The document provides an overview of rural development and Indian agriculture from pre-independence to present day. It discusses various farming systems and types of agriculture practiced in India such as arable, pastoral, mixed, etc. It then outlines the key stages in the development of Indian agriculture including the pre-independence period focused on cash crops for British trade, post-independence initiatives like land reform and irrigation projects, the Green Revolution of the 1960s which introduced high-yielding varieties and boosted food grain production, and more recent developments in dairy, fisheries, and challenges facing Indian agriculture today.
Impact of Green Revolution on Indian AgricultureSamreen Fatima
The document discusses the Green Revolution in India that occurred in the late 1960s. It introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased usage of fertilizers and irrigation, which led to a significant increase in food grain production. However, the Green Revolution also had negative environmental and social impacts. There is now a need for a second Green Revolution that focuses on sustainable agricultural practices to continue feeding India's growing population.
The presentation was made for being part of Winning Haryana 2019 Think Tank membership with clear focus on securing abundance from renewable energy secure animal husbandry GDP generation which came under unprecedented assault by the blasphemers of Lord Krishna masking themselves up in the name of Hindu, a secular word applied for all living around the river Sindhu. I have argued for clear reference to history of the man made prohibitions against consumption of meat by 'Jains' who rever Neminath, the cousin of Lord Krishna. I have argued for protection of Sanatan Dharma ideals upheld by prophet Abraham SUH and HP referred as Brahmma here in Sanskrit texts. Prohibition of consumption of beef is not at all associated with Sanatan Dharma avtars. Cattle is capital across the societies integral to agriculture. Trade in cattle and cattle products is important for security the reward for humanity. The plot of usurers and blasphemers of Lord Krishna and prophet Abraham SUH and HP referred in history will not succeed. This plot must be defeated by all through education. I have been arguing for integration of animal husbandry GDP generation in urban habitat designs in order to ensure post oil age preparedness of the cities across the lands.
The document discusses sustainable agriculture. It defines sustainable agriculture as farming practices that are ecologically sound, economically viable, and socially beneficial. Some key techniques of sustainable agriculture mentioned are crop rotation, mixed cropping, intercropping, and cover cropping. These techniques help ensure healthy soil and crop growth without depleting resources. The document also includes images showing examples of crop rotation, mixed cropping, intercropping, and cover cropping.
This document discusses cyber extension in agriculture. It defines cyber extension as an information exchange mechanism over cyber space through telecommunication means. It outlines some key milestones in cyber extension such as the establishment of ARIS in 1995 and Agrisnet in 1997 to provide agricultural information to farmers. The document also discusses various tools and approaches used in cyber extension like agriculture portals, email, video conferencing, expert systems, and call centers. It highlights advantages like lower costs and wider reach compared to traditional extension. However, it also notes challenges including information not being in local languages, lack of internet access in remote areas, and illiteracy among farmers.
The Green Revolution in India refers to the period in the 1960s-70s when agricultural productivity increased dramatically due to the adoption of new technologies and high-yielding varieties of seeds, brought about through initiatives like those of M.S. Swaminathan. This helped increase food grain production, especially in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. However, long term problems arose due to overuse of chemicals, loss of biodiversity, rising costs for farmers, and increased regional disparities between areas that could benefit and those that could not.
The document provides an overview of rural development and Indian agriculture from pre-independence to present day. It discusses various farming systems and types of agriculture practiced in India such as arable, pastoral, mixed, etc. It then outlines the key stages in the development of Indian agriculture including the pre-independence period focused on cash crops for British trade, post-independence initiatives like land reform and irrigation projects, the Green Revolution of the 1960s which introduced high-yielding varieties and boosted food grain production, and more recent developments in dairy, fisheries, and challenges facing Indian agriculture today.
Impact of Green Revolution on Indian AgricultureSamreen Fatima
The document discusses the Green Revolution in India that occurred in the late 1960s. It introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased usage of fertilizers and irrigation, which led to a significant increase in food grain production. However, the Green Revolution also had negative environmental and social impacts. There is now a need for a second Green Revolution that focuses on sustainable agricultural practices to continue feeding India's growing population.
The presentation was made for being part of Winning Haryana 2019 Think Tank membership with clear focus on securing abundance from renewable energy secure animal husbandry GDP generation which came under unprecedented assault by the blasphemers of Lord Krishna masking themselves up in the name of Hindu, a secular word applied for all living around the river Sindhu. I have argued for clear reference to history of the man made prohibitions against consumption of meat by 'Jains' who rever Neminath, the cousin of Lord Krishna. I have argued for protection of Sanatan Dharma ideals upheld by prophet Abraham SUH and HP referred as Brahmma here in Sanskrit texts. Prohibition of consumption of beef is not at all associated with Sanatan Dharma avtars. Cattle is capital across the societies integral to agriculture. Trade in cattle and cattle products is important for security the reward for humanity. The plot of usurers and blasphemers of Lord Krishna and prophet Abraham SUH and HP referred in history will not succeed. This plot must be defeated by all through education. I have been arguing for integration of animal husbandry GDP generation in urban habitat designs in order to ensure post oil age preparedness of the cities across the lands.
The document discusses sustainable agriculture. It defines sustainable agriculture as farming practices that are ecologically sound, economically viable, and socially beneficial. Some key techniques of sustainable agriculture mentioned are crop rotation, mixed cropping, intercropping, and cover cropping. These techniques help ensure healthy soil and crop growth without depleting resources. The document also includes images showing examples of crop rotation, mixed cropping, intercropping, and cover cropping.
This document discusses cyber extension in agriculture. It defines cyber extension as an information exchange mechanism over cyber space through telecommunication means. It outlines some key milestones in cyber extension such as the establishment of ARIS in 1995 and Agrisnet in 1997 to provide agricultural information to farmers. The document also discusses various tools and approaches used in cyber extension like agriculture portals, email, video conferencing, expert systems, and call centers. It highlights advantages like lower costs and wider reach compared to traditional extension. However, it also notes challenges including information not being in local languages, lack of internet access in remote areas, and illiteracy among farmers.
The Green Revolution in India refers to the period in the 1960s-70s when agricultural productivity increased dramatically due to the adoption of new technologies and high-yielding varieties of seeds, brought about through initiatives like those of M.S. Swaminathan. This helped increase food grain production, especially in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. However, long term problems arose due to overuse of chemicals, loss of biodiversity, rising costs for farmers, and increased regional disparities between areas that could benefit and those that could not.
This document discusses forest conservation and deforestation. It notes that forest conservation involves maintaining forests for future generations by increasing forest area, stopping overgrazing, and properly managing animal populations. Deforestation is the removal of many trees, often damaging the land. It occurs to use wood for construction, clear land for crops or buildings, and has negative effects like loss of food/habitat, floods, and drought. The document profiles conservation heroes like Jim Corbett and Jadav Payeng and notes forests provide resources like fuel, food, medicine, and fresh water.
This document discusses sustainable livelihoods through convergence under MGNREGA in Madhya Pradesh. It outlines constraints under MGNREGA legislation, and an approach involving participatory planning, identification of convergence areas, and participatory execution. Major areas of convergence include integrated natural resource management, agriculture and allied activities. A case study from Tilgara village demonstrates implementation of MGNREGA and convergence with other departments to provide benefits like increased irrigation, drinking water availability, and rural infrastructure development.
Natural Farming- Zero Budget Natural Farmingdarshan kadam
This document provides information about natural farming and zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) in India. It discusses the principles and practices of natural farming according to major proponents like Masanobu Fukuoka, Subhash Palekar who developed ZBNF, and initiatives in Indian states to promote ZBNF. It summarizes the key drivers of ZBNF adoption, impact on yields, costs and incomes, and ongoing research efforts including ICAR's evaluation of ZBNF claims and potential large scale impacts on Indian agriculture.
Natural farming is a sustainable farming method that uses only natural inputs and respects the rights of crops and livestock. It heals soil degraded by chemicals while improving soil and water quality. Natural farming products are very healthy with high nutritional content and quality yields. The methods include using weeds for mulch rather than herbicides, earthworms for tilling rather than machines, and natural fertilizers like fish amino acid and eggshell calcium instead of chemical fertilizers. Farmers produce their own inputs from natural materials like indigenous microorganisms, fermented plant juice, and oriental herbs. Livestock are fed natural foods and their housing avoids pollution through decomposition by microorganisms.
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a district level farm science centre that helps transfer technology from research institutes to farmers' fields. The first KVK was established in 1974 in Puducherry. There are currently 634 KVKs across India managed by ICAR.
- KVKs aim to empower farmers through learning, applying technologies, and improving livelihoods. Their mandates include on-farm testing, demonstrations, training programs, and vocational training.
- This specific KVK document outlines strategies adopted for sustainable agriculture development in Jharkhand, including remunerative, climate-smart, and diversified agricultural practices. It also provides a SWOT analysis of the Ramak
This document discusses organic farming. It provides information on farmers' understanding of organic farming principles in Nepal, including no use of chemicals, pesticides, or urea, and using integrated pest management and farm manures. The effects of conventional farming like heavy metal accumulation, water eutrophication, and pesticide pollution are also covered. The document concludes that organic agriculture can help reduce greenhouse gases and increase climate change resilience while maintaining food quality.
Multilayer Cropping : Ideal approach for better yield and increasing farm incomeAntaraPramanik
In India mostly farmers (about 85%)comes under small and marginal farmers. In near future, availability of land for cultivation will be reduce with increasing population and rapid urbanization, degradation of land due to soil erosion and soil salinity.
As per estimate, in India more than 95% holding will be under the category of small and marginal holders by 2050 (Agrawal R.L., 1995) .
For solution of this problem, multi storied cropping system will be a potential and efficient option to provide food, nutritional and income security to the growing population of India (Awasthi O.P. et.al., 2008) . This has possible because of the diverse agro climatic condition, enormous biodiversity, wide variation in soil fertility, large cultivable land area in the geographical boundary of India. Multi-layer Cropping is a system of growing crops together of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land. It is also referred as multi-storied cropping or multi-tier cropping. Multilayer Cropping is based on the principle of high-density planting and making the ultimate and efficient use of manure, water, land, labour and vertical space.
This system of cropping also works on the principles of minimization of production cost and inputs use, development of organic and sustainable farming system in order to mitigate the use of chemicals and ensuring the food and nutritional security to each household.
Multilayer system of cropping is sustainable method of cropping that is cost effective and requires less labour . Therefore, people should be made aware of this type of farming system.
We know that many farmers in different countries are unwillingly killing themselves because they work hard in their land but they don’t get good production.
Farmers who are willing to do work are deprived of different resources like irrigation and good area of agricultural land. In this scenario, they can be motivated to do multi-layer system of cropping which can ultimately solves all these problem.
This system of cropping can helps to uplift the economic condition of farmer. The Multilayer Cropping System is indeed a boon to small & marginal farmers.
Organic farming involves holistic management practices that promote ecosystem health. It focuses on biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil health while avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The document outlines principles, tools, and management practices for organic farming, including crop selection and rotations, pest and disease control using cultural and biological methods, and marketing of organic produce. It also discusses initiatives by the Odisha government to promote organic farming through schemes and policies aimed at developing sustainable agriculture.
FARM PLAN MODELS Of INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM For Small and Marginal FarmersSubham Dwivedi
This document describes an integrated farming system model for small and marginal farmers. The model incorporates crop production, dairy farming, horticulture, fisheries, apiary, and vermicomposting on a 1.5 hectare plot of land. The system aims to maximize productivity and profitability through efficient utilization and recycling of resources between the different enterprises. Byproducts from one component are used as inputs for others to minimize waste and optimize resource use. The integrated approach helps farmers meet their food, fodder, and income needs throughout the year in a sustainable manner.
The document introduces Amrut Krushi, an organic farming method that aims to increase yields higher than chemical farming while using lower costs and being more sustainable. It highlights problems with chemical farming such as high costs for farmers, water pollution, health effects from pesticides and herbicides, loss of topsoil, high water requirements, threats to biodiversity, and lack of sustainability. Amrut Krushi uses scientific methods to maximize yields within an area based on sunlight and reduces water needs by increasing soil organic carbon, requiring no external inputs through recycling farming byproducts.
Conservation Agriculture in Haryana India: Past Experiences & Future Plans
Ashok Kumar Yadav, Director General (Agriculture), Government of Haryana, India
Agroecology is the study of agricultural systems and their interaction with the environment. It focuses on optimizing locally available resources through practices like crop rotation, polycultures, and agroforestry to reduce reliance on external inputs. Key principles of agroecology include recycling nutrients on the farm, integrating crops and livestock, and maintaining biodiversity. Agroecological strategies can improve productivity and sustainability while conserving natural resources long-term.
Bamboo diversity of North East India. Bamboo belongs to the Poaceae family. Bamboo has approximately 1200 species in the world. 25 percent of Bamboo species of the world are found in India. Nearly 90 species of bamboo are found in North East India and almost 41 of them are endemic to this region.
Indian agriculture began around 9000 BCE with the cultivation of crops and domestication of animals. By the Neolithic period around 8000 BCE, farming communities in India were growing crops like barley and wheat and raising cattle, sheep, and goats. Major agricultural developments in ancient India included sophisticated irrigation systems in the Indus Valley Civilization by 4500 BCE and rice cultivation in northern India as early as 4530 BCE. During the medieval period, Indian crops and spices gained global prominence in trade while agricultural innovations continued, including new irrigation techniques, soil classification, and the introduction of sugarcane.
This document defines agroforestry as a sustainable land use system that combines trees, crops, and livestock. It discusses several types of agroforestry including silvopasture, alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, and windbreaks/shelterbelts. Silvopasture combines trees, forage, and livestock. Alley cropping grows crops between rows of trees. Forest farming cultivates high-value crops under forest canopy. Riparian buffers protect waterways. Windbreaks shelter crops, livestock, and roads from wind.
Organic farming involves techniques that achieve good crop yields without harming the environment or people. It uses biological materials and avoids synthetic substances to maintain ecological balance and minimize pollution. Some organic farming techniques include crop rotation, green manure, organic waste management, and biological pest control. The benefits of organic farming are maintaining long-term soil fertility, reducing input costs, effectively using natural resources, avoiding pollution from agriculture, and providing quality food. India has a suitable climate for organic farming and there are growing opportunities in the sector as demand for organic products and acreage of organic farmland have increased in recent years.
Bangladesh has a long history of agricultural extension services to support its smallholder farmers. The agricultural extension system in Bangladesh aims to improve food security and farm incomes through increasing productivity, diversifying crops, and linking farmers to markets. It utilizes a pluralistic, decentralized approach involving public agencies, NGOs, private providers and farmer groups. The national extension policy focuses on location-specific strategies and targeting marginalized smallholders through integrated approaches, value chain development, and capacity building of extension agents. The goals are to sustainably increase production and farm incomes while addressing poverty, nutrition, and climate challenges facing Bangladeshi agriculture.
Bamboo is a perennial grass native to warm tropical and temperate climates that grows from rhizomes. It has many uses including construction, textiles, medicine, culinary purposes and musical instruments. Silviculturally, bamboo is a strong light demander that is moderately sensitive to drought and highly sensitive to frost, fire and browsing. It occurs on various soil types from sandy loams to clayey soils and has a rhizome root system. Associates include Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis and various shrub species.
Socio-economic Status of Female Workers Engaged in Traditional Chikankari und...IIJSRJournal
Chikankari is an ancient and traditional embroidery technique that originated in Lucknow, a city in north-eastern India. The artisans of Chikan embroidery are outspread in Lucknow and nearby villages of Sitapur district. The rural people of Sitapur villages are largely dependent on the Chikankari embroidery for their livelihood and the embroidery is very popular among rural ladies. Socio-economic status of a person is the economic and social position of the person based on education, income and occupation in relation to others. It was found in the study that age group 20-40 were dominating in Chikankari work as they faces low health problems as compared to higher age group. Modified Kuppuswamy Socio-economic scale updated for the year 2019, was used to calculate the socio-economic status of the respondents. Socio-economic status of the worker shows that they were mostly upper lower class (60%) and lower middle class (40%). Nearly all subjects (99%) had income below 5000/month and the average income from Chikankari is rupees 2566.66/month/person, while the income of the family/household income mostly range between rupees 19516-29199/month and the average income was rupees 20542.91/month. Most of the Chikankari workers had kuchha houses and uses wood for cooking on traditional chulha. Public hand pumps were the source to drink water. They had very small or no land holding and daily wages are the source of income to fulfill their daily needs.
This document discusses forest conservation and deforestation. It notes that forest conservation involves maintaining forests for future generations by increasing forest area, stopping overgrazing, and properly managing animal populations. Deforestation is the removal of many trees, often damaging the land. It occurs to use wood for construction, clear land for crops or buildings, and has negative effects like loss of food/habitat, floods, and drought. The document profiles conservation heroes like Jim Corbett and Jadav Payeng and notes forests provide resources like fuel, food, medicine, and fresh water.
This document discusses sustainable livelihoods through convergence under MGNREGA in Madhya Pradesh. It outlines constraints under MGNREGA legislation, and an approach involving participatory planning, identification of convergence areas, and participatory execution. Major areas of convergence include integrated natural resource management, agriculture and allied activities. A case study from Tilgara village demonstrates implementation of MGNREGA and convergence with other departments to provide benefits like increased irrigation, drinking water availability, and rural infrastructure development.
Natural Farming- Zero Budget Natural Farmingdarshan kadam
This document provides information about natural farming and zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) in India. It discusses the principles and practices of natural farming according to major proponents like Masanobu Fukuoka, Subhash Palekar who developed ZBNF, and initiatives in Indian states to promote ZBNF. It summarizes the key drivers of ZBNF adoption, impact on yields, costs and incomes, and ongoing research efforts including ICAR's evaluation of ZBNF claims and potential large scale impacts on Indian agriculture.
Natural farming is a sustainable farming method that uses only natural inputs and respects the rights of crops and livestock. It heals soil degraded by chemicals while improving soil and water quality. Natural farming products are very healthy with high nutritional content and quality yields. The methods include using weeds for mulch rather than herbicides, earthworms for tilling rather than machines, and natural fertilizers like fish amino acid and eggshell calcium instead of chemical fertilizers. Farmers produce their own inputs from natural materials like indigenous microorganisms, fermented plant juice, and oriental herbs. Livestock are fed natural foods and their housing avoids pollution through decomposition by microorganisms.
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a district level farm science centre that helps transfer technology from research institutes to farmers' fields. The first KVK was established in 1974 in Puducherry. There are currently 634 KVKs across India managed by ICAR.
- KVKs aim to empower farmers through learning, applying technologies, and improving livelihoods. Their mandates include on-farm testing, demonstrations, training programs, and vocational training.
- This specific KVK document outlines strategies adopted for sustainable agriculture development in Jharkhand, including remunerative, climate-smart, and diversified agricultural practices. It also provides a SWOT analysis of the Ramak
This document discusses organic farming. It provides information on farmers' understanding of organic farming principles in Nepal, including no use of chemicals, pesticides, or urea, and using integrated pest management and farm manures. The effects of conventional farming like heavy metal accumulation, water eutrophication, and pesticide pollution are also covered. The document concludes that organic agriculture can help reduce greenhouse gases and increase climate change resilience while maintaining food quality.
Multilayer Cropping : Ideal approach for better yield and increasing farm incomeAntaraPramanik
In India mostly farmers (about 85%)comes under small and marginal farmers. In near future, availability of land for cultivation will be reduce with increasing population and rapid urbanization, degradation of land due to soil erosion and soil salinity.
As per estimate, in India more than 95% holding will be under the category of small and marginal holders by 2050 (Agrawal R.L., 1995) .
For solution of this problem, multi storied cropping system will be a potential and efficient option to provide food, nutritional and income security to the growing population of India (Awasthi O.P. et.al., 2008) . This has possible because of the diverse agro climatic condition, enormous biodiversity, wide variation in soil fertility, large cultivable land area in the geographical boundary of India. Multi-layer Cropping is a system of growing crops together of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land. It is also referred as multi-storied cropping or multi-tier cropping. Multilayer Cropping is based on the principle of high-density planting and making the ultimate and efficient use of manure, water, land, labour and vertical space.
This system of cropping also works on the principles of minimization of production cost and inputs use, development of organic and sustainable farming system in order to mitigate the use of chemicals and ensuring the food and nutritional security to each household.
Multilayer system of cropping is sustainable method of cropping that is cost effective and requires less labour . Therefore, people should be made aware of this type of farming system.
We know that many farmers in different countries are unwillingly killing themselves because they work hard in their land but they don’t get good production.
Farmers who are willing to do work are deprived of different resources like irrigation and good area of agricultural land. In this scenario, they can be motivated to do multi-layer system of cropping which can ultimately solves all these problem.
This system of cropping can helps to uplift the economic condition of farmer. The Multilayer Cropping System is indeed a boon to small & marginal farmers.
Organic farming involves holistic management practices that promote ecosystem health. It focuses on biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil health while avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The document outlines principles, tools, and management practices for organic farming, including crop selection and rotations, pest and disease control using cultural and biological methods, and marketing of organic produce. It also discusses initiatives by the Odisha government to promote organic farming through schemes and policies aimed at developing sustainable agriculture.
FARM PLAN MODELS Of INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM For Small and Marginal FarmersSubham Dwivedi
This document describes an integrated farming system model for small and marginal farmers. The model incorporates crop production, dairy farming, horticulture, fisheries, apiary, and vermicomposting on a 1.5 hectare plot of land. The system aims to maximize productivity and profitability through efficient utilization and recycling of resources between the different enterprises. Byproducts from one component are used as inputs for others to minimize waste and optimize resource use. The integrated approach helps farmers meet their food, fodder, and income needs throughout the year in a sustainable manner.
The document introduces Amrut Krushi, an organic farming method that aims to increase yields higher than chemical farming while using lower costs and being more sustainable. It highlights problems with chemical farming such as high costs for farmers, water pollution, health effects from pesticides and herbicides, loss of topsoil, high water requirements, threats to biodiversity, and lack of sustainability. Amrut Krushi uses scientific methods to maximize yields within an area based on sunlight and reduces water needs by increasing soil organic carbon, requiring no external inputs through recycling farming byproducts.
Conservation Agriculture in Haryana India: Past Experiences & Future Plans
Ashok Kumar Yadav, Director General (Agriculture), Government of Haryana, India
Agroecology is the study of agricultural systems and their interaction with the environment. It focuses on optimizing locally available resources through practices like crop rotation, polycultures, and agroforestry to reduce reliance on external inputs. Key principles of agroecology include recycling nutrients on the farm, integrating crops and livestock, and maintaining biodiversity. Agroecological strategies can improve productivity and sustainability while conserving natural resources long-term.
Bamboo diversity of North East India. Bamboo belongs to the Poaceae family. Bamboo has approximately 1200 species in the world. 25 percent of Bamboo species of the world are found in India. Nearly 90 species of bamboo are found in North East India and almost 41 of them are endemic to this region.
Indian agriculture began around 9000 BCE with the cultivation of crops and domestication of animals. By the Neolithic period around 8000 BCE, farming communities in India were growing crops like barley and wheat and raising cattle, sheep, and goats. Major agricultural developments in ancient India included sophisticated irrigation systems in the Indus Valley Civilization by 4500 BCE and rice cultivation in northern India as early as 4530 BCE. During the medieval period, Indian crops and spices gained global prominence in trade while agricultural innovations continued, including new irrigation techniques, soil classification, and the introduction of sugarcane.
This document defines agroforestry as a sustainable land use system that combines trees, crops, and livestock. It discusses several types of agroforestry including silvopasture, alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, and windbreaks/shelterbelts. Silvopasture combines trees, forage, and livestock. Alley cropping grows crops between rows of trees. Forest farming cultivates high-value crops under forest canopy. Riparian buffers protect waterways. Windbreaks shelter crops, livestock, and roads from wind.
Organic farming involves techniques that achieve good crop yields without harming the environment or people. It uses biological materials and avoids synthetic substances to maintain ecological balance and minimize pollution. Some organic farming techniques include crop rotation, green manure, organic waste management, and biological pest control. The benefits of organic farming are maintaining long-term soil fertility, reducing input costs, effectively using natural resources, avoiding pollution from agriculture, and providing quality food. India has a suitable climate for organic farming and there are growing opportunities in the sector as demand for organic products and acreage of organic farmland have increased in recent years.
Bangladesh has a long history of agricultural extension services to support its smallholder farmers. The agricultural extension system in Bangladesh aims to improve food security and farm incomes through increasing productivity, diversifying crops, and linking farmers to markets. It utilizes a pluralistic, decentralized approach involving public agencies, NGOs, private providers and farmer groups. The national extension policy focuses on location-specific strategies and targeting marginalized smallholders through integrated approaches, value chain development, and capacity building of extension agents. The goals are to sustainably increase production and farm incomes while addressing poverty, nutrition, and climate challenges facing Bangladeshi agriculture.
Bamboo is a perennial grass native to warm tropical and temperate climates that grows from rhizomes. It has many uses including construction, textiles, medicine, culinary purposes and musical instruments. Silviculturally, bamboo is a strong light demander that is moderately sensitive to drought and highly sensitive to frost, fire and browsing. It occurs on various soil types from sandy loams to clayey soils and has a rhizome root system. Associates include Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis and various shrub species.
Socio-economic Status of Female Workers Engaged in Traditional Chikankari und...IIJSRJournal
Chikankari is an ancient and traditional embroidery technique that originated in Lucknow, a city in north-eastern India. The artisans of Chikan embroidery are outspread in Lucknow and nearby villages of Sitapur district. The rural people of Sitapur villages are largely dependent on the Chikankari embroidery for their livelihood and the embroidery is very popular among rural ladies. Socio-economic status of a person is the economic and social position of the person based on education, income and occupation in relation to others. It was found in the study that age group 20-40 were dominating in Chikankari work as they faces low health problems as compared to higher age group. Modified Kuppuswamy Socio-economic scale updated for the year 2019, was used to calculate the socio-economic status of the respondents. Socio-economic status of the worker shows that they were mostly upper lower class (60%) and lower middle class (40%). Nearly all subjects (99%) had income below 5000/month and the average income from Chikankari is rupees 2566.66/month/person, while the income of the family/household income mostly range between rupees 19516-29199/month and the average income was rupees 20542.91/month. Most of the Chikankari workers had kuchha houses and uses wood for cooking on traditional chulha. Public hand pumps were the source to drink water. They had very small or no land holding and daily wages are the source of income to fulfill their daily needs.
A New Gate Way of Promoting Handloom Industry in Phuliainventionjournals
Phulia is developed after setting up handloom cooperatives and became a well developed township in Santipur Community Development Block and in future it would become a big weaving hub. Here the study mainly focuses on the identification of socio-economic and cultural transformation due to modern cooperatives based handloom practices like as weaving. It is one of the heavily prospering handloom cluster part of Santipur handloom cluster. It becomes a well developing handloom centre. The Indian handloom fabrics have been known for times immemorial for their beauty, excellence in design; texture and durability. The Cooperative Societies have a major role in the movement of revival and development of Tangail Industry in Phulia.
Impact of Culture on Socio-economic Condition of Tribal People of Rajshahi City Md. Mamun Hossain
Selected study areas are the most possible place of living tribal people in Rajshahi city. Talipara, Baganpara, Sautalpara were chosen as study areas. In this study, the most authentic reasons behind the impact of culture of tribal people on their socio-economic condition, social, economic and cultural conditions that they face were tried to find out. In the rest of the report some recommendations are presented for preserving their culture and improving their social and economic condition, solving to remove tribal discrimination.
This document summarizes a case study of the rural community of Somsar in Bankura District, West Bengal. The researchers initially visited three villages to select a site for their rural development program and chose Somsar. They conducted surveys to understand the socioeconomic conditions and identified several issues including river erosion, lack of health services, and unemployment. The researchers then proposed interventions like developing skills, promoting entrepreneurship, renewable energy, and eco-tourism. They analyzed the village using indices like HDI and conducted a SWOT and STEEPLE analysis to develop a strategy. The overall goal is to improve livelihoods, the environment, and social bonding in Somsar.
The document discusses efforts to revive craft traditions in India and ensure their sustainability. It describes initiatives by the Crafts Council of India to reactivate its chapter in Tripura, a remote northeastern state, through visits with local craftspeople. It also discusses the need to provide craftspeople with design guidance, market access, and entrepreneurship opportunities to help craft industries thrive. Reviving local craft councils and fostering cultural entrepreneurship are seen as important for guiding artisan communities and creating a vibrant creative economy.
The document discusses efforts to revive craft traditions in India and ensure their sustainability. It describes initiatives by the Crafts Council of India to reactivate its chapter in Tripura, a remote northeastern state, through visits with local craftspeople. It also discusses the need to provide craftspeople with design guidance, market access, and entrepreneurship opportunities to help craft industries thrive. Reviving local craft councils and supporting cultural entrepreneurship can help revitalize India's craft traditions.
This lesson plan compares traditional and modern methods of agriculture in Kuttanad, Kerala. The teacher will have students role play as a traditional farmer and modern farmer to discuss differences. Students will then discuss differences in small groups and present their findings. The teacher will codify the differences in a chart. Pictures of traditional and modern equipment will be shown. Students will be asked review questions and their homework will be to collect pictures/articles about agricultural tools and equipment.
This document outlines a research proposal to study the socio-economic status of the Satar ethnic group in Chandragadi Village Development Committee of Jhapa District, Nepal. The proposal includes an introduction providing background on Nepal's ethnic diversity and the Satar people. It states the problem as the Satar experiencing poverty and landlessness. The objectives are to analyze the Satar's socio-economic status and cultural behaviors. The methodology discusses a descriptive analytical design using primary and secondary data collection from a sample of Satar households. The proposal is submitted to the Central Department of Rural Development for review.
This document outlines a research proposal to study the socio-economic status of the Satar ethnic group in Chandragadi Village Development Committee of Jhapa District, Nepal. The proposal includes an introduction providing background on Nepal's ethnic diversity and the Satar people. It states the problem as the Satar experiencing poverty and landlessness. The objectives are to analyze the Satar's socio-economic status and cultural behaviors. The methodology discusses a descriptive analytical design using primary and secondary data collection from a sample of Satar households. The proposal is submitted to the Central Department of Rural Development for review.
Appreciations and skills of local elected officials integrating small local f...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to determine the appreciation of fruit trees, shrubs and plants transformed into
organic matter among small Malagasy producers to enhance agricultural activity. Then, their findings on the
productivity and effectiveness of popularized natural products are also necessary to understand their
perceptions. Then, the study also shows their perceptions towards the behaviors (their sensitivity) and the skills
of local elected officials, particularly in terms of skills in mobilization, control, and in seeking funding to
support local populations in changing their behavior through the destruction of nature and biodiversity. Finally,
their conviction and their attitude of independence are also studied to understand their feelings. This research
was conducted in Andilantomoendry district, rural commune of Antanandava, district of Mandritsara since 2015
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Art scope in chhattisgargh
1. Art scope in Chhattisgarh
{RESEARCH STUDY ON GHADWA ART (DHOKRA / BELL METAL ART) & ARTISAN OF BASTAR}
Delivered By:-
DR. ANUPAM TIWARI
Head & Associate Professor,
Department of Rural Technology
Dr.C.V.Raman University, Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.)
Date-07/04/2020
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
2. An socio-economic investigation on Ghadwa art (Bell metal art) artisan
families with special reference to Bastar District of Chhattisgarh was conducted to understand
the traditional technique of Ghadwa art being used by the traditional artisans in Sidmud,
Chilkuti and Erracote villages of Bastar District of Chhattisgarh. Empowering artisan through
craft to benefit themselves and their families and develop in a sustainable way is the need of
the hour. Agencies, both public and private, play an important role in the revival of the
traditional arts and crafts. The research study aims at drawing a linkage between artisan and
their role in the revival and preservation of crafts. The present study was done through
structured questionnaires in consultations with the Ghadwa art artisans. Bastar’s dhokhra work
is certainly the most famous handicraft from this state and its fame has long reached the
international stage. Bastar is only one region where master craftsmen churn out exquisite
handicrafts. There is stone, wood, terracotta, wrought iron, there are paintings and tattoo work,
bamboo and sisal work there is so much that the mind boggles with sheer variety. The
Ghadwa art Chhattisgarh is famous for its unique tribal population along with tribal art for
number of traditional art which is used by Tribal peoples for multipurpose uses and livelihood
from time immemorial, so there is a need to study of Ghadwa art artisans family and their
technique of Bastar region for the conservation purpose of this valuable gift of God. The
artisans are persons who make different traditional items followed by traditional methods and
provide showpiece and antique items. The study indicated the needs to support the artisans for
their upgradtion though various activities like skill orientation activities /trainings, market
availability, support of raw material and to provide innovation designs for their livelihood
support and improvement.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
3. About Bastar
Bastar a tribal district of Chhattisgarh is the Land of
Handicrafts & Natural Resources. This Divine Land is also
enriched with Natural Beauty which makes it a paradise for
tourists. The deep forest area between bushes and bamboos
where one always feel the absence of sunlight , wide and thick
forests , between high mountains cool flowing streams , sky-
touching mountains , caves , high waterfalls , and in the valleys the
spread of greenery and in between this , the huts made by bamboo
sticks, the fearless life style of the tribal's and their culture,
one's heart and mind would be filled with new wonders and
pleasure.
Attractions
Bastar Arts, Jagdalpur Town, Danteshwari Temple, Bastar
Palace, Anthropological Museum, Chitrakot Waterfalls, Tiratgarh
Waterfalls, Kutumsar Caves and Kailash Gufa, Kanger Valley
National Park, Dantewada Temple.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
4. Bastar Handicrafts
Survival for the ethnic population is dependent on the
unfathomed ways of nature. The art of iron making is has been known
in India from early vedic period and Rig- Veda several reference of
iron(ayas) has been made They seem to instinctively sense the very
core of nature, converse with its majestic silence and learn from its
for their excellence in making exotic handicrafts with a variety of
designs and shapes.. Bastar, being a district full of forest, containing
finest quality of teak and other types of woods from which very
attractive wooden carving crafts and various types of furniture are
being made by the skilled and experienced hands of the tribal's.
Wide range of Bastar Handicrafts:
1.Wooden Craft 2. Terracotta 3. Bamboo Craft 4. Bell Metals 5.
Wrought Iron Craft
All available natural resources are utilized to their
optimum potential. Honed and perfected over the generations almost
all objects of daily use surpass their original function and are
transformed into objects of great aesthetic value.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
5. Name of the Craft
1.Terracotta
2.Bell-Metal
3. Iron-Craft
4.Wood-Craft
5.Weaving
6.Bamboo-Craft
Place
Kondagaon,Narayanpur,Jagdalpur,
Dantewara , Bhanpuri etc.
Kondagaon,Barkai,Jagdalpur,Ektaguda ,
Karanpur , Sirmud , Nangur etc.
Kondagaon , Nagarnar , Keshkal
,Narayanpur , Jagdalpur , Dantewara
etc.
Naraynpur , Kondagaon , Golawand ,
Karanpur , Bhond , Jagdalpur , Deorgaon,
Bastar , Parchanpal etc.
Tokapal , Bastar , Nagarnar , Jagdalpur ,
Parchanpal etc.
Naraynpur , Antagarh , Bande ,
Pakhanjur , Pharasgaon , Sirmud
,Karanpur etc.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
6. To understand the technique and Casting of
Ghadwa art in Bastar.
To study the Socio-economic status of artisans of
Ghadwa art in Bastar region.
To identify the support and subsidy sources for
Ghadwa art artisans in the study area.
To study the benefit sharing among the major
stake holders;
To study the socio-economic characteristics of
people/artisans and the contribution of the
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
7. For the purpose of analysis, primary as well as secondary data
have been collected. Secondary data regarding number of bell metal
industrial units, number of artisans, etc. The survey was conducted
to collect the information regarding remote villages of Bastar district
from Block Office. tribal villages or 3-5 traditional artisans in each
villages were visited through periodical tour. The study was
conducted in the month March- July 2012. With approximately all
artisans informants in each Villages (total number of informants 35;
{32 (91.42%) Man, 3(8.57%) Woman}). The methodology of the
present work was adopted from some of the earlier workers like Jain
(1988), Kochhar (2003), Tiwari (2012), Tiwari & Nema (2012) and
Tiwari & Singh (2012) and the methods of socioeconomic studies
have been summarized by Dewangan (2011), was also consulted in
the present study.
METHODOLOGY
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
8. Education is the basic necessity of the people at present. In all aspects, it is essential
entity for the development of human qualities and personalities. Literacy and educational
attainment level are considered as significant factors influencing socio-economic development of
any society. Level of education among the bell metal artisans is very low. Majority of the artisans
engaged in the bell metal industry are ignorant and illiterate which creates great obstacles in the
way of modernisation and expansion of the industry (Deka, P.K. 1986). This study was observed
that 17.5 per cent artisans are illiterate. It is also seen that out of the literate respondents, about
30.84 per cent studied up to class 7 standard, 18.34 per cent studied up to class 10th, 20 per cent
HSLC passed, 10 per cent HS passed and 1.67 per cent was graduate. Thus, it is clear that
educated youth are not interested in pursuing this age old occupation. Moreover, the attitude of the
society is also not positive towards these handicrafts workers. Very low status is accorded to the
artisans by the society. It may be perhaps due to low education level. They are neglected by the
society which in turn discourages them. For ignorance, they use outdated methods of production
and thus cannot keep pace with other large-scale industries which in turn keep their income low.
A majority of the families were nuclear and a few were in joint family. Among them, 94.16
per cent are nuclear while 5.14 per cent were joint family. It is because of the fact that the poor
artisans cannot support a joint family. Bell metal was observed to be the only source of livelihood
for more than 97 per cent of the respondent. Only 2.5 per cent respondent was having other
source of income. The other source of income is the agriculture for these few artisans. It is
because of the fact that most of them do not have land other than their land for their dwelling
house. Because of their low income, majority of them (82.5 per cent) is unable to save. Supply of
safe drinking water in adequate quantities to all has been recognised as the basic need worldwide.
Most of the artisans have not any safe drinking water facility. They take drinking water withoutanupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
9. Unfortunately, no one among the artisans is able to get the safe drinking water supply
from any government scheme. Only 9.16 per cent have their own ring wells and 69.66 per
cent possess tube wells. Some are carrying water from others’ tube well and ring well.
However, 21.66 per cent neither possess ring nor tube well. It is also observed that out of
120 respondents 107 families (89 per cent) have not any water filter facility. Only 1.66 per
cent has readymade filter from market and remaining 9.16 prepare their own filter facility
at their own home. It reflects their unhygienic iving condition.
Apart from drinking facilities, sanitation also reflects their poor socio-economic
condition of the artisans. It is also observed from study that only 15.86 per cent
respondents have pacca latrine whereas 49.16 per cent uses katcha latrine. It is
observed that 35 per cent have neither pacca nor katcha latrine facilities. They have to
use open space.
The housing condition of the artisans is poor. Most of the artisans live in katcha
house. It is observed that only 18 workers i.e. 15 per cent workers have Assam type
pacca house whereas 80 per cent workers live in tin roof katcha houses. Accordingly, 5
per cent workers live in thatch roof katcha houses.
The standard of living of the artisans is poor. It is observed from study that 52.50
per cent of total 35 families have electricity facilities whereas 35 per cent use kerosene as
a source of lighting. Remaining 12.50 per cent use other source of light. It is observed
that majority of families, i.e. 57.50 per cent use firewood as a fuel whereas 40.83 per cent
use LPG. Only, 1.66 per cent use cow dung a source of fuel.
It is also seen that 48.33 per cent does not possess any type of vehicles.
However, 49.17 per cent have bicycles and 2.5 per cent motor cycles. It is also
experienced that majority of families (i.e. 48.33 per cent) have not any tools of
amusement. Only 6.66 per cent can enjoy T.V.anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
10. There is inequality in distribution of income
among the artisans. Inequalities in income have
artisan on the basis of role played by different
categories of artisans. The income of most of the
head artisan is much higher than that of other
artisans. It is observed from study that the
income of temporary artisans is the lowest
among all. Their income is less than Rs 30000
per year. It is a so meagre income that obviously
leads to poverty. It is due to irregular
employment and lack of skill.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
11. SWOT Analysis of Bastar Art:
STRENGTH:
1. Esthetic look, sculpture of unique nature 2.Good
Quality product 3.Very strong brand image.
WEAKNESS:
1. Low stability 2. Poor customer supplier relation
3. Feeble distribution network.
OPPORTUNITIES:
1. New product of great demand. 2. Export
relaxations 3. Large growing market
THREATS:
1. Naxallite Attacks 2. Social activism 3.Religious
battles 4. Rising costanupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
12. What makes a product valuable?
1. Scarcity 2. Superiority3. Inimitability 4. Appropriatebility
5.Durability
The above qualities are there in BASTAR ART The factors
that limit artisans in applying quantitative techniques to promote
handcrafts are:
1.Information Gap
2.Quantitative Marketing Gap
a.Lack of understanding:
b.Lack of coordination
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
13. Distributional & Promotional Strategies:
Distribution is the process of getting products and
services from producers to consumers and users when and
where they are needed. Distribution occurs through
variety of channels which fall in one of the two categories:
1.Direct from producer to the consumer 2.Indirect
through intermediaries.
Market Coverage Strategies:
Market coverage for distribution of Bastar Arts
through many retail outlets, as per the geographic area.
Channel Strategies:
Whether to employ direct or indirectchannels
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
14. Suggested Promotional Techniques:
1.Establishing the outlets in various cities of India.
2.Creation of Logo and Slogan for Brand Recognition
3.Positioning through outdoor advertisement and print
campaigns.
4.An advertisement contract signed by celebrities and a
brand ambassador is to be appointed for
the promotion.
5.The designing of the stores has to be given special
attention and an uniform look is to be adopted for all the
outlets/stores.
6.There should be an outlet in every standard hotel of
India to attract tourist towards Bastar Arts.anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
15. India a land of unity and diversity with many cultures and rituals is
having a highly potential state like Chhattisgarh which is rich in tribal
Handicraft. By promoting the handicraft of Bastar we are not only revealing
the hidden talents of the artisans to the world but also strengthening the
Indian culture by escalating it in the global scenario.
It is evident from the above discussion that bell metal industries of
bastar district have been sufferings from various problems related to
backward and forward linkages. It is no longer lucrative as a sequel for
which the educated youth of the region are not interested in carrying out that
activity. In future with its gloomy situation it may be continued with the few
handful persons who have little traditional knowledge only. The artisans have
been sufferings from basic facilities like drinking water and sanitation. As a
result, health of the workers including their family members were not in good
conditions as they were sufferings from various ailments. Vicious circle of
poverty was very conspicuous among the workers. In view of this, it is
suggested that Government of Chhattisgarh should come with economic
package to save the enterprise.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
16. Bell metal
Bell metal is a hard alloy used for
making bells. It is a form of bronze,
usually approximately 3:1 ratio of
copper to tin (78% copper, 22% tin).
In India, in the states of Assam, West
Bengal and Orissa, it is called kanh and
kansa and is used for cooking and
eating utensils, with Sarthebari in
Assam and Balakati near Bhubaneswar
most famous for this craft.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
17. The Bell Metal craft began in
the world with the oldest civilizations
like Mohanjodaro and Harappa and
there are several evidences to prove
this fact. Even today this crafts is
practiced in the several parts of the
country like in Orissa, Madhya
pradesh , Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
etc.. Bell Metal artisans are mostly
tribals that indicates about the
trade being traditional and age old.
Tribals have a definite relationship
with the Bell Metal trade and the
forest, as they find their raw
material in the forest.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
18. Bell Metal crafts play a vital role in providing
employment to the villagers. In India there are about three
million Handicraft Artisans. Most of them are Metal
artisans. Also Metal artisans play a great role to increase
creativeness of protect and cultivate Art and Culture of our
great nation.
In the Bastar cluster bell Metal Crafts that uses
molten alloy of more than one metal, primarily brass, in
which there are several stages of hand molding. Each piece
requires a fresh mold, which is broken after one time use.
The process is also known as the lost wax technique. The
craft is mainly practiced in Kodagaon, Barkai, Jagdalpur,
Ektaguda, Karanpur, Sirmud, Nangur etc.
Source : Report Art & Craft, Socio Economic and Educational Development Society (SEEDS)
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
19. Bees wax or prepared wax
with coal tar and wax.
Sem leaves
Black Soil
Charcoal
Scrap Metal
(An alloy of scrap brass, copper,
tin or zinc)
Rice Husk
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
20. Mutni or Tipna-
A wooden tool used for
smoothening the wax. Its
other side is a blunt blade of
wood, it is used for detailing
work like details of face,
ornaments etc.
Chimta or Sandasi-
A tong like tool
used to hold the bucket
in which the pieces of metal
melts and also used to take
out the moulds from the kiln
once they are fired.
Stone plate-
To make motif and
straightening the wax
threads.
Hathauwri-
The hammer, a wooden
block of wood. Once the wax
threads are taken out of
pichki then those long threads
are straighten out with the
help of this tool.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
21. i )Dhesa, inside it the lump of wax is placed.
ii) Zhara, from its holes the wax comes out. These holes can be
small or big depending on the requirement.
iii)A long wooden rod for pressing the wax.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
22. Filer- Once the core figure is dried it is filed with the help of
sand paper or filer. For final finishing also the product is filed
with the help of filers.
Chaku- It is used for cutting wax.
Kursibell- A bucket used for liquifying metal pieces. It can be
small or big depending upon the quantity of metal to be liquified.
Hammers- It is used to take out the outer cover of the soil after
final firing.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
23. Black soil taken from the river bank is mixed with rice husk and
kneaded with water.
Then the core figure is made with this mixture and left for drying.
On drying its surface is smoothen with the help of sand paper.
Then a juice extracted from sem leaves is applied on the
smoothened surface. As sem juice is sticky it doesn’t allow dust of
the soil to come out and hence it is easy to apply wax on it. Again it
is left for drying for approximately 10 min..
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
24. Then fine or thick threads of wax are extracted. To extract wax
threads the wax is heated up and then put it in a machine, on
applying pressure threads of wax comes out. We can get thick as
well as thin threads depending on requirements.
Once the core is dry, the wax threads are wounded around the
replica. In order to add other parts of the design, further
modeling in wax is carried out on the wax-sheathed clay core.
Again a layer of red soil is applied on the replica and it is left for
drying. Once dried it is ready for casting.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
25. ii) Casting Process :-
Once the replicas are ready, then the process of casting starts.
Normally there are two kilns, one is used for liquifying the metal
scrap and the other is used for heating the replicas to melt the
wax inside it.
Firstly, the replicas are arranged properly. Numbers of moulds put
inside the kiln depends on both, the size of the kiln as well as the
size of the moulds.
Once this arrangement is done the kiln is covered with wood and
potsherds and fired. Wind is blown continuously through the
blower.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
26. After 2-3 hrs. yellow-blue fumes can be seen on the potsherds.
This is an indication that the metal has turned to a molten state.
At the same time, in the other kiln the wax inside the moulds also
melts leaving space for the molten metal to flow.
The moulds are now allowed to cool down.
On cooling the clay layer on the moulds is hammered away to reveal
the metal image.
Source : Anupam Tiwari & Dr. P. R.Singh, Proposed Book Bastar Art & Craft.anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
27. iii) Finishing Process :-
For giving the finishing touch to the product, at first
the channels or the runners which were made for pouring
the molten metal are cut.
Then finishing is done
with the filers.
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date: 07/04/2020
28. Processing of bell metal arts:- 13 Stage
anupam@cvru.ac.in Date:
07/04/2020