This study examined whether providing social support is more beneficial to longevity than receiving support. Researchers used data from a sample of older married adults to predict mortality over 5 years. They found that providing both instrumental support to others and emotional support to a spouse was associated with reduced mortality, even after accounting for demographics, health, and other factors. However, receiving support did not influence mortality once giving support was considered. This suggests that the benefits of social relationships on health and longevity may be due more to the benefits of giving support than receiving it.
BRIEF REPORTSocial Support and Relationship Satisfaction i.docxjasoninnes20
BRIEF REPORT
Social Support and Relationship Satisfaction in Bipolar Disorder
Grace B. Boyers and Lorelei Simpson Rowe
Southern Methodist University
Social support is positively associated with individual well-being, particularly if an intimate partner provides
that support. However, despite evidence that individuals with bipolar disorder (BPD) are at high risk for
relationship discord and are especially vulnerable to low or inadequate social support, little research has
explored the relationship between social support and relationship quality among couples in which a partner has
BPD. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the association between social
support and relationship satisfaction in a weekly diary study. Thirty-eight opposite-sex couples who were
married or living together for at least one year and in which one partner met diagnostic criteria for BPD
completed up to 26 weekly diaries measuring social support and relationship satisfaction, as well as psychiatric
symptoms. Results revealed that greater social support on average was associated with higher average
relationship satisfaction for individuals with BPD and their partners, and that more support than usual in any
given week was associated with higher relationship satisfaction that week. The converse was also true, with
greater-than-average relationship satisfaction and more satisfaction than usual associated with greater social
support. The results emphasize the week-to-week variability of social support and relationship satisfaction and
the probable reciprocal relationship between support and satisfaction among couples in which a partner has
BPD. Thus, social support may be important for maintaining relationship satisfaction and vice versa, even after
controlling for concurrent mood symptoms.
Keywords: bipolar disorder, marriage, social support, longitudinal, relationship satisfaction
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe and chronic illness charac-
terized by extreme mood shifts (American Psychiatric Association,
2000) and impairment in occupational and social functioning, even
between affective episodes (Fagiolini et al., 2005; Judd & Akiskal,
2003). Individuals with BPD are less likely to marry or live with
a romantic partner, and those who do are at higher risk for
relationship distress and dissolution compared to individuals with
other psychiatric disorders and those without mental illness (Co-
ryell et al., 1993; Judd & Akiskal, 2003; Whisman, 2007). Rela-
tionship dysfunction has been attributed to a number of factors,
including patient mood symptoms (e.g., Lam, Donaldson, Brown,
& Malliaris, 2005), caregiver burden (Reinares et al., 2006), and
deficits in psychosocial functioning (Coryell et al., 1993). Partners
of individuals with BPD are also at risk for social, occupational,
and financial distress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety
(Lam et al., 2005). The high risk for individual and couple distress
has led to calls to investig ...
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of social supports on outcomes for individuals court-mandated to substance abuse treatment. The study analyzed data from 210 participants and looked at correlations between treatment completion and engagement in social support activities in the 30 days prior to treatment. The study found no statistically significant differences in treatment outcomes based on social support engagement for the overall sample or when analyzed by race or gender. However, Caucasian males who graduated had a higher mean attendance at mutual support groups. The document provides background on substance abuse issues and research supporting the role of social supports like mutual support groups in recovery.
Relationship Between Volunteering and Subjective Happiness in College StudentsDanielle Hoyt
The document discusses research on the relationship between volunteering and subjective happiness. It summarizes several studies that have found volunteering to be positively associated with happiness and well-being. However, the results are mixed, with some studies finding no significant relationship or age being a factor. Further research is still needed to better understand how and why volunteering may impact happiness and well-being, especially in younger populations like college students.
This document summarizes a study examining how social, psychological, and physical factors influence health outcomes and perceptions of quality of life. The study analyzed data from the 2010 General Social Survey to test whether age, education level, or religiosity were associated with self-reported health condition. Results showed that age had the strongest influence, with older individuals reporting poorer health. Higher education levels were also linked to better perceived health. Religiosity was found to encourage healthier behaviors. Understanding the social factors that impact health can help improve healthcare approaches.
Medical sociology and health service research - Journal of Health and social ...Jorge Pacheco
This document summarizes key findings from medical sociology research on health services and systems over the past 50 years. It discusses three main findings: 1) Health services in the US are unequally distributed based on gender, socioeconomic status, and race, contributing to health inequalities. 2) Social institutions reproduce these inequalities by enabling or constraining actions of providers and consumers. 3) The structure and dynamics of health care organizations shape quality, effectiveness and outcomes for different groups in communities. The authors conclude by discussing implications for future health policy and reform efforts.
The neurobiology of giving versus receiving support The role .docxdennisa15
The neurobiology of giving versus receiving support: The role of
stress-related and social reward-related neural activity
Tristen K. Inagaki, Ph.D.1,*, Kate E. Byrne Haltom2, Shosuke Suzuki2, Ivana Jevtic2, Erica
Hornstein, M.A.2, Julienne E. Bower, Ph.D.2, and Naomi I. Eisenberger, Ph.D.2,*
1Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
2Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
Abstract
Objectives—There is a strong association between supportive ties and health. However most
research has focused on the health benefits that come from the support one receives while largely
ignoring the support giver and how giving may contribute to good health. Moreover, few studies
have examined the neural mechanisms associated with support giving or how giving support
compares to receiving support.
Method—The current study assessed the relationships: 1) between self-reported receiving and
giving social support and vulnerability for negative psychological outcomes and 2) between
receiving and giving social support and neural activity to socially rewarding and stressful tasks.
Thirty-six participants (M age=22.36, SD=3.78, 44% female) completed three tasks in the fMRI
scanner: (1) a stress task (mental arithmetic under evaluative threat), (2) an affiliative task (viewing
images of close others), and (3) a prosocial task.
Results—Both self-reported receiving and giving social support were associated with reduced
vulnerability for negative psychological outcomes. However, across the three neuroimaging tasks,
giving, but not receiving support was related to reduced stress-related activity (dorsal anterior
cingulate cortex, (r=−.27), left (r=−.28) and right anterior insula (r=−.33), and left (r=−.32) and
right amygdala (r=−.32) to a stress task, greater reward-related activity (left (r=.42) and right
ventral striatum (VS; r=.41) to an affiliative task, and greater caregiving-related activity (left VS
(r=.31), right VS (r=.31), and septal area (r=.39) to a prosocial task.
Conclusion—These results contribute to an emerging literature suggesting that support giving is
an overlooked contributor to how social support can benefit health.
Keywords
social support; helping; caregiving; providing social support; social relationships and health
Correspondence should be addressed to T.K.I. and N.I.E.: Tristen Inagaki, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210
South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, [email protected], Phone: 412-624-4211, Fax: 412-648-7277; Naomi Eisenberger,
UCLA-Psych Soc, Box 951563, 4444 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, [email protected], Phone: 310-267-5196, Fax:
310-206-5895.
Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: None declared
HHS Public Access
Author manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 May 01.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2016 May ; 78(4): 443–453. doi:10.1097/PSY.
The Impact of Emotional andMaterial Social Support on Women.docxrtodd33
The Impact of Emotional and
Material Social Support on Women's
Drug Treatment Completion
Cathleen A. Lewandowski and Twylaf. Hill
This study assessed how women's perceptions of emotional and material social support affect
their completion of residential drug treatment. Although previous research has examined
how social support affects recovery, few studies, if any, have examined both the types and the
sources of social support.The study hypothesized that women's perceptions ofthe emotional
and material social support they receive from family, friends, partners, drug treatment, child
welfare, and welfare agencies will affect treatment completion. The sample consisted of 117
women who were enrolled in a women's residential treatment program. Data were collected
in semistructured initial and follow-up interviews using a life history calendar; the Scale of
Perceived Social Support, which was adapted for this study; and women's treatment records.
The results support the hypothesis. Social support can have both positive and negative effects
on treatment completion, depending on the type and source of support provided.
KEY WORDS: drug treatment;foster care; social support; TANF; women
A
ccording to social network theory, social
networks are important sources of social
support (Scott, 2000). Individuals who per-
ceive that others will provide appropriate assistance
are less likely to view a situation as stressful and tend
to feel that they are able to meet the demands of
the situation (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Women
who use drugs and have more social support may
resort to substance abuse less often than women with
less social support because they may feel less need
to turn to drugs in response to stressful life events
(Tucker et al., 2005).
This study examined the impact of women's
perceptions of the emotional and material social
support they receive from family and friends and
drug treatment, welfare, and child welfare agencies
on their completion ofa residential drug treatment
program for women in a midwestern state.Women's
perceptions of the emotional and material support
they received were examined, as research suggests
that perceptions of social support are most closely
associated with self-efficacy (Bandura, 1990). Items
from the Scale of Perceived Social Support (Mac-
Donald, 1998) were used to measure emotional
support. Cash assistance and providing a residence
for the women or their children were included as
types of material support. Women's perceptions of
emotional and material social support were measured
on their initial admission into treatment. Emotional
social support was also measured in a subset of
women at three months to assess whether women's
perceptions of emotional support remained stable
during the initial months following treatment.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Although there are many defmitions, experienc-
ing some type of positive interaction or helpful
behaviors when in need is a common element
in all the defmitions o.
Running Head ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH1ADVANCED NURSING RES.docxtoddr4
Running Head: ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
4
Advanced Nursing Research (Research Study)
Student Name
Institution-Affiliated
Different Parts of a Research Study
Research topic
A systematic review of the association between stigma and or on help-seeking among mental health patients.
Research Problem
Stigma or the process of labelling, discrimination and prejudice towards individuals suffering from mental health problems is considered to have numerous adverse consequences compared to the health conditions themselves according to Thornicroft, Mehta, Clement, Evans-Lacko, Doherty, Rose & Henderson, (2016). In addition, research has found stigma to be responsible for the failure of numerous individuals suffering from mental health to seek help from both their close relatives or trusted individuals and from healthcare providers (Clement, Schauman, Graham, Maggioni, Evans-Lacko, Bezborodovs, Thornicroft, 2015).
Given an increase in mental health disorders and the challenges that such disorders pose to both individuals and society, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients. However, research has largely focused on the attitudes that constitute stigma towards mental health patients and little on the interventions required to reduce or eradicate stigma. Moreover, since the failure to reduce stigma prevents mental health patients from seeking help and hence worsening their conditions, there is need for further studies regarding the association between stigma and help-seeking and the need to reduce stigma making the study not only relevant but significant.
Research purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients and to identify proven strategies or actionable recommendation for reducing stigma.
Research objectives
The objective of the study will be to (1) Explore the extent to which stigma posses a barrier to help-seeking among mental health patients, (2) Identify whether stigma affects certain populations more than others and (3) propose strategies that can help reduce stigma.
Research question
The study will aim to answer the following questions (1) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking? (2) To what extent does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients and (3) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research hypothesis
Ho: Stigma towards mental health patients deters them from seeking help
Ha: There is no association between stigma and the search for help among mental health patients.
In addition, the study hypothesizes that a reduction in stigma would result in increased help-seeking among mental health patients.
References
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., ... & Thornicroft, G. (2.
BRIEF REPORTSocial Support and Relationship Satisfaction i.docxjasoninnes20
BRIEF REPORT
Social Support and Relationship Satisfaction in Bipolar Disorder
Grace B. Boyers and Lorelei Simpson Rowe
Southern Methodist University
Social support is positively associated with individual well-being, particularly if an intimate partner provides
that support. However, despite evidence that individuals with bipolar disorder (BPD) are at high risk for
relationship discord and are especially vulnerable to low or inadequate social support, little research has
explored the relationship between social support and relationship quality among couples in which a partner has
BPD. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the association between social
support and relationship satisfaction in a weekly diary study. Thirty-eight opposite-sex couples who were
married or living together for at least one year and in which one partner met diagnostic criteria for BPD
completed up to 26 weekly diaries measuring social support and relationship satisfaction, as well as psychiatric
symptoms. Results revealed that greater social support on average was associated with higher average
relationship satisfaction for individuals with BPD and their partners, and that more support than usual in any
given week was associated with higher relationship satisfaction that week. The converse was also true, with
greater-than-average relationship satisfaction and more satisfaction than usual associated with greater social
support. The results emphasize the week-to-week variability of social support and relationship satisfaction and
the probable reciprocal relationship between support and satisfaction among couples in which a partner has
BPD. Thus, social support may be important for maintaining relationship satisfaction and vice versa, even after
controlling for concurrent mood symptoms.
Keywords: bipolar disorder, marriage, social support, longitudinal, relationship satisfaction
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe and chronic illness charac-
terized by extreme mood shifts (American Psychiatric Association,
2000) and impairment in occupational and social functioning, even
between affective episodes (Fagiolini et al., 2005; Judd & Akiskal,
2003). Individuals with BPD are less likely to marry or live with
a romantic partner, and those who do are at higher risk for
relationship distress and dissolution compared to individuals with
other psychiatric disorders and those without mental illness (Co-
ryell et al., 1993; Judd & Akiskal, 2003; Whisman, 2007). Rela-
tionship dysfunction has been attributed to a number of factors,
including patient mood symptoms (e.g., Lam, Donaldson, Brown,
& Malliaris, 2005), caregiver burden (Reinares et al., 2006), and
deficits in psychosocial functioning (Coryell et al., 1993). Partners
of individuals with BPD are also at risk for social, occupational,
and financial distress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety
(Lam et al., 2005). The high risk for individual and couple distress
has led to calls to investig ...
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of social supports on outcomes for individuals court-mandated to substance abuse treatment. The study analyzed data from 210 participants and looked at correlations between treatment completion and engagement in social support activities in the 30 days prior to treatment. The study found no statistically significant differences in treatment outcomes based on social support engagement for the overall sample or when analyzed by race or gender. However, Caucasian males who graduated had a higher mean attendance at mutual support groups. The document provides background on substance abuse issues and research supporting the role of social supports like mutual support groups in recovery.
Relationship Between Volunteering and Subjective Happiness in College StudentsDanielle Hoyt
The document discusses research on the relationship between volunteering and subjective happiness. It summarizes several studies that have found volunteering to be positively associated with happiness and well-being. However, the results are mixed, with some studies finding no significant relationship or age being a factor. Further research is still needed to better understand how and why volunteering may impact happiness and well-being, especially in younger populations like college students.
This document summarizes a study examining how social, psychological, and physical factors influence health outcomes and perceptions of quality of life. The study analyzed data from the 2010 General Social Survey to test whether age, education level, or religiosity were associated with self-reported health condition. Results showed that age had the strongest influence, with older individuals reporting poorer health. Higher education levels were also linked to better perceived health. Religiosity was found to encourage healthier behaviors. Understanding the social factors that impact health can help improve healthcare approaches.
Medical sociology and health service research - Journal of Health and social ...Jorge Pacheco
This document summarizes key findings from medical sociology research on health services and systems over the past 50 years. It discusses three main findings: 1) Health services in the US are unequally distributed based on gender, socioeconomic status, and race, contributing to health inequalities. 2) Social institutions reproduce these inequalities by enabling or constraining actions of providers and consumers. 3) The structure and dynamics of health care organizations shape quality, effectiveness and outcomes for different groups in communities. The authors conclude by discussing implications for future health policy and reform efforts.
The neurobiology of giving versus receiving support The role .docxdennisa15
The neurobiology of giving versus receiving support: The role of
stress-related and social reward-related neural activity
Tristen K. Inagaki, Ph.D.1,*, Kate E. Byrne Haltom2, Shosuke Suzuki2, Ivana Jevtic2, Erica
Hornstein, M.A.2, Julienne E. Bower, Ph.D.2, and Naomi I. Eisenberger, Ph.D.2,*
1Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
2Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
Abstract
Objectives—There is a strong association between supportive ties and health. However most
research has focused on the health benefits that come from the support one receives while largely
ignoring the support giver and how giving may contribute to good health. Moreover, few studies
have examined the neural mechanisms associated with support giving or how giving support
compares to receiving support.
Method—The current study assessed the relationships: 1) between self-reported receiving and
giving social support and vulnerability for negative psychological outcomes and 2) between
receiving and giving social support and neural activity to socially rewarding and stressful tasks.
Thirty-six participants (M age=22.36, SD=3.78, 44% female) completed three tasks in the fMRI
scanner: (1) a stress task (mental arithmetic under evaluative threat), (2) an affiliative task (viewing
images of close others), and (3) a prosocial task.
Results—Both self-reported receiving and giving social support were associated with reduced
vulnerability for negative psychological outcomes. However, across the three neuroimaging tasks,
giving, but not receiving support was related to reduced stress-related activity (dorsal anterior
cingulate cortex, (r=−.27), left (r=−.28) and right anterior insula (r=−.33), and left (r=−.32) and
right amygdala (r=−.32) to a stress task, greater reward-related activity (left (r=.42) and right
ventral striatum (VS; r=.41) to an affiliative task, and greater caregiving-related activity (left VS
(r=.31), right VS (r=.31), and septal area (r=.39) to a prosocial task.
Conclusion—These results contribute to an emerging literature suggesting that support giving is
an overlooked contributor to how social support can benefit health.
Keywords
social support; helping; caregiving; providing social support; social relationships and health
Correspondence should be addressed to T.K.I. and N.I.E.: Tristen Inagaki, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210
South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, [email protected], Phone: 412-624-4211, Fax: 412-648-7277; Naomi Eisenberger,
UCLA-Psych Soc, Box 951563, 4444 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, [email protected], Phone: 310-267-5196, Fax:
310-206-5895.
Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: None declared
HHS Public Access
Author manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 May 01.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2016 May ; 78(4): 443–453. doi:10.1097/PSY.
The Impact of Emotional andMaterial Social Support on Women.docxrtodd33
The Impact of Emotional and
Material Social Support on Women's
Drug Treatment Completion
Cathleen A. Lewandowski and Twylaf. Hill
This study assessed how women's perceptions of emotional and material social support affect
their completion of residential drug treatment. Although previous research has examined
how social support affects recovery, few studies, if any, have examined both the types and the
sources of social support.The study hypothesized that women's perceptions ofthe emotional
and material social support they receive from family, friends, partners, drug treatment, child
welfare, and welfare agencies will affect treatment completion. The sample consisted of 117
women who were enrolled in a women's residential treatment program. Data were collected
in semistructured initial and follow-up interviews using a life history calendar; the Scale of
Perceived Social Support, which was adapted for this study; and women's treatment records.
The results support the hypothesis. Social support can have both positive and negative effects
on treatment completion, depending on the type and source of support provided.
KEY WORDS: drug treatment;foster care; social support; TANF; women
A
ccording to social network theory, social
networks are important sources of social
support (Scott, 2000). Individuals who per-
ceive that others will provide appropriate assistance
are less likely to view a situation as stressful and tend
to feel that they are able to meet the demands of
the situation (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Women
who use drugs and have more social support may
resort to substance abuse less often than women with
less social support because they may feel less need
to turn to drugs in response to stressful life events
(Tucker et al., 2005).
This study examined the impact of women's
perceptions of the emotional and material social
support they receive from family and friends and
drug treatment, welfare, and child welfare agencies
on their completion ofa residential drug treatment
program for women in a midwestern state.Women's
perceptions of the emotional and material support
they received were examined, as research suggests
that perceptions of social support are most closely
associated with self-efficacy (Bandura, 1990). Items
from the Scale of Perceived Social Support (Mac-
Donald, 1998) were used to measure emotional
support. Cash assistance and providing a residence
for the women or their children were included as
types of material support. Women's perceptions of
emotional and material social support were measured
on their initial admission into treatment. Emotional
social support was also measured in a subset of
women at three months to assess whether women's
perceptions of emotional support remained stable
during the initial months following treatment.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Although there are many defmitions, experienc-
ing some type of positive interaction or helpful
behaviors when in need is a common element
in all the defmitions o.
Running Head ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH1ADVANCED NURSING RES.docxtoddr4
Running Head: ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
4
Advanced Nursing Research (Research Study)
Student Name
Institution-Affiliated
Different Parts of a Research Study
Research topic
A systematic review of the association between stigma and or on help-seeking among mental health patients.
Research Problem
Stigma or the process of labelling, discrimination and prejudice towards individuals suffering from mental health problems is considered to have numerous adverse consequences compared to the health conditions themselves according to Thornicroft, Mehta, Clement, Evans-Lacko, Doherty, Rose & Henderson, (2016). In addition, research has found stigma to be responsible for the failure of numerous individuals suffering from mental health to seek help from both their close relatives or trusted individuals and from healthcare providers (Clement, Schauman, Graham, Maggioni, Evans-Lacko, Bezborodovs, Thornicroft, 2015).
Given an increase in mental health disorders and the challenges that such disorders pose to both individuals and society, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients. However, research has largely focused on the attitudes that constitute stigma towards mental health patients and little on the interventions required to reduce or eradicate stigma. Moreover, since the failure to reduce stigma prevents mental health patients from seeking help and hence worsening their conditions, there is need for further studies regarding the association between stigma and help-seeking and the need to reduce stigma making the study not only relevant but significant.
Research purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients and to identify proven strategies or actionable recommendation for reducing stigma.
Research objectives
The objective of the study will be to (1) Explore the extent to which stigma posses a barrier to help-seeking among mental health patients, (2) Identify whether stigma affects certain populations more than others and (3) propose strategies that can help reduce stigma.
Research question
The study will aim to answer the following questions (1) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking? (2) To what extent does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients and (3) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research hypothesis
Ho: Stigma towards mental health patients deters them from seeking help
Ha: There is no association between stigma and the search for help among mental health patients.
In addition, the study hypothesizes that a reduction in stigma would result in increased help-seeking among mental health patients.
References
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., ... & Thornicroft, G. (2.
This document discusses conceptual clarity around the social concepts of belongingness and loneliness and their importance for health research. It proposes that belongingness be explored qualitatively to better understand its facets and role in health and well-being. Clarifying these concepts will help identify intervention points for aging populations and develop measures of belongingness to quantify its health outcomes impact. The research aims to build on previous work clarifying loneliness through phenomenological interviews with diverse participants.
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docxmanningchassidy
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness, young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words, what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions, evalu-
ations, and res ...
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docxbradburgess22840
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness, young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words, what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions, evalu-
ations, and res.
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Ad.docxwhitneyleman54422
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Adults
Po-Ju Chang, Linda Wray, and Yeqiang Lin
The Pennsylvania State University
Objective: Although the link between enhanced social relationships and better health has generally been
well established, few studies have examined the role of leisure activity in this link. This study examined
how leisure influences the link between social relationships and health in older age. Method: Using data
from the 2006 and 2010 waves of the nationally representative U.S. Health and Retirement Study and
structural equation modeling analyses, we examined data on 2,965 older participants to determine if
leisure activities mediated the link between social relationships and health in 2010, controlling for race,
education level, and health in 2006. Results: The results demonstrated that leisure activities mediate the
link between social relationships and health in these age groups. Perceptions of positive social relation-
ships were associated with greater involvement in leisure activities, and greater involvement in leisure
activities was associated with better health in older age. Conclusion: The contribution of leisure to health
in these age groups is receiving increasing attention, and the results of this study add to the literature on
this topic, by identifying the mediating effect of leisure activity on the link between social relationships
and health. Future studies aimed at increasing leisure activity may contribute to improved health
outcomes in older adults.
Keywords: leisure activity, social relationships, health, older age, structural equation model
With aging, individuals often decline in physical and cognitive
functions, and social networks may narrow (Chen & Feeley, 2013).
Because much of the literature has demonstrated that social rela-
tionships are positively associated with health status across the life
span (e.g., Cohen, 2004; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser,
1996), the narrowing of social networks (as one measure of social
relationships) may be problematic for health in older age and
lessen subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life
(Berkman & Syme, 1979; Cohen, 2004). Thus, identifying modi-
fiable factors that may aid in more limited establishing social
relationships is important: Health-promoting behaviors, such as
leisure activity, may strengthen the link between social relation-
ships and health.
Cohen and Wills (1985) proposed a main effects model to test
that link: positive social relationships (i.e., higher social support or
lower social strain) benefit health outcomes in adults, regardless of
the stress they experience, in part by motivating the use of health-
promoting behaviors (Smith & Christakis, 2008). Individuals with
enhanced social relationships not only improve psychological
well-being (e.g., by gaining a sense of belonging and lessening
depression), but also physical health (e.g., by enhancing immune
function and reducing heart attac.
Where are my friends? The effects of real and imagined online communities on ...Lauren Wagner
This document summarizes a study that explores how online social interactions impact user well-being and happiness. The study developed a theory of perceived companionship, which posits that online environments can facilitate companionate relationships known to improve health. The theory was tested through an online survey of 61 Twitter users that evaluated how network structure, interaction expectations, and reactions to online correspondence related to metrics of well-being. The goal was to identify ways online interactions increase happiness to inform the creation of digital tools that advance the known benefits of online social connection and consider the psychological impacts of online use.
Participation in everyday occupations is vital for human development and well-being. Occupational therapy focuses on enabling participation in meaningful activities. The document discusses key aspects of participation including:
1) Participation has positive influences on health, life satisfaction, and development. It is reduced by disability, leading to less diverse and social activities.
2) Occupational therapists should understand participation, how to measure and facilitate it, across all populations.
3) Meaningful participation requires balance between an activity's challenge and one's skills, feelings of choice and mastery, and a supportive environment.
This document summarizes a study examining factors that affect access to mental health care. The study focuses on environment (rural vs. urban), socioeconomic status, financial barriers, and awareness of stigma. Literature is reviewed finding rural residents have less access to care than urban residents. Lower socioeconomic status and lack of insurance also reduce access. Stigma and negativity towards mental illness can deter people from seeking treatment. The study aims to determine if these factors influence access to mental health care using GSS survey data from 2006. Hypotheses predict less access to care for rural residents, those with lower socioeconomic status, activity limitations, and awareness of stigma.
Technical And Business Of EntrepreneurshipDiane Allen
The document discusses technical and business undergraduate students' self-efficacy in entrepreneurship. It finds that business undergraduates may have higher self-efficacy in entrepreneurial endeavors than non-business students, as business students had more opportunities to be involved in business activities. Preliminary analyses were conducted to ensure assumptions of normality, linearity and homoscedasticity were not violated.
Social networks and social support play an important role in health outcomes. Theories developed in the 1950s that studied social relationships and how they impacted health. Four types of social network interventions were identified: 1) enhancing existing social ties, 2) developing new connections, 3) using community health workers, and 4) community problem solving. Studies show social support can buffer stress and improve recovery from illnesses like heart disease. Tailored interventions are most effective when they engage individuals and communities to address their specific needs and strengths.
Dyadic Coping and Attachment Dimensions in Young Adult Romantic RelationshipsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Dyadic coping conceives coping as a response in which partners support each other
and cope with stress as a couple rather than individuals, but little is known of the factors that lead to
dyadic coping. The present study aims to explore the relationship between dyadic coping and adult
attachment. That is, to examine whether an individual’s attachment style is a predictor of their own
dyadic coping style and their partner’s dyadic coping style. Online, survey data was collected from 74
childless couples, between the ages of 18 and 31, who had been in their relationships for over 6
months. Overall, analysis showed stronger associations between dyadic coping and attachment for
females, with minimal associations for males. The results of the present study are supportive of the
existing literature, though provide opportunities for further research.
KEYWORDS: dyadic coping, coping, attachment, romantic relationships, APIM
Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Keywords
depression, social identity, multiple group membership, attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen &
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2.
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problemMalikPinckney86
Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problem:
individual/ biological, interpersonal/
Intrapersonal Factors: involve an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge about a health condition.
Lifestyle Causal Beliefs about Obesity
when categorized as ‘some'/‘a lot', 94% of participants held not exercising causal beliefs, 95% held overeating causal beliefs, 90% held eating certain types of food causal beliefs, 70% held chemicals in food causal beliefs, and 41% held smoking causal beliefs about obesity, compared to the 69% who held genetic causal beliefs about obesity. There were few associations between lifestyle causal beliefs about obesity and any of the sociodemographic or health-related characteristics assessed.
Genetic Causal Beliefs about Obesity-Related Diseases
Overall, 82% of participants held genetic causal beliefs about type 2 diabetes (fig. 2), 79% about heart disease (fig. 3) and 75% about cancer (fig. 4), when categorized as ‘some/a lot.' table 3 shows that there were very few associations with participant sociodemographic or health-related characteristics.(all threse from https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/343793)
This study is based on the Ecological Systems Theory and Family and Community Systems perspectives, which emphasize the need to consider the effects of individual, family, community, and societal factors on health and social outcomes (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1988; Campbell, Hesketh, & Davison, 2010; Elder et al., 2007; Fulkerson et al., 2015; Novilla, Barnes, De La Cruz, Williams, & Rogers, 2006; Valente, 2012).
This study contributes to the literature in several ways and emphasizes that peers and families are important sources of influence when it comes to healthy eating and choices of activities in young adolescents. Specifically, adolescents who reported a stronger connection with their family also engaged more frequently in physical activity than adolescents who reported lower familism. The benefits of targeting the family as part of lifestyle interventions are well established (Epstein, Paluch, Roemmich, & Beecher, 2007; Skelton, Buehler, Irby, & Grzywacz, 2012; St Jeor, Perumean-Chaney, Sigman-Grant, Williams, & Foreyt, 2002). The rationale underlying family-centered approaches is that modification of the youth’s environment is necessary to change and maintain children’s healthy habits. As a primary source of socialization, parents not only influence youths’ healthy lifestyle in providing access to resources and in modeling and reinforcing healthy habits, but they also provide the basis for the development of healthy peer relationships. Conceivably, stronger family connections may operate directly on young adolescents’ physical activity, but also indirectly in establishing the foundations for healthy peer relationships, which in turn promote healthier diet and a less sedentary lifestyle.
Furthermore, adolescents who reported higher PSF had a healthier diet and spent less time engagi ...
Persistent link httpssearch-proquest-com.library.capella.edu.docxkarlhennesey
Persistent link
https://search-proquest-com.library.capella.edu/docview/1985859541/fulltextPDF/F5256BEE3BF74331PQ/1?accountid=27965
This is the reference for this article:
Johnson, E. T., Kaseroff, A., Flowers, S., Sung, C., Iwanaga, K., Chan, F., . . . Catalano, D. (2017). Psychosocial mechanisms explaining the association between spirituality and happiness in individuals with spinal cord injuries. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 83(4), 34-42.
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The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
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The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
At the onset of a traumatic disability, such as a spinal cord injury (SCI), a person's spiritual beliefs may provide a mechanism for healing and coping with stress (Marini & Glover-Graf, ...
Depression, social support, and quality of life were examined in patients with diabetes. Significant relationships were found: social support positively correlated with quality of life, while depression negatively correlated with social support and quality of life. Gender differences also emerged, with males reporting higher depression and social support than females. Daily exercise was linked to higher quality of life and social support but lower depression. Social support partially mediated the relationship between depression and quality of life. The study highlights the importance of addressing psychological factors to improve health outcomes in diabetes patients.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxtoddr4
This document provides a literature review on the experiences of mothers who care for children with muscular dystrophy. It discusses four main themes found in the literature: 1) The lifestyle of being a primary caregiver contributes to maternal stress and affects well-being, 2) Mothers experience difficulty adjusting to their child's condition, 3) Maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life, and 4) Mothers struggle with coping. The review synthesizes findings from eight research studies and relates the topic to the discipline of psychology. It concludes by noting gaps in understanding the lived experiences of these mothers and the need for further research.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxhealdkathaleen
This document provides a literature review on the experiences of mothers who care for children with muscular dystrophy. It discusses four main themes found in the literature: 1) The lifestyle of being a primary caregiver contributes to maternal stress and affects well-being, 2) Mothers experience difficulty adjusting to their child's condition, 3) Maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life, and 4) Mothers struggle with coping. The review synthesizes findings from eight research studies and relates the topics of maternal distress to other disciplines like psychology. It concludes that further research is needed to better understand the lived experiences of these mothers.
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
This document discusses conceptual clarity around the social concepts of belongingness and loneliness and their importance for health research. It proposes that belongingness be explored qualitatively to better understand its facets and role in health and well-being. Clarifying these concepts will help identify intervention points for aging populations and develop measures of belongingness to quantify its health outcomes impact. The research aims to build on previous work clarifying loneliness through phenomenological interviews with diverse participants.
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docxmanningchassidy
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness, young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words, what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions, evalu-
ations, and res ...
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docxbradburgess22840
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness, young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words, what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions, evalu-
ations, and res.
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Ad.docxwhitneyleman54422
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Adults
Po-Ju Chang, Linda Wray, and Yeqiang Lin
The Pennsylvania State University
Objective: Although the link between enhanced social relationships and better health has generally been
well established, few studies have examined the role of leisure activity in this link. This study examined
how leisure influences the link between social relationships and health in older age. Method: Using data
from the 2006 and 2010 waves of the nationally representative U.S. Health and Retirement Study and
structural equation modeling analyses, we examined data on 2,965 older participants to determine if
leisure activities mediated the link between social relationships and health in 2010, controlling for race,
education level, and health in 2006. Results: The results demonstrated that leisure activities mediate the
link between social relationships and health in these age groups. Perceptions of positive social relation-
ships were associated with greater involvement in leisure activities, and greater involvement in leisure
activities was associated with better health in older age. Conclusion: The contribution of leisure to health
in these age groups is receiving increasing attention, and the results of this study add to the literature on
this topic, by identifying the mediating effect of leisure activity on the link between social relationships
and health. Future studies aimed at increasing leisure activity may contribute to improved health
outcomes in older adults.
Keywords: leisure activity, social relationships, health, older age, structural equation model
With aging, individuals often decline in physical and cognitive
functions, and social networks may narrow (Chen & Feeley, 2013).
Because much of the literature has demonstrated that social rela-
tionships are positively associated with health status across the life
span (e.g., Cohen, 2004; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser,
1996), the narrowing of social networks (as one measure of social
relationships) may be problematic for health in older age and
lessen subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life
(Berkman & Syme, 1979; Cohen, 2004). Thus, identifying modi-
fiable factors that may aid in more limited establishing social
relationships is important: Health-promoting behaviors, such as
leisure activity, may strengthen the link between social relation-
ships and health.
Cohen and Wills (1985) proposed a main effects model to test
that link: positive social relationships (i.e., higher social support or
lower social strain) benefit health outcomes in adults, regardless of
the stress they experience, in part by motivating the use of health-
promoting behaviors (Smith & Christakis, 2008). Individuals with
enhanced social relationships not only improve psychological
well-being (e.g., by gaining a sense of belonging and lessening
depression), but also physical health (e.g., by enhancing immune
function and reducing heart attac.
Where are my friends? The effects of real and imagined online communities on ...Lauren Wagner
This document summarizes a study that explores how online social interactions impact user well-being and happiness. The study developed a theory of perceived companionship, which posits that online environments can facilitate companionate relationships known to improve health. The theory was tested through an online survey of 61 Twitter users that evaluated how network structure, interaction expectations, and reactions to online correspondence related to metrics of well-being. The goal was to identify ways online interactions increase happiness to inform the creation of digital tools that advance the known benefits of online social connection and consider the psychological impacts of online use.
Participation in everyday occupations is vital for human development and well-being. Occupational therapy focuses on enabling participation in meaningful activities. The document discusses key aspects of participation including:
1) Participation has positive influences on health, life satisfaction, and development. It is reduced by disability, leading to less diverse and social activities.
2) Occupational therapists should understand participation, how to measure and facilitate it, across all populations.
3) Meaningful participation requires balance between an activity's challenge and one's skills, feelings of choice and mastery, and a supportive environment.
This document summarizes a study examining factors that affect access to mental health care. The study focuses on environment (rural vs. urban), socioeconomic status, financial barriers, and awareness of stigma. Literature is reviewed finding rural residents have less access to care than urban residents. Lower socioeconomic status and lack of insurance also reduce access. Stigma and negativity towards mental illness can deter people from seeking treatment. The study aims to determine if these factors influence access to mental health care using GSS survey data from 2006. Hypotheses predict less access to care for rural residents, those with lower socioeconomic status, activity limitations, and awareness of stigma.
Technical And Business Of EntrepreneurshipDiane Allen
The document discusses technical and business undergraduate students' self-efficacy in entrepreneurship. It finds that business undergraduates may have higher self-efficacy in entrepreneurial endeavors than non-business students, as business students had more opportunities to be involved in business activities. Preliminary analyses were conducted to ensure assumptions of normality, linearity and homoscedasticity were not violated.
Social networks and social support play an important role in health outcomes. Theories developed in the 1950s that studied social relationships and how they impacted health. Four types of social network interventions were identified: 1) enhancing existing social ties, 2) developing new connections, 3) using community health workers, and 4) community problem solving. Studies show social support can buffer stress and improve recovery from illnesses like heart disease. Tailored interventions are most effective when they engage individuals and communities to address their specific needs and strengths.
Dyadic Coping and Attachment Dimensions in Young Adult Romantic RelationshipsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Dyadic coping conceives coping as a response in which partners support each other
and cope with stress as a couple rather than individuals, but little is known of the factors that lead to
dyadic coping. The present study aims to explore the relationship between dyadic coping and adult
attachment. That is, to examine whether an individual’s attachment style is a predictor of their own
dyadic coping style and their partner’s dyadic coping style. Online, survey data was collected from 74
childless couples, between the ages of 18 and 31, who had been in their relationships for over 6
months. Overall, analysis showed stronger associations between dyadic coping and attachment for
females, with minimal associations for males. The results of the present study are supportive of the
existing literature, though provide opportunities for further research.
KEYWORDS: dyadic coping, coping, attachment, romantic relationships, APIM
Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Keywords
depression, social identity, multiple group membership, attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen &
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2.
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problemMalikPinckney86
Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problem:
individual/ biological, interpersonal/
Intrapersonal Factors: involve an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge about a health condition.
Lifestyle Causal Beliefs about Obesity
when categorized as ‘some'/‘a lot', 94% of participants held not exercising causal beliefs, 95% held overeating causal beliefs, 90% held eating certain types of food causal beliefs, 70% held chemicals in food causal beliefs, and 41% held smoking causal beliefs about obesity, compared to the 69% who held genetic causal beliefs about obesity. There were few associations between lifestyle causal beliefs about obesity and any of the sociodemographic or health-related characteristics assessed.
Genetic Causal Beliefs about Obesity-Related Diseases
Overall, 82% of participants held genetic causal beliefs about type 2 diabetes (fig. 2), 79% about heart disease (fig. 3) and 75% about cancer (fig. 4), when categorized as ‘some/a lot.' table 3 shows that there were very few associations with participant sociodemographic or health-related characteristics.(all threse from https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/343793)
This study is based on the Ecological Systems Theory and Family and Community Systems perspectives, which emphasize the need to consider the effects of individual, family, community, and societal factors on health and social outcomes (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1988; Campbell, Hesketh, & Davison, 2010; Elder et al., 2007; Fulkerson et al., 2015; Novilla, Barnes, De La Cruz, Williams, & Rogers, 2006; Valente, 2012).
This study contributes to the literature in several ways and emphasizes that peers and families are important sources of influence when it comes to healthy eating and choices of activities in young adolescents. Specifically, adolescents who reported a stronger connection with their family also engaged more frequently in physical activity than adolescents who reported lower familism. The benefits of targeting the family as part of lifestyle interventions are well established (Epstein, Paluch, Roemmich, & Beecher, 2007; Skelton, Buehler, Irby, & Grzywacz, 2012; St Jeor, Perumean-Chaney, Sigman-Grant, Williams, & Foreyt, 2002). The rationale underlying family-centered approaches is that modification of the youth’s environment is necessary to change and maintain children’s healthy habits. As a primary source of socialization, parents not only influence youths’ healthy lifestyle in providing access to resources and in modeling and reinforcing healthy habits, but they also provide the basis for the development of healthy peer relationships. Conceivably, stronger family connections may operate directly on young adolescents’ physical activity, but also indirectly in establishing the foundations for healthy peer relationships, which in turn promote healthier diet and a less sedentary lifestyle.
Furthermore, adolescents who reported higher PSF had a healthier diet and spent less time engagi ...
Persistent link httpssearch-proquest-com.library.capella.edu.docxkarlhennesey
Persistent link
https://search-proquest-com.library.capella.edu/docview/1985859541/fulltextPDF/F5256BEE3BF74331PQ/1?accountid=27965
This is the reference for this article:
Johnson, E. T., Kaseroff, A., Flowers, S., Sung, C., Iwanaga, K., Chan, F., . . . Catalano, D. (2017). Psychosocial mechanisms explaining the association between spirituality and happiness in individuals with spinal cord injuries. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 83(4), 34-42.
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The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
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Headnote
The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
At the onset of a traumatic disability, such as a spinal cord injury (SCI), a person's spiritual beliefs may provide a mechanism for healing and coping with stress (Marini & Glover-Graf, ...
Depression, social support, and quality of life were examined in patients with diabetes. Significant relationships were found: social support positively correlated with quality of life, while depression negatively correlated with social support and quality of life. Gender differences also emerged, with males reporting higher depression and social support than females. Daily exercise was linked to higher quality of life and social support but lower depression. Social support partially mediated the relationship between depression and quality of life. The study highlights the importance of addressing psychological factors to improve health outcomes in diabetes patients.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxtoddr4
This document provides a literature review on the experiences of mothers who care for children with muscular dystrophy. It discusses four main themes found in the literature: 1) The lifestyle of being a primary caregiver contributes to maternal stress and affects well-being, 2) Mothers experience difficulty adjusting to their child's condition, 3) Maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life, and 4) Mothers struggle with coping. The review synthesizes findings from eight research studies and relates the topic to the discipline of psychology. It concludes by noting gaps in understanding the lived experiences of these mothers and the need for further research.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxhealdkathaleen
This document provides a literature review on the experiences of mothers who care for children with muscular dystrophy. It discusses four main themes found in the literature: 1) The lifestyle of being a primary caregiver contributes to maternal stress and affects well-being, 2) Mothers experience difficulty adjusting to their child's condition, 3) Maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life, and 4) Mothers struggle with coping. The review synthesizes findings from eight research studies and relates the topics of maternal distress to other disciplines like psychology. It concludes that further research is needed to better understand the lived experiences of these mothers.
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
Enhanced Enterprise Intelligence with your personal AI Data Copilot.pdfGetInData
Recently we have observed the rise of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) that are community-driven or developed by the AI market leaders, such as Meta (Llama3), Databricks (DBRX) and Snowflake (Arctic). On the other hand, there is a growth in interest in specialized, carefully fine-tuned yet relatively small models that can efficiently assist programmers in day-to-day tasks. Finally, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures have gained a lot of traction as the preferred approach for LLMs context and prompt augmentation for building conversational SQL data copilots, code copilots and chatbots.
In this presentation, we will show how we built upon these three concepts a robust Data Copilot that can help to democratize access to company data assets and boost performance of everyone working with data platforms.
Why do we need yet another (open-source ) Copilot?
How can we build one?
Architecture and evaluation
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
State of Artificial intelligence Report 2023kuntobimo2016
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering whose goal is to create intelligent machines.
We believe that AI will be a force multiplier on technological progress in our increasingly digital, data-driven world. This is because everything around us today, ranging from culture to consumer products, is a product of intelligence.
The State of AI Report is now in its sixth year. Consider this report as a compilation of the most interesting things we’ve seen with a goal of triggering an informed conversation about the state of AI and its implication for the future.
We consider the following key dimensions in our report:
Research: Technology breakthroughs and their capabilities.
Industry: Areas of commercial application for AI and its business impact.
Politics: Regulation of AI, its economic implications and the evolving geopolitics of AI.
Safety: Identifying and mitigating catastrophic risks that highly-capable future AI systems could pose to us.
Predictions: What we believe will happen in the next 12 months and a 2022 performance review to keep us honest.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
S.L. Brown et al.
VOL. 14, NO. 4, JULY 2003 321
that are traditionally interpreted as due to support received from oth-
ers? (b) Does receiving support influence mortality once giving sup-
port and dependence are controlled?
Traditionally, social support has been defined in numerous ways,
leading some authors to conclude that measurement issues are a
source of contradictory findings (e.g., Smerglia, Miller, & Kort-Butler,
1999). For the purpose of the present study, we focused our analyses
on items for which our measures of giving and receiving tapped simi-
lar domains of support. Similar domains of support were measured for
the exchange of emotional support between spouses and the exchange
of instrumental support with individuals other than one’s spouse.
House (1981) suggested that these two domains of support—emo-
tional and instrumental—represent two of the functions of interper-
sonal transactions.
To isolate the unique effects of giving and receiving social support
on mortality, it was important to control for factors that may influence
any of these variables, including age, gender, perceived health, health
behaviors, mental health, socioeconomic status, and some individual
difference variables (personality traits). Controlling for these variables
helped to increase our confidence that any beneficial effect of giving
we observed was not due to enhanced mental or physical robustness of
the giver. We also examined variables associated with relationship
phenomena that could influence giving support, receiving support, and
dependence; these variables included perceived equity (the perception
that one receives the same amount as one provides to the relationship
partner) and relationship satisfaction. Responses at baseline were used
to predict mortality status over the ensuing 5-year period of the study.
METHOD
Sample
The CLOC study is a prospective study of a two-stage area proba-
bility sample of 1,532 married individuals from the Detroit Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area. The husband in each household was 65
years of age or older (see Carr et al., 2000, for a complete report). Of
those individuals who were selected for participation in the CLOC
study, 65% agreed to participate, a response rate consistent with re-
sponse rates in other studies in the Detroit area (Carr et al., 2000).
More than one half of the sample (n 846) consisted of married cou-
ples for whom mortality data on both members were available. These
423 married couples were the respondents in the present study.1
Base-
line measures were administered in face-to-face interviews, conducted
over an 11-month period in 1987 and 1988. Of the subsample of 846
respondents, 134 died over the 5-year course of the study.
Mortality Data
Mortality was monitored over a 5-year period by checking daily
obituaries in three Detroit-area newspapers and monthly death-record
tapes provided by the State of Michigan. Mortality status was indi-
cated with a dichotomous variable (1 deceased, 0 alive).
Baseline Measures
Instrumental support
Giving instrumental support to others, GISO, was measured by
four survey questions that asked respondents whether they had given
instrumental support to friends, neighbors, and relatives other than
their spouse in the past 12 months. Respondents indicated (yes/no)
whether they helped with (a) transportation, errands, shopping; (b)
housework; (c) child care; and (d) other tasks. Respondents were in-
structed to say “yes” to any of these questions only if they did not live
in the same household with the recipient of support and they did not
receive monetary compensation. Responses were coded so that a “0”
indicated a “no” response to all four items, and a “1” indicated a “yes”
response to at least one item.
Receiving instrumental support from others, RISO, was assessed
by a single item: “If you and your husband [wife] needed extra help
with general housework or home maintenance, how much could you
count on friends or family members to help you?” Responses were
coded on a 4-point scale.2
Emotional support
Giving and receiving emotional support was assessed with items
from the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976). Giving emotional
support to a spouse, GESS, was assessed using two items that asked
participants whether they made their spouse feel loved and cared for
and whether they were willing to listen if their spouse needed to talk
( .51). Rankin-Esquer, Deeter, and Taylor (2000) reviewed evi-
dence to suggest that the benefits of receiving emotional support from
a spouse come from both feeling emotionally supported by a spouse
and feeling free to have an open discussion with one’s spouse. The
two-item measure of receiving emotional support from a spouse,
RESS ( .66), was identical to GESS with the exception that partic-
ipants were asked whether their spouse made them feel loved and
cared for, and whether their spouse was willing to listen if they needed
to talk. Responses were coded on a 5-point scale.3
Control variables
To control for the possibility that any beneficial effects of giving
support are due to a type of mental or physical robustness that under-
lies both giving and mortality risk, we measured a variety of demo-
graphic, health, and individual difference variables. (See Appendix A
for a description of the health, mental health, and personality variables
used.) Both age and gender (1 male, 2 female) were controlled
for in each analysis to take into account the possibilities that (a) older
people give less and are more likely to die than younger people and (b)
females give more and are less likely to die than males.
To isolate the unique effects of giving and receiving support, above
and beyond other known relationship influences on health, we in-
cluded measures of social contact and dependence. Social contact was
assessed with the mean of the following three questions: “In a typical
1. For the entire sample, spousal mortality, rather than respondent mortal-
ity, was tracked, so respondent mortality could be obtained only if both mem-
bers of a couple participated in the study.
2. All response options were coded so that higher values indicated higher
levels of the measured variable.
3. Unless otherwise stated, scale composites were formed by taking the
mean of the items.
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Social Support and Mortality
322 VOL. 14, NO. 4, JULY 2003
week, about how many times do you talk on the phone with friends,
neighbors, or relatives?” “How often do you get together with friends,
neighbors, or relatives and do things like go out together or visit in
each other’s homes?” and “How often do you go out socially, by your-
self, or with people other than your husband [wife]?” Scores were
standardized so that higher values indicated greater social contact (
.51). Dependence on the spouse was coded on a 4-point scale and was
measured with three items asking participants whether losing their
spouse would make them feel lost, be terrifying, or be the worst thing
that could happen to them ( .82).
Additional relationship variables
We measured additional aspects of the marital relationship in order
to examine alternative explanations for any effects of giving and re-
ceiving emotional support. Specifically, we used items from the Dy-
adic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976) to assess equity (the absolute
value of the difference between an individual’s ratings of perceived
emotional support received from the partner and perceived emotional
support provided to the partner; higher values indicated greater dis-
crepancy) and marital satisfaction (one item).
Additional measures of receiving and giving support
To consider the possibility that any observed benefits of giving or
receiving support were an artifact of the chosen measures, we in-
cluded all of the remaining support measures from the CLOC data set
(Appendix B).
RESULTS
We examined our hypotheses using the 846 persons for whom
mortality data were available. Because this sample included the re-
sponses of both members of a couple, we computed the intraclass cor-
relation (ICC) for the couple-level effect on mortality. We first created
a variable that grouped individual participants by couple (n 423).
We next constructed a two-level hierarchical model (Level 1 estimated
variation in mortality at the individual-participant level, Level 2 esti-
mated variation at the couple level) using RIGLS (restricted iterative
generalized least squares) estimation for binomial models (MLwiN
ver. 1.1, Multilevel Models Project, Institute of Education, London,
2000). A significant ICC could be interpreted as indicating that the
death of one partner was significantly related to an increase or de-
crease in the probability of the other partner dying (within the study
period). Results of this procedure indicated that there was no couple-
level effect on mortality (ICC .00, n.s.). Thus, for all analyses, we
treated each member of a couple as an independent source of data.
Giving Support, Receiving Support, and Social Contact
Table 1 presents a correlation matrix of the focal social-support
measures. Receiving and giving were significantly and strongly corre-
lated for measures of emotional support exchanged between spouses
(r .58, p .001), and weakly correlated for measures of instrumen-
tal support exchanged with others (r .09, p .01).
To examine whether giving instrumental support reduced risk of
mortality, we ran a hierarchical logistic regression procedure. Results
of this analysis are displayed in Figure 1, and also presented in Table
2. Step 1 of this analysis regressed mortality status on social contact,
age, and gender. The results were consistent with previous research in
indicating that social contact reduced the risk of mortality (b
0.21, p .05). To examine whether giving versus receiving support
accounted for this effect, we entered GISO and RISO simultaneously
in the second step. Results at this step indicated that mortality risk was
decreased by GISO (b 0.85, p .001) but marginally increased
by RISO (b 0.17, p .10). Social contact was no longer significant
at this step (b 0.13, n.s.).
Because individuals in poor health may have difficulty providing
others with instrumental support, functional health status, satisfaction
with health, health behaviors, and mental health variables were added
to the model in order to control for the alternative possibility that indi-
viduals who give support to others live longer because they are more
mentally and physically robust than those who do not give support.
Results at this step indicated that after controlling for these measures
of health, the effect of GISO was reduced, but GISO was still signifi-
cantly related to mortality (b 0.56, p .01). In fact, GISO exerted
a beneficial effect on mortality even after controlling for interviewer
ratings of health, income and education level, self-reports of feeling vul-
nerable to stress, dispositional influences on mortality, and personality
influences on mortality. After all control variables were held constant,
GISO significantly decreased mortality risk (b 0.54, p .05), and
RISO marginally increased mortality risk (b 0.23, p .10).
These results support the hypothesis that giving support accounts
for some of the benefits of social contact. However, our findings are
based on the use of different measures to operationalize giving and re-
ceiving support. That is, the GISO variable measured support that was
actually provided to other people (i.e., enacted support), whereas the
RISO variable assessed whether others could be depended upon to
provide support (i.e., available support).4
Furthermore, it is not clear
whether the adverse effect of RISO was due to received support or to
the covariation of received support with dependence. In order to con-
trol for the difference between the giving and receiving measures, as
well as the potentially adverse effect of dependence, we examined the
exchange of emotional support between spouses. This domain of sup-
port offered virtually identical giving and receiving measures, and in-
cluded measures of dependence.
Table 1. Correlation matrix of the focal social-support
measures
Measure Social contact RISO GISO RESS
RISO .15***
GISO .25*** .09**
RESS .02 .12*** .01
GESS .05 .15*** .04 .58***
Note. RISO receiving instrumental support from others; GISO
giving instrumental support to others; RESS receiving emotional
support from a spouse; GESS giving emotional support to a spouse.
**p .01. ***p .001.
4. Research suggests that structural differences in the operationalization of
received support may underlie contradictory findings in the literature (Smerglia
et al., 1999).
4. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
S.L. Brown et al.
VOL. 14, NO. 4, JULY 2003 323
Analyses With Identical Measures of Giving and
Receiving Support
To clarify the role of receiving support on mortality, we ran a hier-
archical logistic regression procedure in which RESS was entered in
Step 1, along with age and gender. As can be seen in Figure 2, there
was no significant effect of RESS on the risk of mortality (b 0.17,
n.s.). However, after controlling for the effect of dependence in Step 2,
the effect of RESS became a significant predictor of reduced mortality
risk (b 0.23, p .05). Thus, the results of Step 2 replicated the
beneficial effect of receiving support sometimes found in the literature—
but only after the adverse effect of dependence was held constant.
To compare the relative benefits of receiving versus giving support
using identical measures, we entered GESS on the third step of this
analysis. As shown in Figure 2, the unique effect of GESS accounted
for a significant decrease in mortality risk (b 0.36, p .05), and
rendered the effect of RESS nonsignificant (b 0.05, n.s.). In order
to examine whether GESS remained beneficial after controlling for
GISO and the cumulative effect of all of the control variables, we en-
tered GESS into the hierarchical regression model presented in Table
2 (Step 5). Results of this analysis demonstrated that both GESS (b
0.51, p .01) and GISO (b 0.50, p .05) made a unique, sig-
nificant contribution to reducing mortality risk, above and beyond that
of the control variables. Thus, giving to one’s spouse (GESS) and giv-
ing to friends, relatives, and neighbors (GISO) both appear to exert an
independent influence on the reduction in risk of mortality.
Finally, we examined two additional relationship factors that may
be related to giving support—equity and marital satisfaction. We first
added marital satisfaction to the overall model (shown in Table 2 and
Fig. 1); it was not a significant predictor of mortality (b 0.15,
n.s.), nor did it affect the strength of any of the other predictors. We
ran a similar model for equity, without GESS and RESS. Equity did
not predict mortality (b 0.20, n.s.).
Additional Measures of Receiving and Giving
Because the CLOC data included additional measures of giving and re-
ceiving, it was possible to determine whether our pattern of results was
simply an artifact of the measures chosen. To examine this possibility, we
correlated mortality status with each of the giving and receiving measures
available in the CLOC data set. In addition, the composites for giving sup-
port were broken down into single items and correlated independently with
mortality status. As shown in Table 3, only 1 of the 10 different receiving
measures significantly reduced mortality risk5
; 1 receiving measure signifi-
Fig. 1. Hierarchical logistic regression model of the effects of receiving instrumental support from others (RISO) and giving instrumental sup-
port to others (GISO). All effects have been adjusted for the effects of age and gender. *p .05. GESS giving emotional support to a spouse;
RESS receiving emotional support from a spouse.
5. Substituting the only beneficial receiving measure in the overall regres-
sion model presented in Table 2 did not alter our pattern of findings.
5. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
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324 VOL. 14, NO. 4, JULY 2003
cantly increased mortality risk. In contrast, all 4 of the different giving mea-
sures significantly reduced mortality risk. When the composites for giving
support were broken down, 4 of the 6 items were significantly correlated
with decreased mortality risk, including the only item that assessed avail-
able, rather than enacted, support. Taken together, these findings strongly
suggest that giving support, rather than receiving support, accounts for the
benefits of social contact, across different domains of support, different tar-
gets of support, and different structural features of support.
DISCUSSION
In this study, older adults who reported giving support to others
had a reduced risk of mortality. The provision of support was corre-
lated with reduced mortality in all analyses, whether giving support
was operationalized as instrumental support provided to neighbors,
friends, and relatives or as emotional support provided to a spouse. It
is important to note that our analyses controlled for a wide range of
demographic, personality, and health variables that might have ac-
counted for these findings. Thus, these results add to a small but grow-
ing body of research that documents the health benefits of providing
support to others (McClellan, Stanwyck, Anson, 1993; Midlarsky,
1991; Schwartz Sendor, 2000).
We also found that the relationship between receiving social sup-
port and mortality changed as a function of whether dependence and
giving support were taken into consideration. Receiving emotional
support (RESS) appeared to reduce the risk of mortality when depen-
Table 2. Hierarchical logistic regression model used to predict mortality risk
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
Variable b
Odds
ratio b
Odds
ratio b
Odds
ratio b
Odds
ratio b
Odds
ratio
Social contact 0.21* 0.81 0.13 0.87 0.10 0.95 0.11 0.89 0.13 0.88
Age 0.10*** 1.11 0.09** 1.10 0.09*** 1.10 0.09*** 1.09 0.09** 1.10
Gender 0.45* 0.64 0.60** 0.55 0.76** 0.47 0.61* 0.55 0.64* 0.53
Social support to (from) others
RISO 0.17†
1.2 0.16 1.17 0.23†
1.25 0.27* 1.30
GISO 0.85*** 0.43 0.56* 0.57 0.54* 0.58 0.50* 0.61
Self-rated health
Satisfaction with health 0.68*** 0.51 0.64** 0.53 0.68** 0.51
Functional health 0.11 0.90 0.02 0.98 0.07 0.94
Health behavior
Smoking 0.01 1.01 0.01 1.01 0.02 1.2
Drinking 0.01 1.01 0.01 1.01 0.07 0.94
Exercise 0.01 1.01 0.01 0.99 0.00 1.0
Mental health
Depression 0.09 1.10 0.10 1.11 0.12 1.13
Well-being 0.21†
1.23 0.19 1.21 0.23†
1.26
Anxiety 0.06 1.06 0.13 1.14 0.11 1.12
Interviewer rating of health 0.20 1.22 0.15 1.16
Socioeconomic status
Income 0.11†
0.89 0.11†
0.90
Education 0.00 1.00 0.02 1.02
Individual differences
Vulnerability to stress 0.24 0.79 0.26 0.77
Self-esteem 0.15 0.86 0.10 0.91
Internal control 0.05 0.95 0.09 0.92
External control 0.26* 1.29 0.28* 1.33
Extroversion 0.05 0.95 0.03 0.97
Agreeableness 0.13 0.88 0.08 0.92
Conscientiousness 0.13 1.14 0.17 1.18
Emotional stability 0.18 1.19 0.19 1.21
Openness 0.13 1.13 0.14 1.15
Interpersonal dependency 0.19 0.82 0.14 0.87
Autonomy 0.08 0.93 0.01 0.99
Social support to (from) spouse
GESS 0.51** 0.60
RESS 0.13 1.14
Dependence 0.17 1.19
Note. RISO receiving instrumental support from others; GISO giving instrumental support to others; RESS receiving emotional support from a
spouse; GESS giving emotional support to a spouse.
†
p .10. *p .05. **p .01. ***p .001.
6. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
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VOL. 14, NO. 4, JULY 2003 325
dence but not giving emotional support was controlled. Receiving
instrumental support from others appeared to increase the risk of
mortality when giving support, but not dependence, was controlled.
Taken together, these findings may help to explain why tests of the so-
cial-support hypothesis have produced contradictory results. If the
benefits of social contact are mostly associated with giving, then mea-
sures that assess receiving alone may be imprecise, producing equivo-
cal results.
Although we have identified no single mediator of the link between
giving support and mortality—one that could be informative about the
process underlying the beneficial effects of giving support—many so-
cial psychological studies show that helping others increases positive
emotion (e.g., Cialdini Kenrick, 1976). Positive emotions, in turn,
have been demonstrated to speed the cardiovascular recovery from the
aftereffects of negative emotion (Fredrickson, Mancuso, Branigan,
Tugade, 2000). Thus, helping may promote health through its associa-
tion with factors, such as positive emotion, that reduce the deleterious
effects of negative emotion. Research is currently under way to exam-
ine this possibility.
More broadly, a link between giving and health supports the possi-
bility that the benefits of social contact were shaped, in part, by the
evolutionary advantages of helping others. Older adults may have
been able to increase their inclusive fitness (the reproductive success
of individuals who shared their genes) by staying alive and prolonging
the amount of time they could contribute to family members (de Cat-
anzaro, 1986). Of course, this possibility relies on the assumption that
a motivation for self-preservation can influence mortality. In fact,
there is evidence to suggest that individuals with a “fighting spirit”
survive longer with cancer than individuals who feel helpless or less
optimistic about their chance of survival (Greer, Morris, Pettingale,
1994).
Limitations and Directions for Future Research
Although the prospective, longitudinal design of this study is very
strong, given the outcome of interest, alternative explanations for
these findings remain viable. It may be, for example, that giving sup-
port is a better measure of health than receiving support, or that indi-
viduals who have the resources and motivation to give are also more
robust than those who do not, or that an abundance of resources pro-
motes longevity and makes it easier to give. However, the beneficial
effects of giving support were observed after controlling for the effects
of age, functional health, satisfaction with health, health behaviors,
mental health, interviewer ratings of health, socioeconomic status, and
vulnerability to stress. Moreover, two distinct types of giving—GESS
and GISO—contributed simultaneously to longevity. This means that
a third variable correlated with one measure of giving—such as ro-
bustness of one’s health—would have been held constant in a model
that simultaneously tested the effect of the other giving measure.
Thus, it is unlikely that the same alternative explanation can account
for both effects of giving support. Of course, given the correlational
nature of the study design, the regression methods used to disentangle
Fig. 2. Hierarchical logistic regression model of the effects of receiving emotional support from a spouse (RESS), giving emotional support to a
spouse (GESS), and dependence. All odds ratios have been adjusted for the effects of age and gender. *p .05.
7. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Social Support and Mortality
326 VOL. 14, NO. 4, JULY 2003
It would be premature, on the basis of a single study, to conclude
that giving support accounts for the traditional effects of receiving so-
cial support found in the literature (to our knowledge, no other studies
have advanced this hypothesis). Nevertheless, the results of the
present study should be considered a strong argument for the inclusion
of measures of giving support in future studies of social support. Per-
haps more important, our results corroborate the suggestion by House
and his colleagues (1988) that researchers should be cautious of as-
suming that the benefits of social contact reside in the supportive qual-
ity of the relationship. Thus, whether or not mortality risk is a function
of giving support, our results highlight the continued need for further
research to seriously examine the fundamental assumption guiding the
study of social support.
Conclusion
Giving support may be an important component of interpersonal
relationships that has considerable value to health and well-being. It
may not be a coincidence that mortality and morbidity studies inad-
vertently assess giving or manipulate giving (e.g., taking care of a
plant; Rodin Langer, 1977) to operationalize variables of interest
such as receiving social support or locus of control. If giving, rather
than receiving, promotes longevity, then interventions that are cur-
rently designed to help people feel supported may need to be rede-
signed so that the emphasis is on what people do to help others. The
possibility that giving support accounts for some of the benefits of so-
cial contact is a new question that awaits future research.
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bills .064†
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Focal composites
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besides a spouse (GISO) .175***
Enacted and available emotional support
provided to a spouse (GESS) .069*
Number of hours spent providing
instrumental support to others,
besides a spouse .15***
Enjoyment from providing instrumental
support to others, besides a spouse .087*
Single item: Available emotional support
provided to a spousea
.074*
Single item: Enacted emotional support to
a spousea
.044
Single item: Enacted instrumental support
to others, besides a spouse—errandsb
.13***
Single item: Enacted instrumental support
to others, besides a spouse—houseworkb
.06†
Single item: Enacted instrumental support
to others, besides a spouse—child careb
.11**
Single item: Enacted instrumental support
to others, besides a spouse—miscellaneousb
.092**
a
Item included in the GESS composite. b
Item included in the GISO
composite.
†
p .10. *p .05. **p .01. ***p .001.
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(RECEIVED 3/4/02; REVISION ACCEPTED 9/24/02)
APPENDIX A: CONTROL VARIABLES
Physical health was measured with two scales assessing (a) satisfaction
with health ( .84) and (b) functional health. Satisfaction with health was a
three-item scale measuring the extent to which participants rated their health as
excellent, good, fair, or poor; the extent to which they thought their health lim-
ited their daily activities; and the extent to which they were satisfied with their
health. The functional health index measured the extent to which participants’
health prevented them from leaving their bed or chair (yes/no) or interfered
with a variety of tasks, including walking, climbing stairs, bathing, and house-
work (yes/no). Functional impairment levels were as follows: 1 most severe
(respondents who were currently in bed or a chair, who had a lot of difficulty
bathing or could not bathe, or both); 2 moderately severe (respondents who
had a lot of difficulty climbing stairs or could not climb stairs); 3 least severe
(respondents who had difficulty doing heavy work, but were not in one of the
more severe categories); 4 no functional impairment (answered “no” to all
questions).
To control for the possibility that there are aspects of physical robustness
that are not partialed out with self-report measures, we also included inter-
viewer ratings of the physical health of the participant, from 1, excellent, to 4,
poor. Health behaviors included measures of smoking (number of cigarettes
per day), drinking (number of drinks in the past month), and exercise (fre-
quency of taking walks or other form of exercise). Depression ( .83) was
measured with a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depres-
sion (CES-D) scale (Radloff, 1977). Subjective well-being ( .79) was as-
sessed with a subset of five items developed by Bradburn (1969) to assess how
often (1 hardly ever, 2 some of the time, 3 most of the time) participants
experienced positive feelings such as joy and contentment.
Individual difference variables included modified scales from the NEO
Five-Factor Personality Inventory (i.e., Extraversion, .53; Agreeableness,
.62; Conscientiousness, .73; Openness to Experience, .51; and
Neuroticism, .70; Costa McCrae, 1992), as well as measures of self-
esteem ( .72; Rosenberg, 1962), locus of control (internal .71; external
.68; Levenson, 1973), interpersonal dependency ( .66), and autonomy
( .75; Hirschfield et al., 1989). We also measured vulnerability to stress
( .60) with items assessing the degree to which participants felt they could
handle themselves in a crisis.
APPENDIX B: ADDITIONAL MEASURES OF
GIVING AND RECEIVING
The following items were used to measure additional forms of receiving:
the availability of others, besides a spouse, to provide caretaking for a serious
illness; the availability of anyone, including a spouse, to provide intimacy; the
number of individuals, including a spouse, who provide intimacy; a composite
of enacted and available emotional support from others besides a spouse (simi-
lar to RESS); dependence on a spouse for receiving help with household
chores (enacted support); spouse’s help with household repairs (enacted sup-
port); spouse’s help with paying bills (enacted support); and spouse’s help with
financial or legal advice (enacted support). The following items were available
to measure additional forms of giving: number of hours spent helping others
with errands (including transportation and shopping), child care, housework, or
other needs without compensation, and satisfaction of providing help without
compensation to others, besides a spouse.