his own learning and experiences. He kept the audience engaged throughout the presentation, which was interactive with many in the audience asking questions and at the end everyone was asked to go out with their cameras or cell phones and take pictures, which could then be shown to the team for advice and suggestions.
Interior Lighting: Bringing Rooms To Life teaches the basics of residential interior lighting. The liveaction video demonstrates how the angle, quality, and intensity of light influence how it is perceived and used.
The program explains ambient lighting, task lighting, and accent lighting. It demonstrates different kinds of lamps and lighting fixtures and shows how each contributes to the overall interior design plan.
The video is aimed at students taking introductory courses in interior design or lighting.
Rule of Compositions & Lighting By Warda MaryamWarda Maryam
Composition is the arrangement of all the elements that make up the scene in a photograph. Here are our top 6 rules to help you frame your photos, but always remember - while there are guidelines, there are no hard and fast rules.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
5. Flashgun (Speedlight)
● Produces a flash of artificial light at a high color
temperature
● Helps to ensure the correct exposure
● Helps to illuminate a scene
● Different types of flash guns
○ Pop-up
○ Built-in
○ Dedicated
7. Studio Lighting
● Much more powerful than flashguns
● For portrait and still-life photography
● Can combine with a wide range of
reflectors and diffusers
● Also used in location shooting
10. Softbox
Soft light device
It’s a frame made of tubes covered with a special material.
The front of a softbox is covered with the cloth that diffuses the light to make it
soft.
Inner surface is coated with metallized silvering material or a white cloth
11.
12.
13. Okto box
Produces diffused soft light
Circular octagonal modifier
It is often used by fashion photographers for its uniform illumination across the
entire scene and very slight shadows
14.
15. Umbrellas
● For having equally distributed
soft light or directing the light
● Reflective umbrellas and shoot
- through umbrellas
● Silver or white color reflective
and translucent shoot -
through
16. Background Reflectors
● Used for lighting the subject
from reflected light
● Also used for blocking the
direct light
● White, Silver, Gold and even
Black reflectors.
17.
18. Stripbox
● A stripbox is a long and skinny
softbox that is often used with a
removable grid panel.
● designed to cast a thin “beam” of
light with minimal light spillage.
● The grid panel is used to minimize
light spillage even more.
20. “Beauty Dish”
● A beauty dish is simply a shallow
parabolic disk that attaches to a light
source.
● Comes in a variety of sizes ranging
from 16 to 30 inch diameters.
● The interior comes in two coatings: the
more popular white coating, or the
silver color
21. “Beauty Dish” Contd.
● Provides a concentrated light source where the center
is the brightest and the light gently falls off at the
edges.
● Reflects light, illuminating the subject from all angles
because of its unique shape.
22.
23. Snoot
● A snoot is a tube that fits over a
strobe or studio light
● Create a small area of light
● control the direction and radius of
the light beam
● Small area coverage and hard
light
( When using a grid, the light is
softer)
24.
25.
26. Barn doors ● Light Modifiers - shape and direct
light
● Commonly used for backlighting
control and in background lighting
setups.
● Wider Spread
● Typically comes with coloured gel
filters.
28. Clear and Ultraviolet
● Clear filters
● UV filters
● used to block invisible ultraviolet light,
to which most photographic sensors
and film are at least slightly sensitive
● The only use of a clear filter is
to protect the front of a lens
29. Color Conversion filters
Ex: 80A - used to reduce excessive redness
Used to compensate for the effects of lighting not balanced, of the
film stock’s rated colour temperature.
33. Polarizer Filter
● Filters out light with particular direction of
polarization.
● Can staturate the image more by eliminating
unwanted reflections.
37. Cross Screen Filter
● Creates star pattern, in which light
radiates outward from bright
objects.
● Filter has scratches on the surface.
● Number on filter is number of rays
the filter can produce. (Ex : 2, 4, 6,
8)
43. Long-exposure
● Involves using a long-duration
shutter speed
● The paths of bright moving
objects become clearly visible
● Use in,
○ Night Photography
○ Light Painting
○ Moving Water Photography
44. Night Photography
● Increasing ISO sensitivity allows
shorter exposures, but decreases
image quality
● By long-exposure, more light is
absorbed
● If the camera is stationary for the
time that the shutter is open, clear
photograph can be produced.
45. Light Painting
● Scene is kept very dark
● A light source (can be small
penlight) and moves it about in
patterns
48. Ball Heads
● The most popular tripod head for
photography
● Flexible camera positioning in almost any
way imaginable
● Difficult to make minor adjustments in
position
49. Pan & Tilt Heads
● Have two axis to pan & tilt the camera
independently
● Easy to change position and minor
adjustments
● Takes more space than the ball head
50. Fluid Heads ● Primarily built for videography
● Has smooth movements
about both axes
● Also a pan/tilt head
● Drag controls how much
friction is there for pan and tilt
51. Pistol Grip Heads ● Can focus on the subject
without being distracted
by the adjustments to the
head. (shooting action)
● Also built primarily for
videography.
52.
53. Gimbal Heads
● Stronger type of head to
accommodate telephoto
lenses.
● Allows free tilting
movement as if holding
the camera. (bird
photography)
● Heavy and takes room
55. Monopods
● Allows a camera to be held steadier
○ Can take sharp pictures at slower shutter speeds
○ Can take pictures with longer focal length lenses.
● Reduce the camera shake
● Easier to transport and quicker to set up than tripods
56. ● With a special adapter, monopods can be used as a
“chestpod”
○ Camera/Monopod is completely mobile, travelling with
the photographer’s movements.
62. External Hard Drive / Memory Card Wallet
Seagate 2TB Backup Plus
Slim Portable External USB
3.0 Hard Drive
Drobo Mini Hard drive
Secure Digital Card (SD)
Mini SD
Microdrive Compact Flash
Magic gate
memory stick
you’ll want more light ……..you’ll want different light……….or you’ll want more control of the light for creative purposes
Color temperature of around 5500K
typically 1/1000 to 1/200 of a second
Built in & popup
The built-in flash unit is commonly found in point-and-shoot cameras.
Advantage
the pop-up flash is that it positions the light source further away from the lens, reducing the chance of red-eye.
Disadvantage
Flashes light in one direction, directly at the subject causing harsh contrast and shadows
Dedicated
There’s a wide range of choices to suite your budget and needs. The inexpensive, basic models have fixed heads, whereas, the more advanced models have swivel and tilt heads.
Advantage
Adjustable. ability to angle the light and bounce it onto your subject, rather than aiming it directly on the subject.
Disadvantage
Metering connections are not standard, one might not work with another camera
Location shooting - Location shooting is the shooting of a film or television production in a real-world setting rather than a sound stage or backlot.
A softbox diffuses the light into a pleasing soft, even light. When used properly, it reduces harsh shadows.
the most widespread lighting modifiers of square and rectangular forms. Basically, it’s a frame made of tubes covered with a special material. The front of a softbox is covered with the cloth that diffuses the light to make it soft. The inner surface of the softbox is reflecti??. Commonly, the inner surface is coated with metallized silvering material or a white cloth, while the outer part is usually black.
Most every professional photographer uses softboxes. But why? The answer is adaptability. There’s nothing like a softbox when it comes to providing soft light for any style of shooting. Fashion, food, product,
Direct flash under the chin it has a harsh shadow
Using softbox removes it
circular octagonal modifier. Very similar to a softbox. Produces diffused soft light. It is often used by fashion photographers for its uniform illumination across the entire scene and very slight shadows
Sometimes we need to smooth out the shadows of our photos and to make lighting more natural. If use a flasher or a strobe light directly, it will create strong shadows and kind of a unnatural look of lighting. Using a umbrella either we can reflect or shoot through making the lighting more natural.
Translucent umbrellas are used as an inexpensive and effective way to spread out a light that will cover approximately a 1.4 meter area. The light from the strobe or flasher gets diffused going through the umbrella.
Reflective umbrellas throw light EVERYWHERE within a 180 degree radius. The wide and even pattern of light created by a silver umbrella makes them perfect for lighting groups, though they have less application for shooting portraits of individuals or couples.
The drawback to this and all types of umbrella is that they are easily breakable. If there is any wind when using these on-location, the spokes can be broken, or it could catch the wind and knock over the light stand. (when using outdoor)
A parabolic umbrella resembles a traditional umbrella, but has a more rounded profile. These umbrellas, which are typically larger than regular umbrellas, are designed with more panels that produce a focal point of light. In turn, the light produced by a parabolic umbrella has a distinctive wraparound quality that can appear more natural than light from other umbrella shapes.
Can be used for filling the dark areas of the subject with reflected light.
Can be used as the main light source, while direct light still lights up a part of the subject.
Can be used to block light from a direct light source.
Black reflectors can be used for creating more dramatic shadows.
First Image - reflector as the main light source. Direct light still lights up the side of the subject’s face.
Second image - black reflector is used for creating a shadow on a side of subject’s face.
The grid panel (seen below) is used to minimize light spillage even more. As a result, you have more control over the direction of your light. You can aim the light exactly where you want it withoutx any “excess” light falling elsewhere.
When using a stripbox as a rim light (see below) all of the light will be directed at your subject. None of the light will spill onto your backdrop or towards your lens (any light spillage directed at your lens may create light flares or haziness).
it is a favorite among portrait and fashion photographers. And it's become a trend to use it in sports photography as well.
There is a plate covering the flash head – this causes the light to reflect back into and out to the sides of the main dish. Most of the light is aimed forward at the model because of the size and curvature of the dish.
The interior of the beauty dish comes in two coatings: the more popular white coating, or the silver color (which creates more contrast and brings out more detail than its white counterpart).
Beauty dish does not diffuse light, but reflects light
A drawback, however, is that it is not very forgiving and can also draw unwanted attention to skin flaws. Photographers usually set up the beauty dish high and pointing downwards, accentuating a model's high cheekbones. One way to create additional softness is to cover the beauty dish with a diffuser called a sock or honeycomb grid. This provides the photographer a variety of different moods and results with just a solitary light source.
The value of the beauty dish is that it sculpts facial features and creates beautiful shadows and catch lights.
With the snoot, the edges of the light are sharp.
This is an example of a usage of snoot with diffused lights. The overall scene is lit by a diffused light and then several spots are lit by several lights with snoots.
Barn doors are light modifiers that shape and direct light. They have four hinged doors around the light source. By adjusting the doors, you can adjust how much light hits your subject and where that light is directed.
Barn Doors can be used With Strobes.
Barn doors are typically used in the photography studio with hard light sources like strobes. The leaves are attached to strobes and the photographer then adjusts the pivoting of the doors to adjust lighting. Barn doors allow for very confined flashlight strips or areas, and flash feathering.
Also the inside if the barn doors could make reflective and it will give you some extra reflectors if you open them up at the correct angle, which can be quite useful for a more wraparound light source. Also this will create two barn door shadows; One from the flash, and another from the barn door reflector. This double shadow can be used as a feathering or graduating effect, and can be smoothed out somewhat by changing the flash mm setting or adding a light diffusion gel across the barn doors.
Attached into infront of the camera length, while as a protector
Clear filters -
Also known as window glass filters or optical flats
Ideally performs no filtering of incoming light, this is only using for protecting the lens
UV filters -
Uv filters are used to block invisible ultraviolet light. Even if we don’t see ultraviolet, most photographic sensors and film are at least slightly sensitive for UV.
If the UV is sensitive by the sensor or film, it will recorded as the blue light.
This non human sensitivity can result unwanted exxageration of bluesh tint of atmospheric haze or even more unnaturally of subjects.
Some films have rated colour temperatures
Like - 3200k for professional thungstons and 5500k for daylight
Appropriate color conversion filters are used to compensate for the effects of lighting not balanced for the film stock's rated color temperature
work by absorbing certain colors of light, letting the remaining colors through. They can be used to demonstrate the primary colors that make up an image. They are perhaps most frequently used in the printing industry for color separations, and again, use has diminished as digital solutions have become more advanced and abundant.
Effect of red filter
red, filter will enhance the contrast between clouds and sky by darkening the blue sky
filters out light with a particular direction of polarisation
reduces oblique reflections from non-metallic surfaces, can darken the sky in colour photography
eliminating unwanted reflections
Left : without filter, 1/1250 s
Right : with filter, 15 s
Graduated density filter
different attenuation at different points, typically clear in one half shading into a higher density in the other. It can be used, for example, to photograph a scene with part in deep shadow and part brightly lit, where otherwise either the shadows would have no detail or the highlights would be burnt out.
In this 45-minute exposure taken on a dark and clear night
Long exposure: 30 sec: insect flights in the night in front of a spotlight
stationary objects in the scene are illuminated by briefly turning on studio lights
A 30-second-long exposure sharply captured the still elements of this image while blurring the waterfall
The head moves on a ball and can be locked using the locking screw
Can be positioned in all 360 degrees
Also called pan heads
Have lockable levers for each axis
allows independent rotation of the camera about two or three perpendicular axes
Can be used for panoramas
Taking smooth, shake free motion shots
Zoomed in following an object
Wildlife
Sailboat
Pan - moving camera in a horizontal plane with a fixed vertical axis
Tilt - moving camera in a vertical plane with a fixed horizontal axis
Lock , Unlock capabilities
Locks
Tripod plate lock
Pan lock
Tilt lock
Tension controls (optional)
Pan drag
Tilt drag
Counterbalance (optional)
Keeping the camera and tripod from toppling over at any tilt angle
No need to hold the camera by hand
Level (optional)
Pan & tilt used in recording videos
Revealing landscape
Mimicking the movements of head when shooting in first person
Swish pan for increased action speed
Drag - controls how much friction there is when panning or tilting. Helps to get smooth shots in recording video.
Fluid head - includes an oil bearing which allows smooth pans and tilts
Suitable for shooting videos
A pistol grip head’s chief purpose is to let you keep your eye on the subject without distracting you with adjustments to the head. The benefit is that the pistol grip makes it easier to shoot action
Release trigger
Squeezing allows to pan and tilt
Quick release plate
Allows the camera to rotate allowing dual panoramic motion
Rotate lock
Allows the user to lock the quick release plate
Friction control
Adjusts the friction of the ball head
Grip twist collar
Allows to position the pistol grip as the users preference
Push button
Opens the shutter
Hold function acts as a cable release
Gets loose with the use
Finding the sweet spot = tuning the friction control
Stronger tripod head to accommodate larger lenses.
Suitable for shooting wildlife.(birds)(smooth tracking of moving object)
Allows free movement as if the photographer is holding the lense.
Locking only when changing lenses.
Similar to a domestic lampshade,
to direct and shape the otherwise scattered light, reflecting it off their concave inner surfaces and directing it towards the scene to be photographed.
spherical, short-sided, giving a relatively broad spread of light;
parabolic, providing a tighter, parallel beam of light.
-----
Also known as plane reflectors, "flats" or bounce boards,
this kind of reflector is located independent of a light source;
the light is reflected off its surface, either to achieve a broader light source, or control shadows and highlights, or both.
it is most commonly used to control contrast in both artificial and natural lighting
The most common flash accessory that you see other photographers using is a plastic flash diffuser
the plastic flash diffuser scatter the light and diffuses the overall harshness of the light. In other words, it makes the light more flattering on your subject and removes deep shadows behind them. For the best results when time is a factor, simply point your flash at 45º and fire away.
“flash sync”
to cause the flash to fire at the precise moment that the camera’s shutter is open