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Artificial blood
Artificial blood, also known as blood substitutes, are substances that aim to mimic the functions of biological blood, especially its ability to carry oxygen. The main goals are to provide an alternative to blood transfusions by avoiding issues like limited supply, infectious disease transmission, and high costs. Two major types of artificial blood that have been developed are perfluorocarbon emulsions and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Perfluorocarbons can dissolve and transport oxygen through the body but lack other blood functions. Hemoglobin carriers aim to mimic real hemoglobin but must be modified to avoid issues like rapid kidney filtration. While artificial blood shows promise, current versions still have disadvantages like short lifespans, allergic reactions, and inability to perform all
Artificial blood components and uses
Artificial blood or blood substitutes aim to provide an alternative to blood transfusions by mimicking the oxygen-carrying function of red blood cells without containing actual blood components. Two main types of artificial blood that have been developed are perfluorocarbon emulsions and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Perfluorocarbons can dissolve and transport oxygen but have disadvantages like short half-lives and potential side effects. Hemoglobin solutions aim to utilize hemoglobin's high oxygen affinity but must be modified to avoid issues like rapid kidney filtration. While artificial blood shows promise, challenges remain in replicating all of blood's functions and ensuring safety.
Use of Blood Components in Clinical Practice - Part 1
The document provides an overview of blood components and their uses in clinical practice. It discusses the history of blood transfusions and the development of techniques to separate whole blood into components. The key blood components discussed are packed red blood cells (PRBC), which are used to treat symptomatic anemia. PRBC are produced by removing plasma from whole blood and allow for faster correction of hemoglobin levels compared to whole blood. The document also discusses plasma derivatives produced from large pools of donor plasma through fractionation processes. It notes the various screening tests performed on donations and techniques used to reduce risks of transfusion-transmitted infections.
Atificial blood
This is my own word presentation of artificial blood ....easy to read n very helpful ...1st try ...this ppt showing the history of artificial blood with the procedure of making of artificial blood also contains advantage disadvantages ..! Please checkout..thank u ...!!
ppt - artificial blood.pptx
Artificial blood, or blood substitutes, are substances that aim to mimic the oxygen-carrying function of red blood cells without containing plasma, red blood cells, or white blood cells. The main types are perfluorocarbon-based and hemoglobin-based products. Perfluorocarbons can dissolve more oxygen than biological blood and allow easy transport of oxygen, but they lack affinity for oxygen and require high oxygen levels. Hemoglobin-based products conjugate, crosslink, or polymerize hemoglobin to prevent dissociation in solution while maintaining oxygen affinity, but many have shown harmful side effects in clinical trials. The development of safe, effective artificial blood could help address the increasing demand and risk of disease transmission through blood transfusions. However
Blood transfusion and its implication
This document provides a history and overview of blood transfusion and blood banking. It discusses key discoveries such as blood groups, advances that allowed longer storage of blood components, and current practices. Some key points include: Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood groups in 1900 and was awarded the Nobel Prize; the first blood banks were established in the 1930s-1940s; advances now allow storage of red blood cells for 35-42 days; screening and testing helps reduce transmission of infections; and clinical guidelines recommend transfusions only when benefits outweigh risks for the patient.
PRASANKA ROUT.pptx
This document discusses blood substitutes, which aim to provide an alternative to blood transfusion. It describes two main types - biometric substitutes that mimic hemoglobin, like hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), and abiotic substitutes that use synthetic chemicals to deliver oxygen, such as perfluorocarbons (PFCs). HBOCs are based on the protein hemoglobin but have shorter lifespans outside red blood cells. PFCs are synthetic liquids that can dissolve large amounts of oxygen and transport it throughout the body. Both types show promise but also have disadvantages like short half-lives, potential side effects, and high costs. Overall, blood substitutes could help address issues with blood transfusions like
Artificial blood..a tool for new life
Artificial blood is a substitute for red blood cells that is used to carry oxygen to tissues and the heart. There are two main types - perfluorocarbons and hemoglobin-based products. Perfluorocarbons can dissolve high amounts of oxygen but may cause side effects. Hemoglobin-based products use recombinant DNA technology to modify hemoglobin, which naturally carries oxygen in the body, but the modified hemoglobin can release free radicals. Researchers are still working to develop an artificial blood that is safe, effective, and can remain mixed in the body over long periods of time.
Recommended
Artificial blood
Artificial blood, also known as blood substitutes, are substances that aim to mimic the functions of biological blood, especially its ability to carry oxygen. The main goals are to provide an alternative to blood transfusions by avoiding issues like limited supply, infectious disease transmission, and high costs. Two major types of artificial blood that have been developed are perfluorocarbon emulsions and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Perfluorocarbons can dissolve and transport oxygen through the body but lack other blood functions. Hemoglobin carriers aim to mimic real hemoglobin but must be modified to avoid issues like rapid kidney filtration. While artificial blood shows promise, current versions still have disadvantages like short lifespans, allergic reactions, and inability to perform all
Artificial blood components and uses
Artificial blood or blood substitutes aim to provide an alternative to blood transfusions by mimicking the oxygen-carrying function of red blood cells without containing actual blood components. Two main types of artificial blood that have been developed are perfluorocarbon emulsions and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Perfluorocarbons can dissolve and transport oxygen but have disadvantages like short half-lives and potential side effects. Hemoglobin solutions aim to utilize hemoglobin's high oxygen affinity but must be modified to avoid issues like rapid kidney filtration. While artificial blood shows promise, challenges remain in replicating all of blood's functions and ensuring safety.
Use of Blood Components in Clinical Practice - Part 1
The document provides an overview of blood components and their uses in clinical practice. It discusses the history of blood transfusions and the development of techniques to separate whole blood into components. The key blood components discussed are packed red blood cells (PRBC), which are used to treat symptomatic anemia. PRBC are produced by removing plasma from whole blood and allow for faster correction of hemoglobin levels compared to whole blood. The document also discusses plasma derivatives produced from large pools of donor plasma through fractionation processes. It notes the various screening tests performed on donations and techniques used to reduce risks of transfusion-transmitted infections.
Atificial blood
This is my own word presentation of artificial blood ....easy to read n very helpful ...1st try ...this ppt showing the history of artificial blood with the procedure of making of artificial blood also contains advantage disadvantages ..! Please checkout..thank u ...!!
ppt - artificial blood.pptx
Artificial blood, or blood substitutes, are substances that aim to mimic the oxygen-carrying function of red blood cells without containing plasma, red blood cells, or white blood cells. The main types are perfluorocarbon-based and hemoglobin-based products. Perfluorocarbons can dissolve more oxygen than biological blood and allow easy transport of oxygen, but they lack affinity for oxygen and require high oxygen levels. Hemoglobin-based products conjugate, crosslink, or polymerize hemoglobin to prevent dissociation in solution while maintaining oxygen affinity, but many have shown harmful side effects in clinical trials. The development of safe, effective artificial blood could help address the increasing demand and risk of disease transmission through blood transfusions. However
Blood transfusion and its implication
This document provides a history and overview of blood transfusion and blood banking. It discusses key discoveries such as blood groups, advances that allowed longer storage of blood components, and current practices. Some key points include: Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood groups in 1900 and was awarded the Nobel Prize; the first blood banks were established in the 1930s-1940s; advances now allow storage of red blood cells for 35-42 days; screening and testing helps reduce transmission of infections; and clinical guidelines recommend transfusions only when benefits outweigh risks for the patient.
PRASANKA ROUT.pptx
This document discusses blood substitutes, which aim to provide an alternative to blood transfusion. It describes two main types - biometric substitutes that mimic hemoglobin, like hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), and abiotic substitutes that use synthetic chemicals to deliver oxygen, such as perfluorocarbons (PFCs). HBOCs are based on the protein hemoglobin but have shorter lifespans outside red blood cells. PFCs are synthetic liquids that can dissolve large amounts of oxygen and transport it throughout the body. Both types show promise but also have disadvantages like short half-lives, potential side effects, and high costs. Overall, blood substitutes could help address issues with blood transfusions like
Artificial blood..a tool for new life
Artificial blood is a substitute for red blood cells that is used to carry oxygen to tissues and the heart. There are two main types - perfluorocarbons and hemoglobin-based products. Perfluorocarbons can dissolve high amounts of oxygen but may cause side effects. Hemoglobin-based products use recombinant DNA technology to modify hemoglobin, which naturally carries oxygen in the body, but the modified hemoglobin can release free radicals. Researchers are still working to develop an artificial blood that is safe, effective, and can remain mixed in the body over long periods of time.
Anticoagulants
This document discusses the history of anticoagulants used for blood transfusion and storage. It describes some of the key developments including:
- Early attempts in the 1800s using defibrinated blood or direct transfusion before anticoagulants were discovered.
- The first chemical anticoagulant experimented with was sodium phosphate by John Braxton Hicks in 1868.
- Important early anticoagulants developed were sodium citrate in 1914 and acid-citrate-dextrose solution in 1943 which allowed blood to be stored for longer periods.
- Common anticoagulants now used include sodium citrate, heparin, EDTA, and oxalates
Blood and blood transfusions
This document provides an overview of blood and blood transfusions. It discusses the properties and functions of blood, the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It describes how blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. The document also discusses blood typing and compatibility, the history of blood transfusions, the purposes and types of transfusions, and considerations around transfusion responsibilities and reactions.
Artificial blood
Artificial blood is an innovative concept of transfusion medicine where specifically designed compounds perform the task of transport and delivery of oxygen in the body to replace this function of allogenic human blood transfusion.
Blood Transfusion - Final work.pptx
This document provides an overview of blood transfusion in surgery. It discusses the history of blood transfusion, the components of blood, indications for transfusion, complications of transfusion such as reactions and infections, massive blood transfusion protocols, and current trends. The document outlines the various blood products that can be transfused including red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. It also discusses autologous and allogenic transfusion approaches.
Artificial blood - PFC & HBOC
Artificial blood, also called blood substitutes, aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusions by mimicking some functions of biological blood without containing blood cells. The main advantages are longer shelf life, availability without matching blood types, and lower risk of disease transmission. Two main types are perfluorocarbons, which can dissolve oxygen but have low carrying capacity, and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers produced from purified hemoglobin but which have shorter lifespans in the body. Both have shown promise in clinical trials but also safety issues like inflammation. Research continues to develop safer and more effective artificial blood.
blood and blood products
Blood and blood products were presented. Key points included:
1. Blood functions to transport vital substances throughout the body.
2. Blood typing and cross-matching must be done correctly to avoid transfusion reactions.
3. Several blood products exist including packed red blood cells, platelets, and plasma derivatives that are used to treat different conditions.
4. Blood transfusions can have complications and must only be done when necessary following all safety protocols.
Fluid therapy
This document summarizes the pros and cons of different intravenous fluid therapies. It discusses the history of fluid therapy and various crystalloid and colloid fluids. For isotonic saline, the advantages are volume replacement and drug/blood product vehicle, while disadvantages include pulmonary and renal issues. Lactated Ringer's solution causes less acidosis than saline. Albumin is useful for volume expansion but costly. Hydroxyethyl starch carries risks of altered hemostasis and nephrotoxicity. Studies show lactated Ringer's solution or chloride-restrictive fluids may be preferable to saline in some clinical contexts due to risks of hyperchloremic acidosis or acute kidney injury.
Artificial blood
This Presentation information content includes:-
Description of Blood and its system; Introduction to Artificial Blood; Need; Brief History; Design of Artfiicial Blood; Blood substituents - Platelet Sustituents [ Infusible Platelet Membrane (IPM), Thrombospheres, Lyophilised Human Platelets], Advantages & Disadvantages; RBC Substituents [ Perfluorocarbons, Haemoglobin based Oxygen Carriers], Advantages & Disadvantages; Applications; References.
Blood Transfusion (Principles and procedure)
A PowerPoint presentation outlining the physiology of blood transfusion, and clinical precautions to take in preventing and managing blood transfusion reactions.
Blood transfusion part 1
This document discusses various aspects of blood transfusion including:
- The history of blood transfusion from the 1600s to modern times.
- Blood components that can be separated from whole blood including packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and more.
- Methods for processing blood into components like centrifugation and separation.
- Indications and guidelines for transfusing different blood components in various clinical situations.
- Special types of red blood cell transfusions like washed, leukoreduced, and irradiated red blood cells.
blood transfusions during pregnancy
Transfusion involves preparing and transfusing blood and blood products. It involves whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and plasma fractions. Major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality are chronic anemia of pregnancy and major obstetric hemorrhage. For hemorrhage, initial resuscitation with fluids is priority to restore volume, followed by packed red blood cells and component replacement based on coagulation tests. Continuous monitoring guides treatment, and identifying/treating the cause of bleeding is important. Risks of transfusion include febrile reactions, infections, and complications from stored blood.
Blood substitues
This document discusses potential alternatives to blood transfusions known as blood substitutes. It begins with some background on the need for blood substitutes due to limited blood supply and risks of transfusion. Two main types of blood substitutes are then described - volume expanders like crystalloids and colloids, and oxygen-carrying products like hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and perfluorocarbon emulsions. The document focuses on hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, outlining different acellular and cellular formulations and some examples that have undergone clinical trials. Overall it provides an overview of the history and development of blood substitutes.
Blood substitutes in therapy
This document discusses blood substitutes and their development. It covers:
- The functions of blood and the challenges in meeting demand for blood transfusions.
- The types of blood substitutes including plasma expanders and red blood cell substitutes like hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.
- The ideal properties of blood substitutes and examples of products in development or approved, including challenges faced.
- Perfluorocarbon-based products and hemoglobin-based products, discussing sources, modifications made and examples of some products.
Hemoglobin based artificial oxygen carrier
The artificial O2 carriers are used in the emergency condition where the need of the oxygen. There are many types here we can see the hemoglobin based carriers.
Artificial blood
It is about an interesting topic named Artificial Blood which is nowadays a upcoming tool to eradicate blood related disorders and transfusions.
Lp nr 1 eng
This document discusses hematology and the components and functions of blood. It describes how hematology is the study of blood and the circulatory system. The key components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma acts as a transport medium and contains proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, gases, and hormones. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through their hemoglobin content. White blood cells provide protection through immune functions. Platelets contribute to hemostasis and blood clotting. Tests like complete blood count, hematocrit, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are used to analyze blood and diagnose conditions.
physiology of blood - physiology ppt.pptx
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including:
- The composition and functions of blood, as well as total blood volume and components.
- Blood grouping, typing, and compatibility with the Rh factor.
- An overview of blood transfusion including indications, calculations for allowable blood loss, and blood products like packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma.
- Criteria for blood donation, collection of blood for transfusion, and blood storage guidelines.
- Common anticoagulants used in blood storage like citrates and heparin.
Blood Conservation
The document provides an overview of blood conservation strategies in perioperative patients. It discusses why blood conservation is important to conserve limited blood resources and reduce risks of transfusion. Key strategies mentioned include preoperative patient optimization, use of antifibrinolytics like tranexamic acid, controlled hypotension, cell salvaging, normovolemic hemodilution, and autologous blood donation and transfusion to avoid allogeneic transfusions and their associated risks. The document emphasizes a multidisciplinary team approach and utilization of the latest drugs, techniques and technology to minimize blood loss and reduce need for allogeneic blood transfusions in surgical patients.
Blood products.pptx
This document discusses human blood products used for transfusion. It outlines the standard blood donation process and storage conditions. All donated blood must undergo mandatory screening tests for blood type, infectious diseases, and antibodies to ensure safety. The main blood components that can be transfused include red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and granulocytes, which are used to treat anemia, bleeding, infection, and other conditions. The document also describes the apheresis process to separate specific blood components.
Blood jsowhswbwksgskshsbsosgdisvdishskdhsisbsishsisbsishs
This document contains information about blood and blood cells:
- The human circulatory system contains over 160,000 km of blood vessels. Red blood cells come in 4 main types (A, B, AB, O) and can be positive or negative.
- In an average lifetime, the human heart pumps enough blood to fill 200 train tank cars. Blood can be separated into components like red blood cells, plasma, platelets.
- Red blood cells have an average lifespan of 120 days before being destroyed and recycled by the body. The spleen and liver help break down old red blood cells.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Hemodialysis: Chapter 6, Hemodialysis Adequacy and Dose - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Anticoagulants
This document discusses the history of anticoagulants used for blood transfusion and storage. It describes some of the key developments including:
- Early attempts in the 1800s using defibrinated blood or direct transfusion before anticoagulants were discovered.
- The first chemical anticoagulant experimented with was sodium phosphate by John Braxton Hicks in 1868.
- Important early anticoagulants developed were sodium citrate in 1914 and acid-citrate-dextrose solution in 1943 which allowed blood to be stored for longer periods.
- Common anticoagulants now used include sodium citrate, heparin, EDTA, and oxalates
Blood and blood transfusions
This document provides an overview of blood and blood transfusions. It discusses the properties and functions of blood, the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It describes how blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. The document also discusses blood typing and compatibility, the history of blood transfusions, the purposes and types of transfusions, and considerations around transfusion responsibilities and reactions.
Artificial blood
Artificial blood is an innovative concept of transfusion medicine where specifically designed compounds perform the task of transport and delivery of oxygen in the body to replace this function of allogenic human blood transfusion.
Blood Transfusion - Final work.pptx
This document provides an overview of blood transfusion in surgery. It discusses the history of blood transfusion, the components of blood, indications for transfusion, complications of transfusion such as reactions and infections, massive blood transfusion protocols, and current trends. The document outlines the various blood products that can be transfused including red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. It also discusses autologous and allogenic transfusion approaches.
Artificial blood - PFC & HBOC
Artificial blood, also called blood substitutes, aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusions by mimicking some functions of biological blood without containing blood cells. The main advantages are longer shelf life, availability without matching blood types, and lower risk of disease transmission. Two main types are perfluorocarbons, which can dissolve oxygen but have low carrying capacity, and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers produced from purified hemoglobin but which have shorter lifespans in the body. Both have shown promise in clinical trials but also safety issues like inflammation. Research continues to develop safer and more effective artificial blood.
blood and blood products
Blood and blood products were presented. Key points included:
1. Blood functions to transport vital substances throughout the body.
2. Blood typing and cross-matching must be done correctly to avoid transfusion reactions.
3. Several blood products exist including packed red blood cells, platelets, and plasma derivatives that are used to treat different conditions.
4. Blood transfusions can have complications and must only be done when necessary following all safety protocols.
Fluid therapy
This document summarizes the pros and cons of different intravenous fluid therapies. It discusses the history of fluid therapy and various crystalloid and colloid fluids. For isotonic saline, the advantages are volume replacement and drug/blood product vehicle, while disadvantages include pulmonary and renal issues. Lactated Ringer's solution causes less acidosis than saline. Albumin is useful for volume expansion but costly. Hydroxyethyl starch carries risks of altered hemostasis and nephrotoxicity. Studies show lactated Ringer's solution or chloride-restrictive fluids may be preferable to saline in some clinical contexts due to risks of hyperchloremic acidosis or acute kidney injury.
Artificial blood
This Presentation information content includes:-
Description of Blood and its system; Introduction to Artificial Blood; Need; Brief History; Design of Artfiicial Blood; Blood substituents - Platelet Sustituents [ Infusible Platelet Membrane (IPM), Thrombospheres, Lyophilised Human Platelets], Advantages & Disadvantages; RBC Substituents [ Perfluorocarbons, Haemoglobin based Oxygen Carriers], Advantages & Disadvantages; Applications; References.
Blood Transfusion (Principles and procedure)
A PowerPoint presentation outlining the physiology of blood transfusion, and clinical precautions to take in preventing and managing blood transfusion reactions.
Blood transfusion part 1
This document discusses various aspects of blood transfusion including:
- The history of blood transfusion from the 1600s to modern times.
- Blood components that can be separated from whole blood including packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and more.
- Methods for processing blood into components like centrifugation and separation.
- Indications and guidelines for transfusing different blood components in various clinical situations.
- Special types of red blood cell transfusions like washed, leukoreduced, and irradiated red blood cells.
blood transfusions during pregnancy
Transfusion involves preparing and transfusing blood and blood products. It involves whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and plasma fractions. Major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality are chronic anemia of pregnancy and major obstetric hemorrhage. For hemorrhage, initial resuscitation with fluids is priority to restore volume, followed by packed red blood cells and component replacement based on coagulation tests. Continuous monitoring guides treatment, and identifying/treating the cause of bleeding is important. Risks of transfusion include febrile reactions, infections, and complications from stored blood.
Blood substitues
This document discusses potential alternatives to blood transfusions known as blood substitutes. It begins with some background on the need for blood substitutes due to limited blood supply and risks of transfusion. Two main types of blood substitutes are then described - volume expanders like crystalloids and colloids, and oxygen-carrying products like hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and perfluorocarbon emulsions. The document focuses on hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, outlining different acellular and cellular formulations and some examples that have undergone clinical trials. Overall it provides an overview of the history and development of blood substitutes.
Blood substitutes in therapy
This document discusses blood substitutes and their development. It covers:
- The functions of blood and the challenges in meeting demand for blood transfusions.
- The types of blood substitutes including plasma expanders and red blood cell substitutes like hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.
- The ideal properties of blood substitutes and examples of products in development or approved, including challenges faced.
- Perfluorocarbon-based products and hemoglobin-based products, discussing sources, modifications made and examples of some products.
Hemoglobin based artificial oxygen carrier
The artificial O2 carriers are used in the emergency condition where the need of the oxygen. There are many types here we can see the hemoglobin based carriers.
Artificial blood
It is about an interesting topic named Artificial Blood which is nowadays a upcoming tool to eradicate blood related disorders and transfusions.
Lp nr 1 eng
This document discusses hematology and the components and functions of blood. It describes how hematology is the study of blood and the circulatory system. The key components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma acts as a transport medium and contains proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, gases, and hormones. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through their hemoglobin content. White blood cells provide protection through immune functions. Platelets contribute to hemostasis and blood clotting. Tests like complete blood count, hematocrit, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are used to analyze blood and diagnose conditions.
physiology of blood - physiology ppt.pptx
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including:
- The composition and functions of blood, as well as total blood volume and components.
- Blood grouping, typing, and compatibility with the Rh factor.
- An overview of blood transfusion including indications, calculations for allowable blood loss, and blood products like packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma.
- Criteria for blood donation, collection of blood for transfusion, and blood storage guidelines.
- Common anticoagulants used in blood storage like citrates and heparin.
Blood Conservation
The document provides an overview of blood conservation strategies in perioperative patients. It discusses why blood conservation is important to conserve limited blood resources and reduce risks of transfusion. Key strategies mentioned include preoperative patient optimization, use of antifibrinolytics like tranexamic acid, controlled hypotension, cell salvaging, normovolemic hemodilution, and autologous blood donation and transfusion to avoid allogeneic transfusions and their associated risks. The document emphasizes a multidisciplinary team approach and utilization of the latest drugs, techniques and technology to minimize blood loss and reduce need for allogeneic blood transfusions in surgical patients.
Blood products.pptx
This document discusses human blood products used for transfusion. It outlines the standard blood donation process and storage conditions. All donated blood must undergo mandatory screening tests for blood type, infectious diseases, and antibodies to ensure safety. The main blood components that can be transfused include red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and granulocytes, which are used to treat anemia, bleeding, infection, and other conditions. The document also describes the apheresis process to separate specific blood components.
Blood jsowhswbwksgskshsbsosgdisvdishskdhsisbsishsisbsishs
This document contains information about blood and blood cells:
- The human circulatory system contains over 160,000 km of blood vessels. Red blood cells come in 4 main types (A, B, AB, O) and can be positive or negative.
- In an average lifetime, the human heart pumps enough blood to fill 200 train tank cars. Blood can be separated into components like red blood cells, plasma, platelets.
- Red blood cells have an average lifespan of 120 days before being destroyed and recycled by the body. The spleen and liver help break down old red blood cells.
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Blood jsowhswbwksgskshsbsosgdisvdishskdhsisbsishsisbsishs
Blood jsowhswbwksgskshsbsosgdisvdishskdhsisbsishsisbsishs
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Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
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likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
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Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
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Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
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- 2. • Artificial blood or blood surrogate is a substance used to mimic and fulfil some functions of biological blood, usually in the oxygen carrying sense. • Main aim is to provide an alternative to blood transfusion, which is transferring blood or blood-based products from one person to another. • It does not contain plasma, RBCs or WBCs.
- 3. The History of Artificial Blood • Milk was one of the first substances used as a blood substitute in order to treat patients with Asiatic cholera. • After several patients died by receiving milk transfusions, Other substances were discovered as potential • Salt or saline solutions: used primarily as a plasma volume expander, rather than as artificial blood • Hemoglobin isolated from red blood cells • Animal plasma could be used as a substitute for human blood, However, since many of the materials in animal plasma are toxic to humans, this poses a problem to use it as a substitute
- 4. Ideal Characteristics of Artificial Blood • Safe to use • Compatible in the human body • Able to transport and release oxygen where needed • Storable and durable for longer time periods free of pathogens and toxins • Viscosity similar to blood • Low cost
- 5. Perfluorocarbons • These are chemically and biologically inert, water-insoluble, synthetic aromatic or aliphatic compounds with F substituted for all H atoms of hydrocarbon, water-insoluble: so they are used as an emulsion with Puronic-68, egg yolk phospholipids, and triglycerides as emulsifying agents. • They achieve 02 delivery by using organic chemicals with high gas solubility. • The 02 carrying capacity of PFCs is linearly related to P02 and obeys Henry's law.
- 8. Potential clinical applications 1. Therapeutic • (a) Blood substitutes hemorrhagic shock; hemorrhage (war, e surgery); anemia, • (b) Whole-body rinse out: acute drug intoxication; acute hepatic failure. • (c) Local isChemia: acute MI; evolving MI; cardiac failure; brain infarction; acute arterial thrombosis and embolism; PTCA of coronary artery • (d) General ischemia: CO intoxication. • (e) Aid for organ recovery: acute renal failure; acute hepatic failure; acute pancreatitis. • (f) Adjuvant therapy radiotherapy; chemotherapy 2. Perfusional protection of organs during surgery — cardiopulmonary bypass 3. Preservation of donor organs, 4. Drug carrier - drug-conjugated hemoglobin and perfluorochemicals. 5. Contrast agent - (Perfluoro-octylbromide)
- 9. Conclusion • Artificial blood is a good tool for the survival of patients at the time of surgery when blood loss is higher. • It carries oxygen to tissues and can support life temporarily until patients can either regenerate their own red cells or can be transfUsed with banked blood. • It can be sterilised against infectious diseases. • In short term,the prospective benefits of artificial blood overshadow the shortcomings.
- 10. Questions