Architecture and town planning ce411 pdf

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ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING CE411

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Chapter No 01
Introduction to Architecture and Town Planning
ARCHITECTURE: Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and
construction.  It is the art and science of design and erecting buildings and other physical
structures.  It is a style and method of design and construction of buildings and other
physical structures.  It is a design activity, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape
architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).  The term "architecture"
has been adopted to describe the activity of designing any kind of system, and is commonly
used in describing information technology.OR
The art and science of designing and Constructing buildings. A style and method of design and
construction. Buildings and other large structures”. “Orderly arrangement of parts, structure.
Architects: A Person Who Plans, Designs Buildings And Advises In Their Constructions.
Town Planning: The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and
communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree of economy,
convenience, and beauty. An attempt to formulate the principles that should guide us in
creating a civilized physical background for human life whose main impetus is thus … foreseeing
and guiding change. An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating
buildings and environments to meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and
recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to work, and
to play or relax, thus bringing about the social and economic wellbeing for the majority of
mankind. OR
Town planning is the planning and design of all the new buildings, roads, and parks in a place in
order to make them attractive and convenient for the people who live there.
Town Planning involves both control of existing and new development, and "strategic planning“
to ensure our resources are carefully managed to match our future needs and expectations.
It is a technical and political process concerned with the development and use of land, planning
permission, protection and use of the environment, public welfare, and the design of the
environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas,
such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks. Town planning is also
referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, city planning, rural planning or
some combination in various areas worldwide.
“A city should be built to give its inhabitants security and happiness” – Aristotle.
“A place where men had a common life for a noble end” – Plato.
History of Architecture
10000-3000 BC Neolithic architecture – mud bricks, images of animals
painted, Stone construction
3000 BC – 300 AD Mud bricks, Limestone, Greek, Egyptian, Roman,
Stone

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300s – 1300s Medieval architecture – Romanesque, Pre
Romanesque, Gothic – differed in designs of arches
and vaults
1300s – 1500s Renaissance architecture – focus on aesthetic quality
(geometry, proportion, symmetry) rather than on
functionality
1600s Baroque – focus on color, light, shade.
1700s – 1800s Neoclassical – visuals and decorations, public buildings
1890 – 1910 Early modern
1910 – 1950 Modern – focus on simplicity and practicality
1950s – 1980s Post modern – focus on practicality, use of shapes
1980s onwards Deconstructive – multiple shapes usage, practicality
and aesthetic balance.
Islamic Golden age 671 – 1600 AD: Arabic numerals basis for modern day numbering.
• Invented complex algebra. • Paper manufacturing comes to the west from China; spread of
Islamic empire. • Greek philosophical and technological wisdom returned to west. • Scientific
prowess of muslims was unmatched.
Islamic arch: Islamic arch. is a blend of Islamic values and cultural values of muslims across the
globe. • Islamic art focused on following aspects: 1. Engineering design – elements of mosque :
minbar, mihrab, ivan, courtyard(sahn), domes, arches, minarets, Qibla, Ablution Kiosks,
Fountains. 2. Geometric patterns – Tessellations , star , arabesques, geometry, symmetry,
repetition, stucco, patterned brickwork or tiles , woodcarvings and latticing , water and light.
3. Arabesques – patterns of lines, vines, leaves and flowers. 4. Calligraphy – Quranic
inscriptions in a variety of scripts and shapes. • Persian architecture: tapered pillars, large
arcades and arches supported by several pillars. Grand entrances and ewans. Shah Mosque in
Iran. • Moorish Architecture: Arabesque designs, Calligraphy, walls covered in glazed tiles, use
of red and gold tiling, open and breezy interior spaces. Multiple arch designs, Squinches were
first seen. Influenced by Arab architecture. Example Alhambra, Granada, Spain. • Timurid
architecture: derived from Persian architecture. Symmetry, Facades, double domes. Use of
brilliant colors. Gur-e-Amir in Samarkand is an example. • Turkish architecture: Multiple
domes, Harmony and balance between interior and exterior spaces. Rooted in Byzantine
architecture. Vast inner spaces. Technical balance. Blue Mosque, Istanbul is an example.
• Fatimid Architecture, • Mamluk architecture: Ligth effects, gilded and enameled glass, inlaid
metalwork and woodwork, textiles. • Mughal Architecture: Gardens, inlays of precious and
semi-precious stones, symmetry, mix of Persian, Arabic and Hindu elements.
Introduction to architectural standards
Once the general form of the building is defned, turn to the section on Architectural Styles. Tere
are numerous styles appropriate for Old Town, but the Neighborhood Design Standards
identifed two to four styles appropriate for each neighborhood. The Owner should turn to
these sections in the Architectural Style Standards in order to identify which of the appropriate

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styles they prefer. Once an Owner has selected a style, they should review the section in depth
to determine the massing nuances appropriate for that style, the shape and placement of
windows, doors, and other architectural details. While the Owner’s building does not need to
include all of the elements identifed in the Architectural Style, the building should illustrate the
main principles and be easily identifable as one of the appropriate Old Town styles.
Te OLD COLUMBUS MERCANTILE style is an interesting architectural variation in its simple
expressive forms balanced with sometimes intricate and always interesting textural detail. It
might be better termed as ‘Main Street Vernacular” since it is a building style you may find on
main streets in all sizes of towns and cities across the country. As in all national styles there are
common elements that create the framework for the local vernacular to graft onto and adapt
to their own particular traditions or uses. Old Columbus Mercantile buildings addressed, above
all, the practical needs for the building occupants and its visitors. Tey range in size from the
one-store one-story small shops of individual merchants all the way to the 3 to 4 story mill
buildings that housed the manufacture or storage of the goods to be sold on Main Street. Large
glazed openings of ganged windows and doors maximize the view of goods for sale to passers-
by and provide generous light for the interior as many buildings only have light from one wall.
Upon this utilitarian need for visibility the wonderful creativity of brickwork and wood trim
satisfied the more ephemeral need for visual interest, distinction, and beauty. An Old Columbus
Mercantile building celebrates its status on the street as a handsome accompaniment to its
neighbours.
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
1. Masonry wall construction
2. Flat roof with ornamented parapet
3. Punched openings at upper floors with higher concentration of glazing at lower level
4. Brick and masonry detailing (i.e. corbeling, banding, arches, or decorative motifs)
5. Horizontal and vertical banding suggestive of post and lintel structure
6. Large glazed storefront on street.

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Various Architecture building found in Pakistan
1.Bab-e-Pakistan
Although not completed, the Bab-e-Pakistan monument seeks to honor the thousands of
Muslim families who chose to migrate to the newly-created state of Pakistan in 1947. The
monument is located in Lahore and the plan was originally conceived under the military regime
of Zia-ul-Haq. Subsequent political tussles couldn't materialize its construction in time and the
project is still in process at the moment.
2. Badshahi Mosque Lahore

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The historical mosque was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1673 in Lahore. It is the
landmark of Lahore which attracts the tourist for its Mughal architecture.
3. Islamia College – Peshawar
Islamia Collage the powerhouse of Muslim students during Pakistan Movement is located in
Peshawar. This beautiful building of rich architecture and history was established by Nawab
Sahabzada Abdul Qayyum and Sir George Roos Kepel in 1913. This building is also famous for its
serene ambiance.
4. Aga Khan University and Hospital Karachi
The Aga Khan University Hospital is another beautiful building of Pakistan. This building that
heals is designed by Payette Associates. The building was completed in 1985 and it is a marvel
of traditional Indo-Persian and Mughal architecture.

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5. Faisal Mosque Islamabad
Faisal Mosque of Islamabad completed in 1986 is one of the most beautiful and national
mosque of Pakistan. The construction of the mosque started in 1966, when King Faisal of Saudi
Arabia supported the Pakistani government’s initiative to build a national mosque. The mosque
was designed by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay.
6. Pakistan Monument – Islamabad
The construction of Pakistan monument started in 2004 and it took three years to be
completed. This monument is a symbolic representation of four province of the country. The
national monument is located in Shakarparian. The structure comprises of four metals that are
embellished with murals.

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7. Quaid-e-Azam Mausoleum – Karachi
The mausoleum of the founder of Pakistan is without any doubts, the most aesthetic
architecture of the country. Mazar-e-Quaid is the last resting place of Quaid-e-Azam situated in
Karachi and a true iconic representation of the city of lights. This mausoleum made of white
marbles was designed by famous architect by Yahya Merchant.
8. Minar-e-Pakistan – Lahore
Minar-e-Pakistan is the most famous public monument of Pakistan located in Iqbal Park Lahore.
The construction of Mine-e-Pakistan started in 1960 and took eight years to be completed. The
Minar has a significant historical background as the Pakistan Resolution was passed at this place
in 1940.The tower was designed by an architect from Dagestan Nasreen Murat Khan.

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9. Habib Bank Plaza – Karachi
Habib Bank Plaza once the tallest building of Pakistan was established in 1963. The fine
architecture of the building was designed by a famous international architecture Leo A Daly.
10. The Centaurus – Islamabad
The Centaurus is a mixed real estate development in Islamabad. It is the finest architecture no
doubt comprises three skyscrapers that have shopping mall, residential apartments, corporate

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offices and 5-star hotel. The building is designed by a British architectural firm WS Atkins and
the interior of residential apartments and Malls has been designed by Turkish firm ODEION.

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Chapter No 02
Objectives of Town Planning
To create and promote healthy conditions and environments for all the people.
• to make right use of the land for the right purpose by zoning, • to ensure orderly
development, • to avoid encroachment of one zone over the other social, economic,
cultural and recreational amenities etc. • Recreational amenities – open spaces, parks,
gardens & playgrounds, town halls stadiums, community centers, cinema houses, and
theatres, • To preserve the individuality of the town, • To preserve the aesthetics in the
design of all elements of town or city plan. OR
OBJECTS OF TOWN PLANNING: The four essential objects of any town planning scheme are:
a) Beauty: The object of beauty can be achieved by taking the advantages of natural conditions
surrounding the town, and also by giving architectural finishes to various components of town.
b) Convenience: The object of convenience can be achieved by providing the various economic,
social, and recreational amenities to the public. The amenities include cheap power and
electricity, adequate water supply, transport facilities etc.
c) Environment: The environment should be molded in such a way that man can go about his
normal activities with the least amount of strain. The complex problems of society such as
tiresome travel to work, long hour of work. Led toward serious mad-adjustment between the
human and type of life he had to live. This can be adjusted by bringing better relation between
man and his environment. Harappan city sites, including Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, Kalibangan,
and Surkotada were having large gateways at various entry points .
d) Health: The object of health is accommodated in a town planning scheme by making a right
use of land for the right purpose, by providing parks and play grounds for the public, by
maintaining the pollution of various forms to the lowest possible degree etc.
NECESSITY OF TOWN PLANNING
It is evident that a small house, if well arranged and planned, looks far better than a disordered
big palace. In a similar way, a town which is properly planned affords more comforts and
conveniences to the public. The necessity of town planning can very well be appreciated by
mentioning the evil situations which a town has to face in the absence of town planning.
They are as follows:
1. Defective road system resulting in the formation of narrow streets and lanes.
2. Development of slums and squatter settlements.
3. Haphazard location of industries.
4. Heavy traffic congestion during the working hours of the day.
5. Inadequate open spaces for parks and playgrounds resulting in unhealthy living conditions.
6. Lack of essential amentias like electricity water supply and drainage.
7. Noisy atmosphere disturbing the peace of city dwellers.
8. Unhealthy living conditions.
PRINCIPLE OF TOWN PLANNING:
Town Planning requires different profession especially those of Engineering, Architecture and

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Surveying. The town not only designed for the needs of the future generation, but the probable
growth of town should be suitably considered by town planning. Some of the guiding principles
of Town Planning are given as;
GREEN BELT: Provision of green built on the periphery of town results in the limitation of its
size, and hence final size can be well anticipated.
HOUSING: Extreme care should be taken by providing accommodation to different categories
of people. It should be observed that there will be no Slums development further and if Slums
are existing they are cleared by providing some alternative arrangements.
PUBLIC BUILDING: There should be proper distribution of various public building throughout
the town. The unnecessary building at town should be avoided.
RECREATIONAL CENTERS: Depending upon the size of town enough space should be reserved
for the development of recreational centers for general public.
ROAD SYSTEM: The efficiency of town is measured by the layout of the road in the town. If
nicely designed road system put a good impression in the mind of people and especially the
visitors.
TRANSPORT FACILITIES: The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that
there is the minimum loss of time from place to work to the place of residence.
ZONING: The town should be divided into suitable zones. Such as commercial zone, Residential
zone, industrial zone etc. And suitable rules should be formed for the development of each
zone. OR
Principles of town planning: No Haphazard methods of planning are to be employed
• Fulfillment of basic needs such as housing is necessary for all levels of society
• Provision of basic infrastructure facilities or civic amenities
• Provision of open spaces
• Accessibility ( modes of transportation – rail, road, air, water)
• Proper systems of zoning to be implemented
• Provision of green belts to control future growth of a city and prevent environmental
degredation.
Requirements of a new town
Due to increasing population ,we provide new town for reducing the burden of the city.
Designing a new town for self sufficient and providing housing ,commercial,basic facilities,
recreational area. The new town movement refers to towns that were built after World War II
and that have been purposefully planned, developed and built as a remedy to overcrowding
and congestion in some instances, and to scattered and hoc settlements in others.
• The main reason for it was to decongest larger industrialized cities, rehousing people in
freshly built, new and fully planned towns that were completely self-sufficient and provided for
the community. New Towns are playing in the economic development of the countries they are
emerging in, it is clear that economic motives are the dominant factor behind most New Town
initiatives. • The present New Towns are populated by the middle and upper classes, while the
lower income groups live in the old city or in selforganized cities, slums.

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DESIGNING A NEW TOWN
• New Town: A new town built on land strongly controlled under unified public or semi public
ownership, should be distinguished by combination of town and country life style and of environment
;an uninterrupted greenbelt encircling and intersecting the town.
• A planned urban community that combines residential, commercial, and recreational areas.
Site Selection for New Towns
Selection of site for any town is a very important and experts job and should be done very very
carefully by an experienced engineer. The requirements of site for towns with different
occupancies are different.Following are some of the important factors which should be
considered while selecting site for any residence.
 The site should be in fully developed area or in the area which has potential of development.
 There should be good transport facilities such as railway, bus service, for going to office,
college, market, etc.  Civic services such as water supply, drainage sewers, electric lines,
telephone lines, etc. should be very near to the selected site so as to obtain their services with
no extra cost.  Soil at site should not be of made up type as far as possible. The towns
constructed over such soils normally undergo differential settlement and sometimes become
the cause of collapse. Cracks in towns in such conditions, are quite common.  The selected site
should be large enough; both to ensure the town abundant light and air to prevent any over
dominance by the neighboring towns.  The ground water table at the site should not be very
high.  Nearness of schools, hospitals, market, etc. are considered good for residential site but
these facilities do not carry any significance in the selection site for other public towns.  Good
foundation soil should be available at responsible depth. This aspect saves quite a bit in the cost
of the town.  The site should command a good view of landscape such a hill, river, lake, etc.
 New Town site should be located away from the busy commercial roads.  New town site
should not be located near workshops, factories, because such locations are subjected to
continuous noise.  Orientation of the site also has some bearing on its selection. Site should be
such in our country that early morning sun and late evening sun is accepted in the town in
summer and maximum sun light is available in most of winter. OR
Site selection for new town
• The selection of suitable site is a crucial step in the design of a building or planning a
settlement in an earthquake prone area.
• There are a number of earthquake related hazards which should always be considered when
choosing a site, together with the influence of the ground conditions at the site on the ground
motion which the building may experience in a future earthquake.
• An assessment of extent of earthquake hazard should always form a part of overall site
assessment and of specification for the design of any structures to be built there.
• No site can be expected to be ideal in all respects, so the choice of site will often involve a
judgment about relative risks and the costs of designing to protect from them.
• But there can be some sites which could be so hazardous that they should be avoided if at all
possible, since the cost of building is likely to be prohibitive.

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• A few important considerations for selecting the an appropriate site are given below.
• Before taking considerations for site at micro level we have to look at the parameters which
influence at macro level.
• Statistical analysis for considerations at macro level can be done in following steps:
1. By knowing the position of site on the tectonic plate,
2. By classifying the site in respective seismic zones which the country is divided into,
3. And even evaluating other risk factors which the site is subjected to..for example the
presence of hills and rocky areas near the site increases the risk of landslides during
earthquake. The site conditions play a vital role in seismic safety of a building.
Hazardous sites should be avoided for building construction to minimize risks against natural
disasters. Site Investigations will assist in identifying potential danger of sliding, erosion, land
subsidence or liquefaction during an earthquake.
• Site Investigations will assist in identifying potential danger of sliding, erosion, land
subsidence or liquefaction during an earthquake.
• The local practice of managing any such hazard should be given due considerations.
A safer site is the one having: No danger of landslides • Sufficient plantation on slope
• Trees not too close to the house • Mild slope • Far from river banks.

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Chapter No 03
Zoning
• Zoning is a device of land use regulation used by local governments in most developed
countries
• According to G. K. Hiraskar the zoning is defined as “process of making sections or
division of city areas in different zones, to control the incompatible land uses, &
prevent the misuse of land & buildings heights and densities of population at the
initial stages”.
• According to W.PAUL Farmer and Julie A. Gibb, the “Zoning is the division of land
according to building Design & use”.
Zoning is the way the govt control the physical development of land & the kinds of use to each
individual property may be put. Zoning laws typically specify the area in which residential,
industrial, recreational or commercial activities may take place. Zoning has been adopted by
most of the countries of the world such as Germany, England, America, Russia, Japan, Pakistan
etc. In 1916 first zoning in New York was carried out.
Objectives of Zoning
The objects or purpose of zoning are as follows.
1. conserving the value of its properties,
2. assuring orderly community growth
3. safeguarding general public welfare.
4. “Establish regulations which provides locations for all essential uses of land & buildings
and to ensure that each use is located at most appropriate place”. OR
 The town planner gets ample opportunities for designing the future growth & development of
town.  Zoning serves as a main tool to the town planner to achieve his goal.  Zoning affords
proper coordination of various public amenities, such as transport facilities, water supply,
drainage, electric power etc.  Zoning proves to be an effective instrument in case of any review
or modification in order to make town planning scheme more effective & successful. OR
The main purposes of zoning are described below:
• Use of land & buildings, their height & volumes, proportions with the open spaces and
density of population in each particular zone.  Zoning’s recognized purpose is to
promote common good and general welfare of the community as a whole.  It is main
tool for planner for achieve his goal. The planner gets
opportunities for designing for future growth and development of town.  It is very
useful for planner for making any town planning scheme effective and successful.  The
zoning affords proper coordination of various public amenities like transport, water
supply, drainage, electric power etc.  It also requires consideration of future growth
and development, adequacy of drainage and storm sewers, public streets, pedestrian
walkways, density of population, and many other factors that are within legislative
competence.  Zoning helps city planners bring about orderly growth and change. It
controls population density and helps create attractive, healthful residential areas. In

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addition, zoning helps assure property owners and residents that the characteristics of
nearby areas will remain stable.
IMPORTANCE AND NEED OF ZONING
• The zoning is important aspect of town planning because without zoning regulation,
incompatible land uses occurs which causes problems of health & hygiene,
environmental pollution’s congestion public safety & security etc. For example,
industrial zone is mostly away from residential zone so as the residential areas should be
secured from dangerous gases and smoke pollution, the business & commercial zone is
also made away from residential zone so as the residential areas should be free from
noise & road traffic. Simultaneously the population is also distributed in different zones
differently so as the population should not be concentrated in one zone & situation of
congestion or comity problems emerges i.e. utilities pressure etc. in addition the
building heights are also controlled by zoning so as high-rise should not develop with
low height housing because the high-rise cutoff the sun shine, & breeze which makes
the life of residents uncomfortable i.e. in Chicago, New York, Bombay etc building cast
long shadow. The zoning is important because it secures the orderly growth of town;
promote heath & safety, increase utility, beauty and efficiency of town. Infect it is the
very soul of successful Town Planning.
ZONING CLASSIFICATION
Use Zoning, Height Zoning and Density Zoning
A. USE ZONING: zoning city
1. RESIDENTIAL ZONE: It is the zone for housing of large number of people. The buildings
developed in this zone are, detached single family houses, semidetached houses or
duplexes, group housing, chawl, low, medium and high-rise flats or apartments and
residential sky scrapers. This zone covers the area 40 to 50% of total away from business
or Industrial zones. It needs privacy & use of green belt parks & fast communication
facilities.
2. COMMERCIAL ZONE: This covers area of 2% to 5%, having market, warehousing, storage
spaces, go-downs, business offices, banks & residential spaces for employees. They
should be located near traffic, transport & roadside.
3. Industrial ZONE: This covers area of % to 20%. This is most important zone after
residential zone. This is located leeward of the town so that dangerous gases should not
affect town population. This zone further divided in four categories i.e. Minor Industries,
Light Industries, Medium Industries and Heavy Industries.
MINOR INDUSTRIES: These are small industries, such as, bakeries, dairies & laundries
these can be located near residential zone for the benefit of people; LIGHT INDUSTRIES:
These are small factories such as glass, porcelain or Ice which only use electric power not
solid fuel it’s not much real nuisance, so they can be located at the periphery of town;
MEDIUM INDUSTRIES: These are large factories or industrial units such as cotton mills, oil
mills, sugar mills which produce noisy environment & residential & commercial zone;

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HEAVY INDUSTRIES: These are large manufacturing industries or large heavy duty industrial
units such as cement factory, steel factories and fertilizer plants that produce fumes &
gases. Therefore, these should be located in outskirts away forms town in leeward position.
4. CIVIC ZONE: This zone covers area of 2% to 3%. It contains all public building i.e. town
hall, courts, libraries, post office museum, auditoriums, banks etc. & housing for employees
working there. These should be located at strategy locations where public access should be
easier.
5. INSTITUTIONAL ZONE: This is again located in a quite zone, having an area of 1% to 2%. It
contains schools, college, university, & other research institutes etc.
6. RECREATIONAL ZONE: This zone is located / planned with natural elements. This covers
15% to 20%. This provides healthy environment. It includes parks, play grounds,
auditoriums, cinemas, theaters etc.
B. HEIGHT ZONING: The height zoning is quite important for the purpose of good livable
environment with appropriate sun light & Air movement. Simultaneously the control over
height & volume of the buildings is also necessary for prevention from social evils and
aesthetic beauty of the town that includes the cohesiveness among small & large buildings
& to satisfy air / ground traffic rules. Because high-rises need specific considerations
regarding movement of aero planes and to avoid narrow streets & traffic congestion.
Controlling building height
• Road widths / Air plain rule. Generally it should be 45o to 63.5o from the center of road
to roof top edge of the building.
• Bulk volume method in which building volume is controlled by making it equal to the
volume of prism; where plinth area is considered as base & height equal to width of
road.
Floor space index (FSI). In this method the total floor area of building is controlled by
relating it with the open space in the total plot area.
C. DENSITY ZONING:
• The density zoning is mainly related to population density, Gross density & net density;
where the population density is population / unit area or acres of land, gross density is
average density of population / unit area of residential zone including open spaces,
schools, shops & institutions; Net density is average density / unit area of housing &
roads.
• The objective of density zoning is to control the overcrowding & concentration of
population in some particular Area. In density zoning a town planner fix certain
standards of gross & net densities for various areas which prohibit the collection of
population in any particular zone. Now this control of population is achieved in three
ways.
– Fixing minimum size of plot for each house.
– Specifying nos. of houses per unit area.
– Fixing the ratio of total plot area v/s total buildup area.

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Principles of zoning
The principles of zoning include the following elements which are given importance while zoning an
area.
a. Concentric growth: The usual pattern of zones is in the form of concentric bands. The central area of
town is followed by developed area, green area & undeveloped area. The growth of towns spreads from
a center in all directions is called concentric growth. These types of towns usually form a ring and
consists of residential towns surrounded by commercial areas. This type of growth is natural and totally
unplanned. When the population goes on increase, the concentric circles are again surrounded by
people - these areas are called the suburbs of the city.
b. Boundary: Boundaries are the important element in zoning. Usually the boundaries between two
zones can be road, railway line, river, a wall or a green belt. Green belt is preferred to all others. The
existence of boundaries depends on the rule of law. Sometimes boundaries are broken and two zones
seem to mix. This type of area is then called transition zone.
c. Existing towns: While zoning and planning new towns, the planner must keep in mind the
convenience of existing towns. Zoning should be done in such a way so as not to disturb the ecosystem
of the already existing towns.
d. Flexibility; The zoning of an area should be as such so as to provide maximum comfort and
convenience to people. Zoning should also be done in such a way that in future new towns can be made
and there is room for expansion of the zone.
e. New towns: New towns should be provided room for in zoning of site. For designing a new town of
known population the areas required for residence, industries & businesses are clearly marked. The
town is then divided in to suitable zones.
ADVANTAGES OF ZONING
1. Danger from fire. 2. Future Development. 3. General amenities. 4. Health of community.
5. Population distribution. 6. Public utility services.
In general it may be suggested that zoning promotes health, safety, prosperity, orderly development
and overall welfare of the community. OR
Height limitations, space requirements and town size keep structures from being built too close
to one another, which helps to prevent overcrowding in a specifed area.
Property values are also protected by zoning laws, as they prevent incompatible uses of a
property. For example, they ensure that these folks: Aren’t right next door to these folks.
Zoning laws allow for more open spaces, such as recreational areas and parks, to be built in a
neighborhood. Zoning laws can enhance the beauty of a community by requiring landscaping,
buﬀers and parking lot improvements.

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Chapter No 04
Requirements of residential Building
The planning and construction of a building should be aimed at fulfilling the following
requirements:
1. Strength and Stability: Building should be capable of transferring the expected loads in its
life period safely to the ground. Design of various structural components like slabs, beams,
walls, columns and footing should ensure safety. None of the structural components should
buckle, overturn and collapse.
2. Dimensional Stability: Excessive deformation of structural components give a sense of
instability and result into crack in walls, flooring etc. All structural components, should be so
designed that deflections do not exceed the permissible values specified in the codes.
3. Resistance to Dampness: Dampness in a building is a great nuisance and it may reduce the
life of the building. Great care should be taken in planning and in the construction of the
building to avoid dampness.
4. Resistance to Fire: Regarding achieving resistance to fire, the basic requirements laid down
in the codes are: (a) the structure should not ignite easily.
(b) building orientation should be such that spread of fire is slow.
(c) In case of fire, there should be means of easy access to vacate building quickly.
5. Heat Insulation: A building should be so oriented and designed that it insulates interior
from heat.
6. Sound Insulation: Buildings should be planned against outdoor and indoor noises.
7. Protection from Termite: Buildings should be protected from termites.
8. Durability: Each and every component of the building should be durable.
9. Security against Burglary: This is the basic need the owner of the building expects.
10. Lighting and Ventilation: For healthy and happy living natural light and ventilations are
required. Diffused light and good cross ventilation should be available inside the building.
11. Comforts and Conveniences: Various units in the building should be properly grouped and
integrated keeping in mind the comfort and convenience of the user.
12. Economy: Economy without sacrificing comfort, convenience and durability is another basic
requirement of the building.
Designing of Residential Areas
A residential area is a land use in which housing predominates, as different from industrial and
commercial areas. Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas.
These include single family housing, multiple family housing such as (apartments, duplexes,
townhomes (or similar configurations), condominiums) or mobile homes. Zoning for residential
use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and
industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses.
Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR (floor to area ratio) than business, commercial
or industrial/manufacturing zoning. The area may also be large or small. In certain residential
areas, largely rural, quite large tracts of land may exist which have no services whatsoever.

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Because a large distance must be traveled to access the nearest services, most journeys involve
using a motor vehicle or some other form of transport. This need has resulted in Residential
land development usually existing or planned infrastructure such as rail and road. The pattern
of development is usually set forth in the restrictive covenants contained in the deeds to the
properties in the development, but may also result from or be reinforced by zoning. Restrictive
covenants are not easily changed as the agreement of all property owners (many of whom may
not live in the area) may need to be obtained to effect a change. The area may also be large or
small. Residential Differentiation are some of the various zones under which Residential Areas
fall i.e. inner city residential, inner mixed zone, established residential, new development,
urban-rural fringe, rural residential, sub-regional centers.
Residential development is the dominant land-use within the City, offering residents a high
quality and much sought after residential environment and providing some of the finest
residential streets. The leafy tree lined streets and the variety of housing type and style create a
most appealing environment. The concentration of high quality community services, together
with proximity to the centre of city and the good access to public transport, are necessary
attraction for people who wish to live there. A more accurate prediction can be made of the
types of housing required to satisfy the diverse characteristics of our population when further
research in the form of a detailed "Residential Housing Needs Strategy" is undertaken. There
has also been a trend for many non-residential uses to locate or “creep” into our residential
areas. Some existing non-residential uses (such as schools) are considered integral to the
residential area, providing a service to local residents, and sometimes broader population, but
their growth has the potential to create traffic and other amenity problems and to displace
housing. Concerning the location of new housing it is imperative to maintain and increase
housing choice and diversity within existing residential areas. Increase residential development
opportunities (including higher density development) in and around commercial centres and
other strategic locations. Protect existing housing stock and residential use. Encourage a high
standard of residential development. Minimise the impact of institutions and other non-
residential uses on their surrounding areas. Minimise the impact of commercial/industrial uses
in areas adjoining residential and other sensitive uses. “There are no specific socialist types of
land use distribution of new housing, internal organisation of residential blocks, or location of
companies. Even the principle goal of socialist city planning to locate new residential areas
closed to working areas has been pursued in western planning too.” Thus; the residential areas
shall be located in such a way in any city that may fulfill the functions of living working and
recreation of a family. Furthermore; there are variety of housing types such as low income
middle income and high income housing whereas; the location of each of these housing types
subject to the level of affordability of a family to live within close proximity to city center or in
the outskirts of the city.

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Chapter No 05
SLUM (causes and effect)
Slum: A slum is predominantly an overcrowded area where dwellings are unfit for human
habitation. • It is an area where basic amenities like water supply, drainage for standard living
are lacking ,insanitary conditions . • It is poverty stricken area , where there is a high rate of
birth , infant mortality, illegitimacy, juvenile crime , delinquency and death. Thus representing a
state of hell on the surface of earth. • Slum is a menaced to health, safety, morality and general
welfare of the inhabitants. • Slums are very common in India. • It is estimated that about 25%
population of any city in India live under sub-human conditions of slums .
Causes of slum
Rapid industrialization: The worker employed in the factories generally make their habitation
as near possible to the place of work. • Hence in a short time the available land or open space is
occupied without any proper planning.
Population growth: There is a lag between the tremendous growth of population and the
construction of house. These shortages main fest themselves in creating slum.
Poverty:-The main cause of slum formation can be described on one word
as poverty. • For poor people it is difficult to pay heavy rent for decent living. They move in
slum area.
Education:- if they inhabitants are lacking in education ,they may be easily dragged into social
evils without any attention to improvement of living condition.
Power of local authority:- if the local authority concerned dose not possess adequate power
of control the development of town, the slum may be formation.
Characteristics Of Slums: The General characteristics of slums are :
1. Appearance:- This the rather the universal mark of the slum and its unpleasant appearance
offends the eyes, nose, and conscience. • The structures appear to be deteriorated and to be of
over-age.
2. Fire hazards:- The slums area is often exposed to fire accidents and consequent damages.
• One stick of matches may prove to be sufficient to reduce the whole slum to ashes in no time.
3. Health and Sanitation:- The slums is characterized by low standards of sanitation. • It also
refers an area of high sickness and death rates.
4. Income criteria:- The slum is a poverty area and it is occupied by people of the lowest
income group of the society.
5. Overcrowding: The slum is overcrowded with towns or the towns are overcrowded with
people or both conditions prevail in the slums.
7. Morals:- The socially disorganized slum may prove to be an area of delinquency ,crime and
vice.
8. Social isolation: The slum area is of the lowest social status ,and it is usually linked up with
the rest of the community through its labour force .
Effects Of Slums: Following are the bad effects of slums on the town life:-
Health: The environments not healthy and people residing in slums are easily vulnerable to by

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various diseases.
Lack of amenities: Sufficient public facilities water supply, drainage, sanitation, electricity etc.
do not exist.
Surrounding locality: If location of institutions like school, hospital, library etc are near to
slum area then it affect their working.
Working conditions: The area being full of noise, traffic congestions, smoke, darkness, fumes,
it is not possible to work peacefully in slums.
Undesirable look: The slums spoil the aesthetic look of the city. • In the slums there is
complete absence of social and cultural life. • There is no open space of recreation, fresh air
etc in slums. • The metal outlook of the slum dweller is affected. • He develops low moral
character as such he is easily attracted by vice, delinquency, crime and activities like
bootlegging, narcotics, drugs, etc.
Prevention of slum formation
The slums in the towns gradually grow & develop to prevent them. Slums are health hazards to
the cities which later on create serous socio-economic and political problems. Thus ‘Nip in the
bud’ or ‘Prevention is better than cure’ are the watch words against the formation.First of all,
the authorities should make provision for healthy conditions of living and working. The
subsidized cheap housing in sufficient number should be provided for the workers, Labourers,
and poor people with all civic amenities and utility services. The authorities should enforce the
law that the employers should provide better housing facilities for their Labourers. They should
have power to control the rents under Rend Restriction Act. They should arrest the sub-
standard and unauthorized constructions on vacant lands. Proper wages should be provided to
the labors to improve their standard of living. The laborers in return should maintain and carry
out repairs whenever required so as to keep the existing buildings in a good condition. The
laborers should be properly educated to take care of health, cleanliness and general welfare of
their families. OR
• Cheap housing:-Subsidized cheap houses should made available to the poor class of people
by the
government.
•Construction of buildings:-Certain rules and regulations may be framed and strictly followed
to restrict the coming up of buildings of subnormal standards.
• Compulsion to employers:-Large companies or employers may be compelled to provide
housing accommodation for their staff.
• Rent restriction:-The rent restriction act is in force in many towns in many town of our
country.
• Maintenance and repairs:- The responsibility of maintenance and repairs of building should
be fixed and defined in housing act.
• Social education:- Effective social education may help in checking the growth of slumps and
reduces the poverty.
Slum Clearance:

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Slum clearance may be defined as the complete removal of slum area from the city.
Objectives of slum clearance: To improve living standards of people of the slum area.
• To provide essential amenities like clean drinking water , sanitation , clean surrounding
for healthy living. • To prevent spread of epidemic in the town. • To bring down social disparity
among the various classes of people . • To improve the aesthetic of a town.
Difficulties in slum clearance: Lack of resources. • High cost of alternative sites near place of
work. • Unwillingness of the slum dwellers to move from slum area. • Low rent paying capacity
of the slum dwellers.
Methods of slum clearance
1. Improvement method 2. Complete removal method
1. Improvement method: This method is adopted where slums are due to poor drainage
system and unhealthy conditions. • Hence the drainage arrangement is modified and improved.
• Public utility services like water , drainage , gas , electricity may be provided in slum area.
• Few houses need some improvement to make them more habitable.
Complete removal method: In this method, the slum area is completely cleaned out of the
existing locality. • All the dilapidated structures are demolished. • Only such buildings which are
really in good condition are retained. • The area thus cleaned up may be used as open spaces
and site for new buildings. OR
SLUM CLEARANCE: Even after taking precautions if the slums develop then there emerges only
one option for authorities and that is slum clearance. The process of slum clearance in India is
done with two basic methods. i.e. Improvement Method and Complete Removal Method.
IMPROVEMENT METHOD: One methods of not aggravating the housing shortage is to take up
slum-improvement scheme. This method has an added advantage of not causing much
disturbance to the slum dwellers. As the slums are developed due to poor drainage system and
unhealthy conditions. Hence the drainage arrangement is modified and improved. Public utility
services like water, drainage, electricity, gas may be provided in the affected area. In slum area
the housing conditions are also fairly good and only a few houses need some improvement to
make them slightly more habitable. Further, any impending structures coming in the way may
be removed. Low portions of the old slums like ditches, or swamps may be filled up and then
the existing roads may be widened. With proper planning and improvement works it is possible
to make the slums slightly more habitable at the minimum cost.
COMPLETE REMOVAL METHOD: In this method area may be completely cleared out of the
existing locality. In this case only such buildings which are really in good condition are retained
and all other dilapidated structures are pulled down. Transit Camps in the form of temporary
buildings near the slum areas should be constructed to accommodate those displaced in the
process of slum clearance. Any stinking factory that occurs in slum areas may be shifted to
some other more suitable place. The areas thus cleared up may be used as open spaces and as
sites for new buildings; part of it may also be used for widening the streets. Care should be
taken to keep the density within amenities such as water supply, drainage, sanitary
arrangements, electricity, gas etc. Lastly the legal aspects of this scheme while shifting the

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population should also receive due attention. The legal aspect include publication of the slum
clearance scheme; acquiring the land, paying compensation for the acquired land, making
accommodation for the displaced persons in the process of slums clearance etc. The slum
eradication by this method proves to be very costly, but it is certainly worth-while to bear it in
the interest of the community of the city.

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Chapter No 06
RECREATION
Recreation is one (not the only) kind of stress management. Recreation or fun is the
expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's body or mind.
While leisure is more likely a form of entertainment or rest, recreation is active for the
participant but in a refreshing and diverting manner.
TYPES OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES:
There are various types of recreational activities such as art, computer games, cycling, dancing,
Drawing, Eating and drinking, Hobbies, Hunting and fishing, Kite flying Music, Martial arts,
Partying, Pet ownership, reading a book, Recreational drug use, Sexuality and Dating, Sledding,
Shopping, Singing, Sports and exercise, Travel and tourism Texting, Using the internet, Video
games, Visiting an amusement park, Watching movies, Yoga, Painting. In recent years, more
exciting forms of recreation have received more attention, such as skiing, snowboarding,
bungee jumping, sky diving, hang gliding, paintball, rock climbing, backpacking, canyoning,
caving, BASE jumping, adventure tourism and motor sport.
PROVISION OF PARKS AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES IN TOWN PLANNING:
• One of the most critical components in maintaining and enhancing a community's
quality of life is its system of parks, recreation, and open space. The careful location of
parks and open space areas and preservation of the Town's natural resources as a
complement to existing development can be a useful tool in guiding the Town's
development into a logical, orderly and environmentally sensitive pattern. In addition to
recreational and aesthetic benefits, open spaces provide a framework for various land
uses. Properly located, they become boundaries and buffers between conflicting uses of
land and a nucleus for building neighborhood areas. Natural features can be preserved
as valuable scenic and environmental attributes of the Town.
• A park system and recreational program can also go a long way toward resolving the
age-old problem of a community offering nothing for young people to do. In order to
provide parks and recreational facilities at first an inventory of existing Town parks and
opens space areas is made.
Types of Recreations
There are various types of recreational activities such as art, computer games, cycling, dancing,
Drawing, Eating and drinking, Hobbies, Hunting and fishing, Kite flying Music, Martial arts,
Partying, Pet ownership, reading a book, Recreational drug use, Sexuality and Dating, Sledding,
Shopping, Singing, Sports and exercise, Travel and tourism Texting, Using the internet, Video
games, visiting an amusement park, Watching movies, Yoga, Painting. In recent years, more
exciting forms of recreation have received more attention, such as skiing, snowboarding,
bungee jumping, sky diving, hang gliding, paintball, rock climbing, backpacking, canyoning,
caving, BASE jumping, adventure tourism and motor sport. OR
There are two types of recreations:

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1. Passive Type: Such as parks and garden etc.
Parks: A park is a protected area, in its natural or semi-natural state or planted, and set aside
for human recreation and enjoyment. It may consist of, rocks, soil, water, flora and fauna and
grass areas. These are necessary to meet the needs of open spaces, to get fresh air, evening
rest and relexation for all sections of the society. The parks and gardens should be made more
attractive by planning all types of flowers, trees, bushes in the pleasing layout with fountains,
lawns, etc. These parks, gardens form passive form of recreation.
2. Active Type: Such as playfields, Akhadas, Gymkhanas, Stadium, Boating and Swimming Clubs.
Playfield: These help to provide the physical growth of the body and hence offer the active
type of recreation. Both the types of recreation play an important part in social, physical, and
cultural aspects in town planning.
Classification of Parks
The parks can be classified into the following three ways:
1. According to character, 2. According to purpose, 3. According to size.
1. According to Character: The parks according to character are classified into two types:
 Artificial parks,  Natural parks
 Artificial parks: These parks are prepared artificially with great care by experts in the park
layout. They are planted with grass, shurbs, trees, and flowers etc. The water may be
introduced in the form of fountains and pools. The benches with suitable design may be
provided.
 Natural parks: In case of natural parks, all efforts, are made to maintain in tack the original
feathers, of the parks and only the necessary minimum adjustments are made to put them for
public use.
2. According to Purpose: The parks according to purpose are classified into following two
types and they provide green spaces for special use.
 Botanical Parks,  Zoological Parks.
 Botanical Parks: These parks are primarily meant for the study of plant specimens, But thir
atmosphere can be made more pleasant and appealing by the presence of beautiful trees,
flowers, and lawns.
 Zoological Parks: These parks contain zoo to be given an attractive park like setting. It is
undoubtedly true that for the vast majority of people, a visit of the zoological park is more or
less an outing or a picnic, usually accompanied by children. A zoological park may contain
houses and other facilities for animals to be maintained in the zoo.
3. According to the Size: The parks according to the sizes are classified as;
 Small size Parks,  Medium size parks,  Large size parks,  Reservations,  National Parks.
 Small size Parks: These parks are generally in the form of squares enclosing a public building.
They are provided in dense buisness or residential areas where land is costly. The area of these
parks varies from 1 hactares to 4 hactares. These parks may also be located as settings of
architectural public buildings or monuments at junctions of roads or in the midist of flats.

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 Medium size parks: These are also known as the neighbourhood parks and they are preffered
for every residential locality in a town. Both the types of recreation active as well as passive
may be provided in these parks. The size of this parks should not be less than 12 hectares.
 Large size parks: These parks serve the town or city as a whole or a number of neighbourhood
unis. They may be provide active recreation for games like cricket, boating, riding,
swimming,etc, and may also accommodate zoological gardens. The large beach on the ocean
front can be included in this category of parks. The minimum area required for this type of park
is about 40 hectares.
 Reservations: These parks are situated outside the city area and hey are mostly unexplored.
They may include with in their limits, rivers, forests, waterfalls, mountains,wildlife, places of
historical importance, coastal belts etc. Such parks can be easily distributed throughout the
country so that whole of the population can enjoy them. These parks should be assessable from
number of towns. These arks also provide facilities to the scientists and students for the study
of natural flora and fauna.
 National park: An area set aside by a national government for the preservation of the
natural environment. A national park may be set aside for purposes of public recreation and
enjoyment or because of its historical or scientific interest. Most of the landscapes and their
accompanying plants and animals in a national park are kept in their natural state. OR
CLASSIFICATION OF PARKS
While the National Recreation and Park Association’s (NRPA) Park, Recreation, Open Space and
Greenway Guidelines provides definitions for park classifications, it also acknowledges that
each community is unique in terms of geographical, cultural and socioeconomic make-up. As
such each community or park agency should develop itsnown standards for recreation, parks
and open space, with the NRPA definitions as a guide. This is especially important for
communities like Addison that are built out and don’t offer opportunities for significant
expansion of amenities, facilities or open space.
As a means of organizing the public open space facilities found in the Addison Park District, the
park areas are classified according to a hierarchy that provides for a comprehensive system of
interrelated parks. All parks can be placed into specific categories or classifications. Some parks
that meet neighborhood needs and have specialized amenities could be placed into more than
one classification, but are placed in the classification that meets the broadest definition. The
park and open space classifications that are appropriate for the Addison Park District do not
necessarily meet the NRPA guidelines in a strict sense as far as size or amenities, but are
appropriate to the overall offerings of the District. The APD classifications are as follows:
 Mini Parks
 Neighborhood Parks
 Community Parks
 Special Use Parks
 Open Lands
Definitions for the classification of parks and facilities are generally based upon the National

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Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) guidelines, but are refined to address the specific
needs of the Addison Park District and its residents. The criteria used to define each of the open
space and park categories are described below.
MINI PARKS
Mini Parks are specialized facilities that serve a concentrated or limited population area, or that
serve a specific function or age group. Examples of amenities found in mini parks include
playground/tot lot equipment, benches, picnic tables, gazebos, ornamental
landscape features, etc.
SERVICE AREA
Mini Parks could have amenities that draw people from a greater area, but typically serve an
area within a ¼ mile radius.
PARK SIZE
Because of the specialized nature of these parks, they usually range in size from only 2500
square feet up to 1 acre.
APD MINI PARKS
Two parks in the APD system are classified as Mini Parks. Armani Park offers a playground for
neighborhood children. The May Street Park had a tot lot playground until it was burned down
in 2008. The limited size and shape of the site preclude replacement equipment given current
safety requirements for playgrounds.
 Armani Park 0 0.37 acres
 May Street Tot Lot 0.23 acres
MINI PARK LOCATIONS
A ¼-mile radius service area for the two Mini Parks.
NEIGHBORHOOD PARK

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The Neighborhood Park remains the basic unit of the park system and serves as the recreational
and social focus of the neighborhood. Generally designed with a focus on informal active and
passive recreation that serves neighborhood recreation needs, area is provided for recreational
activities such as field games, court games, picnicking and playground areas.
Many neighborhood parks may also contain athletic fields that are used by community athletic
organizations, thus serving the community as a whole.
SERVICE AREA
Neighborhood Parks serves an area within a ¼ to ½ mile radius uninterrupted by major roads or
other barriers.
PARK SIZE
5 to 10 acres is considered optimal, though only five of the APD Neighborhood Parks fall within
this range. One to two acres are standard for every 1000 residents served.
APD NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS
Seventeen parks in the APD system are classified as Neighborhood Parks. These parks typically
include a playground, picnic areas, athletic fields or courts, open space or other amenities. APD
neighborhood parks range in size from as small as the 2.03-acre Old Mill Park to the 13.7-acre
Foxdale Park.
 Byron Park 0 11.25 acres
 Cherokee Park 4.96 acres
 Farmwood Park 12.90 acres
 Foxdale Park 13.70 acres
 Green Oaks Park 3.20 acres
 Highview Park 10.24 acres
 Kenroy Park 4.40 acres
 Lake Manor North Park 2.70 acres
 Mill Meadows Park 3.96 acres
 Nike Park 6.95 acres
 Oak Knoll Park 9.84 acres
 Old Mill Park 2.03 acres
 Sunset Park 3.63 acres
 Tamara Heights Park 10.00 acres

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 Westview Park 5.27 acres
 Westwood Park 6.70 acres
 Wilderness Park 3.58 acres
HBORHOOD PARK LOCATIONS
A ½-mile radius service area for the seventeen Neighborhood Parks.
COMMUNITY PARKS
Community Parks are diverse in nature, serving a broader purpose than the neighborhood or
mini parks. While community parks may include neighborhood park amenities, and do act as
neighborhood parks as well, the focus of a community park is on meeting community-based
recreation, athletics and open space needs. These parks may contain significant athletic
complexes, aquatic amenities, walking paths, picnic areas and various other active and passive
amenities depending upon community needs and site suitability. In some cases, a park with
only a single athletic field that provides a venue for community athletic organizations may fall
into this category regardless of its small size. The Community Park may also be the venue of an
activity or amenity that has broad community appeal but does not fit the Special Use
designation.
SERVICE AREA
Community Parks usually serve multiple neighborhoods, and with special amenities serving
the residents of the entire Park District. With neighborhood park amenities, the Community
Park typically is designated to serve an area within a ½ mile to over 3 mile radius.
PARK SIZE
25.0 acres or more are preferred, but special amenities of community interest or athletic fields
that provide for the community as a whole may be on much smaller sites. The traditional
Community Park contains five to eight acres for every 1000 residents served.
APD COMMUNITY PARKS
Two parks in the APD system are classified as Community Parks. Community and Centennial
Parks include multiple athletic field and courts as well as other unique amenities that service
the entire community.
 Centennial Park 39.80 acres
 Community Park 50.00 acres

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COMMUNITY PARK LOCATIONS
A 3-mile radius service area for the two Community Parks.
SPECIAL USE PARKS/FACILITIES
Special Use Parks cover a broad range of specialized park and recreation facilities, often with a
single major use. Golf courses, historical sites, community center sites, theme parks, water
parks and other special use facilities fall into this category. These parks may also include
neighborhood or community park elements, but with amenities that have a regional appeal to
visitors from outside the boundaries of the Park District.
SERVICE AREA
Special Use Parks/Facilities serve the entire Park District, and often provide amenities that draw
visitors from well beyond the boundaries of the District.
PARK SIZE
The size of the park or facility site can vary significantly based on the needs of the
amenity/facility.
APD SPECIAL USE PARKS & FACILITIES
One APD park/facility is classified as Special Use Parks/Facilities. This facility offers amenities
that appeal to the District residents and often to a greater regional population.
 Links n Tees 43.16 acres
SPECIAL USE PARK LOCATIONS
Special Use Parks and Facilities serve the entire community as well as provide amenities that
appeal to visitors from outside the Park District.
OPEN LANDS PARK

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Open Land sites are properties designated as parks that have few or no built amenities, but
provide natural areas or open space that can be utilized for passive recreation. These parks may
have a trail, picnic tables and benches, but are dominated by open areas for the enjoyment of
nature, fishing or other similar activities. While many park and recreation agencies may
categorize stormwater management sites as ‘special use’, they may also be categorized as Open
Lands.
SERVICE AREA
Undefined, as they do not serve a population, but rather a resource.
DESIRABLE SIZE
Open lands can be of any size, though smaller sites do not provide the open space intent of
larger sites. In the case of natural areas, it is important to include enough land to protect the
resource in an adequate manner.
APD OPEN LANDS
Three APD parks and facilities are classified as Open Lands. Two of the parks provide an urban
escape with natural areas, wetlands and trails. The third is a stormwater retention site that
offers no other recreation amenities.
 Army Trail Nature Center 17.85 acres
 Lake Manor Park South 12.98 acres
 Westridge Pond 3.50 acres
OPEN LANDS LOCATIONS
Open Lands serve the entire community and do not have a defined service area.

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Chapter No 07
Requirements of Industries
There are a few basic requirements to start a manufacturing industries
1. Product : this is the first requirement because every thing depends on the product you are
going to manufacture.
2. Feasibility Report: this is required to find out the feasibility of producing the product
selected. The feasibility report should analyse both the technical as well as financial feasibility
of the product.
3. Market Identification: once the feasibility is established the target market has to be
identified and how to enter the market needs to be decided.
4. Finance: this is the most important part of setting up any business venture. We have an old
age adage which goes it is always better not to have funds than to have funds short of the
actual requirements. Proper financial arrangements need to be in place.
5. Team : once your plans are in place you need to put your team in place. Any manufacturing
activity cannot be successful without a professional and dedicated time of human resources.
6. Area for setting up the industries: the place where the manufacturing facility is to be set up
needs to be decided after taking into consideration the following points:
 Availability of cheap land.  Availability of skilled and cheap labour.  Transportation and
logistics.  Easy availability of tech support.  Easy access to markets and raw materials.
 Financial considerations like tax breaks/subsidies/ govt incentives
7. Equipment Selection: This is a very crucial decision because you will find various equipments
starting from low cost equipments to very high end equipment. You need to judicially select
your equipment according to your budget and requirement of your customers. My personal
advice is always buy good equipment right from the start.
8. Permissions and licence: you will finally need to get all the necessary licences and
permissions as per the law of the land where you set up your industries.
LOCATION OF INDUTRIES AND FIRMS
An industry consists of firms that each have common characteristics in terms of the nature of
their economic activity.
The chemical industry, for example, is made up of hundreds of firms that have the common
characteristic of being involved in either dealing with or manufacturing chemicals. These
chemicals might be used for a wide variety of different processes, including agriculture,
construction, medicines and a wide range of others - textiles, plastics, and paper, cleaning and
so on. Individual firms might choose to set up their business in a variety of locations. In some
cases, businesses with common characteristics are very widely spread. Other industries tend to
have firms that might be clustered in a particular area. The crucial factor in many cases will be
locating where costs of production can be minimised.
• There are a number of factors that will influence where a business will choose to locate.
1. NEARNESS TO POWER: Some firms require either a certain type of power/energy source
or particular amounts to be able to operate effectively. This means that one consideration

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for location is somewhere that has relatively easy access to such sources. This might be
particularly relevant for a business that uses large amounts of power in the production
process.
2. NEARNESS TO MARKET: Access to a market for the good or service produced is an
important component for some firms. The market in this context is referring to the
customers who buy the good or service produced. In some cases, this can be the general
public at large; others might be far narrower. For example, some businesses sell their
output to a small number of other businesses.
3. NEARNESS TO A SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS: Some firms may rely on a source of raw
materials for their business. If these raw materials are nearby, it is pretty much common
sense that transport costs can be reduced if the firm is located nearby rather than far
away. This might be particularly relevant for bulk reducing firms.
There are a number of factors that will influence where a business will choose to locate.
4. NEARNESS TO A SUPPLY OF LABOUR: All businesses need labour to operate. In some cases,
this labour has to have high levels of skill. Some areas have concentrations of industry in a
region and have become known for having a pool of skilled labour available. As a result, firms in
the locality know that they have access to good quality labour.
5. PROXIMITY OF OTHER BUSINESSES - EXTERNAL ECONOMIES OF SCALE: Where industry
becomes concentrated in an area, there are generally a number of supporting or ancillary firms
set up. In some cases, these firms supply specialised services or products to other firms in the
industry. In and around fishing ports, for example, there might be specialist engine services,
specialists in marine insurance, firms specialising in processing and distribution and so on. In
such cases, any new firm seeking to enter the market might well gain benefits from the fact
that the industry is concentrated in that area.
6. THE REPUTATION OF AN AREA: Certain areas of the country have a reputation for particular
types of business - this might often be due to its industrial past. Staffordshire is associated with
high quality pottery, Nottingham with fine lace, The City for its financial expertise and Sheffield
for its steel - just some examples. Any firm linked with those industries setting up in these areas
might well be able to trade on the back of the reputation of the area.
7. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION SERVICES: Firms that rely on good communications
networks either for information transfer or distribution may well look to locate in areas where
such facilities exist. This may include high quality road networks, access to trains, airports, ports
and so on. Many new industrial estates have been built in out of town areas and major new
trunk roads linking these estates with major road networks make locating in these areas
worthwhile for some firms.

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8. INCENTIVES: As the structure of industry changes, different regions of the country might
experience different levels of economic growth. In some regions, the decline of old traditional
industries like coal and steel has not been offset by a growth in new industries. The availability
of low rent premises, faster planning permissions, employment subsidies (a sum of money
given for every job created), reduced red tape, grants etc. can make a difference to a firm that
decides to locate in that area.
9. COMPETITION:
Firms will be aware of the extent of the competition in an area when they are looking to locate
their business. If there are several other similar businesses in the locality, it might influence
their decision about location.
8. OPPORTUNITIES FOR EXPANSION: Many businesses might be looking for opportunities to
expand in the future. Access to land, and the ease with which the business can expand if
necessary, might therefore be something that a business will want to find out before making a
location decision, or at least as part of a location decision. In some areas of the country,
planning permission may be difficult to get - there may be restrictions on expansion into the
countryside, various policies to encourage use of derelict land and so on. Whilst this may be of
benefit to society as a whole, it is not necessarily the most cost-effective solution for a business.
In some areas of the country, land and rental prices can be significant factors in location
decisions.
PHYSICAL FACTORS
• Raw materials: The factory needs to be close to these if they are heavy and bulky to
transport.
• Energy supply: This is needed to work the machines in a factory. Early industries were
near to coalfields. Today, electricity allows more freedom.
• Natural Routes: River valleys and flat areas were essential in the days before railways
and motorways made the movement of materials easier.
• Site and Land: Most industries require large accessible areas of cheap, flat land on
which to build their factories.
HUMAN AND ECONOMIC FACTORS:
• Labour: A large cheap labour force is required for labour-intensive manufacturing
industries. High-tech industries have to locate where suitable skilled workers are
available.
• Market: An accessible place to sell the products is essential for many industries i.e.
those that produce bulky, heavy goods that are expensive to transport; those that

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produce perishable or fragile goods; those that provide services to people. The market is
not so important for other industries such as high-tech whose products are light in
weight and cheap to transport. Such industries are said to be 'footloose'.
• Transport: A good transport network helps reduce costs and make the movement of
materials easier.
• Cost of land: Greenfield sites in rural areas are usually cheaper than Brownfield sites in
the city.
• Capital: This is the money that is invested to start the business. The amount of capital
will determine the size and location of the factory. Government policies: Industrial
development is encourages in some areas and restricted in others.
Location of public buildings
Location in geography is one of the five geographic themes and a specific position or point in
physical space that be exact and relative. In geography, location is a position or point in physical
space that something occupies on Earths' surface. An absolute location is the exact spot where
something is on the earth. An example would be the longitude and latitude of a place.
LOCATION OF PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC BUILDINGS
• A public space refers to an area or place that is open and accessible to all citizens,
regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, age or socio-economic level. The example of public
space is the place for commons (or Ghareeb Awam). For example, no fees or paid tickets
are required for entry, nor are the entrants discriminated based on background. Non-
government-owned private sector malls are examples of 'private space' with the
appearance of being 'public space' because; poor people avoid or hesitate in entering
into such malls.
• Public spaces are attractive for budget tourists and homeless people, especially those
that are relatively comfortable, e.g. a shopping center that provides shelter and, in a
cold climate, is heated (or cooled in a hot climate).
• Specifically, homeless people and young people. Measures are taken to make the public
space less attractive to them, including the removal or design of benches to restrict their
use for sleeping and resting, restricting access to certain times, locking indoor/enclosed
areas. Police forces are sometimes involved in moving 'unwanted' members of the
public from public spaces.
• A public library is also more or less a public place. A rest stop or truck stop is a public
space. For these semi-public spaces stricter rules may apply than outside, e.g. regarding
dress code, trading, begging, advertising, propaganda, riding rollerskates, skateboards, a
Segway, etc. Typical differences between a public space and a private space are
illustrated by comparing sitting on a public bench and sitting on a seat in a sidewalk
cafe: In the first case, usage costs nothing, in the second it requires a purchase to be
made.

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• The location of public and semi public buildings in the city can be at any suitable place
where accessibility of all citizens and availability of public and private transport can be
ensured.
LOCATION OFCIVIC CENTER
• A civic center or civic centre is a prominent land area within a community that is
constructed to be its focal point or center. It usually contains one or more dominant
public buildings, which may also include a governmen
• Thus civic centers must be centrally located in city where they are accessible from all
parts of the city at equidistance if possible.
LOCATION OF COMMERCIAL CENTERS
• Commercial Centers (also called Downtowns, Central Business Districts, and Urban
Villages) contain a concentration of business, civic and cultural activities, creating
conditions that facilitate interaction and exchange. This increases overall Accessibility.
Vibrant commercial centers have the following attributes:
1. DENSITY AND CLUSTERING: Commercial centers should be medium to high density;
with multi-story buildings. Densities of 50 employees or more per gross acre are
desirable. As much as possible the ground floor of buildings should have activities and
services that involve frequent public interaction (such as retail, professional services,
civic offices, etc.), with office or residential activities above, which creates an attractive
street environment while accommodating dense employment.
2. DIVERSITY: Centers contain a diverse mix of office and retail space, banks and law
offices, public institutions (such as city hall, courthouses, and other government offices),
entertainment and arts activities, and other suitable industries. Increasingly, commercial
centers also have residential buildings, either within or nearby.
3. LOCAL AND REGIONAL IMPORTANCE: Commercial Centers should contain a significant
portion of total regional employment and business activity.
4. WALKABILITY: Most Commercial Centers are less than 250 acres in size so all
destinations are within about 10-minute walk, with good sidewalks and pathways,
pedestrian shortcuts, attractive Streetscapes, pedestrian scale and orientation, relatively
narrow streets (4 lanes or less is desirable), relatively slow vehicle traffic (30 miles-per-hour
or less is desirable), Universal Design, and a high degree of pedestrian Security. Some have
Pedways, which are indoor walking networks that connect buildings and transportation
terminals.
5. TRANSPORTATION DIVERSITY: The area should be accessible by walking, cycling, taxi,
automobile, and public transit.

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6. PARKING MANAGEMENT: In order to avoid the need to devote a large portion of land
to parking, Commercial Centers require that parking be managed for efficiency (Manfille
and Shoup, 2004) It is often appropriate to use structured or underground parking, and
to limit the total amount of parking in a commercial center.
7. TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT: This refers to districts designed with features that
facilitate transit accessibility, with maximum developing within convenient walking distance
of Attractive Transit Stations.
All municipalities / cities / regions maintain strict regulations on commercial type zoning,
and have the authority to designate any zoned area as such. A business must be located
inside of an area zoned at least partially for commerce to operate a business in (and out of)
a commercial building.
LOCATION OFSHOPPING MALL
• A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings which contain retail
units, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit.
• It is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and may be abbreviated to simply mall)
while shopping centre usually refers to open-air retail complexes.
• Malls in Ireland, pronounced "maills", are very small shopping centres placed in the
centre of town. They average about twenty years in age, with a mix of local shops and
chain stores. These malls do not have shops found in the high street or modern
shopping centres. Shopping centres in the United Kingdom can be referred to as
"shopping centres", "shopping precincts", or "town centres".
• A strip mall (also called a shopping plaza or mini-mall) is an open area shopping center
where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically
developed as a unit and have large parking lots in front. They face major traffic arterials
and tend to be self-contained with few pedestrian connections to surrounding
neighborhoods.
• A current trend with the purpose of screening the parking lot from the street and
nearby residences is locating the buildings with little to no setback from the street.
Some stores may allow for entrances from both the street sidewalk and the parking lot.
LOCATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
• Public school is normally split up into three stages: primary (elementary) school
(kindergarten to 4th or 5th or 6th grade), junior high (also "intermediate", or "middle")
school (5th or 6th or 7th to 8th or 9th) and high school (9th or 10th to 12th, somewhat
archaically also called "secondary school"), with some less populated communities
incorporating high school as 7th to 12th. Some Junior High Schools (Intermediate
Schools) contain 7th to 9th grades or 7th and 8th, in which case the High School is 10th

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to 12th or 9th to 12th respectively. The middle school format is increasing in popularity,
in which the Elementary School contains kindergarten through 5th grade and the Middle
School contains 6th through 8th grade.
• Thus the location of public school may vary in each context i.e. it may be located within
city center in old city down town areas or in the outskirts of the city in more natural
environments.
LOCATION OF RESIDENTIAL AREA
• A residential area is a land use in which housing predominates, as different from
industrial and commercial areas. Housing may vary significantly between, and through,
residential areas. These include single family housing, multiple family housing such as
(apartments, duplexes, townhomes (or similar configurations), condominiums) or
mobile homes. Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work
opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high density
land use or only permit low density uses.
• Residential Differentiation are some of the various zones under which Residential Areas
fall i.e. inner city residential, inner mixed zone, established residential, new
development, urban-rural fringe, rural residential, sub-regional centers.
• The concentration of high quality community services, together with proximity to the
centre of city and the good access to public transport, are necessary attraction for
people who wish to live there. A more accurate prediction can be made of the types of
housing required to satisfy the diverse characteristics of our population when further
research in the form of a detailed "Residential Housing Needs Strategy" is undertaken.
• The residential areas shall be located in such a way in any city that may fulfill the
functions of living working and recreation of a family. Furthermore; there are variety of
housing types such as low income middle income and high income housing whereas; the
location of each of these housing types subject to the level of affordability of a family to
live within close proximity to city center or in the outskirts of the city.
Classification of Public Building
Depending upon the character of occupancy or the type of use, building can be classified into
different categories as follows:
1. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: These buildings include one or two private dwellings, apartment
houses (flats), hotels, dormitories etc.
2. EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS: These buildings include any building used for school, college or
day care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation.
3. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS: These buildings include any building or part which is used for
medical treatment etc. Such as Hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages, sanatoria, jails, prisons,
mental hospitals etc.

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4. ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS: These buildings may include any building or part of a building where
a group of people gathers for recreation, amusement, social, religious or such types of purposes
such as theaters, assembly halls, exhibition halls, restaurants, museum, club rooms, auditoria
etc.
5. BUSINESS BUILDINGS: These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for
business transactions, keeping records of accounts, town halls, city halls, court houses etc.
6. MERCANTILE BUILDINGS: These shall include those buildings which are used for soap,
market, stores, wholesale or retail.
7. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS: This types of building mainly used for manufacturing purposes.
Here products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed,
for example, gas plants, refineries, mills, dairies etc.
8. STORAGE BUILDINGS: These buildings are generally used for the storage or sheltering of
goods, wares, or merchandise like warehouses, cold storages, garages, stables, transit sheds
etc.
9. HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS: These buildings include any building which is used for storage,
handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or products
which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly which may produce poisonous fumes, building
which is used for storage, handling or manufacturing highly corrosive, toxic, acid or other
liquids or chemicals producing flame, fumes explosive etc.
Defects of an existing town
Existing town have many defects but I discussed someone which is important.
Existing town become old so the structure and shape will be fully damaged.
Existing town drainage and the other system will be not working.
The people of the town may be bored of this town.
Cause of oldness their will be many dieseses which was harmful for human life.

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Chapter No 08
Urban Roads System
The classification of roads occurs on four variables i.e. type of construction gives us names like,
Earth, Murum Roads, Mettle Roads, Asphalt Roads and Concrete Roads. The jurisdictions give
us names like Local Road, District Roads, State Highways, & National High Ways. Shape
geometry defines roads like, rectangular road, ring road, diagonal road, radial road & circular
road. The function of road gives us names like, residential road, commercial road or avenue,
promenade (along sea side or natural feature) boulevard and park ways.
Urban Road System: Apart from these classifications the urban roads are classified specifically
in four categories as per their significance. These include, arterial roads, secondary or sub-
arterial roads, local roads & other roads.
Arterial roads are those which connect the town with state highway or national highway. They
pass through the city and made for fast moving traffic with heavy load of passengers & goods.
They are especially planned straight by avoiding sharp curves with not less than 25-30 meters
width.
Secondary or sub arterial roads are known as major roads of city connecting major parts of the
city. They are especially designed for comparatively slow moving traffic and act as link between
arterial roads & local roads.
The local roads are known as minor roads to provide access to buildings. They are not linked.
They are not lined with arterial roads & processes no through traffic. They are especially
designed as per contours of land with minimum 7-10 meters’ width.
The other urban roads are bypass roads, outer & inner ring roads, express ways & free ways.
The bypass roads are those which are made to avoid congested city areas, to increase the
speed of vehicles with smooth flow & to save time & fuel. They are also known as loop-roads.
The outer & inner ring roads are in the form of ring within & surrounding town to divert
through traffic from city & act as bypass & reduce the traffic congestion from town.
The express ways mainly function as arterial roads within mega cities to accommodate growth
of traffic. They are especially designed with easy gradients & smooth curves to carry speedy &
safe traffic & do not form a part of regular street system. They are comparable next to railway
in cost and capacity of traffic. Free ways are special routes to carry fast moving traffic. They are
specifically designed with high standard of alignment, clear visibility, wide carriage way, easy
gradient & smooth curves; the free ways function as arterial roads passing around city with
controlled access. Streets: A road which serve the needs of in internal portions of a local area is
known as street. The portion to be served may either resedential, commercial, or industrial.
Pathways: These are also known as the pedestrain ways and they are in the form of accesses
leading to individual shops or premises. The vehicular traffic is not allowed to move on the
pathway.
Requirements of a Good City Road
Following are the ideals which are to be kept in while designing a good city road.
It should accommodate amenities such as shady avenues, parking places, enough lighting etc.

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It should be cheap and durable. It should be resting on unyielding soil. It should have good
alignment and visibility. It should possess easy gradients and smooth curves. It should possess
well designed junctions. It should remain in dry conditions. It should avoid traffic congestions.
It, s wearing surface should be impervious. Its width of camber should be proper.
COMPONENTS OF A CITY ROAD
The following technical terms should be clearly understood before making detailed study of a
road construction.
1. RIGHT OF WAY-
The area of land acquired for construction and future development of a road symmetrical about
the central alignment is called right of way. The width of these acquired land is known as land
width and it depends upon the importance of the road and possible future development.
2. FORMATION WIDTH-
The top width of the highway embankment or the bottom width of highway cutting excluding
the side drains is called formation width or road way. The formation width is the sum of widths
of pavements of carriage way including the separators and width of the shoulders on either side
of the carriage way.
3. CARRIAGE WAY-
The portion of the road surface which is used for vehicular traffic is known as carriage way or
pavement. The width of carriage way depends upon the width and number of lanes. For single
lane roads the width of pavement is generally kept 3.75 m.
4. CROWN-
The highest point on the road surface is called crown.
5. CAMBER OR CROSS SLOPE-
The rise of the center of the carriage wway about its edges along the straight portion of a road
is called camber or cross slope. The transverse slope of the pavement is provided for the

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drainage of rainwater. The amount of camber for the roads is decided according to the road
surface and the amount of rainfall.
6. SEPARATOR OR DIVIDER-
The narrow continuous structure provided for dividing the two directions of the traffic flow is
known as separator or divider.
7. SHOULDERS-
The portion of the roadway between the outer edges of the carriage way and edge of the top
surface of the embankment or inner edge of the side drains in cuttings of the roads are called
shoulders. The shoulders are generally in level with road surface having a slope towards drain
side. The shoulders and foot path prevent the edge of the road from wear and tear. The
minimum shoulder width recommended by IRC is 2.5 m.
8. KERBS-
The boundaries between the pavement and shoulder of foot path are known as kerbs. These
are also provided between the pavement and the traffic separator or divider. It is desirable to
provide kerbs on urban roads.
9. SIDE SLOPES-
The slopes of the sides of earth work of embankment and cutting to ensure their stability are
called side slopes. The embankment is generally given a side slope of 1:1.5.
10. BERMS-
The width of the land left in between the toes of the embankment and the inner edges of the
borrow pits is called berms.
Types of Street Systems
The street systems are classified as:
1. Rectangular Street Systems: In this pattern, the streets are usually of equal width and they
cross at right angles. It is also known as Grid-iron or Chequer-board pattern. This pattern is
suitable for flat country without any predominant natural feature. The example of this system
are philadelphia and jaipur.
2. Rectangular With Superimposed Diagonal Street System: This arrangement is an
improvement on Grid Iron pattern. The diagonal street provides direct communication between
distant parts of the street. The point where diagonal meet are utilized for park, garden,
memorial, etc. However, a dangerous intersection is formed at the crossing point of diagonal
street and rectangular street.
3. Concentric Street System: In this system the ring roads or circumferential roads are
connected with radial roads. This pattern is also known as Spider,s Web system. The concentric
ring is developed mainly due to removal of encircling walls and fortification. However if the
radial roads are not well developed the central part of the town.
4. Radial Street System: In this pattern, the ring roads spring from the central civic centre like
the spokes of a wheel. Such an arrangement increases the significance and importance of civic
centre which may be in the form of palace, market, public office buildings, historical
monument, beauty spots, etc.

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5. Combination of Radial and Rectangular Street System: In this arrangement, the radial
streets are blended or mixed with rectangular streets, Such a combination can be used with
great success especially where topographical features are favorable.
6. Irregular Mediaeval Street System: Some of the old cities of middle ages developed in an
irregular ways without any definite plan of the street system, possess this type of system. The
growth of town or city is unmethodical and illogical. The mediaeval street patterns naturally
does not efficiently serve the modern traffic and such towns are referred as mediaeval towns.
7. Topographical Street System: In this arrangement, the advantage is taken of the natural
topography feature of the town such as river, lake, sea view, hillock, etc. This system is also
known as the organic street pattern as it resebles the plan on microscope slide showing the cell
structure of vegetable or animal tissues. The street system is absolutely unplanned. The street
pattern, however becomes pleasing and attractive only if it is conformitywith topography of the
area and natural surrounding.
8. Combination of Rectangular and Irregular Street system: In this arrangement, a
combination of rectangular pattern and irregular street is made. The rectangular layout
indicates the recent development and the irregular pattern indicates earlier growth of town.
When it is difficult or too costly to improve the existing irregular street system, a combination is
formed the out standing example of this system is Edinburgh (U.K).
Master Plan (Objectives, Necessity)
Master Plan: A master plan or a development plan or a town plan may be defined as a general
plan for the future layout of a city showing both the existing and proposed streets or roads,
open spaces, public buildings etc. A master plan is prepared either for improvement of an old
city or for a new town to be developed on a virgin soil. A master plan is a blueprint for the
future. It is an comprehensive document, long-range in its view, that is intended to guide
development in the township for the next 10 to 20 years.
OBJECTIVES OF MASTER PLAN: It aims at intelligent and economic spending of the public funds
for achieving welfare of the inhabitants in respect of amenity, convenience and health.
 It arranges the pattern of a town in such a way so as to satisfy the present requirements
without introduction of future improvements by the coming generations.
 It helps in restricting the haphazard and unplanned growth.
It places various functions which a town has to perform in physical relationship of each other
so as to avoid the chances of mutual conflict.
It removes the defects of unco-ordinated physical growth of the various components of town
due to the fact that it considers the entire city area or town as planning and development
entity.
It serves as a guide to the planning body for making any recommendations for public
improvement.
NECESSITY OF MASTER PLAN: Followings are the reasons which have lead to the thinking of
having a master plan for The town:

Architecture and town planning ce411 pdf

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