This document analyzes data from 650 community members involved in ecotourism in Kerala, India to understand their standard of living and perceptions. It finds that most community members own their homes and have access to electricity, but many depend on public sources for water. Community members in the south zone are more likely to have their own water wells, while those in central and north zones rely more on public taps and wells. Overall, the data indicates community members have benefited from tourism development through increased employment and livelihood options. Their perceptions do not show negative impacts on the environment or local culture from ecotourism.
This document provides background information on the role of dairy cattle in rural poverty alleviation in Nepal. It discusses how the livestock sector, including dairy, contributes significantly to Nepal's economy and agricultural GDP. Milk production is an important source of income and nutrition for many smallholder farmers. While buffalo produce the majority of milk in Nepal, cattle also make an important contribution. There are approximately 125,000 farm families engaged in milk production, organized into about 1,500 dairy cooperatives. However, production and collection is seasonal, affecting the stable supply of pasteurized milk. The study aims to analyze dairy cattle farming and its role in poverty reduction in Tanahu district of Nepal.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Status of water & sanitation in gujarat ih&sg finalpravah
This document summarizes a study on the status of drinking water and sanitation in rural Gujarat, India. The study had several objectives: to understand the status comprehensively across different regions; to examine seasonal variations; to assess government programs; to study different water sources and technologies; and to make recommendations. The methodology included analyzing secondary data, surveying 540 villages across 30 districts, and focus group discussions. Key findings included various sources of water across regions, issues of water quality and sustainability, and the role of government schemes in addressing challenges like water scarcity.
IMPACT OF URBAN PARTNERSHIP FOR POVERTY REDUCTION (UPPR) PROJECT: A CASE STUD...Kazi Mahfuzur Rahman
ABSTRACT
In urban area huge amount of poor people leads unsatisfied life. They are deprived from their basic
needs and other facilities. Urban poor is one of the major problem in developing countries. So Urban
Partnership for Poverty Reduction (UPPR) Project is run to reduce the urban poor. This paper has
examined the impact of Urban Partnership for Poverty Reduction (UPPR) Project which is executed
by Local Government Engineering Department (LGED). How this project is run and how much the
poor people is benefited from this project is necessary to identify. To examine the impact of this
project some project area is surveyed and get comparison between their present and past condition.
The data was collected by field survey and the findings show the change of their socio-economic
condition and livelihood pattern.
Towards Sustainable Desert Eco-Tourism in Kuwait: Learning from the Regional ...Galala University
Open House International, ISSN: 01682601
Volume 32, Number 4, pp. 75-82
2007
The desert was always part of the Arabian culture and a way of life. After the discovery of oil during the 1940's, traditional Arab societies became urbanized and settled in newly constructed cities and towns. The desert became a place to visit for leisure and entertainment by locals and tourists. In Dubai, the desert is used as a tourist attraction for foreigners. In Kuwait, the desert is a seasonal attraction for families and groups during the winter time. This involves informal leisure activities that endanger the fragile desert environment and cause its pollution and degradation. This paper discusses the impact of informal desert tourism activities on the desert sustainability in Kuwait. It warns against the negative impact of current practices on the fragile desert environment as a result of informal local tourism activities. The paper explores successful examples from the region and the world in order to highlight aspects of successful interventions that blend in with the desert context. It suggests sustainable measures to deal with the planning and designing for desert ecotourism facilities that aim at protecting the fragile desert environment from deterioration and eventual extinction.
This document provides guidance on starting an ecotourism business in rural Alaska. It discusses what ecotourism is, identifies potential ecotourism opportunities in Alaska, and outlines 12 steps to starting an ecotourism business, including understanding legal requirements, marketing, financing, operations and safety, insurance, and business planning. The document aims to help potential entrepreneurs think through the issues involved and provide resources for starting an ecotourism venture.
Anyona S. Gichuru, Value Chain Analysis of Beekeeping Wool Spinning & Ecotour...anyonasimon
This document provides background information on Friends of Kinangop Plateau (FOKP), a community group involved in beekeeping, ecotourism, wool spinning, and conservation activities in Kinangop, Kenya. It outlines FOKP's objectives and activities. Value chain analyses and business plans were developed for FOKP's beekeeping and ecotourism initiatives to identify challenges and improve performance, as currently the income generating activities are operating below capacity and not meeting financial objectives. The document describes FOKP's current management structure and proposes changes to improve profitability and empower local management committees.
The document traces the history and evolution of ecotourism from its origins in the Grand Tour era of the 18th-19th centuries, where travelers began exploring natural areas, to its emergence as a defined concept in the 1980s. Key figures like Charles Darwin helped shift tourism's focus to natural discovery and education. Land protection efforts in the 1940s and environmental movements of the 1970s laid the groundwork. Mexican conservationist Hector Ceballos-Lascurain is credited with coining the term "ecotourism" in 1983 to describe sustainable nature-focused travel. The definition and principles have continued to develop to emphasize low-impact experiences, environmental education, community support, and conservation.
This document provides background information on the role of dairy cattle in rural poverty alleviation in Nepal. It discusses how the livestock sector, including dairy, contributes significantly to Nepal's economy and agricultural GDP. Milk production is an important source of income and nutrition for many smallholder farmers. While buffalo produce the majority of milk in Nepal, cattle also make an important contribution. There are approximately 125,000 farm families engaged in milk production, organized into about 1,500 dairy cooperatives. However, production and collection is seasonal, affecting the stable supply of pasteurized milk. The study aims to analyze dairy cattle farming and its role in poverty reduction in Tanahu district of Nepal.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Status of water & sanitation in gujarat ih&sg finalpravah
This document summarizes a study on the status of drinking water and sanitation in rural Gujarat, India. The study had several objectives: to understand the status comprehensively across different regions; to examine seasonal variations; to assess government programs; to study different water sources and technologies; and to make recommendations. The methodology included analyzing secondary data, surveying 540 villages across 30 districts, and focus group discussions. Key findings included various sources of water across regions, issues of water quality and sustainability, and the role of government schemes in addressing challenges like water scarcity.
IMPACT OF URBAN PARTNERSHIP FOR POVERTY REDUCTION (UPPR) PROJECT: A CASE STUD...Kazi Mahfuzur Rahman
ABSTRACT
In urban area huge amount of poor people leads unsatisfied life. They are deprived from their basic
needs and other facilities. Urban poor is one of the major problem in developing countries. So Urban
Partnership for Poverty Reduction (UPPR) Project is run to reduce the urban poor. This paper has
examined the impact of Urban Partnership for Poverty Reduction (UPPR) Project which is executed
by Local Government Engineering Department (LGED). How this project is run and how much the
poor people is benefited from this project is necessary to identify. To examine the impact of this
project some project area is surveyed and get comparison between their present and past condition.
The data was collected by field survey and the findings show the change of their socio-economic
condition and livelihood pattern.
Towards Sustainable Desert Eco-Tourism in Kuwait: Learning from the Regional ...Galala University
Open House International, ISSN: 01682601
Volume 32, Number 4, pp. 75-82
2007
The desert was always part of the Arabian culture and a way of life. After the discovery of oil during the 1940's, traditional Arab societies became urbanized and settled in newly constructed cities and towns. The desert became a place to visit for leisure and entertainment by locals and tourists. In Dubai, the desert is used as a tourist attraction for foreigners. In Kuwait, the desert is a seasonal attraction for families and groups during the winter time. This involves informal leisure activities that endanger the fragile desert environment and cause its pollution and degradation. This paper discusses the impact of informal desert tourism activities on the desert sustainability in Kuwait. It warns against the negative impact of current practices on the fragile desert environment as a result of informal local tourism activities. The paper explores successful examples from the region and the world in order to highlight aspects of successful interventions that blend in with the desert context. It suggests sustainable measures to deal with the planning and designing for desert ecotourism facilities that aim at protecting the fragile desert environment from deterioration and eventual extinction.
This document provides guidance on starting an ecotourism business in rural Alaska. It discusses what ecotourism is, identifies potential ecotourism opportunities in Alaska, and outlines 12 steps to starting an ecotourism business, including understanding legal requirements, marketing, financing, operations and safety, insurance, and business planning. The document aims to help potential entrepreneurs think through the issues involved and provide resources for starting an ecotourism venture.
Anyona S. Gichuru, Value Chain Analysis of Beekeeping Wool Spinning & Ecotour...anyonasimon
This document provides background information on Friends of Kinangop Plateau (FOKP), a community group involved in beekeeping, ecotourism, wool spinning, and conservation activities in Kinangop, Kenya. It outlines FOKP's objectives and activities. Value chain analyses and business plans were developed for FOKP's beekeeping and ecotourism initiatives to identify challenges and improve performance, as currently the income generating activities are operating below capacity and not meeting financial objectives. The document describes FOKP's current management structure and proposes changes to improve profitability and empower local management committees.
The document traces the history and evolution of ecotourism from its origins in the Grand Tour era of the 18th-19th centuries, where travelers began exploring natural areas, to its emergence as a defined concept in the 1980s. Key figures like Charles Darwin helped shift tourism's focus to natural discovery and education. Land protection efforts in the 1940s and environmental movements of the 1970s laid the groundwork. Mexican conservationist Hector Ceballos-Lascurain is credited with coining the term "ecotourism" in 1983 to describe sustainable nature-focused travel. The definition and principles have continued to develop to emphasize low-impact experiences, environmental education, community support, and conservation.
Sustainable Tourism Management in Mountain Landscapes of the Himalayas: 27-28...Anil G
The document summarizes a 2-day workshop held in Dehradun, India on sustainable tourism management in mountain landscapes of the Himalayas. The workshop brought together stakeholders from protected areas in Uttarakhand and Sikkim to discuss ecotourism challenges and opportunities. Presentations were given on ecotourism case studies and policies from various sites. Participants worked in groups to develop project frameworks for sustainable tourism. The workshop concluded with a discussion on developing an adaptive strategy for sustainable tourism in mountain regions.
This document proposes a project to develop ecotourism around Tebbi Dam in Mekdela Woreda, Ethiopia. The project aims to 1) support soil and water conservation efforts to reduce siltation of the dam by 90%, 2) reduce food gaps for insecure households, and 3) create income and employment through building lodges, hotels, and other tourist facilities near the dam. The project targets poor households and unemployed youth and expects to employ over 270 people. Funding of 124 million ETB is requested to fully implement the ecotourism development and livelihood activities.
Village Ecotourism Development at Tekela, Betung Kerihun National Park - Indonesia
Tekelan is a site within the utilization zone of Betung Kerihun National Park located at Embaloh’s 7,170 ha watershed area. Betung Kerihun National Park is part of the largest and richest biodiversity conservation area located within the ‘Heart of Borneo’. Tekelan not only offers physical and biological attraction and provides lessons for visitors, but it is also able to provide a more wholesome cultural experience by interacting with the people living within the area. It is the Dayak people who live in the village of Sadap; the last village before heading to Tekelan that is expected to be able to convey this experience and at the same time gains a balanced advantage from the eco-tourism development of the Tekelan site.
in Indonesia
Tekelan adalah situs dalam zona pemanfaatan Taman Nasional Betung Kerihun terletak di 7170 ha DAS Embaloh ini. Taman Nasional Betung Kerihun merupakan bagian dari kawasan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati terbesar dan terkaya yang terletak di dalam 'Heart of Borneo'. Tekelan tidak hanya menawarkan daya tarik fisik dan biologis dan memberikan pelajaran bagi pengunjung, tetapi juga mampu memberikan pengalaman budaya yang lebih sehat dengan berinteraksi dengan orang-orang yang tinggal di wilayah. Ini adalah orang-orang Dayak yang tinggal di desa Sadap; desa terakhir sebelum menuju ke Tekelan yang diharapkan dapat menyampaikan pengalaman ini dan pada saat yang sama keuntungan keuntungan yang seimbang dari pengembangan ekowisata dari situs Tekelan.
Ecotourism Emerging Industry Forum (2005)ron mader
Ecotourism Emerging Industry Forum
Planeta.com
http://planeta.com/emerging-industry-forum
http://planeta.com/emerging-forum-summary
Wiki
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/emergingindustry
This document is an introduction to a two-volume manual on ecotourism planning and management. It discusses ecotourism as an important economic activity that can benefit conservation if properly planned and managed. The manual is intended to provide guidance to conservation organizations, protected area managers, and other stakeholders on how to develop sustainable ecotourism. It emphasizes that ecotourism requires understanding both conservation and business issues. The introduction outlines the contents of the two volumes, which cover topics like ecotourism definitions, stakeholders, relationships with protected areas and communities, and the planning and management process.
This document provides an overview of ecotourism principles, practices, and policies for sustainability. It discusses what ecotourism is, its roots and principles, key stakeholders involved, and components of successful ecotourism programs. The document aims to serve as a resource for governments and practitioners seeking to develop environmentally and socially responsible ecotourism.
Sustainable island development: A case study of Gaya IslandESD UNU-IAS
This document discusses ecotourism on Pulau Gaya island and whether it is developing sustainably. It outlines problems like carrying capacity and following ecotourism principles. The objectives are to understand issues impacting sustainable development, identify stakeholders, and determine if ecotourism principles can be applied. Methodology includes studying the island's socioeconomics, environment, and two resorts. Initial findings show environmental issues like garbage and water access, and socioeconomic issues like education, livelihoods, and mindset changes. The document evaluates progress on objectives and provides recommendations like payments for ecosystem services and improved waste management. Future work includes further literature review, additional data collection, and analysis.
Value Chain Analysis and Business Plan of Ecotourism in The Tana River Deltaanyonasimon
This document provides a value chain analysis and business plan for ecotourism in the Tana Delta site from 2010 to 2012. It was financed by Nature Kenya and facilitated by the Community and Organizational Development Institute to support the Tana Delta Site Support Group located in Nairobi, Kenya. The analysis and plan aim to develop ecotourism in the Tana Delta region over a three year period from 2010 to 2012.
Ecotourism and sustainable development in kenya paper finaltomngunyi
This document provides an overview of ecotourism and sustainable development in Kenya. It discusses the meaning and principles of ecotourism, as well as sustainable tourism development. It then examines the growth of ecotourism in Kenya, including its history and key organizations involved. Protected areas that support ecotourism are also reviewed. The document analyzes the impacts and challenges of ecotourism in Kenya, and discusses eco-rating of lodges and a case study of an eco-rated lodge.
Ecotourism has evolved over time from simply nature-based tourism and recreation. It now aims to conserve the natural environment and support local communities and economies. There are many definitions of ecotourism but most agree that it involves sustainable tourism focused on experiencing natural areas while minimizing negative impacts. Ecotourism aims to provide benefits to environmental conservation, local communities, and visitor experience through responsible and sustainable practices.
The document provides an introduction to a study that aims to determine the factors affecting career preferences among senior high school students. It discusses the background and context of the problem, which includes various socioeconomic, political, and financial crises faced by the country. It then presents the statement of the problem, objectives, hypotheses, theoretical framework based on Super's vocational development theory and Tiedeman's self-development approach to career, conceptual framework, scope and limitations of the study, significance of the study, and definition of key terms. The theoretical framework focuses on how vocational self-concept and ego involvement influence career preferences as external factors and internal drives can alter career patterns over time through a process of exploration, crystallization, choice
IRJET - Analysis for the Potential of Ecotourism in Bastar RegionIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the potential for ecotourism development in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India. It finds that Bastar has significant natural attractions like dense forests, waterfalls, caves, and national parks that could support an ecotourism industry. However, ecotourism development is currently limited by a lack of tourism infrastructure and promotion. The region also has cultural attractions like tribal communities and handicrafts. With proper planning and investment in infrastructure, the study concludes Bastar has strong potential to become an ecotourism destination that benefits local communities while preserving the natural environment.
This document summarizes a case study of the rural community of Somsar in Bankura District, West Bengal. The researchers initially visited three villages to select a site for their rural development program and chose Somsar. They conducted surveys to understand the socioeconomic conditions and identified several issues including river erosion, lack of health services, and unemployment. The researchers then proposed interventions like developing skills, promoting entrepreneurship, renewable energy, and eco-tourism. They analyzed the village using indices like HDI and conducted a SWOT and STEEPLE analysis to develop a strategy. The overall goal is to improve livelihoods, the environment, and social bonding in Somsar.
Solid wastes management and its willingness to pay in mingoraAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management and willingness to pay for it in Mingora, Swat, Pakistan. The average household generates 1.55 kg of solid waste per day, totaling 45.59 tons per day for Mingora. Plastics from commercial sites and food waste from households are the main types of solid waste. Improper management causes environmental and health problems like bad odor, diseases, and pollution. Lack of resources, urbanization, and unawareness hinder effective management. While people dispose of waste in open areas, the local administration uses river banks. Most support installing a waste-to-energy plant. 83% of respondents are willing to pay an average of 100 rupees per
A Conceptual Model of Rural Development IndexAI Publications
Rural Areas are deprived of basic amenities such as access to drinking water, electricity, toilets and sewage systems giving rise to unhygienic conditions in the rural areas. Lack of healthcare facility in terms of infrastructure and staff has aggravated problems of health leading to infant mortality, death of pregnant mothers, decreased average life span in rural areas. Poor quality of teaching fraternity and non availability of infrastructure are major reason for illiteracy and unemployment. Non-agricultural income such as animal husbandry, sericulture and vocational trainings that supplement the agricultural income that needs to be focused. Mechanization should be the priority in enhancing agricultural yield followed by storage and transportation facility to the market in raising agricultural income. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides due to lack of knowledge among farmers contribute to water as well as air pollution deteriorating the environment. The disposable income spent on cultural aspects needs to be taken into consideration in assessing the status of the rural area. There is a need to assess rural areas from five dimensions such as economic, education, health, environment and disposable income in understanding present level of development in rural areas. Cause and effect diagram is established contributing to the development of specified domains. The conceptual index is a composition of Result Index and Cause Index. This distinction aids in examining the result index to measure the current level of rural development and cause index to evaluate the process of rural development for policy makers in identifying the areas of improvement in the overall development of the rural area.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
The socio-economic status of fishermen community around Junglighat marine fish landing centre was studied. 141 families were interviewed during the present study. Medium families were dominated (48.89%) followed by large (26.67%) while very large families were only 6.66 %. Most of the members of fishermen families (44.44 %) were under the age group of 15 – 34. 89.7% children were attending government schools while, 10.3% were in private schools. The literacy rate was found to be higher (30.68%) and most attended middle school level and 0.5% were graduates. Major religions include Hinduism (54.9 %), Christianism (37.3 %) and Islam (7.8 %). The maximum number of settlers were from Andhra Pradesh (48.3%) followed by Tamil Nadu (38.3%), while the settlers from Kerala (8.4%) and Jharkhand (5%) were the least. Most of the families were found to be residing in semi pucca (asbestos) houses (73.1%) and fewer families (7.7%) were living in kutcha (thatched) houses. Most of the fishermen from Junglighat landing centre (87.1%) were Above Poverty Line (APL) and only (12.9%) lives in Below Poverty Line (BPL) status. 36.17% of the members earn between Rs. 3001 – 4000/- per month and 12.77% between Rs. 4001 – 5000/- per month. Hygienic status of the fishermen population was found to be better and most of the houses were with latrine facilities (97.3%) and only 2.7% were found to be without latrine facilities.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Sustainable Tourism Management in Mountain Landscapes of the Himalayas: 27-28...Anil G
The document summarizes a 2-day workshop held in Dehradun, India on sustainable tourism management in mountain landscapes of the Himalayas. The workshop brought together stakeholders from protected areas in Uttarakhand and Sikkim to discuss ecotourism challenges and opportunities. Presentations were given on ecotourism case studies and policies from various sites. Participants worked in groups to develop project frameworks for sustainable tourism. The workshop concluded with a discussion on developing an adaptive strategy for sustainable tourism in mountain regions.
This document proposes a project to develop ecotourism around Tebbi Dam in Mekdela Woreda, Ethiopia. The project aims to 1) support soil and water conservation efforts to reduce siltation of the dam by 90%, 2) reduce food gaps for insecure households, and 3) create income and employment through building lodges, hotels, and other tourist facilities near the dam. The project targets poor households and unemployed youth and expects to employ over 270 people. Funding of 124 million ETB is requested to fully implement the ecotourism development and livelihood activities.
Village Ecotourism Development at Tekela, Betung Kerihun National Park - Indonesia
Tekelan is a site within the utilization zone of Betung Kerihun National Park located at Embaloh’s 7,170 ha watershed area. Betung Kerihun National Park is part of the largest and richest biodiversity conservation area located within the ‘Heart of Borneo’. Tekelan not only offers physical and biological attraction and provides lessons for visitors, but it is also able to provide a more wholesome cultural experience by interacting with the people living within the area. It is the Dayak people who live in the village of Sadap; the last village before heading to Tekelan that is expected to be able to convey this experience and at the same time gains a balanced advantage from the eco-tourism development of the Tekelan site.
in Indonesia
Tekelan adalah situs dalam zona pemanfaatan Taman Nasional Betung Kerihun terletak di 7170 ha DAS Embaloh ini. Taman Nasional Betung Kerihun merupakan bagian dari kawasan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati terbesar dan terkaya yang terletak di dalam 'Heart of Borneo'. Tekelan tidak hanya menawarkan daya tarik fisik dan biologis dan memberikan pelajaran bagi pengunjung, tetapi juga mampu memberikan pengalaman budaya yang lebih sehat dengan berinteraksi dengan orang-orang yang tinggal di wilayah. Ini adalah orang-orang Dayak yang tinggal di desa Sadap; desa terakhir sebelum menuju ke Tekelan yang diharapkan dapat menyampaikan pengalaman ini dan pada saat yang sama keuntungan keuntungan yang seimbang dari pengembangan ekowisata dari situs Tekelan.
Ecotourism Emerging Industry Forum (2005)ron mader
Ecotourism Emerging Industry Forum
Planeta.com
http://planeta.com/emerging-industry-forum
http://planeta.com/emerging-forum-summary
Wiki
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/emergingindustry
This document is an introduction to a two-volume manual on ecotourism planning and management. It discusses ecotourism as an important economic activity that can benefit conservation if properly planned and managed. The manual is intended to provide guidance to conservation organizations, protected area managers, and other stakeholders on how to develop sustainable ecotourism. It emphasizes that ecotourism requires understanding both conservation and business issues. The introduction outlines the contents of the two volumes, which cover topics like ecotourism definitions, stakeholders, relationships with protected areas and communities, and the planning and management process.
This document provides an overview of ecotourism principles, practices, and policies for sustainability. It discusses what ecotourism is, its roots and principles, key stakeholders involved, and components of successful ecotourism programs. The document aims to serve as a resource for governments and practitioners seeking to develop environmentally and socially responsible ecotourism.
Sustainable island development: A case study of Gaya IslandESD UNU-IAS
This document discusses ecotourism on Pulau Gaya island and whether it is developing sustainably. It outlines problems like carrying capacity and following ecotourism principles. The objectives are to understand issues impacting sustainable development, identify stakeholders, and determine if ecotourism principles can be applied. Methodology includes studying the island's socioeconomics, environment, and two resorts. Initial findings show environmental issues like garbage and water access, and socioeconomic issues like education, livelihoods, and mindset changes. The document evaluates progress on objectives and provides recommendations like payments for ecosystem services and improved waste management. Future work includes further literature review, additional data collection, and analysis.
Value Chain Analysis and Business Plan of Ecotourism in The Tana River Deltaanyonasimon
This document provides a value chain analysis and business plan for ecotourism in the Tana Delta site from 2010 to 2012. It was financed by Nature Kenya and facilitated by the Community and Organizational Development Institute to support the Tana Delta Site Support Group located in Nairobi, Kenya. The analysis and plan aim to develop ecotourism in the Tana Delta region over a three year period from 2010 to 2012.
Ecotourism and sustainable development in kenya paper finaltomngunyi
This document provides an overview of ecotourism and sustainable development in Kenya. It discusses the meaning and principles of ecotourism, as well as sustainable tourism development. It then examines the growth of ecotourism in Kenya, including its history and key organizations involved. Protected areas that support ecotourism are also reviewed. The document analyzes the impacts and challenges of ecotourism in Kenya, and discusses eco-rating of lodges and a case study of an eco-rated lodge.
Ecotourism has evolved over time from simply nature-based tourism and recreation. It now aims to conserve the natural environment and support local communities and economies. There are many definitions of ecotourism but most agree that it involves sustainable tourism focused on experiencing natural areas while minimizing negative impacts. Ecotourism aims to provide benefits to environmental conservation, local communities, and visitor experience through responsible and sustainable practices.
The document provides an introduction to a study that aims to determine the factors affecting career preferences among senior high school students. It discusses the background and context of the problem, which includes various socioeconomic, political, and financial crises faced by the country. It then presents the statement of the problem, objectives, hypotheses, theoretical framework based on Super's vocational development theory and Tiedeman's self-development approach to career, conceptual framework, scope and limitations of the study, significance of the study, and definition of key terms. The theoretical framework focuses on how vocational self-concept and ego involvement influence career preferences as external factors and internal drives can alter career patterns over time through a process of exploration, crystallization, choice
IRJET - Analysis for the Potential of Ecotourism in Bastar RegionIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the potential for ecotourism development in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India. It finds that Bastar has significant natural attractions like dense forests, waterfalls, caves, and national parks that could support an ecotourism industry. However, ecotourism development is currently limited by a lack of tourism infrastructure and promotion. The region also has cultural attractions like tribal communities and handicrafts. With proper planning and investment in infrastructure, the study concludes Bastar has strong potential to become an ecotourism destination that benefits local communities while preserving the natural environment.
This document summarizes a case study of the rural community of Somsar in Bankura District, West Bengal. The researchers initially visited three villages to select a site for their rural development program and chose Somsar. They conducted surveys to understand the socioeconomic conditions and identified several issues including river erosion, lack of health services, and unemployment. The researchers then proposed interventions like developing skills, promoting entrepreneurship, renewable energy, and eco-tourism. They analyzed the village using indices like HDI and conducted a SWOT and STEEPLE analysis to develop a strategy. The overall goal is to improve livelihoods, the environment, and social bonding in Somsar.
Solid wastes management and its willingness to pay in mingoraAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management and willingness to pay for it in Mingora, Swat, Pakistan. The average household generates 1.55 kg of solid waste per day, totaling 45.59 tons per day for Mingora. Plastics from commercial sites and food waste from households are the main types of solid waste. Improper management causes environmental and health problems like bad odor, diseases, and pollution. Lack of resources, urbanization, and unawareness hinder effective management. While people dispose of waste in open areas, the local administration uses river banks. Most support installing a waste-to-energy plant. 83% of respondents are willing to pay an average of 100 rupees per
A Conceptual Model of Rural Development IndexAI Publications
Rural Areas are deprived of basic amenities such as access to drinking water, electricity, toilets and sewage systems giving rise to unhygienic conditions in the rural areas. Lack of healthcare facility in terms of infrastructure and staff has aggravated problems of health leading to infant mortality, death of pregnant mothers, decreased average life span in rural areas. Poor quality of teaching fraternity and non availability of infrastructure are major reason for illiteracy and unemployment. Non-agricultural income such as animal husbandry, sericulture and vocational trainings that supplement the agricultural income that needs to be focused. Mechanization should be the priority in enhancing agricultural yield followed by storage and transportation facility to the market in raising agricultural income. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides due to lack of knowledge among farmers contribute to water as well as air pollution deteriorating the environment. The disposable income spent on cultural aspects needs to be taken into consideration in assessing the status of the rural area. There is a need to assess rural areas from five dimensions such as economic, education, health, environment and disposable income in understanding present level of development in rural areas. Cause and effect diagram is established contributing to the development of specified domains. The conceptual index is a composition of Result Index and Cause Index. This distinction aids in examining the result index to measure the current level of rural development and cause index to evaluate the process of rural development for policy makers in identifying the areas of improvement in the overall development of the rural area.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
The socio-economic status of fishermen community around Junglighat marine fish landing centre was studied. 141 families were interviewed during the present study. Medium families were dominated (48.89%) followed by large (26.67%) while very large families were only 6.66 %. Most of the members of fishermen families (44.44 %) were under the age group of 15 – 34. 89.7% children were attending government schools while, 10.3% were in private schools. The literacy rate was found to be higher (30.68%) and most attended middle school level and 0.5% were graduates. Major religions include Hinduism (54.9 %), Christianism (37.3 %) and Islam (7.8 %). The maximum number of settlers were from Andhra Pradesh (48.3%) followed by Tamil Nadu (38.3%), while the settlers from Kerala (8.4%) and Jharkhand (5%) were the least. Most of the families were found to be residing in semi pucca (asbestos) houses (73.1%) and fewer families (7.7%) were living in kutcha (thatched) houses. Most of the fishermen from Junglighat landing centre (87.1%) were Above Poverty Line (APL) and only (12.9%) lives in Below Poverty Line (BPL) status. 36.17% of the members earn between Rs. 3001 – 4000/- per month and 12.77% between Rs. 4001 – 5000/- per month. Hygienic status of the fishermen population was found to be better and most of the houses were with latrine facilities (97.3%) and only 2.7% were found to be without latrine facilities.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
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I have done this CASE STUDY on Ecotourism policy of Uttar Pradesh as a part of my civic and social service Internship. My Focus area was culture and Tourism.
You guys can take this as a reference for your case study. I hope this will help you out. Thank you.
Like and share and pin if you need it.
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Standard of living and community perception in the community based ecotourism
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.2, 2012
Standard of Living and Community Perception in the
Community Based Ecotourism (CBET) Sites of Kerala: An Inter
Zone Analysis
D Rajasenan, Binu P Paul*
Center for the Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy, Athithi Bhavan Building,Cochin University
of Science and Technology,Cochin -682022
* E-mail of the corresponding author: binuppaul@gmail.com, pbpaul@cusat.ac.in
Abstract
This study is an attempt to situate the quality of life and standard of living of local communities in ecotourism
destinations inter alia their perception on forest conservation and the satisfaction level of the local community. 650
EDC/VSS members from Kerala demarcated into three zones constitute the data source. Four variables have been
considered for evaluating the quality of life of the stakeholders of ecotourism sites, which is then funneled to the
income-education spectrum for hypothesizing into the SLI framework. Zone-wise analysis of the community
members working in tourism sector shows that the community members have benefited totally from tourism
development in the region as they have got both employments as well as secured livelihood options. Most of the
quality of life-indicators of the community in the eco-tourist centres show a promising position. The community
perception does not show any negative impact on environment as well as on their local culture.
Keywords: Kerala, Community Based Ecotourism, Community Perception, Community Participation, Standard of
Living, Local Communities
1. Introduction
Kerala is India’s most advanced state with human development index at par with the developed countries. Almost
100 percent literate, the state has the highest life expectancy and lowest infant mortality rates among all Indian
states. As a tourist destination, Kerala is famous especially for its ecotourism initiatives. Its unique culture and
traditions, linked with its varied demography, has made Kerala one of the most popular tourist destinations in the
world. Some of the popular attractions in the state include the beaches at Kovalam, Cherai, Varkala, Kapad; hill
stations like Munnar, Nelliampathi, Ponmudi, Wayanad; backwaters in Alappuzha, Kumarakam, Punnamada and
wildlife’s have accounted for the heavy traffic of tourists. Other heritage sites, such as the Padmanabhapuram
palace, Hill palace, Mattanchery Palace etc also gain special importance in Kerala’s tourism map.
Kerala was the first state in the country to announce tourism as an industry way back in 1986. Kerala was also the
first state to set up agencies for the development of tourism and to formulate policy for the promotion of tourism.
Tourism emerged as the major income earner for Kerala’s economy to the tune of Rs 81.8 billion. According to
WTTC, by 2013 Kerala’s travel and tourism is expected to achieve an annual growth rate of 11.4 percent at Rs
569.3 billion (Kerala Development Report, 2008). Within tourism sector ecotourism has obtained a strong presence
in Kerala. 56 potential ecotourism destinations from 14 districts have been accepted by Kerala Tourism Department
(Govt. of Kerala, 2006). Ecotourism projects in Kerala are based on the concept of sustainability in the tourism
sector where there is a balance between the nature and the people living there. 15 wild life sanctuaries and 5
national parks have a predominant role to play in the ecotourism initiative of the state.
Tourism benefits the local community in a significant manner by way of increased income for the local people,
generating new jobs and the concomitant increase in the quality of life of the local communities (Smith, 1989). This
inevitably is ensuring a sustainable and eco-friendly environment for safe-guarding the livelihood and improving
the quality of life of the communities involved in this process (Menkhaus and Lober 1996). Ecotourism is a major
source of income and employment for the local communities in the ecotourism destinations. In the case of Kerala,
most of the eco-tourist destinations are inhabited by the weaker sections of the society including tribes who were
left behind. The ecotourism development of Kerala and the simultaneous increase in the flow of tourists to these
eco-tourist destinations would help in providing livelihood opportunities to the local communities and the
betterment of their lives. Economic development brought forward the buoyant growth in ecotourism demand over
the years need to be discussed along with the sustainability issues relating to it as well.
The growth of ecotourism has been phenomenal during the last decade with the increase in tourist inflow and
18
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.2, 2012
associated activities. The community linked ecotourism activities, important in Kerala’s tourism development helps
in the inclusion of the local community in the development discourse of the state through the enlargement of
ecotourism base in various parts of the State (Thampi, 2005). The Forest Development Agencies (FDA) aim at
providing employment to the local forest dependent communities through afforestation and conservation
programmes. Through their activities they create valuable forestry assets for the forest dependent communities and
other durable community assets for overall economic development of the target communities. The FDA thus can be
stated as a consortium of the Eco Development Committee (EDC) or Vana Samrakshana Samithi (VSS), a specific
form of institutional settings in Kerala.
2. Materials and Methods
This paper is an attempt to understand the perception of local communities in ecotourism destinations in the state
and the quality of life and standard of living of these communities. Data of 650 EDC/VSS members from three
zones, 230 from South zone (Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta and Kottayam), 220 respondents from
Central zone (Idukki, Ernakulam and Thrissur) and 200 from North zone (Palakkad and Wayanad) involved in
various fields of Community based Ecotourism (CBET) in Kerala are analyzed for this purpose. The number of
respondents from each zone was decided on the basis of active EDC’s/VSS in the area and their population
proportion. A structured interview schedule was used to obtain information about the quality of life as well as
perception of the local community. The data were subjected to inter zone comparison for understanding the
differences if any in the standard of living or perception of the local community. To validate the results statistical
tools such as Chi-Square, Factor Analysis etc have been employed.
3. Standard of Living
3.1 Standard of Living Index (SLI)
Data about four variables namely ownership of house, source of water, source of light and source of information of
the respondents in all the zones were analysed to understand the living standard of the communities in these zones.
Table 1 gives information about the four variables (ownership of house, source of water, source of light, and source
of information) that were used to determine the living standards of the respondents.
Table 1 about here
Analysis about the ownership of house as given in Table 1 brings to light that 80.80 percent of respondents live in
own houses where as 4.20 percent in rented house and 1.70 percent in their parent’s house. 12.60 percent of the
respondents have other kinds of accommodation facilities such as staff quarters, etc. This shows that in the matter
of accommodation/housing facilities, more than 75 percent of the respondents are self-sufficient. Zone-wise
analysis also gives similar outcomes.
Source of water is one of the major determinants of the quality of life of the households. From the overall analysis
(see Table 1), we can infer that majority, i.e. 63 percent depend on public source of water (33.50 percent on public
tap, 23.20 percent on public well and 6.30 percent on canal/river/pond). Only 37 percent have their own source of
water out of which only 8.70 percent of the total respondents have their own water connection. This indicates that
availability of drinking water is still a problem for community members. Inter zonal analysis of the factor gives
wide variation between and among zones (see Table 1). Majority (73.2 percent) of the community members in the
south zone depend on their own well for water, however the central zone communities depend more on public
sources for water [public tap (40.60 percent) and public well (22.9 percent)]. Only 28.90 percent have their own
source for water (17.10 percent have own well and 11.80 percent have house connection). In north zone too more
than 60 percent (30.20 percent on public well and 37.20 percent on public tap) depend on public sources for
drinking water. Only 30.20 percent of the respondents have own well and 2.40 percent have house connection.
Majority of the respondents (76.2 percent) have electricity connection in their homes. This is followed by kerosene
(20.70 percent), 6.2 percent uses other sources and 3.70 percent uses oil lamps (see Table 1). Zone-wise analysis
also gives similar pattern with most of the respondents having electricity connection.
Community members were asked to mark the sources from which they received news and information .Across
zones (see Table 1), more than half of the respondents (29.6 percent) depend on TV, 21.4 percent respondents
considered radio as the source of information, followed by newspaper (19.0 percent), government officials (13.9
percent), neighbors (6.5 percent), public leaders (5.7 percent) and magazines (3.3 percent).
3.2 Comparing SLI with Income, Zone and Education
We can infer from the analysis that there is significant difference between the Standard of Living parameters and
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income level of the community members. Community members having low SLI value (57.5 percent) are in the
income group of Rs.3001-4000, 18.22 percent constitutes income levels of 2001-3000 and 14.22 percent in the
income group of Rs. 4001-5000. Only 5.33 percent of the community members are in the income category of
Rs.5000 and above. In the case of medium SLI category, we can see a similar pattern with slight variations in the
percentages of medium SLI in 4001-5000 income categories. In the case of high SLI category the income level
comes more than Rs.5000/- (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 about here
Table 2 about here
This kind of difference in SLI is further evaluated with the help of Chi-Square test to bring out the significance.
The Chi-Square value shows that there is significant difference between income levels and Standard of Living of
the community members (Table 2).
Table 3 and 4 about here
When zone-wise analysis of the SLI values for community members is done, it is inferred that there is a minor
difference in the proportion of low, medium and high SLI values. This is shown in Table 3. Chi-Square result for
this is shown in Table 4 which shows that there is a significant difference between the two. But, it can be seen that
majority of the respondents (73.5) coming under high SLI category are from the south and central zones (37.00
percent and 36.5 percent respectively). Only 26.5 percent are from the north zone.
Table 5 and 6 about here
Figure 2 about here
When the effect of educational qualification on the SLI of the community members was analysed, it was found that
there is variation in the SLI value based on the educational qualification. The results are shown in Tables 5, 6 and
Figure 2. It shows that majority of respondents having low SLI are having the educational qualification of 10th and
below (85.78 percent) and undergraduates (12.89). Graduates and post-graduates form only 1.33 percent (0.44 and
0.89 percent, respectively) of the total respondents having low SLI. There is no change in the majority position in
the medium SLI category as well with 49.88 percent 10th and below respondents and 26.14 percent undergraduates.
But, there is an increase in the share of the other two categories with graduate respondents constituting 15.35
percent and post graduates 8.63 percent of the medium SLI category. In high SLI section, majority (52.86 percent)
are post graduates, followed by graduates (24.28) and under graduates (14.29). Only 8.57 percent of the total
respondents having qualification of 10th and below are in the high SLI category. This, the respondents having
higher educational qualifications showed greater tendency to be in the high SLI category and vice versa as
educational qualification declined. Chi-Square test also shows that there is significant difference in the SLI value of
the respondents based on the educational qualification attained by them.
4. Community perception
4.1Perception about Tourism Development
Perception of the local community on 14 factors related to the development of tourism in the area was recorded.
The responses fell into one of the following five categories; i.e., strongly agree, agree undecided, disagree and
strongly disagree.
Table 7 about here
Majority (65.1 percent of the respondents strongly agreed) to the statement that development of tourism will
increase the protection of the natural areas. 90.4 percent believed that their community should turn to full-time
tourism business (41.4 percent strongly agreed and 49 percent agreed). 92.5 percent (61.7 percent strongly agree
and 30.8 percent agree) opined that tourism business should be encouraged. 2.5 percent of the respondents were
undecided and 5 percent disagreed. 49.2 percent of the respondents strongly agreed and 36.1 percent agreed that
tourism has had a positive impact on their income and life. While 3.4 percent were undecided and the rest i.e. 11.3
percent said that impact of tourism on their income and lifestyle was negative (9.2 percent disagreed and 2.1
percent strongly disagreed). With regard to the development of infrastructure of the region, 54.2 percent strongly
felt that infrastructure development has taken place due to tourism and 24.4 percent agreed to the above statement.
4.6 percent were undecided on this matter whereas 10.1 percent disagreed and 6.7 percent strongly disagreed on the
above statement. The opinion of the respondents was mixed with regard to the matter of more waste in the tourist
spot or in the locality due to development of tourism of the area. 33.6 percent of the respondents strongly agreed to
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the statement and 31.5 percent agreed. 9.2 percent were undecided whereas 25.6 percent did not agree with the
statement (21.8 percent disagree and 3.8 percent strongly disagree). Regarding the impact of tourism on
environment and local cultures/values, most of the respondents disagreed that tourism is having a negative impact
on the environment and local culture and values of the communities. 47.8 percent of the respondents disagreed and
5.7 percent strongly disagreed that tourism had a negative impact on the environment. 41.70 percent felt that
tourism had a negative impact on the environment (23.3 percent strongly agreed and 18.4 percent agreed). 7.5
percent were undecided. Most of the community members have their own local culture and beliefs. They are very
particular about these beliefs and cannot tolerate any non-acceptance by the community members. The critics of the
ecotourism have always pointed out that community values and specific cultural beliefs are rarely integrated into
development plans and visit of tourists had a negative impact on the culture and values of the locals. 13.6 percent
of the respondents strongly agreed and 23.3 percent agreed that the tourism development is posing a threat to their
local culture. 7.8 percent were undecided. Regarding the problem of overcrowding in their area, 46.2 percent
strongly agreed that tourism is the main reason for overcrowding in their area. While 25.6 percent agreed to the
above statement, 7.1 percent were undecided, 18.9 percent disagreed and 2.1 percent strongly disagreed (see Table
13).
Lack of adequate assistance and funding for the overall development of tourism business was considered as a
shortfall by most of the respondents. 54.7 percent strongly agreed and 39.4 percent agreed that the current funding
is inadequate and hence government needs to spend more to promote tourism business in the area. Only 3.4 percent
disagreed on the above statement and 2.5 percent were undecided. It was inferred that most of the community
members working in the tourism business were aware of the need for conservation of natural resources. They felt
that it is much more important than the financial gains from the tourism. They were always supporting the
development of tourism business in the area but wanted to conserve and preserve the environment together with
that. They wanted to implement strict laws to protect environment. 66.2 percent strongly agreed that environment
protection is more important than economic gains from tourism. 30 percent agreed and only 1.2 percent disagreed
with the above statement. 2.5 percent were undecided on the matter. Regarding the implementation of strict laws,
35.6 percent strongly agreed and 41 percent agreed to the above statement. While 12.1 percent were undecided, 10
percent disagreed and felt that there is no need for any new law as the existing laws are strong and enough and
there is only need for the proper application of these laws and rules. Majority (47.9 percent strongly agree and 44.1
percent agree) also agreed that tourism business has created a new market for the local products. This shows that
their traditional crafts got a fillip due to the growth in tourism and due to the new market, they are fetching
handsome price in the market which, in turn, had a positive impact on their income and standard of living. Only 3.4
percent of the respondents disagreed to this statement and 4.6 percent were undecided. As far as the local guides are
concerned, the language, culture, beliefs, lifestyles, etc. of the tourists are different from what they follow.
Language is a major issue. As far as the locals are concerned, their knowhow about the tourist spot and the
surroundings is a huge advantage. Usually they are given training in language (both national and international),
culture, and way of living of these tourists. The respondents were asked whether they feel the training imparted is
adequate or they need more training in this regard. Majority i.e. 62.3 percent strongly agreed to this view. 32.6
percent said they agreed to this. 2.1 percent were undecided 1.3 percent disagreed and 1.7 percent strongly
disagreed. Imparting the required training to the guides and locals in this field is essential as data from the sample
survey reveals that more than 80 percent of the respondents interact with the tourists on a daily basis.
The local community by and large favours the development of tourism business in the area as this has resulted in
improvement of their standard of living. However, they are also aware of the need to protect the environment and
have stopped to exploit the same as they have got better and secure source of livelihood through tourism business.
Their motive has changed from exploitation to conservation and promotion of the tourist spot. They are no longer
confined to live within their culture. They have learned to accept the tourists as a part of them and also enjoy
sharing their knowledge about the forest to others. Also, a healthy cultural exchange without harming the local
sentiments and culture is also happening. Tourism has not only helped their livelihood but has a positive impact on
the knowledge and skills of the local community members.
Factor analysis is done in order to identify the underlying factors that shape the perception of community members.
The results in the Total Variance Explained along with Rotated Component Matrix (RCM) are given in Table 8,9
and10.
Tables 8,9 and10about here
Based on the RCM, 14 statements can be grouped into 6 components. This is depicted as Component
Transformation Matrix in Table 16. Statements 6, 7, 8 and 9 have been termed as Component 1. Component 2
consists of Statements 11, 12 and 13. Statements 10 and 14 have been grouped as Component 3. Statements 3 and 4
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and 1 and 5 have been marked as Component 4 and Component 5 respectively. The remaining Statement 6 is
marked as Component 6. The first component could be identified as the general concern of the local community as
a result of ecotourism activities. The second component indicates their awareness about the need to protect the eco
tourism sites. The third component is about the need for the involvement of the authorities in strengthening the eco
tourism sector. The realization of the local community about the personal economic benefits as a result of
ecotourism activities is depicted by the fourth component. The fifth component is associated with the infrastructural
aspects in eco tourism sites and the sixth component could be looked at as the resolve of the local community to
involve more in the eco tourism activities.
The analysis shows that the community members are concerned about the negative impacts of ecotourism on
environment and cultural values. They are also concerned about the overcrowding caused in their region due to
ecotourism. But, they are confident that ecotourism can create market for their local products. However, it is all the
more important to protect environment than financial gains for which stricter laws are needed and Government
should spend more and give more training to the community members to ensure their participation and for
promotion of community based ecotourism. They strongly feel that tourism should be encouraged and promoted as
it would increase the protection of natural areas. Another important inference is that the community members have
admitted that their income and livelihood have improved due to this endeavour of CBET. They also feel that there
has been infrastructural development in their area due to the advent of CBET.
Zone-wise community member’s perception based on Factor Analysis show negative impact of ecotourism on
environment as well as on their cultures and values. They also prioritize protection of the natural habitat to the
economic gains from ecotourism, but, however feel that the new ventures will create a new market for their local
products. They also show their concerns about the negative impact of ecotourism due to increasing litter and
overcrowding in their region. They feel that infrastructural development has taken place due to the ecotourism
projects and feel that such ventures should be encouraged and promoted in the area and strongly believe that there
should be active involvement of community members in ecotourism. The community members in the central zone
are concerned about the negative impact of ecotourism activities on the local cultural values and environment.
There is more waste and overcrowding due to ecotourism. They feel that environment protection is of utmost
importance than making financial gains and need stricter laws for environment protection. Other concerns and
feelings about the benefits are similar to that of south zone. Community members of north zone showed distinctive
characteristics when compared to other two zones in terms of SLI and other demographic features.
5. Results and Discussion
The ecotourism programmes in the mainstream destinations has helped local community to obtain economic
benefits. Zone-wise analysis of the community members working in tourism sector shows that the community
members have benefited totally from tourism development in the region as they have got both employments as well
as secured livelihood options. This has helped to draw attention to reduce overall exploitation of forest land by
these communities which in turn perpetuates sustainable development of eco-tourist sites and ecotourism in Kerala.
Community based ecotourism initiatives on the part of the government has benefitted the community in a big way
as 56.20 percent of the community members in the sample solely depend on ecotourism as their only livelihood.
Any setback, either seasonal or random, will have deleterious effect on their income and livelihood options
inasmuch as they find it difficult to unearth alternative avocations in this alienated and difficult terrain. Moreover,
the community is also striving hard to conserve the forest and ecosystem with a view to attracting more and more
eco-tourists, which in a way expands their livelihood base. This has been well specified by the respondents when
asked about their main occupation, of which about 95 percent of the community members answered that their
primary occupation is only related to ecotourism.
Most of the quality of life-indicators of the community in the eco-tourist centres show a positive trend once these
centres have been active with tourists. This has reflected in monthly income earnings (ranging between Rs.
3001-4000), education attainment of the community, saving habits and related attainments. Chi-Square analyses
pertaining to various socio-economic analyses have also confirmed this. Inter-zone analysis to highlight the
differences in the socio-economic aspects brings to the fact that difference between and among zones is marginal.
This may be either due to the small geographical area of Kerala with which the in-bound ecotourism happening
almost equally with the entire eco-tourist centres or may be due to different niche eco-tourist sites are equally
preferable to all the visitors coming over to Kerala for ecotourism activities. The community perception does not
show any negative impact on environment as well as on their local culture. They believe that infrastructure
development in their area has happened due to tourism development. Moreover, tourism has also created a new
remunerative market for local handicrafts and other niche products.
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References
Government of Kerala. (2006) “Forest Management- involvement of People- Participatory Forest Management
with local communities implementation” in various Orders issued, Kerala Forest Department, Thiruvanathapuram.
Kerala State planning Board, Govt of Kerala. (2008) “Kerala Development Report”
Menkhaus, S., Lober, D.(1996), “International Ecotourism and Valuation of Tropical Rain forest in Coast Rica”,
Journal of Environmental Management, 47 (1), 1-10.
Thampi, Santosh.P. (2005), “Ecotourism in Kerala, India: Lessons from the Eco-Development Project in Periyar
Tiger Reserve”, E-Paper Series, Nr. 13.
Smith, Stephen. L.J (1989), “Tourism Analysis, A Hand Book”, UK: Long man Group
D. Rajasenan (PhD) is the Director at the Center for the study of social exclusion and inclusive policy (CSSEIP),
CUSAT and the Professor of Econometrics and Mathematical Economics at the Department of Applied Economics
at Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala., India. He is also a former DAAD fellow and
Indo-Canadian Shastri fellow.
Binu P Paul is a Research Associate at the the Center for the study of social exclusion and inclusive policy
(CSSEIP), CUSAT and PhD student at the Department of Applied Economics at Cochin University of Science and
Technology, Kerala., India. He was formerly an analyst with Frost and Sullivan India (P) Ltd.
Figure 1 SLI-income percentages
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Figure 2 SLI-education cross tab
Source: (Worked out from Table 5)
Table 1 Zone*Living*Water*Light*Information
South Zone Central North Total in %
Zone Zone
Place of living (in %)
own house 76.5 83.6 82.5 80.8
rented house 6.1 3.6 2.5 4.2
relatives house 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.8
parents house 1.3 1.8 2 1.7
Other 15.2 10 12.5 12.6
Source of water (in %)
Own well 73.2 17.1 30.2 28.3
House connection 2.4 11.8 2.4 8.7
Public well 17.1 22.9 30.2 23.2
Public tap 0 40.6 37.2 33.5
Canal/river/pond 7.3 7.6 0 6.3
Source of Light (in %)
Electricity 75.5 77.6 75.4 76.2
oil Lamp 4.4 3.2 3.5 3.7
Kerosene 19.2 21.5 21.6 20.7
Other 6.1 5 7.5 6.2
Source of Information (in %)
Newspaper 18.1 17.8 21.4 19
Television 30.4 30.3 27.9 29.6
Magazine 1.9 3.8 4.3 3.3
Radio 22 22.3 19.8 21.4
Neighbors 7 6.3 6.2 6.5
Government officials 15.1 13 13.6 13.9
Public leaders 5.1 6 6 5.7
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Other sources 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6
N 230 220 200 650
Note: Percentages for Source of water, Light and information may add up to more than 100 as these
were framed as multiple entry questions.
Table 2 SLI-income Chi-square
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 191.092 8 .000
Likelihood Ratio 76.136 8 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 23.307 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 650
a. 5 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .22.
Table 3 SLI-zone cross tabulation
SLI Zone
South zone Central zone North zone Total %
Low SLI 32.40 29.70 37.80 100
Medium SLI 32.50 28.70 38.90 100
High SLI 37.00 36.50 26.50 100
Table 4 Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 10.389 4 0.034
Likelihood Ratio 10.246 4 0.036
Linear-by-Linear Association 5.028 1 0.025
N of Valid Cases 650
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 22.77.
Source: Worked out from Table 3
Table 5 SLI-formal education cross tabulation
Formal Education (in %)
th
10 and Under Graduation Post Graduation Total
Below Graduation
low SLI 85.78 12.89 0.44 0.89 100.00
medium SLI 49.88 26.14 15.35 8.63 100.00
high SLI 8.57 14.29 24.28 52.86 100.00
Table 6 Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 104.624 6 0
Likelihood Ratio 116.874 6 0
Linear-by-Linear Association 88.266 1 0
N of Valid Cases 650
a. 4 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .44.
Source: (Worked out from Table 5)
Table 7Community perception about tourism development (in %)
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Perception
Strongly Strongly
Statement Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Disagree Total
Tourism development would increase
protection of natural areas 65.1 26.6 2.9 4.1 1.2 100
Community should get into full time tourism
business 41.4 49 3.3 5.9 0.4 100
Tourism Should be encouraged and
promoted 61.7 30.8 2.5 5 0 100
income and quality of life has improved due
to tourism 49.2 36.1 3.4 9.2 2.1 100
Improvement in Infrastructure 54.2 24.4 4.6 10.1 6.7 100
There is more litter/waste in this region due
to tourism 33.6 31.5 9.2 21.8 3.8 100
Tourism has negatively impacted the
environment 20.6 18.4 7.5 47.8 5.7 100
Tourism development has negatively
impacted our local culture/values 13.4 23.3 7.8 46.1 9.5 100
Tourism is resulting in overcrowding 46.2 25.6 7.1 18.9 2.1 100
More Govt. funds to develop/promote
tourism 54.7 39.4 2.5 3.4 0 100
Protecting environment & natural habitat is
more important than the economic gains
from tourism 66.2 30 2.5 1.2 0 100
Stricter laws are needed to protect the
environment 35.6 41 12.1 10 1.3 100
Tourism creates new market for our local
products 47.9 44.1 4.6 3.4 0 100
Community needs more training to take part
in tourism 62.3 32.6 2.1 1.3 1.7 100
Table 8 Total Variance Explained
Extraction Sums of Squared Rotation Sums of Squared
Component Initial Eigen values Loadings Loadings
Cumul % of % of
% of ative Varian Cumula Varian Cumulativ
Total Variance % Total ce tive % Total ce e%
26.69
1 3.737 26.694 4 3.737 26.694 26.694 2.273 16.236 16.236
41.77
2 2.111 15.081 5 2.111 15.081 41.775 1.727 12.334 28.57
49.54
3 1.088 7.774 9 1.088 7.774 49.549 1.551 11.076 39.646
55.95
4 0.896 6.402 2 0.896 6.402 55.952 1.514 10.815 50.461
62.13
5 0.866 6.187 8 0.866 6.187 62.138 1.322 9.441 59.902
6 0.821 5.861 68 0.821 5.861 68 1.134 8.097 68
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73.47
7 0.766 5.471 1
78.56
8 0.713 5.091 2
83.30
9 0.664 4.745 7
87.70
10 0.616 4.398 5
91.91
11 0.589 4.208 3
95.25
12 0.468 3.34 3
97.91
13 0.372 2.659 2
14 0.292 2.088 100
Table 9 Rotated Component Matrix
Component
Statement 1 2 3 4 5 6
Tourism development would increase protection of
-.027 .049 .038 .354 .690 .314
natural areas
More people of this community should get into full
.049 .219 .083 .126 .055 .881
time tourism business
Tourism Should be actively encouraged and
-.027 .104 .062 .799 .008 .194
promoted in this area
My family’s income and quality of life has
-.079 .126 .089 .712 .247 -.070
improved due to tourism in this region
The infrastructure in the local area (i.e. roads,
sewage systems, electricity, water supply, bridges) .168 .268 .121 .044 .754 -.137
has improved due to tourism development
There is more litter/waste in this region due to
.830 .141 .061 -.078 .028 -.067
tourism
Tourism has negatively impacted the environment .645 -.073 .500 -.116 .004 .112
Tourism development has negatively impacted our
.661 .047 .401 -.134 .042 .339
local culture/values
Tourism is resulting in overcrowding in our
.797 .234 -.217 .119 .135 -.038
region
Govt should allocate more funds to develop and
.041 .235 .716 .293 -.025 -.037
promote tourism in this region
Protecting environment and natural habitat is more
.198 .648 .253 .247 .140 .007
important than the economic gains from tourism
Stricter laws are needed to protect the environment .098 .725 -.048 -.020 .165 .127
Tourism creates new market for our local products .057 .674 .294 .163 .052 .142
Local community needs more training to take part
.077 .201 .624 -.021 .378 .164
in tourism
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser
Normalization. a Rotation converged in 7 iterations.
Source: (Survey data 2010)
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