After independence, Indian architecture went through significant changes driven by new agendas of democracy, development, and economy. [1] Modernist themes and materials like brick, concrete, glass, and steel were used to create realistic, functional structures for housing, institutions, and government buildings. [2] Indian artists also embraced modernist styles, blending international styles with local imagery to help establish India's new cultural identity. [3] Architects grappled with how to integrate indigenization without appearing backward in the global context.
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
colonial architecture of India, the legacy, pre colonial legacy, raj 'indo saracenic' and arts and crafts movement, earlier traditions in colonial times, colonial inputs into town planning, industry and architecture, colonial architecture education, architecture and nationalism, examples
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
colonial architecture of India, the legacy, pre colonial legacy, raj 'indo saracenic' and arts and crafts movement, earlier traditions in colonial times, colonial inputs into town planning, industry and architecture, colonial architecture education, architecture and nationalism, examples
During this period there were two prominent styles:
1. Indo - saracenic revival architecture
2. Neoclassical architecture
Introduced new institutions
Military
Forts
Emergence of new urbanity
British influence, mostly affected: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
Introduction of new building practices.
Superimposition, modification , replacement of existing buildings materials and techniques with their impact on architectural forms.
Bharat Bhavan is an autonomous multi-arts complex and museum in Bhopal, India, established and funded by the Government of Madhya Pradesh. The architect of Bhavan is Charles Correa.
Introduction to Awadh Architecture
It's History and Architecture Details
Various Architectural Buildings in Lucknow and their features
Survey of an old resedential building and its architectural and construction details.
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
Presentation on Architect. Charles Correa by the third year first part students of Department of Architecture of Kathmandu Engineering College, Kalimati, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Contemporary Architecture class.
Course Tutor: Lec. Ar. Sweta Shrestha
During this period there were two prominent styles:
1. Indo - saracenic revival architecture
2. Neoclassical architecture
Introduced new institutions
Military
Forts
Emergence of new urbanity
British influence, mostly affected: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
Introduction of new building practices.
Superimposition, modification , replacement of existing buildings materials and techniques with their impact on architectural forms.
Bharat Bhavan is an autonomous multi-arts complex and museum in Bhopal, India, established and funded by the Government of Madhya Pradesh. The architect of Bhavan is Charles Correa.
Introduction to Awadh Architecture
It's History and Architecture Details
Various Architectural Buildings in Lucknow and their features
Survey of an old resedential building and its architectural and construction details.
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
Presentation on Architect. Charles Correa by the third year first part students of Department of Architecture of Kathmandu Engineering College, Kalimati, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Contemporary Architecture class.
Course Tutor: Lec. Ar. Sweta Shrestha
achyut kanvinde.pptx and the first indian architectTejashwiniKolur
achyut kanvindeThe Bauhaus style came to India through few Architects like Kanvine and Charles Correa who traveled to the US for their studies. Achyut Kanvinde was one of them. Also, most of the buildings designed by Kanvinde shout out Bauhaus Style. In an interview, he also mentioned that these buildings helped him establish the International style in India.
Some of the Bauhaus principles that can be seen in Achyut Kanvinde works are:
Asymmetry
Cubic shapes
Flat roofs
Smooth and undecorated surfaces
He adopted a steel frame or reinforced concrete post and slab.
Exposed materials
ADVOCATING ASYMMETRY
His designs involve a play between form and space.
He believed the form and space of a building should be a result of the interior space.
He was against the use of symmetry as a principle.
An example is the design of the national science center, new delhi, which has vertical masses that rise gradually, adding to its aesthetic appeal.
2) USE OF VERNACULAR KNOWLEDGE
A master of vernacular architecture, kanvinde could expertly design according to the local climate and with the local building material.
He gave utmost importance to natural light and made sure his designs were naturally ventilated and lit.
Doodh sagar dairy’s factory in mehsana is an ideal example of vernacular architecture used along with brutalism. The use of exposed concrete along with the brute form makes for a dynamic design.
BLEND OF VASTUSHASTRA AND BRUTALISM
A strong believer of vastushastra, he has found innovative ways to incorporate the system into his brutalist style. This has become his signature.
There is a strong presence of simplicity in facade treatment, exposed concrete, and the elimination of unnecessary elements.
An example is the iskcon temple, which in all ways is a true kanvinde design. It is discussed in detail in the following sections.
These slides describes about 5 famous architects and their works. The architects includes - Zaha Hadid, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, Charles Correa, Walter Gropius
An architectural style that emerged around early 1960s and was against the architectural styles advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig vies Van der Rohe.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
Expert Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Drafting ServicesResDraft
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Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
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You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
2. BEFORE COLONIALIZATION DURING COLONIALIZATION AFTER COLONIALIZATION
Primary intention was to
establish a mark and
please Indian upper
society.
Glorification and
Individualization - the
driving agendas
Obsessive and Grand
Themes
Materials – Stone
Massive Dominating
Structures
Palatial Architecture,
Religious Architecture and
Memorials
Primary intention was to
please and pacify Indian,
as well as British upper
society.
Colonialization and
Suppression - the driving
agendas
Royalist Themes
Materials - Stone and
wood
Massive Dominating
Structures
Government Buildings
Primary intention was to
provide for a newly
independent nation.
Democracy, Development
and Economy - the driving
agendas
Modernist Themes
Materials – Brick, Concrete,
Glass, Steel
Realistic Functional
Structures
Housing, Institutional
Architecture and
Government Buildings
3. BEFORE INDEPENDENCE
“ How much
indigenization of style
could the British afford
to indulge in,
without appearing to
make political
concessions to a
subject people?”
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
“ How much
indigenization could a
newly independent
nation afford,
without appearing
backward and weak in
the rest of the world?”
4. ART..
Post-Independence, notions of the figure and body became connected
with the creation of new cultural identities as well as the broad social and
political concerns facing a new nation.
The display took into consideration both psychological and artistic
significance of figurative modes in these works.
Young painters like Husain, Souza and Raza embraced avant-garde
European movements such as Expressionism and Cubism,
They advocated for a fresh relook on rich Indian art traditions.
After the country gained independence, strands of secularism and
modernity strengthened, as artistic collectives like the Delhi Silpi Chakra
and the Progressive Artists' Group in Mumbai worked towards
establishing and disseminating a new India’s artistic and cultural
identities. The groups blended international modernist styles like
Expressionism with ideas and imagery, which resonated locally.
11. EUROPEAN INFLUENCE
Le Corbusier
(Swiss-French Architect)
Nehru invites to India –
associated with Chandigarh,
Ahmedabad, etc.
Achyut Kanvinde, Deolalikar
worked under him
BAUHAUS INFLUENCE VIA U.S.
Walter Gropius
(founder of Bauhaus,
Germany–
fled to U.S.)
Achyut Kanvinde and Habib
Rahman worked under him in
the U.S.
Cross fertilization of the
American and European modern
movements
expressed itself in India
Exposed
concrete came
out of working
with Corbusier in
Chandigarh
Textures, grit
finishes came out
of working with
Gropius as the
Bauhaus influence
INFLUENCES & EXPRESSION ON INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
12. TIMELINE OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
GOLCONDEASHRAM,PONDICHERRY
1STRCCCastIn-placeStructure
THREEARCH.SCHOOLSININDIA
IMPETUSTOARCHITECTURE
1STFiveYearPlan
HABIB RAHMAN
CHARLES CORREA
ACHYUT KANVINDE
CORBUSIER’SCONTRIBUTION
Chandigarh
NEWSECRETARIAT,CALCUTTA
AdventofIndianModernism
KAHN’SCONTRIBUTION
Ahmedabad
B V DOSHI
13. GOLCONDE ASHRAM, PONDICHERRY, 1942
By Antonin Raymond and George Nakashima
Golconde was the first reinforced, cast-in-
place concrete building in India
14. GOLCONDE ASHRAM,
PONDICHERRY
• Earliest example of good concrete
construction in India.
• All features were evolved from
climatological study and psychological
needs of the occupants.
• Cross Ventilation and Sun Protection
was achieved by covering the entire
surface with parallel horizontal louvers.
• Precast thin shell concrete vaulting
was used to create a ventilated double
roof insulation.
15. POST INDEPENDENCE…
• REFUGEE PROBLEM
- No time for elaborate building plans
- Hectic Building Activity
• LIMITED ARCHITECTS
- Crash Building Programme was undertaken
• LACK OF VISION AMONG PLANNERS
• LACK OF SUPPORT FROM THE GOVERNMENT
• LESS SATISFACTORY STANDARDS OF ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION
16. 1ST FIVE YEAR PLAN
• Gave an impetus to architecture and its allied professions.
• Resources allocated for investments in heavy industries, new townships,
industrial housing, and scientific and technical research and training.
• A new independent profession of structural design consultants was born.
• Building industry began to manufacture, locally, items such as flush wooden
doors, steel doors and windows, and a wide range of products in asbestos
cement.
• Air-conditioning led to an all-round (and perhaps unwise) reduction in floor-
heights, and raising land and construction prices led to a shrinking of floor-
space in residential and commercial buildings.
All these developments began to affect the appearance and scale of
architecture all over the country, independently of prevailing styles.
17. ADVENT OF MODERNISM IN INDIA
• PWDs (Public Works Department) were
responsible for much building work; had
sufficient experience in building
maintenance and upkeep, but no
expertise in conceptualizing an
architectural vocabulary for the nation.
• Many overseas architects were advisors
to architectural and reconstruction
committees formed by the Government.
• An attempt to integrate architecture
with current modernist theories of form
and function.
• Debate on continuity versus
discontinuity.
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SYSTEM
• Horizontal bands of large glass
windows, freestanding staircases and
cantilevered porches came into
existence.
• Plinths became lower, living and dining
rooms were combined and, in houses
for the wealthy, bathrooms became
attached to bedrooms.
• Windows in many houses began to be
recessed and concrete fins began to
appear on the facades.
• The massing became horizontal.
• Reinforced concrete became the
material of the modern era not only for
houses but even more for public
DEVELOPMENTS IN DESIGN
18. NEHRU’S VISION
• Nehru’s efforts to modernise the nation were not to westernise it but develop India by
incorporating best aspects of Western culture.
• He saw British imperialism as a passing phenomenon. Nehru borrowed the best even from the
British constitutional system, forgave the British for their conquest of India and remained with
the Commonwealth after Independence.
• He believed that Architecture was important in building a cultural vision of a new democratic
society and a new citizen, and that the radical movement in Europe with its socialist roots was a
model of inspiration.
• He encouraged young modernists to move to Delhi, practice and contribute to a new India.
• Under him, Delhi became a site of some very important experiments in modern architecture
over three generations in public buildings, factories and housing. The design culture of Delhi
became extremely cosmopolitan and full of self confidence of the New Nation.
• Habib Rahman was his most significant discovery. Nehru pushed him to develop a design
vocabulary that was rooted in Indian tradition but pointed to a new future.
19. POST 1947
- THREE SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT OF ARCHITECTURE -
MODERNISTSREVIVALISTS INTERNATIONAL
CONTRIBUTION
20. POST 1947
- THREE SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT OF ARCHITECTURE -
MODERNISTSREVIVALISTS INTERNATIONAL
CONTRIBUTION
Edward Lutyens
Herbert Baker
E. B. Doctor
B.R. Manickam
Habib Rahman
Achyut Kanvinde
Durga Bajpai
Walter George
Jane Drew
Maxwell Fry
Le Corbusier
• Fusion of Art-Deco,
Modernistic and
traditional elements
• Tried to use design
features from the past
in a new form
• Mainly concerned
with aesthetics
• Foreign-returned
architects
• Young and Idealistic
• Exposed to
International trends
• Influenced by the
American Modern
Movts. And Bauhaus
• International
architects who were
brought to change
the face of Indian
traditional
architecture
• Modified international
style to be suitably
used in Indian context
Ashoka Hotel, Delhi
Vidhan Saudha,
Bangalore
Supreme Court, Delhi
Oberoi Hotel, Delhi
Jahangir Art Gallery
Gandhi Memorial
CCA, Chandigarh
Palace of Assembly,
Chandigarh
Tuberculosis Assoc. Bldg
27. CONCLUSION
Most of the architectural production of any significance till the 1990s is marked by a
certain commonality of factors:
• Sponsored or commissioned by the State and its organs,
• The search for an appropriate aesthetic fluctuates between two extremes –
that of a completely ‘international’ vocabulary of Modernism (such as Prasad’s
Akbar Hotel) and
attempt to reinterpret the vernacular on the other (exemplified by Correa’s Crafts
Village).
28. CONCLUSION
However, most architectural production is a balancing act between these two
poles –
• a form dictated by the need of universal standards of space (stadia,
exhibition spaces, and convention centres) and
• construction and aesthetics influenced by what is actually possible on the
site.
29. PRESENT STATUS OF INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
POLITICAL WILL HOUSING DEMAND
FUTURE OF ARCHITECTURE
FUTURE OF ARCHITECT
IMPACT ON THE WORLD
