indigenous groups in the Philippines

1. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN
THE NORTHERN
PHILIPPINES

2. (Northern/Southern)

3. The Kankanaey domain includes Western Mountain Province,
northern Benguet and southeastern Ilocos Sur. Like most Igorot ethnic
groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the
rugged terrain of the Cordilleras. the Kankanaey along with the Atayal people
of Taiwan, were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita
people and modern Polynesians.They might even reflect a better genetic
match to the original Austronesian mariners than the aboriginal Taiwanese,
as the latter were influenced by more recent migrations to Taiwan, whereas
the Kankanaey are thought to have remained an isolated relict population.
Applai (Northern/Southern)

4. The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and
Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a
linguistic group. H. Otley Beyer believed they originated
from a migrating group from Asia who landed on the
coasts of Pangasinan before moving to Cordillera.
Beyer's theory has since been discredited, and Felix
Keesing speculated the people were simply evading the
Spanish. Their smallest social unit is the sinba-ey, which
includes the father, mother, and children.

5. The sinba-eys make up the
dap-ay/ebgan which is the ward. Their
society is divided into two classes: the
kadangyan (rich), who are the leaders
and who inherit their power through
lineage or intermarriage, and the kado
(poor). They practice bilateral kinship

6. The courtship and marriage process of the Northern Kankana-eys starts with
the man visiting the woman of his choice and singing (day-eng), or serenading
her using an awiding . If the parents agree to their marriage, they exchange
work for a day the man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his
sincerity, the woman works on the man’s father’s field with a female friend.
They then undergo the preliminary marriage ritual (pasya) and exchange
food. Then comes the marriage celebration itself . The married couple cannot
separate once a child is born, and adultery is forbidden in their society as it is
believed to bring misfortune and illness upon the adulterer
Tradition

7. the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture
(usually on terraces), camote/sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn/swidden
farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage
industry. They have a simple political life, with the Dap-ay/abong being the
center of all political, religious, and socials activities, with each dap-ay
experiencing a certain degree of autonomy. The council of elders, known as
the Amam-a, are a group of old, married men expert in custom law and lead
in the decision-making for the village. They worship ancestors (anitos) and
nature spirits
Culture

8. Religion

9.  Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver
of life
 Bugan: married to Lumawig
 Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig
 Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and
Lumawig
 Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits
called anito and their ancestral spirits
 Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits
called anito and their ancestral spirits
Religion

10.  Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits
called anito and their ancestral spirits
 Timugan: two brothers who took their sankah (handspades) and
kayabang (baskets) and dug a hole into the lower world, Aduongan;
interrupted by the deity Masaken; one of the two agreed to marry
one of Masaken's daughters, but they both went back to earth
when the found that the people of Aduongan were cannibals]
 Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan
brothers]
Religion

11. The Northern Kankana-eys believe in many supernatural beliefs and omens,
and in gods and spirits like the anito (soul of the dead) and nature spirits.
Beliefs
Language
 Mangan - To eat
 Dagom - Needle
 Ngadan - Name
 Na emas - sweet, tasty
 Anya - what
 Ibaga - to say

12. Tattoos were symbols of tribal identity
and kinship, as well as bravery,
beauty, and social or wealth status.
Most tattoos for men were for
important achievements like success
in warfare and headhunting, while
tattoos in women were primarily
enhancements to beauty
Tattoo

13. The Southern Kankanaey are one of the
ethnolinguistic groups in the Cordillera.
They live in the mountainous regions of
Mountain Province and Benguet, more
specifically in the municipalities of
Tadian, Bauko, Sabangan, Bakun,
Kibungan and Mankayan. Their society
is divided into two social classes based
primarily on the ownership of land: The
rich (baknang) and the poor (abiteg or
kodo).

14. The baknang are the primary
landowners to whom the abiteg render
their services to. The Mankayan
Kankana-eys, however, has no clear
distinction between the baknang and
the abiteg and all have equal access to
resources such as the copper and gold
mines

15. The Southern Kankana-eys have a long process for courtship and marriage which
starts when the man makes his intentions of marrying the woman known to her. Next
is the sabangan, when the couple makes their wish to marry known to their family.
The man offers firewood to the father of the woman, while the woman offers
firewood to the man’s father. The parents then talk about the terms of the marriage,
including the bride price to be paid by the man’s family. On the day of the marriage,
the relatives of both parties offer gifts to the couple, and a pig is butchered to have its
bile inspected for omens which would show if they should go on with the wedding.
The wedding day for the Southern Kankana-eys is an occasion for merrymaking and
usually lasts until the next day. Though married, the bride and groom are not allowed
to consummate their marriage and must remain separated until such a time that they
move to their own separate home.
Tradition

16. Southern Kankana-eys are economically involved in hunting and foraging
(their chief livelihood), wet rice and swidden farming, fishing, animal
domestication, trade, mining, weaving and pottery in their day-to-day
activities to meet their needs. The leadership structure is largely based on
land ownership, thus the more well-off control the community's resources.
The village elders (lallakay/dakay or amam-a) who act as arbiters and jurors
have the duty to settlements between conflicting members of the
community, facilitate discussion among the villagers concerning the welfare
of the community and lead in the observance of rituals. They also practice
trial by ordeal. Native priests (mansip-ok, manbunong, and mankotom)
supervise rituals, read omens, heal the sick, and remember genealogies
Culture

17. He Southern Kankana-eys do not worship idols and images. The carved
images in their homes only serve decorative purposes. They believe in the
existence of deities, the highest among which is Adikaila of the Skyworld
whom they believe created all things. Next in the hierarchy is the Kabunyan,
who are the gods and goddesses of the Skyworld, including their teachers
Lumawig and Kabigat. They also believe in the spirits of ancestors (ap-apo or
kakkading), and the earth spirits they call anito. They are very superstitious
and believe that performing rituals and ceremonies help deter misfortunes
and calamities. Some of these rituals are pedit (to bring good luck to
newlyweds), pasang (cure sterility and sleeping sickness, particularly
drowsiness) and pakde (cleanse community from death-causing evil spirits)
Beliefs

19. The Bagobo constitute one of
the largest groups among the
indigenous peoples of southern
Mindanao. Bagobo are the predominant
inhabitants of the vast areas extending
from the west coast of Davao Gulf to
the high reaches of Davao's famous and
significant mountain ranges of Mt. Apo
or Apo Sandawa to the tribal people.

20. The Bagobo live in houses
scattered near swidden fields, linked by
kinship under powerful regional datus;
the datu of Sibulan is a unifying
authority. Datu houses are huge and
serve as ceremonial defense centers.
Maganis, or strong men, control specific
domains. The Bagobo are considered
the most colorful people of the
Philippines, heavily embroidering their
abaca clothing with beads and
stitchwork.

21. They also produce fine metal
craft, working in brass, bronze, and iron,
and are known for their betel boxes.
The constant jingling of innumerable
tiny brass bells attached to the clothing
is a Bagobo trademark.

22. The Bagobo believes in a
mighty company of superior beings who
exercise great control over the lives of
men. Above all is Eugpamolak Manobo,
also called Manama, who was the first
cause and creator of all. Serving him is a
vast number of spirits not malevolently
inclined but capable of exacting
punishment unless proper offerings and
other tokens of respect are accorded
them.

23. Below them is a horde of low,
mean spirits who delight to annoy
mankind with mischievous pranks, or
even to bring sickness and disaster to
them. To this class generally belong the
spirits who inhabit mountains, cliffs,
rooks, trees, rivers, and springs.
Standing between these two types are
the shades of the dead who, after they
have departed from this life, continue to
exercise considerable influence, for
good or bad, over the living.

24. The Bagobo language can refer to either of the following Austronesian
languages spoken in Mindanao, Philippines: Giangan language, also referred
to as Bagobo. Tagabawa language, also referred to as Bagobo.
Language
 Abô - So that.
 Bale - House
 agad ánda - Wherever they go.
 Maripà - dirty
 Balat - Brown (the color of earth).
 Lumo - work, job