Artificial intelligence (AI) is exhibited by artificial entities and involves mechanisms that allow computers to perform tasks requiring intelligence. AI research aims to automate intelligent behavior and produce machines that can learn, reason, and solve problems. There are two main approaches to AI - conventional AI which uses symbolic and statistical methods like expert systems and neural networks, and computational intelligence which applies biologically inspired concepts like neural networks, fuzzy systems, and evolutionary computation. AI is now used widely in fields like economics, medicine, engineering, and games. It works to simulate human intelligence through mechanisms like problem solving, learning, reasoning, perception and language understanding.
Describe what is Artificial Intelligence. What are its goals and Approaches. Different Types of Artificial Intelligence Explain Machine learning and took one Algorithm "K-means Algorithm" and explained
A brief survey of approaches to using cognitive science artificial intelligence to achieve goals in both the cognitive science and artificial intelligence fields.
The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, The History of
Artificial Intelligence, and the State of the Art. Intelligent Agents: Introduction, How Agents
should Act, Structure of Intelligent Agents, Environments. Solving Problems by Searching:
problem-solving Agents, Formulating problems, Example problems, and searching for Solutions,
Search Strategies, Avoiding Repeated States, and Constraint Satisfaction Search. Informed
Search Methods: Best-First Search, Heuristic Functions, Memory Bounded Search, and Iterative
Improvement Algorithms.
Describe what is Artificial Intelligence. What are its goals and Approaches. Different Types of Artificial Intelligence Explain Machine learning and took one Algorithm "K-means Algorithm" and explained
A brief survey of approaches to using cognitive science artificial intelligence to achieve goals in both the cognitive science and artificial intelligence fields.
The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, The History of
Artificial Intelligence, and the State of the Art. Intelligent Agents: Introduction, How Agents
should Act, Structure of Intelligent Agents, Environments. Solving Problems by Searching:
problem-solving Agents, Formulating problems, Example problems, and searching for Solutions,
Search Strategies, Avoiding Repeated States, and Constraint Satisfaction Search. Informed
Search Methods: Best-First Search, Heuristic Functions, Memory Bounded Search, and Iterative
Improvement Algorithms.
John Laird, University of Michigan, presentation at Cognitive Systems Institute Speaker Series on "A Cognitive Architecture Approach to Interactive Task Learning"
Artificial intelligence - Approach and MethodRuchi Jain
Human natural intelligence is ubiquitous with human activities, such as solving problems, playing chess, guessing puzzles. AI is new mean to solve such complex problems. We NuAIg is a AI consulting firm, who will help you to create a AI road-map for your business and process automation.
John Laird, University of Michigan, presentation at Cognitive Systems Institute Speaker Series on "A Cognitive Architecture Approach to Interactive Task Learning"
Artificial intelligence - Approach and MethodRuchi Jain
Human natural intelligence is ubiquitous with human activities, such as solving problems, playing chess, guessing puzzles. AI is new mean to solve such complex problems. We NuAIg is a AI consulting firm, who will help you to create a AI road-map for your business and process automation.
Mr. Koushal Kumar Has done his M.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India. He obtained his B.S.C and M.S.C in computer science from D.A.V College Amritsar Punjab. His area of research interests lies in Artificial Neural Networks, Soft computing, Computer Networks, Grid Computing, and data base management systems
Intelligence: “The capacity to learn and solve problems.”
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-solving.
Till now we have discussed in brief about Artificial Intelligence.
We have discussed some of its principles, its applications, its achievements etc.
The ultimate goal of institutions and scientists working of AI is to solve majority of the problems or to achieve the tasks which we humans directly can’t accomplish.
It is for sure that development in this field of computer science will change the complete scenario of the world. Now it is the responsibility of creamy layer of engineers to develop this field.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
Artificial intelligent
1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
PRESENTED
BY
SK.FAMIDA C.V.K.PRIYANKA
III Btech III Btech
Email:fami.snowwhite@gmail.com Email:priya.jasmine@gmail.com
Gudur. Gudur.
2. ABSTRACT Such programs should be considered
``somewhat intelligent''. It is related to the
This paper is the introduction to
similar task of using computers to
Artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial
understand human intelligence.
intelligence is exhibited by artificial entity, a
We can learn something about how
system is generally assumed to be a
to make machines solve problems by
computer. AI systems are now in routine use
observing other people or just by observing
in economics, medicine, engineering and the
our own methods. On the other hand, most
military, as well as being built into many
work in AI involves studying the problems
common home computer software
the world presents to intelligence rather than
applications, traditional strategy games like
studying people or animals. AI researchers
computer chess and other video games.
are free to use methods that are not observed
We tried to explain the brief ideas of
in people or that involve much more
AI and its application to various fields. It
computing than people can do. We
cleared the concept of computational and
discussed conditions for considering a
conventional categories. It includes various
machine to be intelligent. We argued that if
advanced systems such as Neural Network,
the machine could successfully pretend to be
Fuzzy Systems and Evolutionary
human to a knowledgeable observer then
computation. AI is used in typical problems
you certainly should consider it intelligent.
such as Pattern recognition, Natural
language processing and more. This system
INTRODUCTION:-
is working throughout the world as an
Artificial intelligence (AI) :-
artificial brain.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined
Intelligence involves mechanisms,
as intelligence exhibited by an artificial
and AI research has discovered how to make
entity. Such a system is generally assumed
computers carry out some of them and not
to be a computer.
others. If doing a task requires only
Although AI has a strong science
mechanisms that are well understood today,
fiction connotation, it forms a vital branch of
computer programs can give very
computer science, dealing with intelligent
impressive performances on these tasks.
behaviour, learning and adaptation in
3. machines. Research in AI is concerned with system can process large amounts of known
producing machines to automate tasks information and provide conclusions based
requiring intelligent behavior. Examples on them.
include control, planning and scheduling, • Case based reasoning
the ability to answer diagnostic and • Bayesian networks
consumer questions, handwriting, speech, • Behavior based AI: a modular
and facial recognition. As such, it has method of building AI systems by hand.
become a scientific discipline, focused on Computational Intelligence (CI) :-
providing solutions to real life problems. AI Computational Intelligence involves
systems are now in routine use in iterative development or learning (e.g.
economics, medicine, engineering and the parameter tuning e.g. in connectionist
military, as well as being built into many systems). Learning is based on empirical
common home computer software data and is associated with non-symbolic AI,
applications, traditional strategy games like scruffy AI and soft computing.
computer chess and other video games.
Categories of AI :- Methods include:
AI divides roughly into two schools of • Neural networks: systems with very
thought: strong pattern recognition
• Conventional AI. capabilities.
• Computational Intelligence (CI). • Fuzzy systems: techniques for
Conventional AI :- reasoning under uncertainty, has been
Conventional AI mostly involves widely used in modern industrial and
methods now classified as machine learning, consumer product control systems.
characterized by formalism and statistical • Evolutionary computation: applies
analysis. This is also known as symbolic AI, biologically inspired concepts such as
logical AI, neat AI and Good Old Fashioned populations, mutation and survival of the
Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI). fittest to generate increasingly better
Methods include: solutions to the problem. These methods
• Expert systems: apply reasoning most notably divide into evolutionary
capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert
4. algorithms (e.g. genetic algorithms) and must include the ability to adapt to new
swarm intelligence (e.g. ant algorithms). circumstances.
Psychologists generally do not
characterize human intelligence by just one
trait but by the combination of many diverse
abilities. Research in AI has focused chiefly
on the following components of intelligence:
learning, reasoning, problem solving,
perception, and using language.
Problem solving
Problem solving, particularly in
artificial intelligence, may be characterized
as a systematic search through a range of
possible actions in order to reach some
predefined goal or solution. Problem-solving
methods divide into special purpose and
general purpose. A special-purpose method
is tailor-made for a particular problem and
What is intelligence?
often exploits very specific features of the
All but the simplest human situation in which the problem is embedded.
behaviour is ascribed to intelligence, while In contrast, a general-purpose method is
even the most complicated insect behaviour applicable to a wide variety of problems.
is never taken as an indication of One general-purpose technique used in AI is
intelligence. What is the difference? means-end analysis—a step-by-step, or
Consider the behaviour of the digger wasp, incremental, reduction of the difference
Sphex ichneumoneus. When the female between the current state and the final goal.
wasp returns to her burrow with food, she The program selects actions from a list of
first deposits it on the threshold, checks for means—in the case of a simple robot this
intruders inside her burrow, and only then, if might consist of PICKUP, PUTDOWN,
the coast is clear, carries her food inside. MOVEFORWARD, MOVEBACK,
The real nature of the wasp's instinctual MOVELEFT, and MOVERIGHT—until the
behaviour is revealed if the food is moved a goal is reached.
few inches away from the entrance to her
Many diverse problems have been
burrow while she is inside: on emerging, she
solved by artificial intelligence programs.
will repeat the whole procedure as often as
Some examples are finding the winning
the food is displaced. Intelligence—
move (or sequence of moves) in a board
conspicuously absent in the case of Sphex—
5. game, devising mathematical proofs, and eye and a pincer hand, constructed at the
manipulating “virtual objects” in a University of Edinburgh, Scotland, during
computer-generated world. the period 1966–73 under the direction of
Donald Michie. FREDDY was able to
Perception recognize a variety of objects and could be
instructed to assemble simple artifacts, such
as a toy car, from a random heap of
components.
APPLICATIONS OF AI :-
Game Playing :-
You can buy machines that can play
master level chess for a few hundred dollars.
There is some AI in them, but they play well
against people mainly through brute force
computation--looking at hundreds of
thousands of positions.
In perception the environment is
scanned by means of various sensory Speech Recognition :-
organs, real or artificial, and the scene is
decomposed into separate objects in various In the 1990s, computer speech recognition
spatial relationships. Analysis is reached a practical level for limited
complicated by the fact that an object may
purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced
appear different depending on the angle
from which it is viewed, the direction and its keyboard tree for flight information by a
intensity of illumination in the scene, and system using speech recognition of flight
how much the object contrasts with the numbers and city names. It is quite
surrounding field.
convenient. On the other hand, while it is
At present, artificial perception is possible to instruct some computers using
sufficiently well advanced to enable optical
speech, most users have gone back to the
sensors to identify individuals, autonomous
vehicles to drive at moderate speeds on the keyboard and the mouse as still more
open road, and robots to roam through convenient.
buildings collecting empty soda cans. One
of the earliest systems to integrate Understanding Natural Language :-
perception and action was FREDDY, a
Just getting a sequence of words into
stationary robot with a moving television
a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences
6. is not enough either. The computer has to be than medical students or practicing doctors,
provided with an understanding of the provided its limitations were observed.
domain the text is about, and this is
Heuristic Classification :-
presently possible only for very limited
One of the most feasible kinds of
domains.
expert system given the present knowledge
Computer Vision :- of AI is to put some information in one of a
The world is composed of three- fixed set of categories using several sources
dimensional objects, but the inputs to the of information. An example is advising
human eye and computer’s TV cameras are whether to accept a proposed credit card
two dimensional. Some useful programs can purchase. Information is available about the
work solely in two dimensions, but full owner of the credit card, his record of
computer vision requires partial three- payment and also about the item he is
dimensional information that is not just a set buying and about the establishment from
of two-dimensional views. At present there which he is buying it (e.g., about whether
are only limited ways of representing three- there have been previous credit card frauds
dimensional information directly, and they at this establishme
are not as good as what humans evidently
Conclusion:-
use.
We conclude that if the machine
Expert Systems :-
could successfully pretend to be human to a
A ``knowledge engineer'' interviews
knowledgeable observer then you certainly
experts in a certain domain and tries to
should consider it intelligent. AI systems are
embody their knowledge in a computer
now in routine use in various field such as
program for carrying out some task. How
economics, medicine, engineering and the
well this works depends on whether the
military, as well as being built into many
intellectual mechanisms required for the task
common home computer software
are within the present state of AI. One of the
applications, traditional strategy games etc.
first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974,
which diagnosed bacterial infections of the AI is an exciting and rewarding
blood and suggested treatments. It did better discipline. AI is branch of computer
science that is concerned with the
7. automation of intelligent behavior. The
revised definition of AI is - AI is the
study of mechanisms underlying
intelligent behavior through the
construction and evaluation of artifacts
that attempt to enact those mechanisms.
So it is concluded that it work as an artificial
human brain which have an unbelievable
artificial thinking power.
Programs with Common Sense :-
John McCarthy, In Mechanization of
Thought Processes, Proceedings of the
Symposium of the National Physics
Laboratory, 1959.
Artificial Intelligence, Logic and
Formalizing Common Sense: -
Richmond Thomason, editor, Philosophical
Logic and Artificial Intelligence. Klüver
Academic, 1989.