Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Keywords
depression, social identity, multiple group membership, attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen &
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2.
2009 the role of psychological flexibility in mental health stigma and psycho...dfperezr
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the relationship between mental health stigma, psychological distress, and psychological flexibility. The study found that individuals who endorsed more stigmatizing attitudes toward people with psychological disorders also reported greater psychological distress. Additionally, psychological flexibility was found to be a shared factor between higher levels of mental health stigma and psychological distress. Exploring psychological flexibility may help explain the link between stigmatizing others and one's own psychological well-being.
Autocompaixao e autojulgamento em adolescentesCátia Rodrigues
This study examined how self-compassion moderates the relationship between low self-esteem and mental health in adolescents over time. The researchers assessed self-esteem, self-compassion, and mental health in 2448 Australian high school students in 9th grade and again in 10th grade. Based on prior research and theory, they hypothesized that among students with high self-compassion, low self-esteem would be less strongly associated with poorer mental health outcomes over time. Statistical analyses found support for this hypothesis, such that self-compassion buffered the negative effects of low self-esteem on changes in mental health during the study period. The findings suggest fostering self-compassion in adolescents may help reduce
This study tested the hypothesis that positive emotions build personal resources over time through loving-kindness meditation. Researchers randomly assigned 139 working adults to either begin a loving-kindness meditation practice or a control group. Those who meditated experienced increases in daily positive emotions, which led to gains in personal resources like mindfulness, life satisfaction, and social support. In turn, increased resources predicted improved well-being, as shown by less depressive symptoms. The findings provide experimental evidence that positive emotions generated through meditation can accumulate over time to strengthen important personal qualities and relationships.
The document discusses subjective well-being and the factors that influence interpersonal aspects of well-being. It defines subjective well-being as a person's cognitive and affective evaluations of their life. It then discusses several factors that influence interpersonal well-being, including positive response, expression of gratitude, self-disclosure, sharing experiences, and attachment style between an individual and caregiver. Finally, it notes that secure attachment styles tend to have more positive effects on relationships than insecure styles.
1. The document explores how social identity processes may play an important role in cognitive appraisal of stress. A survey was administered to 163 students measuring personality, coping strategies, social support, and gender. Students rated scenarios as more stressful if they were student-specific versus general.
2. Females and those reporting higher levels of emotion-focused coping rated scenarios as more stressful, regardless of whether the scenarios were student-specific or general. No other relationships were found between the predictor variables and ratings of stressfulness.
3. The findings suggest that social identity may not impact cognitive appraisal of stress as expected based on self-categorization theory. Gender and emotion-focused coping were the only significant predictors of perceived
The Role of Spirituality in Sexual Minority IdentityA. Jor.docxkathleen23456789
The Role of Spirituality in Sexual Minority Identity
A. Jordan Wright and Suzanne Stern
Empire State College, State University of New York
Spirituality has been widely associated with positive well-being within the general population. Although
there is limited research on the impact of spirituality on sexual minority individuals, some evidence
suggests it is associated with positive psychological outcomes and contributes to the development of a
positive lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identity. The present study aimed to elucidate the relationship
between spirituality, gender normative beliefs, and LGB identity development. It was hypothesized that
spirituality would be negatively associated with both heteronormative beliefs and attitudes and negative
sexual minority identity, and that heteronormativity would mediate the relationship between spirituality
and negative identity. Contrary to expectations, spirituality predicted greater heteronormativity and
greater negative identity. The association between spirituality and negative identity was fully mediated
by heteronormativity. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Keywords: homosexuality, bisexuality, spirituality, heteronormativity, gay identity
Within the general public, spirituality has been reliably con-
nected to numerous positive outcomes (Garfield, Isacco, & Sahker,
2013; Paranjape & Kaslow, 2010; Thoresen, 1999). It has been
found to promote resiliency and self-esteem (Haight, 1998; Kash-
dan & Nezlek, 2012), and predicts a greater ability to adapt and
cope with stressful situations (Gnanaprakash, 2013; Salas-Wright,
Olate, & Vaughn, 2013), including illness (Lo et al., 2010; Nelson
et al., 2009; Pagnini et al., 2011; Visser, Garssen, & Vingerhoets,
2010), exposure to violence (Benavides, 2012; Schneider & Feltey,
2009; E. A. Walker, 2000), psychological aggression (Austin &
Falconier, 2013), and substance abuse (Turner-Musa & Lipscomb,
2007). Further, spirituality is associated with personality traits that
are health-protective (Labbé & Fobes, 2010); it is also significantly
protective against adverse mental health outcomes, such as depres-
sion and anxiety (Bennett & Shepherd, 2013; Hourani et al., 2012;
Hsiao et al., 2012; Sorajjakool, Aja, Chilson, Ramirez-Johnson, &
Earll, 2008), and suicidal ideation (Henley, 2014; Kyle, 2013;
Meadows, Kaslow, Thompson, & Jurkovic, 2005).
While the research on the impact of spirituality on sexual
minorities is more limited, there is evidence that spiritual well-
being functions as a protective factor and a predictor of adjust-
ment. Greater spirituality has been associated with positive out-
comes such as increased self-esteem and identity affirmation,
lower internalized homophobia, and fewer feelings of alienation
(Lease, Horne, & Noffsinger-Frazier, 2005; Moleiro, Pinto, &
Freire, 2013; Tan, 2005), and with greater positive affect and
satisfaction with life (Harari, Glenwick, & Cecero, 2014). How-
ever, awareness within this popu.
Context Shapes Social Judgments of Positive Emotion Suppressio.docxbobbywlane695641
Context Shapes Social Judgments of Positive Emotion Suppression
and Expression
Elise K. Kalokerinos
KU Leuven
Katharine H. Greenaway and James P. Casey
The University of Queensland
It is generally considered socially undesirable to suppress the expression of positive emotion. However,
previous research has not considered the role that social context plays in governing appropriate emotion
regulation. We investigated a context in which it may be more appropriate to suppress than express
positive emotion, hypothesizing that positive emotion expressions would be considered inappropriate
when the valence of the expressed emotion (i.e., positive) did not match the valence of the context (i.e.,
negative). Six experiments (N � 1,621) supported this hypothesis: when there was a positive emotion-
context mismatch, participants rated targets who suppressed positive emotion as more appropriate, and
evaluated them more positively than targets who expressed positive emotion. This effect occurred even
when participants were explicitly made aware that suppressing targets were experiencing mismatched
emotion for the context (e.g., feeling positive in a negative context), suggesting that appropriate
emotional expression is key to these effects. These studies are among the first to provide empirical
evidence that social costs to suppression are not inevitable, but instead are dependent on context.
Expressive suppression can be a socially useful emotion regulation strategy in situations that call for it.
Keywords: context, emotion expression, emotion regulation, expressive suppression, positive emotion
Your smile is a messenger of goodwill. Your smile brightens the lives
of all who see it. . . . As I leave for my office, I greet the elevator
operator in the apartment house with a ‘Good morning’ and a smile,
I greet the doorman with a smile. I smile at the cashier in the subway
booth when I ask for change. As I stand on the floor of the Stock
Exchange, I smile at people who until recently never saw me smile.
—Carnegie (1936)
In his seminal book How to Win Friends and Influence People,
Dale Carnegie (1936) offers a recipe for success: Smile. Carnegie
recommends applying this rule indiscriminately, and he is not
alone in this view—lay intuition holds that expressing positive
emotion is a socially acceptable way to endear one’s self to other
people. Yet, we also know that positive emotion expressions are
not appropriate in every situation. Sometimes people laugh while
experiencing trauma, smile at disgusting pictures, and giggle dur-
ing solemn funeral services. To an outside observer, these positive
emotion expressions may appear inappropriate, unwarranted, and
just plain wrong. To maintain a positive impression such situa-
tions, it may be better for people to suppress the expression of
inappropriate positive emotions. However, as an emotion regula-
tion strategy, expressive suppression has received as much con-
demnation as smiling has received praise. Th.
Respond to at least two colleagues by explaining how they could use .docxcarlstromcurtis
Respond to at least two colleagues by explaining how they could use strategies to advocate for a client with a somatic symptom disorder given the reasons for advocacy they described.
Colleague 1: Brooke
Somatic symptom disorders are mental disorders that manifest with physical symptoms that are not always clear to explain with medical diagnosis (APA, 2013). One specific example of such a disorder is the Illness Anxiety Disorder (F45.21). This disorder is diagnosed when there is a pervasive and impacting preoccupation with having a serious medical condition in circumstances when no predisposition or existing symptomatology indicate there should be medical concern (APA, 2013). The diagnosed individual will exhibit heightened anxiety regarding their perceived condition. Furthermore, the diagnosis is classified as either “care-seeking type,” whereby the individual frequently seeks out medical guidance from professionals or “care-avoidant type: whereby the individual avoids medical care despite their ongoing concerns (APA, 2013).
This can present a unique challenge for guiding professionals, as the client is potentially in need of both medical and mental health care. Therefore, a biopsychosocial assessment is recommended to gain the most thorough, comprehensive picture of the client and their current set of circumstances. This multi aspect evaluation serves to understand the biological, or physical, contributors to the individual’s somatic diagnosis, while also delving into their perceptions and beliefs (psychological) and their social environment and experiences. When this information is gathered from these varied perspectives, intervention can be designed to target specific areas of need, with the understanding that medical care may be required, concurrently, with mental health support (Dimsdale, Patel, Xin and Kleinman, 2007).
Because of the complexity of such diagnoses, a multidisciplinary approach is deemed most effective when working with such clients. Because of the psychological involvement in this disorder, psychotherapy aimed at modifying existing thought patterns would be considered sound practice (Kirmayer and Sartorius, 2007). To expand, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be applied, increasing the client's awareness of their current thought patterns, possible triggers and strategies to combat negative thinking. Additionally, the prescription of medication to address the co-occurring anxiety or other resulting physical symptoms would be provided by a medical professional, such as a psychiatrist. This approach, widely accepted, allows for the client’s case to be viewed through different lenses.
While there is certainly significant validity in approaching such cases through a multidisciplinary team, the professionals required to ensure this effective intervention all have to be “on board.” This may require advocacy on the part of a social worker to convey the importance of employing this approach. It can b ...
2009 the role of psychological flexibility in mental health stigma and psycho...dfperezr
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the relationship between mental health stigma, psychological distress, and psychological flexibility. The study found that individuals who endorsed more stigmatizing attitudes toward people with psychological disorders also reported greater psychological distress. Additionally, psychological flexibility was found to be a shared factor between higher levels of mental health stigma and psychological distress. Exploring psychological flexibility may help explain the link between stigmatizing others and one's own psychological well-being.
Autocompaixao e autojulgamento em adolescentesCátia Rodrigues
This study examined how self-compassion moderates the relationship between low self-esteem and mental health in adolescents over time. The researchers assessed self-esteem, self-compassion, and mental health in 2448 Australian high school students in 9th grade and again in 10th grade. Based on prior research and theory, they hypothesized that among students with high self-compassion, low self-esteem would be less strongly associated with poorer mental health outcomes over time. Statistical analyses found support for this hypothesis, such that self-compassion buffered the negative effects of low self-esteem on changes in mental health during the study period. The findings suggest fostering self-compassion in adolescents may help reduce
This study tested the hypothesis that positive emotions build personal resources over time through loving-kindness meditation. Researchers randomly assigned 139 working adults to either begin a loving-kindness meditation practice or a control group. Those who meditated experienced increases in daily positive emotions, which led to gains in personal resources like mindfulness, life satisfaction, and social support. In turn, increased resources predicted improved well-being, as shown by less depressive symptoms. The findings provide experimental evidence that positive emotions generated through meditation can accumulate over time to strengthen important personal qualities and relationships.
The document discusses subjective well-being and the factors that influence interpersonal aspects of well-being. It defines subjective well-being as a person's cognitive and affective evaluations of their life. It then discusses several factors that influence interpersonal well-being, including positive response, expression of gratitude, self-disclosure, sharing experiences, and attachment style between an individual and caregiver. Finally, it notes that secure attachment styles tend to have more positive effects on relationships than insecure styles.
1. The document explores how social identity processes may play an important role in cognitive appraisal of stress. A survey was administered to 163 students measuring personality, coping strategies, social support, and gender. Students rated scenarios as more stressful if they were student-specific versus general.
2. Females and those reporting higher levels of emotion-focused coping rated scenarios as more stressful, regardless of whether the scenarios were student-specific or general. No other relationships were found between the predictor variables and ratings of stressfulness.
3. The findings suggest that social identity may not impact cognitive appraisal of stress as expected based on self-categorization theory. Gender and emotion-focused coping were the only significant predictors of perceived
The Role of Spirituality in Sexual Minority IdentityA. Jor.docxkathleen23456789
The Role of Spirituality in Sexual Minority Identity
A. Jordan Wright and Suzanne Stern
Empire State College, State University of New York
Spirituality has been widely associated with positive well-being within the general population. Although
there is limited research on the impact of spirituality on sexual minority individuals, some evidence
suggests it is associated with positive psychological outcomes and contributes to the development of a
positive lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identity. The present study aimed to elucidate the relationship
between spirituality, gender normative beliefs, and LGB identity development. It was hypothesized that
spirituality would be negatively associated with both heteronormative beliefs and attitudes and negative
sexual minority identity, and that heteronormativity would mediate the relationship between spirituality
and negative identity. Contrary to expectations, spirituality predicted greater heteronormativity and
greater negative identity. The association between spirituality and negative identity was fully mediated
by heteronormativity. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Keywords: homosexuality, bisexuality, spirituality, heteronormativity, gay identity
Within the general public, spirituality has been reliably con-
nected to numerous positive outcomes (Garfield, Isacco, & Sahker,
2013; Paranjape & Kaslow, 2010; Thoresen, 1999). It has been
found to promote resiliency and self-esteem (Haight, 1998; Kash-
dan & Nezlek, 2012), and predicts a greater ability to adapt and
cope with stressful situations (Gnanaprakash, 2013; Salas-Wright,
Olate, & Vaughn, 2013), including illness (Lo et al., 2010; Nelson
et al., 2009; Pagnini et al., 2011; Visser, Garssen, & Vingerhoets,
2010), exposure to violence (Benavides, 2012; Schneider & Feltey,
2009; E. A. Walker, 2000), psychological aggression (Austin &
Falconier, 2013), and substance abuse (Turner-Musa & Lipscomb,
2007). Further, spirituality is associated with personality traits that
are health-protective (Labbé & Fobes, 2010); it is also significantly
protective against adverse mental health outcomes, such as depres-
sion and anxiety (Bennett & Shepherd, 2013; Hourani et al., 2012;
Hsiao et al., 2012; Sorajjakool, Aja, Chilson, Ramirez-Johnson, &
Earll, 2008), and suicidal ideation (Henley, 2014; Kyle, 2013;
Meadows, Kaslow, Thompson, & Jurkovic, 2005).
While the research on the impact of spirituality on sexual
minorities is more limited, there is evidence that spiritual well-
being functions as a protective factor and a predictor of adjust-
ment. Greater spirituality has been associated with positive out-
comes such as increased self-esteem and identity affirmation,
lower internalized homophobia, and fewer feelings of alienation
(Lease, Horne, & Noffsinger-Frazier, 2005; Moleiro, Pinto, &
Freire, 2013; Tan, 2005), and with greater positive affect and
satisfaction with life (Harari, Glenwick, & Cecero, 2014). How-
ever, awareness within this popu.
Context Shapes Social Judgments of Positive Emotion Suppressio.docxbobbywlane695641
Context Shapes Social Judgments of Positive Emotion Suppression
and Expression
Elise K. Kalokerinos
KU Leuven
Katharine H. Greenaway and James P. Casey
The University of Queensland
It is generally considered socially undesirable to suppress the expression of positive emotion. However,
previous research has not considered the role that social context plays in governing appropriate emotion
regulation. We investigated a context in which it may be more appropriate to suppress than express
positive emotion, hypothesizing that positive emotion expressions would be considered inappropriate
when the valence of the expressed emotion (i.e., positive) did not match the valence of the context (i.e.,
negative). Six experiments (N � 1,621) supported this hypothesis: when there was a positive emotion-
context mismatch, participants rated targets who suppressed positive emotion as more appropriate, and
evaluated them more positively than targets who expressed positive emotion. This effect occurred even
when participants were explicitly made aware that suppressing targets were experiencing mismatched
emotion for the context (e.g., feeling positive in a negative context), suggesting that appropriate
emotional expression is key to these effects. These studies are among the first to provide empirical
evidence that social costs to suppression are not inevitable, but instead are dependent on context.
Expressive suppression can be a socially useful emotion regulation strategy in situations that call for it.
Keywords: context, emotion expression, emotion regulation, expressive suppression, positive emotion
Your smile is a messenger of goodwill. Your smile brightens the lives
of all who see it. . . . As I leave for my office, I greet the elevator
operator in the apartment house with a ‘Good morning’ and a smile,
I greet the doorman with a smile. I smile at the cashier in the subway
booth when I ask for change. As I stand on the floor of the Stock
Exchange, I smile at people who until recently never saw me smile.
—Carnegie (1936)
In his seminal book How to Win Friends and Influence People,
Dale Carnegie (1936) offers a recipe for success: Smile. Carnegie
recommends applying this rule indiscriminately, and he is not
alone in this view—lay intuition holds that expressing positive
emotion is a socially acceptable way to endear one’s self to other
people. Yet, we also know that positive emotion expressions are
not appropriate in every situation. Sometimes people laugh while
experiencing trauma, smile at disgusting pictures, and giggle dur-
ing solemn funeral services. To an outside observer, these positive
emotion expressions may appear inappropriate, unwarranted, and
just plain wrong. To maintain a positive impression such situa-
tions, it may be better for people to suppress the expression of
inappropriate positive emotions. However, as an emotion regula-
tion strategy, expressive suppression has received as much con-
demnation as smiling has received praise. Th.
Respond to at least two colleagues by explaining how they could use .docxcarlstromcurtis
Respond to at least two colleagues by explaining how they could use strategies to advocate for a client with a somatic symptom disorder given the reasons for advocacy they described.
Colleague 1: Brooke
Somatic symptom disorders are mental disorders that manifest with physical symptoms that are not always clear to explain with medical diagnosis (APA, 2013). One specific example of such a disorder is the Illness Anxiety Disorder (F45.21). This disorder is diagnosed when there is a pervasive and impacting preoccupation with having a serious medical condition in circumstances when no predisposition or existing symptomatology indicate there should be medical concern (APA, 2013). The diagnosed individual will exhibit heightened anxiety regarding their perceived condition. Furthermore, the diagnosis is classified as either “care-seeking type,” whereby the individual frequently seeks out medical guidance from professionals or “care-avoidant type: whereby the individual avoids medical care despite their ongoing concerns (APA, 2013).
This can present a unique challenge for guiding professionals, as the client is potentially in need of both medical and mental health care. Therefore, a biopsychosocial assessment is recommended to gain the most thorough, comprehensive picture of the client and their current set of circumstances. This multi aspect evaluation serves to understand the biological, or physical, contributors to the individual’s somatic diagnosis, while also delving into their perceptions and beliefs (psychological) and their social environment and experiences. When this information is gathered from these varied perspectives, intervention can be designed to target specific areas of need, with the understanding that medical care may be required, concurrently, with mental health support (Dimsdale, Patel, Xin and Kleinman, 2007).
Because of the complexity of such diagnoses, a multidisciplinary approach is deemed most effective when working with such clients. Because of the psychological involvement in this disorder, psychotherapy aimed at modifying existing thought patterns would be considered sound practice (Kirmayer and Sartorius, 2007). To expand, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be applied, increasing the client's awareness of their current thought patterns, possible triggers and strategies to combat negative thinking. Additionally, the prescription of medication to address the co-occurring anxiety or other resulting physical symptoms would be provided by a medical professional, such as a psychiatrist. This approach, widely accepted, allows for the client’s case to be viewed through different lenses.
While there is certainly significant validity in approaching such cases through a multidisciplinary team, the professionals required to ensure this effective intervention all have to be “on board.” This may require advocacy on the part of a social worker to convey the importance of employing this approach. It can b ...
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between body image disturbance, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and behavioral principles from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP). The study hypothesized that higher levels of body image disturbance would be correlated with greater experiential avoidance (as measured by ACT principles) and difficulties expressing emotions interpersonally (as measured by FAP principles). Results supported these hypotheses and also found that experiential avoidance and interpersonal expression difficulties predicted meeting criteria for BDD and severity of BDD symptoms. The study provides empirical support for integrating intrapersonal and interpersonal conceptualizations of body image issues.
Reply Reply to 2 other classmates by offering 1 new piece of info.docxsodhi3
This document discusses how trauma can affect individuals differently depending on factors like type of trauma, age, culture, and spirituality. It provides examples of types of trauma like physical, sexual, or emotional abuse. Trauma can cause neurological disorders like PTSD and affect brain development. Treatment options discussed include medications, therapies like CBT, and how spirituality may help healing. The document also discusses how trauma may impact children's emotional and educational development. It notes trauma affects individuals and cultures differently but can be treated.
Stress can have both positive and negative effects. Prolonged or excessive stress can negatively impact physical and mental health by increasing risks of depression, burnout, cardiovascular disease, and other illnesses. Workplace stressors include heavy workloads, job insecurity, difficult relationships, lack of work-life balance, and individual factors like personality type and age. Left unaddressed, stress leads to increased absenteeism, job turnover, and workers compensation claims that have large economic costs for organizations.
Chronic Emotional Detachment, Disorders, and Treatment-Team BSarah M
This document discusses chronic emotional detachment and how it may lead to increased rates of mental health disorders like anxiety, depression, and PTSD. It hypothesizes that suppressing natural emotions to conform to societal pressures causes stress and depersonalization over time. When a distressing trigger occurs, this imbalance can lead to mental disorders. The document reviews literature linking emotional suppression to increased disorders in populations like veterans and refugees. It proposes studying the relationship between evolutionary survival mechanisms and societal norms. The methodology section describes a mixed-methods study using surveys, interviews, and archival data from a random sample to understand subjective emotional experiences and medication effectiveness.
Ethnic Identity as predictor for the well-being: An exploratory transcultural...Andrzej Pankalla
De Oliveira, D., Pankalla, A., Cabeccinhas, R. (2012). Ethnic Identity as predictor for the well-being: An exploratory transcultural study in Brazil and Europe. Summa Psicologica, vol. 9/9, 33-12 (ISSN 0718-0446).
Identidad étnica como predictor del bienestar: Estudio exploratorio transcult...Andrzej Pankalla
This document summarizes research on the relationship between ethnic identity and well-being. It discusses studies showing ethnic identity is positively associated with well-being and quality of life. The research examined these relationships in college students from Brazil, Portugal, and Poland. The results showed Brazilian students showed the strongest relationships between ethnic identity and well-being, while European students showed ethnic identity was associated with better quality of life and less ill-being. The document also discusses how ethnic identity may act as a buffer against stress and how it is related to improved positive affect and psychological adjustment.
Compassion involves noticing and experiencing emotional reactions to others' suffering, and acting to alleviate it. It fosters cooperation and community. Self-compassion involves being kind to oneself rather than self-critical, recognizing one's shared humanity, and holding painful feelings mindfully rather than becoming overwhelmed. Instruments like the DASS-21 and Five Facet Mindfulness Scale can help identify emotional issues and mindfulness in a compassionate way. Organizational compassion occurs when a system collectively notices and responds to members' pain, cultivating cooperation. Overall, compassion emphasizes our shared humanity.
Spiritual Well-Being and Parenting Stress in Caring for Children with Neuro-D...inventionjournals
Caregivers of children’s with neuro-developmental disorders face challenges starting from resistance and denial, and such challenges may be likely to impact their Well-being. The present study explores the relations between spiritual well-being and parenting stress when parents faced with a crisis like caring for children with neurodevelopmental disorders. A convenient sample of 38 parents who reared 3 to 12-year-old children diagnosed with neurodevelopmental issues was part of the study. Parental Stress Index -Short Form (PSI/SF; Abidin, 1995) and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS; Ellison & Paloutzian, 2009) were used to obtain a measure of the variables chosen. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to find out the significance of relations between spiritual well-being and parenting stress. Also, thesignificance of themean difference between the gender groups in relation tospiritual well-being and parenting stress was analysed using Independent Sample‘t’ test. Findings reveal a significant negative correlation between spiritual wellbeing and parenting stress, and it also shows that there is no gender difference in relation to parenting stress and spiritual well-being among parents. The findings indicate that spiritual wellbeing might act as a buffer of parental stress and can play the role of a protective factor against parenting stress for life challenges. It also shows that there might be no gender differences in parents’ experience of stress and spiritual wellbeing, but slight mean differences show a higher stress and spiritual wellbeing among mothers than fathers.
Relationship Between Volunteering and Subjective Happiness in College StudentsDanielle Hoyt
The document discusses research on the relationship between volunteering and subjective happiness. It summarizes several studies that have found volunteering to be positively associated with happiness and well-being. However, the results are mixed, with some studies finding no significant relationship or age being a factor. Further research is still needed to better understand how and why volunteering may impact happiness and well-being, especially in younger populations like college students.
Mediated moderation or moderated mediation relationship between length of une...Victor Sojo Monzon
This study evaluated a model of mediated moderation vs moderated mediation to explain the relationship between length of unemployment, resilience, coping styles, and depression and social functioning in unemployed Venezuelans. The results showed that emotional coping mediated the relationship between resilience and depression. Individuals with greater resilience used more detachment coping with longer unemployment, while those with lower resilience used less avoidance coping. Resilience acted as a protective moderating factor between longer unemployment and social functioning, a process mediated by detachment coping. Overall, the results supported a mediated moderation model, with resilience as the moderating factor and coping as the mediator between stress from unemployment length and well-being.
The Presentation Of Stress, Grief, And Death EssayAngie Lee
This document discusses workplace stress through a case study. It begins by defining work stress and its impacts, such as increased absenteeism and injuries. It then presents a case study of a company called ABC Corp that was experiencing high stress levels among employees. Various stressors are identified, such as an unhealthy work-life balance, lack of support from managers, and role ambiguity. The document analyzes these stressors using occupational stress theories and recommends interventions like implementing flexible work schedules, providing manager training, and clarifying job roles to improve the situation.
This document provides a summary of research on the personality trait of optimism from the perspective of positive psychology. It discusses how positive psychology focuses on identifying personality variables associated with well-being rather than psychopathology. Research has found optimism is associated with better mental and physical health outcomes. Optimism acts as a buffer against stress and illness, and optimistic patients tend to engage in healthier behaviors and seek more social support. The theories of humanistic psychologists like Fromm, Adler and Rogers share similar principles of focusing on growth and potential as positive psychology research on traits like optimism.
Advanced Methods in Counseling & Psychotherapy July 2023.pptxDemetriosPeratsakis
This document discusses the philosophy of clinical outpatient therapy presented by Demetrios Peratsakis. It begins with a disclaimer noting the purpose is to improve therapy practice through deeper understanding, not replace agency expectations. It then outlines the presenter's orientation as consistent with social construction and relational perspectives viewing symptoms as intentional manifestations within relationship systems. The notes are organized in standalone sections covering topics like human development, specific therapies for issues like addiction, and models for supervision. The overall framework is intended to provide an integrated approach for advanced clinical practice.
What is it that moves a person to give up their time, money, and even safety to relieve another person's suffering? Compassion is the key. Human suffering is inevitable, but our ability to understand and sympathize with the plight and circumstances of other people can play a major role in whether we take action to relieve this suffering. Compassion is also a highly valued quality. Religions stress the importance of compassion, while people often list characteristics such as "kind" and "compassionate" as what they look for in a potential partner.
This study examined whether providing social support is more beneficial to longevity than receiving support. Researchers used data from a sample of older married adults to predict mortality over 5 years. They found that providing both instrumental support to others and emotional support to a spouse was associated with reduced mortality, even after accounting for demographics, health, and other factors. However, receiving support did not influence mortality once giving support was considered. This suggests that the benefits of social relationships on health and longevity may be due more to the benefits of giving support than receiving it.
you must read two articles which are from the field of Human Resou.docxdavezstarr61655
you must read two articles which are from the
field of Human Resources
and complete a one page annotated bibliography for each article (scholarly/peer-reviewed journal articles).
Annotated bibliographies must be written in manner, in which, they are understandable. You must describe all-important data such as:
• The participants
• The reason the study was conducted
• What research design was used (surveys, interviews, case study, etc.)
• Which research analysis was used (MANOVA, ANOVA, Kruskal Wallace, etc.) • The results of the study along with any conclusions of the author(s)
.
You must produce a minimum of a 5 pages paper. You must use a minimu.docxdavezstarr61655
You must produce a minimum of a 5 pages paper. You must use a minimum of 5 references, citing the references where you used the material within the paper itself.
- Assure you are citing in APA format
-You must use a minimum of one graphic or image (may use a table)
- Double space the paper
- You must use APA formatting (6th Edition)
.
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Similar to ArticleSocial Identity Reduces Depression byFostering Po.docx (20)
you must read two articles which are from the field of Human Resou.docxdavezstarr61655
you must read two articles which are from the
field of Human Resources
and complete a one page annotated bibliography for each article (scholarly/peer-reviewed journal articles).
Annotated bibliographies must be written in manner, in which, they are understandable. You must describe all-important data such as:
• The participants
• The reason the study was conducted
• What research design was used (surveys, interviews, case study, etc.)
• Which research analysis was used (MANOVA, ANOVA, Kruskal Wallace, etc.) • The results of the study along with any conclusions of the author(s)
.
You must produce a minimum of a 5 pages paper. You must use a minimu.docxdavezstarr61655
You must produce a minimum of a 5 pages paper. You must use a minimum of 5 references, citing the references where you used the material within the paper itself.
- Assure you are citing in APA format
-You must use a minimum of one graphic or image (may use a table)
- Double space the paper
- You must use APA formatting (6th Edition)
.
You must provide a references for entire posting. Please use APA for.docxdavezstarr61655
You must provide a references for entire posting. Please use APA for your reference citation. You will also have citations in the text of your responses as well as references at the end of your responses. References for other readings need to be current, within the last three to five years.
1. Theories seem to be such esoteric notions for a profession that seemed to function well for decades, without highlighting them. Can our practice history guide our practice future with theories? Why/not? 2. Define both rationalism and empiricism. Differentiate between these two scientific approaches.
.
you must present your findings to the IT supervisor before the s.docxdavezstarr61655
you must present your findings to the IT supervisor before the supervisor’s meeting with senior leadership. Prepare meeting notes for the IT supervisor that include the following:
Select one major incident to research regarding technological breaches. Identify the company that was affected and then describe this incident and why you selected it.
Explain the implications associated with this breach, specifically in terms of privacy laws and violations of the law.
Analyze the impact that these technological breaches have on consumer safety and well-being.
Recommend further actions to protect the privacy of clients.
.
You must produce a minimum of a 10 pages paper. You must use a m.docxdavezstarr61655
You must produce a minimum of a 10 pages paper. You must use a minimum of 5 references, citing the references where you used the material within the paper itself.
- Assure you are citing in APA format
-You must use a minimum of one graphic or image (may use a table)
- Double space the paper
- You must use APA formatting (6th Edition)
.
You must produce a minimum of a 10 pages paper. You must use a minim.docxdavezstarr61655
You must produce a minimum of a 10 pages paper. You must use a minimum of 5 references, citing the references where you used the material within the paper itself.
- Assure you are citing in APA format
-You must use a minimum of one graphic or image (may use a table)
- Double space the paper
- You must use APA formatting (6th Edition)
.
You must include the resources you used if any.. THese papers are op.docxdavezstarr61655
You must include the resources you used if any.. THese papers are opinion papers on the subjects posted and not just research papers that you are digging up on previous material... If references are used they most be accessible if not the assignement will be considered to not have been followed and be sent back for revision or dispute if you do not respond.
Paper #1 SCHOOL DROPOUTS
Some statistics about student dropouts follow. The task is to decide what you would do to keep students in schools. In other words, what can be done to improve these statistics?
The national dropout rate is between 25 and 30 percent of students. The typical high school graduation includes only 70 percent of its ninth-grade class members. One result is that approximately one-third of the adult population is functionally illiterate.
States with the lowest dropout rates:
North Dakota
Minnesota
Delaware
Iowa
South Dakota
States with the highest dropout rates:
Louisiana
Florida
Nevada
Mississippi
Tennessee
Georgia
It is possible to spot regional differences in dropout rates, but even more noticeable is the effect of family economics on dropout statistics.
Are there differences by ethnic groups within these statistics?
Analyze the Area of Coos County Oregon
Paper #2
Based on the work of Marcia, there are four general areas in which a person needs to make commitments in order to achieve an identity. These include career identity, sexual beliefs and values, religious beliefs and values, and political beliefs.
Interview a young teenager about his or her plans and commitments in these four areas: 1) career; 2) religion; 3) sexual behavior; and, 4) politics. You do not have to ask about specific behaviors, but ask generally what the person believes. After you interview the child... Write a paper on that interview and the correaltion of Marcia's four Identity Commitments and how it translates to that of the child. 2.5 pages double spaced. you may reference material used from MARCIA
Paper # 3
CHILDERN AND ANXIETY
CHILDREN AND ANXIETY
The prevalence of anxiety disorders among children seems to be on the rise. Children are being treated for obsessive-compulsive disorder, for post-traumatic stress syndrome, and generalized anxiety disorders. Some authors have suggested that the world is a far more frightening and stressful place for children now than in previous generations. Recent historical events, such as the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, the war in Iraq, and similar events that receive heavy media coverage, may present children with things to think about that previous generations did not experience. In addition, children are exposed to many more graphic images of violence and victimization in their media. These factors, plus the fact that their parents, teachers, and caregivers are also experiencing stressors, might contribute to children’s anxiety.
What did you fear as a child? What things might children fear? Consider the definition of .
You must include the Textbook definition and a picture f.docxdavezstarr61655
You must include the
Textbook definition
and a
picture
for EACH term below.
Terms:
1. rotation
2. day
3. revolution
4. year
5. season
6. equinox
7. solstice
8. satellite
the textbook - HMH Georgia Science
.
You must include 6 references, two that must come peer-reviewed .docxdavezstarr61655
You must include 6 references, two that must come peer-reviewed journals. Include an Abstract, introduction, and conclusion, as well as the body of content. The paper must follow APA.
TOPIC:
Emerging enterprise network applications
Research paper basics:
• 10-12 pages in length
• APA formatted
• Minimum six (6) sources – at least two (2) from peer reviewed journals.
1. Context and Background Information: Clearly developed Paper with the appropriate details
2. Content: Paper is interesting and relevant
3.APA Format: Used APA format correctly throughout paper
4. Used Compelling Chart, Table, or Map to Illustrate Something in the Paper: A compelling chart, table, or map was used correctly to illustrate a point in the paper
5. Excellent closing
6. Excellent body of paper detailing the Topic
7. Excellent closing
8. Included a list of all references used and all references were cited correctly
9. Format is appropriate and enhances the understanding of the Topic in a creative and dramatic manner throughout the paper.
10. Zero plagiarism
.
You must have the Project Libre to create this! Develop a chart .docxdavezstarr61655
You must have the Project Libre to create this!
Develop a chart showing the inputs required from other project documents required to develop the scope of a project and the outputs of a project scope document. Don’t copy another author’s work for any reason, you may use it for input with citations/references.
Suggestion: create columns with input on the left, document description in the middle, and scope output on the far right, then fill it in using the textual information.
Post the Project Libre file (“xxxxx”.pod)
.
You must have experience doing PhD proposal , so the topic of th.docxdavezstarr61655
You must have experience doing PhD proposal , so the topic of the proposal is ( the impact of value -added tax on the locally economy in the developing countries , advantage ,disadvantage. Saudi Arabia as case study
Introduction of value -added tax
Local economy
The impact of the developing countries such as countries close of the Saudi araba
advantage
disadvantage.
Saudi Arabia with value added tax
.
You must have at least 3 sources. Sources should be cited within you.docxdavezstarr61655
You must have at least 3 sources. Sources should be cited within your writing and you should have a bibliography page. Do not use wikipedia, or any .com websites.
The paper should be at least 750 words. Use APA or MLA format. (Artist Name : Leonardo da Vinci)
In Essay:
1) Begin with some biographical information about the artist.
2) Describe their artwork, write about their process, the media they use, the meaning of their art include name of that art, any inspiration or influences, and body of artwork.
3) Explain why you chose this artist and why their art appeals to you.
.
You must have access to the book needed for the Case Study part. I w.docxdavezstarr61655
You must have access to the book needed for the Case Study part. I will not be able to supply it. Again you must have the book yourself. Follow word count! APA format required.
This is a very important assignment and my price is FIRM.
Newton,Englehardt, Prichard (2012). Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Business Ethics and Society,
12th/E
. McGraw-Hill ISBN: 9780073527352
.
You must give the Source(s) of your answers (textbook - WITH SPECIFI.docxdavezstarr61655
You must give the Source(s) of your answers (textbook - WITH SPECIFIC PAGE REFERENCES; websites etc.)
Please give your Sources WITH SPECIFICITY to avoid receiving a failing grade.
WHY? Because you are not an authority on the Law and you are not the Source of the Law, therefore you have to refer to resources. I had to learn this too when I was starting out!
These are the Essay Topics:(Min. 100 words EACH Essay, just write a paragraph for each and all questions below)
What is meant by the phrase “crimes are statutory offenses”?
Explain Criminal Intent.
Choose one of the Constitutional Safeguards and explain how it works.
Can a person be prosecuted twice for the same act? Explain fully all issues.
What is RICO?
.
You must create a court system for the newly created state of Puerto.docxdavezstarr61655
You must create a court system for the newly created state of Puerto Rico. You are to work under the assumption that Puerto Rico has just been admitted as the 51st state and build your court system from the bottom up. To be certain you understand how courts are organized in other states, you must research at least three current state court systems, within the United States, and use those systems to create Puerto Rico’s system. Do not use Puerto Rico’s current system as one of your examples. You must describe your proposal for creating Puerto Rico’s municipal courts, major trial courts, appellate courts, and the state’s highest court. Include geographic jurisdictions.
You must also describe how judges will be chosen for each court and must discuss how judicial and attorney ethical standards will be structured and enforced. You should conduct basic research on Puerto Rico (size, geography, population, existing counties or municipios, etc.) to be certain your proposed system will actually work.
Remember to provide citations when you borrow some idea or structure from another state.
The body (not including cover page, works cited/bibliography, etc.) of the paper must be 10-12 pages in length, double spaced, using Times New Roman 12-point font. A works cited page or bibliography (depending on the citation system used) must be included. Submitting too many pages will have the same result as submitting too few pages. Any images, charts, etc., used in the paper should be submitted as exhibits and are not included in the page count requirement.
.
You must conduct an informational interview as part of this course. .docxdavezstarr61655
You must conduct an informational interview as part of this course. Use Pioneer Connect or LinkedIn to
reach out to a DU alum or other business professional and conduct an informational interview. You may
also utilize professionals you meet through faculty, staff, extracurriculars, athletics, volunteer work,
family, friends, etc. Submit a 1-page reflection on the experience to the Canvas page by Friday of week
7. Attend class and see Canvas for further details on how to conduct an informational interview
.
You must complete an Electronic Presentation on Black Culture.docxdavezstarr61655
You must complete an
Electronic Presentation on Black Culture
. You will select and present on the significances of two works of black culture. The first work you select must be a work of African-American literature, poetry, music, fashion, dance, or some other cultural art form that was created and/or popularized by an
African American
during the time periods of the Harlem and Chicago Renaissances (1917-1949). Your second work of black culture must have been created and/or popularized by a black person (but not necessarily an African American) within YOUR lifetime. For example, if you were born in 1999, your second cultural selection needs to have been created by a black person between 1999 and the present. The two works you select to present do not have to share a cultural form (i.e. one work can be a poem and the other can be a song; one work can be a painting and the other can be a fashion trend). Nor do the two works have to share a particular theme. You may choose to do a compare-and-contrast type presentation. But, you do not have to. In presenting the works, you will need to provide background information on your chosen works (i.e. when where the works created; who created them or made them famous; and, what impact did the works have on the cultural landscape when and since they first appeared?). You will also have to briefly explain why you made those particular selections, and explain what you think each work tells people about the ways in which African-American/Black culture and experiences remained congruent and/or changed from the eras of the Harlem and Chicago Renaissances to the modern era. Moreover, your Electronic Presentation on Black Culture must be creative in both style and substance.
Your Electronic Presentation should have a run time of 7-10 minutes.
And, it must contain both audio and visual components.
When delivering your Electronic Presentation, you will serve as the professor for the class. So, give a Presentation that your temporary students (i.e. your classmates and Dr. Brown) will find to be both impressive and informative. The more creative, interesting, organized, and informative your Presentation is, the higher your grade will be. If your Presentation is disorganized, bland, lacks imagination, or does little more than echo information and ideas that have already been presented through the course texts, media, and PowerPoint lectures, you should not expect to earn a stellar grade on it.
Your presentation should add information, details, and/or perspectives that we did not cover in class. As such, I strongly recommend that you research and select cultural works that we did not discuss in class. In other words, avoid selecting a poem by Langston Hughes or a song we covered in class. Be more creative. Do more research. And, you should use and cite outside sources for the Electronic Presentation.
(See page 15 for the Electronic Presentation on Black Culture Grading Rubric.) You wil.
You must complete an Electronic Presentation on Black Cu.docxdavezstarr61655
You must complete an Electronic Presentation on Black Culture. You will select and present on the significances of two works of black culture. The first work you select must be a work of African-American literature, poetry, music, fashion, dance, or some other cultural art form that was created and/or popularized by an
African American
during the time periods of the Harlem and Chicago Renaissances (1917-1949). Your second work of black culture must have been created and/or popularized by a black person (but not necessarily an African American) within YOUR lifetime. For example, if you were born in 1999, your second cultural selection needs to have been created by a black person between 1999 and the present. The two works you select to present do not have to share a cultural form (i.e. one work can be a poem and the other can be a song; one work can be a painting and the other can be a fashion trend). Nor do the two works have to share a particular theme. You may choose to do a compare-and-contrast type presentation. But, you do not have to. In presenting the works, you will need to provide background information on your chosen works (i.e. when where the works created; who created them or made them famous; and, what impact did the works have on the cultural landscape when and since they first appeared?). You will also have to briefly explain why you made those particular selections, and explain what you think each work tells people about the ways in which African-American/Black culture and experiences remained congruent and/or changed from the eras of the Harlem and Chicago Renaissances to the modern era. Moreover, your Electronic Presentation on Black Culture must be creative in both style and substance.
.
You must choose from the approved list below1. Angels .docxdavezstarr61655
You must choose from the approved list below:
1. Angels
2. Adoption
3. Christ
4. Conscience
5. Conversion
6. Covenants (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, New)
7. Creation
8. Election
9. Eternal Life
10. Faith
11. Fall of Man
12. Forgiveness
13. Glory of God
14. Gospel
15. Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke John
16. Grace
17. Heart
18. Holiness
19. Holy Spirit
20. Hope
21. Image of God
22. Immanence
23. Judgment of God
24. Justice
25. Justification
26. Law
27. Love
28. Mercy
29. Millennium
30. Miracles
31. Names of God
32. Nature of God
33. Peace of God
34. Power of God
35. Prayer
36. Predestination
37. Preservation of Scripture
38. Prophecy
39. Reconciliation
40. Redemption
41. Reliability of Scripture
42. Repentance
43. Revelation
44. Righteousness
45. Sabbath
46. Salvation
47. Sanctification
48. Satan
49. Savior
50. Sin nature
51. Substitution
52. Temptation
53. Transcendence
54. Tribulation
55. Trinity
56. Union with Christ
57. Unity of God
58. Will/Plan of God
59. Wisdom
60. Works of the Holy Spirit
61. Worship
The paper must thoroughly address your chosen social problem, investigate possible solutions for the problem, incorporate five peer-reviewed resources and journal articles, and have a properly formatted reference page.
Papers will be between 6 to 8 pages in length. It is important to convey your subject and topic content concisely for your final assignment. Longer assignments have a tendency to veer off subject. It is important to clearly write about your topic. (An example of a research paper outline is included below which might be of interest to you).
Remember that you must discuss the roles that the church, the family, and the community should play in the solutions to the problem. Additionally, be sure to incorporate biblical support for the positions and opinions that you express.
Review the grading rubric to improve the quality of your paper. Your paper will be submitted through SafeAssign, a tool used to detect plagiarism.
An example of a research paper which you might use to guide you, using APA guidelines which can be reviewed through the Writing Center:
Title Page
The title page for a research paper can be reviewed through the Writing Center and if you have an APA Manual 6th ed. p. 41 includes an example.
Abstract
Double-spaced, flush left margin. An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article. An abstract reports rather than evaluates. Be brief, and make each sentence informative, especially the lead sentence. An abstract will be viewed alone on the page. An abstract will not include citations per APA guidelines.
Introduction
The body of a manuscript opens with an introduction that presents the specific problem being studied, and describes the research strategy. Although not mandatory, APA citations can be included in an introduction.
Headings will e.
You must be proficient in all MS office. I am looking for someon.docxdavezstarr61655
You must be proficient in all MS office.
I am looking for someone who can help with putting presentations together, also someone who knows and understands: spreadsheets, Pivot Tables, VLookups, etc.
If you are interested you can send me your interests to
(monroe simpson bpo at g mail dot com)
.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
1. Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and
in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has
been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against
depression. The current research suggests that social identities
reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive
attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed
because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey
(Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both
cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and
subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance
mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress
and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are
discussed.
Keywords
2. depression, social identity, multiple group membership,
attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital
for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen
&
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental
ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability
worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a
per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
3. health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect
peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2014). Social
identity refers to that part of the self-concept that reflects the
internalization of group memberships (Tajfel & Turner,
4. 1979). This means that when the self is defined by a given
social identity (e.g., ‘‘us Catholics,’’ ‘‘us psychologists,’’ and
‘‘us Australians’’), we see other members of that group not as
‘‘other’’ but as part of who and what we are. Moreover, when
groups are internalized in this way, they provide us with a sense
of belonging, purpose, and direction and therefore have the
capacity to enrich our lives—in particular, by providing a basis
for bonding, support, companionship, and security (Haslam
et al., 2009).
The psychological resources that social identity provides
in turn have positive consequences for health and well-being
(Jetten et al., 2012). Indeed, growing evidence suggests that
social identities have an important role in preventing and resol-
ving depression. For example, in a longitudinal study with a
nationally representative sample of over 5,000 older adults,
1
University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
Erica I. South and Tegan Cruwys are joint first authors.
Corresponding Author:
5. Tegan Cruwys, School of Psychology, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia,
Queensland, 4072, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
Social Psychological and
Personality Science
2015, Vol. 6(1) 65-74
ª The Author(s) 2014
Reprints and permission:
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DOI: 10.1177/1948550614543309
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Cruwys et al. (2013) found that possessing multiple group
memberships protected against the development of depression,
improved the likelihood of recovering from depression, and
prevented depression relapse. Indeed, evidence suggested that
each new social group an individual joined reduced their risk
of relapse 4 years later by 24%. It is also worth noting that sev-
eral studies provide evidence that it is primarily social isolation
that leads to depression, with only limited evidence for the
opposite causal pathway (Cacioppo et al., 2010; Iyer, Jetten,
6. Tsivrikos, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009).
One clue that social identification is at the heart of this pro-
cess is that groups need to be psychologically important to an
individual in order to reduce depression symptoms (Cruwys,
Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al, 2014; Wakefield, Bickley, &
Sani, 2013). For instance, high social identification with the
army was associated with lower depression among soldiers
(Sani, Herrera, Wakefield, Boroch, & Gulyas, 2012), and stu-
dents who report high identification with an educational insti-
tution also report lower levels of depression (Bizumic,
Reynolds,
Turner, Bromhead, & Subasic, 2009; Brook, Garcia, & Fleming,
2008; Iyer et al., 2009). Similar effects were found in an inter-
vention study that encouraged people with depression to join
social groups: reductions in depression symptoms were most
marked for those individuals with high (rather than low) lev-
els of social identification (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten,
et al., 2014).
7. Accumulating evidence thus points to the role of social iden-
tity as an active antidote to depression—both that having more
social identities and that identifying more strongly with any
particular social group protect against the condition. Yet while
there is strong evidence for such effects, it nonetheless remains
unclear exactly why joining social groups has this positive pro-
tective effect. Accordingly, there is clearly a need to explore
mechanisms through which social identity might reduce
depression.
Speaking to this issue, previous research has suggested
that the relationship between social identity and depression
might be mediated by social support (Haslam, O’Brien, Jetten,
Vormedal, & Penna, 2005; Jetten et al., 2014; Sani, 2012),
since a sense of shared social identity has been shown to be a
basis for both the provision of help and its positive construal
(e.g., Haslam, Reicher, & Levine, 2012; Levine, Prosser,
Evans, & Reicher, 2005). However, given that just thinking
about one’s social identities has the capacity to improve
8. well-being and resilience (e.g., Jones & Jetten, 2011), it would
seem likely that candidate mediators will also be psychological
and not (just) material. In this regard too, it is important to note
that both theoretical and empirical works speak to the capacity
for social identity to fundamentally restructure cognition (e.g.,
Turner, Oakes, Haslam, & McGarty, 1994). For example, stud-
ies have found that when individuals define themselves in
terms of shared social identity (rather than as separate individ-
uals; Turner, 1982), they are less paranoid, more empathic, and
more cognitively engaged (Branscombe & Miron, 2004;
Haslam et al., 2014; Reicher & Haslam, 2006). Other research
has shown that social identity has a profound impact on the way
people interpret and explain the social world—as reflected in
stereotypic attributions (Oakes, Haslam, & Turner, 1994;
Oakes, Turner, & Haslam, 1991) and in cognitive processing
more generally (e.g., McGarty, Yzerbyt, & Spears, 2002). A
key question, then, is whether such cognitive restructuring
might have implications for depression.
9. Social Identity and Attribution Style
One hallmark of depression is a negative attribution style
when generating causal explanations for events (Peterson &
Seligman, 1984; Sweeney, Anderson, & Bailey, 1986; Weiner,
Nierenberg, & Goldstein, 1976). Specifically, individuals with
a depressive attribution style are more likely to attribute nega-
tive events to causes that are internal, stable across time, and
influence many areas of their life (Abramson, Seligman, &
Teasdale, 1978). Positive events are explained in the opposite
way—as externally caused, transient, and situation specific.
This pattern of thinking leads people to blame themselves for
failure while denying credit for success (Sweeney et al., 1986).
A large body of evidence suggests that this depressive attri-
bution style is causally related to depression (Chan, 2012;
Peterson & Seligman, 1984; Sweeney et al., 1986). Therefore,
if a person’s depressive attribution style is altered so as to
become more positive (i.e., external, transient, and specific),
then depression symptoms should be reduced (Seligman
10. et al., 1988). In line with other work showing that social iden-
tities serve to structure attributions (e.g., Oakes et al., 1991), it
is therefore relevant to ask whether social identity might reduce
depression by attenuating depressive attribution style.
There are several reasons for hypothesizing that this might
be the case. First, a large body of research has shown that cau-
sal explanations can be altered by social factors. In particular,
attribution style has been found to develop in response to social
influences, such as children modeling their parents’ explana-
tory style (Haines, Metalsky, Cardamone, & Joiner, 1999; Lau,
Belli, Gregory, Napolitano, & Eley, 2012; Seligman et al.,
1984). Moreover, once a depressive attribution style develops,
it can still be modified, even in adults (Seligman et al., 1988).
Speaking to this possibility, Klein, Fencil-Morse, and Seligman
(1976) had depressed and nondepressed students complete
unsolvable problems. Attributions for failure were manipulated
by telling participants that most people succeeded on the task
(inducing an internal attribution for personal failure) or that
11. most people failed on the task (inducing an external attribution
for personal failure). After experiencing failure, depressed indi-
viduals tend to perform poorly on subsequent tasks. However,
inducing an external attribution of failure reduced the number
of depressed individuals who adopted a depressive attribution
style. More importantly, this external attribution eliminated
subsequent poor performance among depressed individuals.
In other words, simply being made aware that personal beha-
vior was similar to that of other group members produced more
positive attributions, reducing symptoms of depression and
associated poor performance.
66 Social Psychological and Personality Science 6(1)
One way in which social identity could change such attribu-
tions is by shifting attentional focus. Depressed individuals
have previously been found to have a self-focusing style such
that they tend to focus internally—that is on their personal
selves—following failure (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, Burling,
12. & Tibbs, 1992). This focus on personal shortcomings leads to
internal attributions for failure, causing depression (Greenberg
et al., 1992; Romens, MacCoon, Abramson, & Pollak, 2011). In
contrast, thinking about one’s social identity shifts attention
away from the self as an individual (Hogg & Williams, 2000;
Turner & Onorato, 1999) and toward (generally positive) group
memberships (Turner, 1982). Thus, when social identity is
made salient, one’s shortcomings as an individual may be less
salient, reducing the chance of internal attributions for failure.
In addition to reducing internal attributions for failure,
social identity may also facilitate internal attributions for suc-
cess. This is important because, as a corollary to the patterns
discussed earlier, depressed individuals have been found to
lack the common (personal) self-serving attribution style in
which credit is taken for personal success and blame is denied
for personal failure (Greenberg et al., 1992; Seidel et al., 2012).
Yet while depressed individuals typically fail to exhibit this
form of self-serving bias, there is some evidence they
13. still engage in a group-serving attribution bias (Dietz-Uhler
& Murrell, 1998). For example, Schlenker and Britt (1996)
found that depressed individuals had a depressive attribution
style when explaining their own and strangers’ experiences but
that when attributing the same events for their close friends,
they made positive attributions—apportioning credit for their
successes and minimizing blame for their failures. This sug-
gests that depressed individuals are capable of making positive
attributions and that social identities may provide a cognitive
platform for them to do so.
The Present Research
The goal of the present research was to explore the interrela-
tionships between social identity, depressive attributions, and
depression. In line with the above-mentioned reasoning, we
tested the following four core hypotheses:
Hypothesis 1: social identity would be associated with
reduced depression,
Hypothesis 2: social identity would be associated with pos-
14. itive attribution styles,
Hypothesis 3: positive attribution styles would be associated
with reduced depression, and
Hypothesis 4: a decrease in depressive attributions will
mediate the protective effect of social identity on depression.
Importantly, while Hypothesis 1 is supported by previous
social identity research (e.g., Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam,
et al., 2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2014;
Reicher & Haslam, 2006; Sani et al., 2012) and Hypothesis 3
by a large body of prior work on depression (e.g., Peterson &
Seligman, 1984; Sweeney et al., 1986; Weiner et al., 1976),
to our knowledge this is the first research to propose and test
Hypothesis 2 and Hypothesis 4 and to explore the cognitive
processes that mediate the relationship between social identity
and mental health more generally.
For this purpose, we conducted two studies. The first was a
survey study designed to explore the various relationships pos-
tulated in the above-mentioned hypotheses. The second was an
15. experiment in which we manipulated social identity salience
with a view to establishing its causal impact on attribution style
and depression.
Study 1
Study 1 surveyed final-year university students in the process of
completing a major research thesis in psychology. This sample
is
at high risk of depression (Murphy, Gray, Sterling, Reeves, &
DuCette, 2009; Stallman, 2010) and therefore particularly
appro-
priate for investigating our hypotheses. Furthermore, question-
naires were completed during the week that students were
submitting their research thesis, and for this reason the sample
was expected to be under considerable acute stress. Social iden-
tity was operationalized in this study as multiple group member-
ships, in line with previous research suggesting that these act as
a
psychological resource that protects against depression (Cruwys
et al., 2013; Iyer et al., 2009).
Method
16. Participants and Design. An online questionnaire was adminis-
tered to 139 final-year psychology students (Mage ¼ 23.93,
SD ¼ 5.07; 115 female) from four universities. The question-
naire included measures of multiple group memberships,
depressive attribution style, and depression symptoms. A range
of other variables related to personality and mental health were
also measured but do not relate to our hypothesis and will not
be discussed further.
Materials
Multiple group memberships. The Exeter Identity Transition
Scale (Haslam et al., 2008) was used to gauge participants’
involvement in multiple groups. The scale comprised 7 items
(e.g., ‘‘I am active in lots of different groups’’). Participants
rated their agreement with each item on a scale from 1 (not
at all) to 7 (completely), a ¼ .95.
Depressive attribution style. The Depressive Attributions
Questionnaire (DAQ; Kleim, Gonzalo, & Ehlers, 2011) was
used to measure depressive attribution style. This scale com-
prised 16 items across four related attribution areas (internal,
stable, global, and perceived helplessness) such as ‘‘when bad
17. things happen, I think it is my fault’’ on a 4-point scale from 0
(not at all) to 4 (very strongly), a ¼ .91.
Depression symptoms. The Centre for Epidemiological Stud-
ies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) was used to assess current
levels of depression. Participants responded to 20 statements
that asked how often they had experienced symptoms of
Cruwys et al. 67
depression over the last week. Response options varied from
1 (rarely or none of the time) to 4 (most or all of the time),
a ¼ .93.
Results
Descriptives Statistics and Analytic Strategy. The average level
of
depression was high (M ¼ 18.43; SD ¼ 12.31), exceeding the
diagnostic cutoff of 16. Average depressive attribution style
was also higher than previously reported norms (M ¼ 31.01;
SD ¼ 8.58, compared to M ¼ 20.52 in three studies by Kleim
et al., 2011). Students reported a moderate level of involvement
in groups (M ¼ 4.02; SD ¼ 1.60). This is similar to previous
research with students transitioning to university (Iyer et al.,
2009). Regression analyses were conducted to assess Hypoth-
18. eses 1, 2, and 3.
Hypothesis 1: Multiple group memberships protect against
depression. Results supported Hypothesis 1, with multiple
group memberships significantly predicting depression
scores, R
2 ¼ .07, F(1, 137) ¼ 11.66, b ¼�.28, p ¼ .001. Par-
ticipants who reported having more group memberships
tended to have lower levels of depression symptoms. Among
those with an above average number of group memberships,
38% were above the cutoff for depression; however, among
those with a below average number of groups, 65% met cri-
teria for depression.
Hypothesis 2: Multiple group memberships promote positive
attributions. Analyses also supported Hypothesis 2, R2 ¼ .05,
F(1, 137) ¼ 6.47, b¼�.21, p ¼ .012. Participants with multiple
group memberships had a more positive attribution style. Those
with higher levels of multiple group memberships (1 SD above
the mean) scored 4 points lower on the DAQ than those with
fewer group memberships (1 SD below the mean).
Hypotheses 3 and 4: Positive attributions mediate the protective
effect of group memberships. Regression analysis also
supported
Hypothesis 3. When entered in a second block following mul-
19. tiple group memberships, depressive attribution style signifi-
cantly predicted depression symptoms, R
2
D ¼ .24, F(1, 137)
¼ 48.23, b ¼ .50, p < .001. Among respondents who had a
more positive attribution style (i.e., below the sample mean),
32% exceeded the cutoff score for depression, whereas among
those with a more negative attribution style (above the mean),
70% met this cutoff. The impact of multiple group member-
ships also became less pronounced when depressive attribution
style was entered in the model, b ¼ �.17, p ¼ .018.
In order to test Hypothesis 4, a mediation analysis with
10,000 bootstrap samples was conducted (Hayes, 2013, model
4). Multiple group memberships were included as the predictor,
with depression symptoms as the outcome variable. Depressive
attribution style was entered as the mediator. The indirect
effect (IE) of multiple group memberships was significant
(IE ¼ �.11, standard error [SE] ¼ .04, 95% confidence inter-
val, CI [�.20, �.02]). In line with Hypothesis 4, a decrease
in depressive attribution style partially mediated the effect of
multiple group memberships on lower levels of depression
symptoms. The model is displayed in Figure 1.
20. We also tested the most plausible alternative mediation
model, in which depressive attributions predicted reduced mul-
tiple group memberships via increased depression symptoms.
This model did not provide a good fit to the data, as it explained
only 8% of the variance (compared to 32% of the variance in
the hypothesized model) and attribution style was not a signif-
icant direct predictor of multiple group memberships (b ¼
�.09, p ¼ .377). However, the IE of attribution style on multi-
ple group memberships was significant (IE ¼�.13, SE ¼ .06,
95% CI [�.25, �.02]).
Discussion
As hypothesized, participants with more group memberships
had lower levels of depression (Hypothesis 1) and were less
likely to make depressive attributions (Hypothesis 2). More-
over, depressive attributions were associated with higher
depressive symptoms (Hypothesis 3) and partially mediated the
relationship between multiple group membership and depres-
sion (Hypothesis 4). This study provides preliminary support
for the proposition that social identity can reduce depression
by attenuating depressive attribution style. In a sample of
21. highly stressed students, the availability of multiple social
identities protected against depression by encouraging a more
positive attribution style.
Although an alternative model predicting lower group mem-
berships through depression was also significant, this model
was less powerful than our hypothesized model. Of course,
with correlational data it is impossible to definitively determine
causal ordering of variables. To address this limitation, we
therefore conducted an experiment in which we manipulated
social identity salience.
Study 2
Study 2 investigated whether an experimental manipulation of
social identity salience could reduce depressive attributions
and negative mood following failure on a task. This design
would allow us to more confidently infer the causal role of
social identity in shaping depressive attributions. Negative
Multiple Group
Memberships
22. Depressive Attribution
Style
Depression
Symptoms
-.21*
-.28** (-.17*)
.50**
Figure 1. Depressive attribution style partially mediates the
relationship between multiple group memberships and
depression
symptoms. All numbers are standardized coefficients.
Note. N ¼ 139. *p < .05. **p < .001.
68 Social Psychological and Personality Science 6(1)
mood was used as an analogue of depression because it was not
feasible to alter an individual’s depression symptoms in an
experimental context (for similar logic, see Klein et al.,
1976; Spielberger, Ritterband, Reheiser, & Brunner, 2003).
Social identities were made salient by asking participants in
three independent conditions to reflect on no groups (control),
one group, or three groups that they belong to. Rather than
23. investigating attributions during a period of high stress (as in
Study 1), all participants in Study 2 experienced failure on a
problem-solving task—a context in which, theoretically,
depressive attributions are most problematic.
The study tested the same four hypotheses as in the previous
study. More specifically, we anticipated that participants in the
social identity conditions (one group or three groups) would
have reduced negative mood (Hypothesis 1) and make more
positive attributions (Hypothesis 2) than those in the control
condition and that positive attributions would reduce negative
mood (Hypothesis 3) and mediate the relationship between
social identity salience and negative mood (Hypothesis 4).
Method
Participants and Design. Participants were 88 undergraduate
psy-
chology students (Mage ¼ 19.72, SD ¼ 3.86; 55 females) who
received partial course credit for their participation. Partici-
pants were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions
(none vs. one vs. three groups) and identity salience was
manipulated between subjects. After the manipulation, all par-
24. ticipants completed a problem-solving task and received failure
feedback before completing the dependent measures.
Materials and Measures
Identity manipulation. In the control condition, participants
did not complete a written reflection task. In the two other con-
ditions, participants first read a short paragraph explaining
what constitutes a social identity (adapted from Haslam, Oakes,
Reynolds, & Turner, 1999). Participants in the one-group con-
dition then listed one group they belonged to and wrote about
‘‘why this group is an important part of who you are.’’ Partici-
pants in the three-group condition completed the same exer-
cise, listing three groups (Jones & Jetten, 2011). Most
participants took less than 5 min to complete the task.
Failure paradigm. The failure paradigm was presented to par-
ticipants as a four-question problem-solving task (following
Carver & Scheier, 1982; Klein et al., 1976; Welch & Huston,
1982). The task involved four unsolvable questions developed
in
accordance with previous attribution research (e.g., Mikulincer,
25. 1989; Koole, Smeets, vanKnippenberg, & Dijksterhuis,
1999). The test was collected from participants after 5 minutes.
All participants received a score of 0 out of 4, provided in writ-
ing after a brief delay ostensibly to allow time for marking.
Failure manipulation check. Participants were asked to rate
their performance on the problem-solving task, on a scale rang-
ing from 1 (very poor) to 7 (excellent).
Current mood. The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Wat-
son, Clark, & Tellegen, 1998) was used to measure current
mood. Participants were given a list of emotions and asked to
rate ‘‘the extent to which you feel this way right now, that is,
at the present moment’’ on scales ranging from 1 (very slightly
or not at all) to 5 (extremely), a ¼ .88. The 10-item negative
subscale was of central interest.
History of depression. Individuals with a history of depression
are more likely to display depressive attributions (Garber &
Flynn, 1998; Giles, Etzel, & Biggs, 1989). To explore whether
this moderated the hypothesized model, participants’ history of
depression was measured by asking them to respond ‘‘yes’’ or
‘‘no’’ to the item ‘‘Have you ever been bothered for most of
two
26. weeks either by feeling down, depressed or hopeless, or by lit-
tle interest or pleasure in doing things?’’ (Wulsin, 2012).
Depressive attribution style. As in Study 1, this was measured
by means of the DAQ (Kleim et al., 2011, a ¼ .93).
Identity manipulation check. The item ‘‘I see myself in terms
of my group memberships’’ was used to assess the impact of
the identity manipulation. Response options ranged from 1
(do not agree at all) to 7 (agree completely). Participants in the
social identity conditions (one group and three groups) were
expected to give higher responses than those in the control
condition.
A final open-ended question asked what participants
thought the experiment was about. This question was included
as a potential exclusion criterion.
Results
Four participants were excluded because they indicated strong
suspicion regarding the veracity of their failure feedback. The
final sample included 88 participants (control, n ¼ 31; one
group, n ¼ 29; and three groups, n ¼ 28). A high number of
participants (59.1%) responded ‘‘yes’’ to the question assessing
27. previous depression history.
As can be seen in Figure 2, for all variables of interest the
one- and three-group conditions together differed significantly
from the control but were statistically no different from one
another. As mediation requires that categorical predictor vari-
ables have no more than two levels in each analysis (Hayes,
2013), we therefore collapsed the two social identity conditions
in the analyses that follow.
Manipulation Checks. On average, participants rated their
perfor-
mance on the problem-solving task as 1.27 (SD ¼ 0.81) on a 7-
point scale, suggesting that the failure paradigm was successful.
The social identity manipulation check was also successful. Par-
ticipants in the combined social conditions reported thinking
about themselves in terms of group memberships (M1 group ¼
3.48; M3 groups ¼ 3.64) more than participants in the control
condition (Mcontrol ¼ 2.81), t(86) ¼�2.09, p ¼ .039. The
social
identity conditions did not differ from one another, t(55)
¼�0.36,
p ¼ .723.
Cruwys et al. 69
28. Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2: Social Identity and Positive
Attributions Protect Against Depression. Supporting Hypothesis
1, negative mood was significantly lower in the combined social
identity conditions (M1 group ¼ 15.73; M3 groups ¼ 16.36)
than in
the control condition (Mcontrol ¼ 19.35), t(86) ¼ 2.13, p ¼
.036.
The social identity conditions did not differ from one another,
t(55) ¼�.36, p ¼ .722.
Supporting Hypothesis 2, depressive attributions were sig-
nificantly lower in the combined social identity conditions
(M1 group ¼ 20.00; M3 groups ¼ 21.79) than in the control
con-
dition (Mcontrol ¼ 26.77), t(86) ¼ 2.14, p ¼ .036. Depressive
attributions were no different across the two social identity
conditions, t(55) ¼�.54, p ¼ .592.
Hypothesis 3 and Hypothesis 4: Positive Attributions Mediate
the
Protective Effect of Social Identities. Confirming Hypothesis 3,
depressive attributions significantly predicted negative mood
when controlling for social identity salience, b ¼ .45, p <
.001. The collapsed social identity conditions no longer signif-
icantly predicted negative mood with attributions in the model,
b ¼ �.12, p ¼ .206. A mediation analysis with 10,000 boot-
strap samples was conducted to test Hypothesis 4 (Hayes,
29. 2013, model 4), as presented in Figure 3. Supporting Hypoth-
esis 4, the IE was significant (IE ¼ �.11, SE ¼ .06, 95% CI
[�.25, �.02]), indicating that depressive attribution style fully
mediated the effect of social identity on negative mood.
To investigate whether history of depression moderated the
effect of social identity on depressive attribution style, a sensi-
tivity analysis was conducted in which history of depression
was included as a moderator (Hayes, 2013, model 7). The
moderation path was nonsignificant (b ¼�.12, p ¼ .246), sug-
gesting that social identity salience was protective against
depressive attributions both for participants with and without
a history of depression.
Discussion
As hypothesized, an experimental manipulation of social iden-
tity salience reduced negative mood (Hypothesis 1) and depres-
sive attributions (Hypothesis 2). Depressive attribution style
predicted negative mood (Hypothesis 3), and this fully
mediated the protective benefits of social identity salience
(Hypothesis 4). These findings point to the causal role of social
identity in promoting a more positive attribution style and thus
30. protecting mental health.
Interestingly, there was no difference between the one-
group and three-group salience conditions in terms of their
capacity to buffer depressive attributions in the face of failure.
It is also worth noting that the effect sizes in the meditational
models are highly similar to those found in Study 1, despite the
different measures and methodology used in the two studies.
Finally, having a history of depression did not moderate the
effect of social identity on depressive attributions. This sug-
gests that social identification reduces depressive attributions
regardless of whether or not an individual has experienced
depression in the past.
General Discussion
Previous research has established a reliable link between social
identity and reduced depression, yet up to this point there has
been no clear evidence of the process by which this effect
might occur. To address this, we explored the possibility that
a novel mechanism is implicated in this so-called ‘‘social cure’’
31. effect—testing the idea that social identity acts to reduce
depression by promoting a more positive attribution style in
which blame for failure is minimized.
Correlational and experimental studies provided support for
our hypotheses. In Study 1, having multiple group member-
ships was associated with reduced depression. In Study 2, the
manipulated salience of social identity (one or three groups
vs. a control) served to reduce negative mood. In both cases, the
effects of social identity were mediated by reduced depressive
attributions. Although Study 1 showed multiple group member-
ships were associated with reduced depression, Study 2 showed
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
32. b
b
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
“I see myself in terms of
my group memberships”
Depressive attributions Negative mood
Social identity
salience condition:
Control
1 group
3 group
Figure 2. Mean effects of social identity salience condition on
the
33. social identity manipulation check, depressive attributions, and
negative mood.
Note. Columns with ‘‘a’’ are significantly different from
combined ‘‘b’’
within each variable at p < .05. Responses to ‘‘I see myself in
terms of
my group memberships’’ were scaled (multiplied by 7) so that
all three
variables could be presented in the same graph.
Social Identity
Conditions
(vs. Control)
Depressive Attribution
Style
Negative Mood
-.23*
-.24* (-.13)
.47**
Figure 3. Depressive attribution style mediates the relationship
between social identity salience and negative mood. All
numbers are
standardized coefficients.
Note. N ¼ 88. *p < .05. **p < .01.
70 Social Psychological and Personality Science 6(1)
34. that the salience of even one social identity was enough to have
this effect.
At a theoretical level, these findings confirm the capacity for
social identity to structure both cognition and perception
(Turner et al., 1994). The social identity approach, and in par-
ticular self-categorization theory, is a cognitive model that
posits that as individuals’ sense of self shifts to the collective
level, their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are filtered
through this collective lens (Turner & Oakes, 1997). However,
the focus of past research has predominantly been on the affec-
tive and behavioral consequences of social identity, rather than
on the cognitive and perceptual consequences (with some nota-
ble exceptions, e.g., Abrams, Wetherell, Cochrane, Hogg, &
Turner, 1990; Haslam et al., 1999; Oakes et al., 1994). There-
fore, the present research is important not only because it elu-
cidates a mechanism for the protective benefits of social
identity but also because it provides evidence for the impact
of social identity on the way people perceive and understand
35. the world. Specifically, when individuals self-define in terms
of their social identity (or identities), they are more robust in
the face of stress (Study 1) and failure (Study 2), partly because
they are less likely to believe that the cause of this negative
event is something internal, stable, and global (e.g., ‘‘I’m just
not good enough’’). This research adds to the growing body
of work elucidating the positive benefits of social identity, par-
ticularly for mental health, which acts as a counterpoint to the
traditional focus of social identity research on negative conse-
quences such as discrimination and prejudice.
In addition, these findings have implications for clinical
psychology. Although attributions are a central concept in our
understanding of the development of depression (Gladstone &
Kaslow, 1995; Sweeney et al., 1986), very few studies have
investigated the origins and development of attribution styles.
Our findings demonstrate that attribution styles are not a ‘‘set
in stone’’ individual difference but are responsive to even quite
subtle experimental manipulations. This dovetails with other
36. findings that simple interventions, such as affirmations, can
modify attributions and subsequent mental health outcomes
(Peden, Rayens, Hall, & Beebe, 2001). This was true not only
for low-risk participants but also for those who reported a his-
tory of depression. As the success of many therapeutic
approaches hinges on the malleability of attributions (e.g.,
cognitive-behavior therapy; Beck, 2011; Kovacs & Beck,
1978), our findings are thus encoukraging for psychotherapists.
Conclusion
The present studies suggest that social identity ameliorates
depression not only because belonging to groups makes people
feel good. Instead they support the claim that social identity has
this impact because it restructures the way people understand
the world and, in particular, the way they interpret failure. This
has important implications for clinical practice, as it suggests
not only that attribution styles can be changed, but also that
they can be modified through social, not just clinical, means.
Indeed, rather than focusing clinical energies on trying to
37. alter depressive attributions in the abstract, these findings sug-
gest that fostering meaningful social connections may instead
be a more fruitful means of improving a person’s explanatory
style and mental health. A growing body of research
supports such an approach (Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys,
Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2014), and it is also apparent that
efforts to boost the availability of social identities could prove
less expensive and time consuming than traditional forms of
psychotherapy. In short, as observed by Captain Ahab in Moby
Dick, it appears there is much to be gained from focusing less
on living life ‘‘only for ourselves,’’ and more on strengthening
the social fibers that serve to make that life meaningful and
purposive.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to
the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
This research was partially funded by an Australian Research
38. Council
Laureate Grant no. FL110100199 (see http://www.arc.gov.au/).
The
funders had no role in study design, data collection and
analysis, deci-
sion to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Author Biographies
Tegan Cruwys, PhD, Australian National University, is a
lecturer and
clinical psychologist at the University of Queensland. Her
research is
at the intersection of social and clinical psychology, with a
focus on
social identity processes in mental health.
Erica I. South graduated with first class honors in psychology in
2013
from the University of Queensland.
Katharine H. Greenaway, PhD, University of Queensland, is a
58. glo-
bal scholar with the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research,
based
at the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research centres
on
issues of control, including perceived life control and the
exertion of
self-control.
S. Alexander Haslam, PhD, Macquarie University, is a professor
of
psychology and Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow at
the
University of Queensland, Australia. His research interests are
in the
social psychology of health and well-being, stereotyping and
preju-
dice, and organizational behavior.
74 Social Psychological and Personality Science 6(1)
http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/who
_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf
http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/who
_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf
http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/who
_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf
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