An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures important gas levels in arterial blood including oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH and bicarbonate. It involves puncturing an artery with a needle to draw blood directly from the circulatory system. The test is mainly used in critical care medicine to assess gas exchange and respiratory function, and can help diagnose conditions that affect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels like respiratory disease. Modern analyzers can also measure electrolytes, hemoglobin and other blood components from an ABG sample.
ABG is a examination procedure test used for oxygen assessment of the body and its metabolismthis ppt can be used by the nursing students for the evaluation of the ABG report and its interpretation for better ventilatory management and for study and learning regarding abg analysis by gnm and bsc nursing students
ABG is a examination procedure test used for oxygen assessment of the body and its metabolismthis ppt can be used by the nursing students for the evaluation of the ABG report and its interpretation for better ventilatory management and for study and learning regarding abg analysis by gnm and bsc nursing students
ABG is the important diagnostic tools in Pulmonary & Critical Care setting. Here how to interpret its stepwise and significance each of the components of ABG in both Blood gas and acid base abnormality
By
Dr. Anirban Saha
The normal ranges for arterial blood gas values
Approach to arterial blood gas interpretation
Arterial blood gas abnormalities in special circumstances
Venous and arterial blood gas analysis in the ED: What we know and what we don'tkellyam18
This presentation delivered at the International Conference on Emergency Medicine in Dublin summarises agreement between venous and arterial blood gas parameters and utility of venous blood gas analysis in emergency department clinical practice. It also highlights important gaps in our knowledge on this topic.
ABG is the important diagnostic tools in Pulmonary & Critical Care setting. Here how to interpret its stepwise and significance each of the components of ABG in both Blood gas and acid base abnormality
By
Dr. Anirban Saha
The normal ranges for arterial blood gas values
Approach to arterial blood gas interpretation
Arterial blood gas abnormalities in special circumstances
Venous and arterial blood gas analysis in the ED: What we know and what we don'tkellyam18
This presentation delivered at the International Conference on Emergency Medicine in Dublin summarises agreement between venous and arterial blood gas parameters and utility of venous blood gas analysis in emergency department clinical practice. It also highlights important gaps in our knowledge on this topic.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Arterial blood gas
1. Arterial blood gas
An arterial blood gas (ABG) test is a blood gas test of
blood from an artery; it is thus a blood test that mea-
sures the amounts of certain gases (such as oxygen and
carbon dioxide) dissolved in arterial blood. An ABG
test involves puncturing an artery with a thin needle and
syringe and drawing a small volume of blood. The most
common puncture site is the radial artery at the wrist,[1]
but sometimes the femoral artery in the groin or other
sites are used. The blood can also be drawn from an
arterial catheter. An ABG test measures the blood gas
tension values of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), arte-
rial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), and acidity (pH). In
addition, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) can be deter-
mined. Such information is vital when caring for patients
with critical illness or respiratory disease. Therefore, the
ABG test is one of the most common tests performed on
patients in intensive care units (ICUs). In other levels of
care, pulse oximetry plus transcutaneous carbon dioxide
measurement is an alternative method of obtaining simi-
lar information less invasively.
Modern blood gas analyzer. This device is capable of reporting
pH, pCO2, pO2, SatO2, Na+
, K+
, Cl−
, Ca2+
, Hemoglobin (to-
tal and derivatives: O2Hb, MetHb, COHb, HHb, CNHb, SHb ),
Hematocrit, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Lactate and Urea. (Cobas
b 221 - Roche Diagnostics).
The test is used to determine the pH of the blood,
the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, and
the bicarbonate level. Many blood gas analyzers will
also report concentrations of lactate, hemoglobin, sev-
eral electrolytes, oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin
and methemoglobin. ABG testing is mainly used in
pulmonology and critical care medicine to determine gas
exchange which reflect gas exchange across the alveolar-
capillary membrane. ABG testing also has a variety of
applications in other areas of medicine. Combinations
of disorders can be complex and difficult to interpret, so
calculators,[2]
nomograms, and rules of thumb[3]
are com-
monly used.
1 Sampling and analysis
Blood gas analyzer
Arterial blood for blood gas analysis is usually drawn
by a respiratory therapist and sometimes a phlebotomist,
nurse, paramedic or doctor.[4]
Blood is most commonly
drawn from the radial artery because it is easily accessi-
ble, can be compressed to control bleeding, and has less
risk for occlusion. The selection of which radial artery to
draw from is based on the outcome of an Allen’s test. The
brachial artery (or less often, the femoral artery) is also
used, especially during emergency situations or with chil-
dren. Blood can also be taken from an arterial catheter
already placed in one of these arteries.
There are plastic and glass syringes used for blood gas
samples. Most syringes come pre-packaged and con-
tain a small amount of heparin, to prevent coagulation.
Other syringes may need to be heparinised, by drawing
up a small amount of liquid heparin and squirting it out
again to remove air bubbles. Once the sample is ob-
tained, care is taken to eliminate visible gas bubbles, as
these bubbles can dissolve into the sample and cause in-
accurate results. The sealed syringe is taken to a blood
gas analyzer. If a plastic blood gas syringe is used, the
sample should be transported and kept at room temper-
ature and analyzed within 30 min. If prolonged time
1
2. 2 2 PARAMETERS AND REFERENCE RANGES
delays are expected (i.e., greater than 30 min) prior to
analysis, the sample should be drawn in a glass syringe
and immediately placed on ice.[5]
Standard blood tests
can also be performed on arterial blood, such as mea-
suring glucose, lactate, hemoglobins, dys-haemoglobins,
bilirubin and electrolytes.
1.1 Calculations
Detail of measurement chamber of a modern blood gas analyzer
showing the measurement electrodes. (Cobas b 121 - Roche Di-
agnostics)
The machine used for analysis aspirates this blood from
the syringe and measures the pH and the partial pressures
of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The bicarbonate concen-
tration is also calculated. These results are usually avail-
able for interpretation within five minutes.
Two methods have been used in medicine in the manage-
ment of blood gases of patients in hypothermia: pH-stat
method and alpha-stat method. Recent studies suggest
that the α-stat method is superior.
• pH-stat: The pH and other ABG results are mea-
sured at the patient’s actual temperature. The goal
is to maintain a pH of 7.40 and the arterial carbon
dioxide tension (paCO2) at 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg) at
the actual patient temperature. It is necessary to add
CO2 to the oxygenator to accomplish this goal.
• α-stat (alpha-stat): The pH and other ABG results
are measured at 37 °C, despite the patient’s actual
temperature. The goal is to maintain the arterial car-
bon dioxide tension at 5.3 kPa (40mmHg) and the
pH at 7.40 when measured at +37 °C.
Both the pH-stat and alpha-stat strategies have theoreti-
cal disadvantages. α-stat method is the method of choice
for optimal myocardial function. The pH-stat method
may result in loss of autoregulation in the brain (cou-
pling of the cerebral blood flow with the metabolic rate
in the brain). By increasing the cerebral blood flow be-
yond the metabolic requirements, the pH-stat method
may lead to cerebral microembolisation and intracranial
hypertension.[6]
1.2 Helpful guidelines
1. A 1 mmHg change in PaCO2 above or below 40
mmHg results in 0.008 unit change in pH in the op-
posite direction.[7]
2. The PaCO2 will decrease by about 1 mmHg for
every 1 mEq/L reduction in [HCO3
−
] below 24
mEq/L
3. A change in [HCO3
−
] of 10 mEq/L will result in a
change in pH of approximately 0.15 pH units in the
same direction.
2 Parameters and reference ranges
These are typical reference ranges, although various anal-
ysers and laboratories may employ different ranges.
Contamination of the sample with room air will result in
abnormally low carbon dioxide and possibly elevated oxy-
gen levels, and a concurrent elevation in pH. Delaying
analysis (without chilling the sample) may result in in-
accurately low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels as
a result of ongoing cellular respiration. A calculator for
predicted reference normal values of arterial blood gas
parameters is available online.
2.1 pH
The normal range for pH is 7.35–7.45. As the pH de-
creases (<7.35), it implies acidosis, while if the pH in-
creases (>7.45) it implies alkalosis. In the context of
arterial blood gases, the most common occurrence will
be that of respiratory acidosis. Carbon dioxide is dis-
solved in the blood as carbonic acid, a weak acid; how-
ever, in large concentrations, it can affect the pH dras-
tically. Whenever there is poor pulmonary ventilation,
the carbon dioxide levels in the blood are expected to
rise. This leads to a rise of carbonic acid, leading to a
decrease in pH. The first buffer of pH will be the plasma
proteins, since these can accept some H+ ions to try and
maintain homeostasis. As carbon dioxide concentrations
continue to increase (PaCO2 > 45 mmHg), a condition
known as respiratory acidosis occurs. The body tries to
maintain homeostasis by increasing the respiratory rate,
a condition known as tachypnea. This allows much more
carbon dioxide to escape the body through the lungs, thus
increasing the pH by having less carbonic acid. If a pa-
tient is in a critical setting and intubated, one must in-
crease the number of breaths mechanically.
On the other hand, respiratory alkalosis (Pa CO2 <
35mmHg) occurs when there is too little carbon dioxide
in the blood. This may be due to hyperventilation or else
excessive breaths given via a mechanical ventilator in a
critical care setting. The action to be taken is to calm
the patient and try to reduce the number of breaths being
3. 3
taken to normalize the pH. The respiratory pathway tries
to compensate for the change in pH in a matter of 2–4
hours. If this is not enough, the metabolic pathway takes
place.
Under normal conditions, the Henderson–Hasselbalch
equation will give the blood pH
pH = 6.1 + log10
(
[HCO−
3 ]
0.03 × PaCO2
)
, where:
• 6.1 is the acid dissociation constant of carbonic acid
(H2CO3) at normal body temperature
• [HCO3
−
] is the concentration of bicarbonate in the
blood in mEq/L
• PaCO2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in
the arterial blood in torr
The kidney and the liver are two main organs responsi-
ble for the metabolic homeostasis of pH. Bicarbonate is
a base that helps to accept excess hydrogen ions when-
ever there is acidaemia. However, this mechanism is
slower than the respiratory pathway and may take from
a few hours to 3 days to take effect. In acidaemia, the
bicarbonate levels rise, so that they can neutralize the ex-
cess acid, while the contrary happens when there is alka-
laemia. Thus when an arterial blood gas test reveals, for
example, an elevated bicarbonate, the problem has been
present for a couple of days, and metabolic compensation
took place over a blood acedemia problem.
In general, it is much easier to correct acute pH derange-
ment by adjusting respiration. Metabolic compensations
take place at a much later stage. However, in a critical set-
ting, a patient with a normal pH, a high CO2, and a high
bicarbonate means that, although there is a high carbon
dioxide level, there is metabolic compensation. As a re-
sult one must be careful as to not artificially adjust breaths
to lower the carbon dioxide. In such case, lowering the
carbon dioxide abruptly means that the bicarbonate will
be in excess and will cause a metabolic alkalosis. In such
a case, carbon dioxide levels should be slowly diminished.
3 See also
• Acid-base homeostasis
• Anion gap
• Mechanical ventilation
• Radial artery puncture
• Acidosis
• Alkalosis
• Chemical equilibrium
• pCO2
• pH
• pKa
4 References
[1] “Arterial Blood Gases - Indications and Interpretation”.
patient.info/doctor. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 10
February 2013.
[2] Baillie K. “Arterial Blood Gas Interpreter”. prognosis.org.
Retrieved 2007-07-05. - Online arterial blood gas analysis
[3] Baillie, JK (2008). “Simple, easily memorised “rules of
thumb” for the rapid assessment of physiological compen-
sation for acid-base disorders”. Thorax 63 (3): 289–90.
doi:10.1136/thx.2007.091223. PMID 18308967.
[4] Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Naftel SA, Lewis MJ,
Rodger MA (2003). “Topical tetracaine prior to arterial
puncture: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial”.
Respir Med. 97 (11): 1195–1199. doi:10.1016/S0954-
6111(03)00226-9. PMID 14635973.
[5] Procedures for the Collection of Arterial Blood Speci-
mens; Approved Standard—Fourth Edition (Procedures
for the Collection of Arterial Blood Specimens; Approved
Standard—Fourth Edition ). Clinical and Laboratory
Standards Institute. 2004. ISBN 1-56238-545-3.
[6] Kofstad J (1996). “Blood Gases and Hypothermia: Some
Theoretical and Practical Considerations”. Scand J Clin
Lab Invest. (Suppl) 224: 21–26. PMID 8865418.
[7] Stoelting: Basics of Anesthesia, 5th ed. p 321.
[8] Normal Reference Range Table from The University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in
Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of
disease.
[9] Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
[10] Baillie K, Simpson A. “Altitude oxygen calculator”. Apex
(Altitude Physiology Expeditions). Retrieved 2006-08-
10. - Online interactive oxygen delivery calculator
[11] Acid Base Balance (page 3)
[12] RCPA Manual: Base Excess (arterial blood)
[13] The Medical Education Division of the Brookside
Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on
Dec 6, 2009
[14] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010
g/mol
[15] CO2: The Test
[16] Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport. Charles L. Webber,
Jr., Ph.D.
4. 4 5 EXTERNAL LINKS
5 External links
• Online arterial blood gas calculator
• An online model of arterial blood gas changes with
respiration
• Interactive ABG quiz
• Practice interpreting sample arterial blood gas pre-
sentations
5. 5
6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
6.1 Text
• Arterial blood gas Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas?oldid=719958955 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Alex.tan,
Ewen, Tristanb, Doradus, Jimdevlin, Refdoc, Jfdwolff, Discospinster, Davidruben, Arcadian, Doctie, Basie, Free Bear, Wouterstomp, Axl,
Gene Nygaard, Graham87, BD2412, Sjö, Bubba73, Stevenfruitsmaak, YurikBot, AbinoamJr, Carlwsullivan, SmackBot, Ifnord, Lukas.S,
Gilliam, Betacommand, Eug, Qtoktok, Bluebot, TimBentley, RDBrown, Tsca.bot, Ddon, Waggers, IronLung2533, Ksaraf, Tallen90,
Thijs!bot, Anupam, Rcej, J.k.baillie, Magioladitis, Myxoma, Fibrosis, WhatamIdoing, Adrian J. Hunter, Oroso, Scottalter, Jonathan Hall,
Umpdoc, Leyo, J.delanoy, SiliconDioxide, Naniwako, Mikael Häggström, Csingrey, Vauxhall Bridgefoot, Una Smith, Eugeneltc, Jason
Leach, Countincr, BotMultichill, Denisarona, ClueBot, Cdfj, Niceguyedc, Trishpenner, Wrin, Chrisjw37, SchreiberBike, Thingg, Aitias,
Jjmahoney, Addbot, DOI bot, Quercus solaris, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Alexkin, Raimundo Pastor, Citation bot, Twirligig, Nishanthb,
Dr scarecrow, Buttercookiiee, Angelito7, Beastmaster1996, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, ZéroBot, Ocaasi, Correctaboot,
Wobblebobble, ChuispastonBot, Senator2029, ClueBot NG, Snotbot, Crazybob25, BG19bot, Dbrawner, Je.rrt, MrBill3, Glencamilleri,
Testem, Luckydhaliwal, ChrisGualtieri, J3D3, Dexbot, Atrom33, Panayiotis Stavrou, Leptagon, Skr15081997, SantiLak, Peterjasonquill,
Izkala and Anonymous: 133
6.2 Images
• File:Arterial_blood_gas_device.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Arterial_blood_gas_device.jpg Li-
cense: GFDL Contributors: http://pool.nursingwiki.org/wiki/Image:BGA1.jpg Original artist: Dave
• File:Cobas221A.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Cobas221A.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: J3D3
• File:Cobas_b_121_Measurement_Chamber_(detail).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Cobas_b_
121_Measurement_Chamber_%28detail%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: J3D3
• File:Davenport_fig_10.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Davenport_fig_10.jpg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Thewookie55
6.3 Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0